Mixed Acid Fermentation is a biological process by which a six carbon sugar is converted into complex mixture of acids. It is an example of anaerobic fermentation reaction which is commonly seen in bacteria.
The fermentation produces lactate, acetate, succinate, formate, ethanol, [tex]H_{2}[/tex] and [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] and their formation depends upon the presence of certain key enzymes in the bacterium.
The Methyl Red test is used in detecting occurring of mixed acid fermentation pathway when glucose is provided to microbes by using ph indicator. If the fermentation pathway has taken place, the mixture of acids will make the solution very acidic and causes red color change. The Methyl Red test belongs to the group called as IMViC tests.
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A tentative explanation based on observation is referred to as a hypothesis.
a. true
b. false
People who have low maoa gene expression have been identified as those who are most likely to____________?
Explanation:
those with the low activity variant of maoa who were exposed to maltreatment in childhood were significantly more likely to report a range of antisocial behaviors and related outcomes including property and violent offending hostility and symptoms of conduct disorder
How many protons are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane by complex iv for every pair of electrons passing through the electron transport chain?
Two protons are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane by complex iv for every pair of electrons passing through the electron transport chain.
What is inner mitochondrial membrane?The mitochondrial membrane that divides the intermembrane gap from the mitochondrial matrix is known as the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM).As a result, the inner mitochondrial membrane maintains the proton gradient that powers oxidative phosphorylation and serves as a functional barrier to the passage of tiny molecules between the cytosol and the matrix.Cristae are the name for the inner membrane folding of mitochondria. They broaden the surface.The inner or cytoplasmic membrane controls the flow of nutrients, metabolites, macromolecules, and information into and out of the cytoplasm and preserves the proton motive force necessary for energy storage. It is impermeable to polar molecules. The inner membrane of E is connected to more than 100 distinct proteins.Similar to the cell membrane, the mitochondrial inner membrane is mostly composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Several proteins that function to carry out the electron transport chain are embedded in this bilayer. The membrane's surface area is increased by folds called christae.Learn more about inner mitochondrial membrane here:
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The only cell type found superficial to the stratum spinosum in the epidermis is the?
The only cell type found superficial to the stratum spinosum in the epidermis is keratinocyte.
What is the function of epidermis?The principal function of the epidermis of the body is to provide protection from harmful substances like pathogenic bacteria, viruses etc.
It keeps our skin hydrated, help in production of new skin cells and determine its color.
In epidermis, the keratinocytes move to the layer of spiny-shaped cells called stratum spinosum.
The stratum spinosum is partially responsible for the skin’s strength and flexibility.
Hence, keratinocyte is found superficial to the stratum spinosum.
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In general, all croplands tend to reduce the diversity and number of pollinator species. In which areas do croplands lead to the greatest % decline in pollinator species?
1. Near urban areas
2. Near pasture
3. In tropical areas
4. In temperate areas
5. In mountainous areas
It is possible that near urban areas the diversity and number of pollinator species gets reduced. The correct option is 1.
What are pollinators?A pollinator is something that assists in the transport of pollen from either the male part of the flower (stamen) to the female part of a similar or another flower (stigma).
Pollen movement is required for the plant to become fertilized and generate fruits, seeds, and young plants.
Loss of habitat is one of the most serious threats to pollinators.
Expanding urbanization and agricultural development consume these creatures' habitat and replace it with roadways, vast swaths of lawn, and exotic garden plants.
Thus, the correct option is 1.
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_________________ protect seed against pests and or herbicides. group of answer choices germination scarification coating protectants
Coating with protectants provides protection to the seed against pests or herbicides.
What are seed protectants?They are protective materials derived from plants that are applied to the seeds. They protect the seed against pests or herbicides until about 3-4 weeks after germination.
This process results in providing protection to the plant when it is most required, i.e during germination by preventing any seedling disease and also by working as an insecticide. This is a type of seed treatment to prevent the decay or degeneration of seeds due to some organisms present in the soil.
Therefore coating protectants help to protect the seed against pests or herbicides.
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.
What can occur when new information about a particular organism is discovered?
Flaccid paralysis is caused by a) a endospore forming bacterium b) clostridium botulinum c) clostridium tetani d) a & b e) a & c
Flaccid paralysis is a neurological condition characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause
Option D. a & b a) endospore forming bacterium b) clostridium botulinum
A common cause of flaccid paralysis is anterior spinal artery syndrome, an occlusion of the anterior spinal artery. Obstruction can be caused by spinal cord trauma, cancer, arterial disease, or thrombosis.
Flaccid paralysis causes muscles to contract and go limp. lead to muscle weakness. Spastic paralysis affects tight, rigid muscles. Muscles may twitch or spasm uncontrollably.
Acute flaccid myelitis can be caused by infection with a type of virus known as an enterovirus. Respiratory illness and fever due to enteroviruses are especially common in children. most people recover.
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Describe 3 ways that meiosis (and sexual reproduction in general) generates diversity. be specific and detailed!
Answer:
During Prophase 1 the crossing over of the homologous pairs of chromosomes exchange parts of each other which can result causing new traits.
During independent assortment chromosome pairs align randomly during metaphase I which also creates diversity.
Random Fertilization makes up genetic diversity because of the mixture of each unique sperm with each individual egg.
Explanation:
If plaque ruptures and weakens the artery walls, a(n) _______________ may form leading to ischemia
Nonverbal communication refers to ________ body movements, gestures, and facial expressions. instant messaging and other e-communication. written language. beliefs assumed to be true by everyone.
Nonverbal communication refers to body movements, gestures, and facial expressions. Nonverbal communication, often known as manual language, is the process of conveying information without the use of spoken or written words.
Nonverbal communication is crucial because it reveals critical details about a situation, such as how someone may be feeling, how they process information, and how to approach an individual or group of individuals. These are the following types of nonverbal communication:
Face Expressions: Observers can tell someone's emotional condition from their facial expressions.
Paralinguistics: Vocal communication that is distinct from spoken language is referred to as paralinguistics.
Proxemics: A crucial form of nonverbal communication is the desire for personal space, which is something that people frequently discuss. We need a certain amount of space around us, and we also view a certain amount of space as being ours.
Body Language and Posture: Leg crossing and arm crossing are postures that portray a lot of information.
Gestures: Deliberate body language, including gestures like waving, pointing and using the fingers to represent numbers is a crucial tool for conveying ideas without using words.
Appearance: Our choices in hairstyles, clothing, and other aesthetic elements are frequently regarded as forms of nonverbal communication.
Eyes Gaze: The eyes are a key component of nonverbal communication, and major nonverbal acts include staring, blinking, and glancing.
Artifacts: Other means for nonverbal communication include objects and imagery.
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Which activity would be an example of ""knowledge"" in bloom’s taxonomy?
The term micromanagement is an activity that might represent the knowledge stage Bloom's Taxonomy.
The six-tier pyramid of learning levels known as Bloom's Taxonomy was developed by educational psychologist Benjamin Bloom in 1953 and started with Knowledge as the cornerstone of learning.
Six main categories make up the framework developed by Bloom and his collaborators: Knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Knowledge involves the recall of details and universals, the recall of procedures and processes, or the recall of a pattern, structure, or context," according to the definition of Knowledge.
With the assumption that Knowledge was an essential prerequisite for putting these skills and abilities into practice, the categories after Knowledge were presented as "skills and abilities."
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Among ethnic groups in the united states, _____ have high death rates for stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer.
Among ethnic groups in the united states, African Americans have high death rates for stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer.
Reasons include:
Shortage of black male doctors having a public health impact.Heart disease develops earlier and deaths from heart disease are higher in blacks, due in part to risk factors such as high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes.African American women being more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage of disease, when treatment is less likely to be successful, be diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer, a biologically aggressive form of breast cancer.To learn more about Ethnic group cancers ,here
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The complex of dna and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called __________.
The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called chromatin.
What is the structure and function of chromatin?Eukaryotic cells nuclei include a combination of macromolecules called chromatin, which is made up of DNA, RNA, and protein. Heterochromatin (condensed) and euchromatin are the two types of chromatin (extended). The main proteins that make up chromatin are termed histones, which act as bases for the DNA to wrap around to form the "bead-like" structures known as nucleosomes. A nucleosome is made up of 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octomer, which is a collection of 8 histones. The chromatin fibre can be created by further folding the nucleosome. To create chromosomes, chromatin fibres are coiling and condensing. Numerous cellular functions, including DNA replication, transcription, DNA repair, genetic recombination, and cell division, are made possible by chromatin.Learn more about chromatin here:
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How does your nervous system affect you?
Nervous system controls our body movements, responses to the environment, thought processes.
What is the role of nervous system?Nervous system plays an important role in all the aspects of our life like body movements, involuntary activities like digestion, emotions, thought.Nervous system commands our entire body to do activities.The nervous system is able to control the body with the help of specialized cells called neurons which send electrical signals all over the body and helps to perform activities, respond to an external stimulus.The nervous system consists of 2 main parts: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).Each of these consists of billions of nerve cells.Diseases, stroke, injury to the brain, aging can affect our nervous system leading to decrease in activity.Learn more about nervous system here:
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Repressible operons require that ______ binds to the repressor protein before it can bind to the operator.
Repressible operons require that the a product binds to the repressor protein before it can bind to the operator.
The repressor binds to the operator gene and prevents it from initiating the synthesis of the protein called for by the operon. The presence or absence of certain repressor molecules determines whether the operon is off or on. A repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers. A DNA-binding repressor blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter, thus preventing transcription of the genes into messenger RNA. The repressor protein works by binding to the promoter region of the gene(s), which prevents the production of messenger RNA (mRNA)
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Where does cellular respiration take place?
A. Chloroplasts
B. Mitochondria
C. Cytoplasm
D. Lungs
B. Mitochondria
The process of cellular respiration is essentially when oxygen and carbon transfuse themselves together to create carb on dioxide, which in turns creates energy.
The entire process is formed in the powerhouse of the cell, or in other words, the mitochondria.
A part of this question that may have been confusing is the answer, "lungs". Since respiration is correlated to the lungs, you may have been confused. However, this is a process that occurs within your cells, so on a small scale than your entire body.
When a cold front is approaching, what happens?
Select one:
a.
Warm air is pushing under cold air causing humid weather and lower temperatures.
b.
Warm air is pushing under cold air causing humid weather and higher temperatures.
c.
Warm air rises, cools, and causes rain and thunderstorms.
d.
Cold air is pushed over warm air causing rain and thunderstorms.
What would be the effect of a mutation that inactivates neisseria gonorrhoeae's genes for fimbriae?
The effect of a mutation that inactivates Neisseria gonorrhea's genes for fimbriae is antibiotic resistance and decreased ability to infect
Antibiotic resistance arises when bacteria adapt to the usage of these medications. Antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria rather than in people or animals. These bacteria can infect humans and animals, and their infections are more difficult to treat than infections caused by non-resistant bacteria.
Antibiotic usage is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics kill certain germs, but resistant bacteria can live and even reproduce. Antibiotic usage increases the prevalence of resistant bacteria. The more antibiotics we use, the more likely bacteria will develop resistance to them.
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Dna profiling relies on an individual's ________, no two of which are the same between different people, except identical twins
DNA profiling relies on an individual's unique set of short tandem repeats within DNA. no two of which are the same between different people, except identical twins.
What is DNA?Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer made of two polynucleotide chains that coil around one another to form a double helix and which contains the genetic material necessary for all known creatures, including many viruses, to develop, function, grow, and reproduce. Nucleic acids include DNA and ribonucleic acid.The molecule that carries the genetic information required for an organism to grow and function is called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.The structure of DNA is a double helix, which is made up of two connected strands that loop around one another to resemble a twisted ladder.The instructions required for a creature to grow, endure, and reproduce are encoded in its DNA. DNA sequences must be transformed into messages that can be utilized to create proteins, which are the complex molecules that carry out the majority of the work in our bodies, in order to perform these activities.
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In gluconeogenesis, organisms use atp to make glucose, then in cellular respiration they break down the glucose again to get energy. why not just store the atp? (select all that apply. )
In gluconeogenesis is synthesis of new glucose from noncarbohyhate precursors, provides glucose when dietary intake is sufficient.It is essential for regulation of acid base balance,amino acid metabolism and synthesis of carbohydrates.
It is the process of glucose synthesis. Glycoysis run backwards, three new reaction happen which involve new enzymes , make the standard free energy favorable. When every molecule of glucose synthesis from two molecules of pyruvate , 4ATP, 2GTP, 2NADH are used.
When the energy charge of the cell drops, the cell begins producing more ATP by glycolysis and turn off gluconeogenesis to conserve the ATP molecules.This process are stimulated and inhibited by similar allosteric effectors that bins to specific site on enzymes.
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An ion that has two or more electrons outside the nucleus than there are protons in the nucleus will have a charge of:______
An ion that has two more electrons outside the nucleus than there are protons in the nucleus will have a -2 charge.
An atom or molecule with a net electrical charge is known as an ion. Conventionally, the charge of an electron is thought to be negative this charge is equal to and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is thought to be positive. These ions allow electrical messages to move freely throughout the body. Electrolytes are essential to the body because they control osmotic pressure in cells and support the health of muscle and nerve cells.
Protons dominate electrons in a positively charged ion or cation. The atomic number of the element is represented by the proton number, while the electron number is the atomic number less the charge. An anion or ion with a negative charge has more electrons than protons. The atomic number is once more equal to the number of protons.
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what is enviroment and its importance?
the earth is the home of human being and other living organism this is possible due to the princess of favourable living condition which make up their environment.
the term environment refer to all external condition in which and living organism leave it come from the French word environ which mean to surround.
the significant environment charge that have occur during the earth history are surveyed in article geochronology.
environment are two types natural environment and human environment natural environment include and organism physical and biological environment also consist physical and environment and biological environment and human environment is formed by human being he is creation such as road are the social economic political other condition which he lives.
An igneous rock has large red, black, and green crystals. How else can this rock be accurately described? Fine texture cooled quickly intrusive origin created by lava
Igenous rocks are created by lava colling and cristalization. They can be either intrusive (slow cooling) or extrusive (fast cooling). The option that includes all ingeous rocks is D). created by lava.
What is an igneous rock?Igenous rocks come straight from the interior of the Earth.
A liquid mass of silicate composition coming from the Earth's core erupts out of a volcano as lava.
Since this melted mass comes from the Earth's interior, its temperature is extremely high.
Lava begins to cool and solidify during its ascent to the Earth's surface.
Igneous rocks are produced by the magma cooling and cristalizing when they get in touch with air.
Thre are two types of igneous rocks
• plutonic rocks ⇒ close to the terrestrial crust ⇒ intrusive ⇒ slow cooling
• volcanic rocks ⇒ on the surface ⇒ extrusive ⇒ quick cooling
Among the options, there are three descriptions that match the igneous rocks,
cooled quickly ⇒ this is the case of extrusive rocks, when lava gets in contact with cold air and quickly cristalizes.intrusive origin ⇒ this is the case of magma that slowly cristalizes near the crustcreated by lava ⇒ this is the case of all igneous rocks.If we need to find only one of these options, we could choose option D, created by lava, since it involves all types of ingeous rocks.
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Mary is campaigning for improved air quality in her city. she is very concerned about carbon and methane outputs, but not phosphorous. why is that?
In her city, Mary is advocating for better air quality. She is really worried about emissions of carbon and methane but not phosphorous. She believes that phosphorus improves the quality of the air.
Why does methane cause so much global warming harm?Methane reacts in a number of dangerous ways as it is released into the atmosphere. For starters, methane typically exits the atmosphere through oxidation, when it is converted to carbon dioxide and water vapor. Methane, therefore, not only directly but also indirectly through the emission of carbon dioxide, contributes to global warming.Why is the problem of carbon emissions?CO2 emissions trap heat in the atmosphere like a blanket, warming the planet as a result. The Earth cannot cool due to this layer, which results in an increase in global temperatures. Sea levels, weather patterns, food and water supply, and environmental conditions would all be impacted by global warming.The benefits of phosphorus on the environmentFor plants and animals to flourish and for agricultural and livestock production to remain viable, phosphorus (P) is a crucial ingredient. Eutrophication, the natural aging process that lakes or streams go through as a result of nutrient enrichment, is another way that it might boost the biological productivity of surface waters.learn more about phosphorous here
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Answer:
Phosphorous is most commonly found as phosphate rock
Explanation:
Differentiation is a fundamental process in the development of multicellular organisms. Looking at the lecture notes online for this class, what is the specific model system that we will use as an example of differentiation?.
What is differentiation in multicellular organisms?
A multicellular organism undergoes numerous rounds of differentiation as it develops from a straightforward zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types.
What is an example of cell differentiation?
The transformation of a single-celled zygote into a multicellular embryo and then into the complex multisystem of several cell types that is a fetus is an illustration of cell differentiation.
What is the process of differentiation?
Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions. Stem Cells. A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.Learn more about differentiation
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Determine if the following statement is true or false, and why. "All mutations are harmful and increase the risk of diseases
such as cancer."
A. True
B. False, it should read "Some mutations may be harmful and increase the risk of diseases such as cancer, but many are beneficial"
C. False, it should read "All mutations are beneficial"
D. False, it should read "Some mutations may be beneficial, but many are harmful and increase the risk of diseases such as cancer."
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can be either beneficial or harmful. 1) B, false.
What is a mutation?A mutation is a stable and hereditably change in the genetic material that introduces new variants.
These changes are unpredictable, and occur due to the action of mutagenic agents that alter DNI sequences.
Different mutagenic agents cause changes in genetic information, increasing mutations over the normal level.
Mutagenic agents cause changes in the base sequences and pairing.
Many of these mutations are eliminated, but some might succeed and be incorporated into each individual, getting to even affect the entire species.
These mutations are the ones that have been selected by natural selection.
Mutations depend on environmental conditions and ecological pressures, and accumulate in time. Mutations can be damaging or beneficial to the organism and might be inheritable or not.
Those favored by natural selection are inherited by the following generations and get to spread.
The statement is False, Option B.
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Answer: False, it should read "Some mutations may be harmful and increase the risk of diseases such as cancer, but many are beneficial"
Explanation: Not all mutations are harmful because some are useful and help many
Ion exchange molecules in the plasma membrane of the parietal cells exchange __________ ions going out for __________ ions coming in.
Ion exchange molecules in the plasma membrane of the parietal cells exchange "bicarbonate ions" ions going out for "chloride" ions coming in.
What is plasma membrane?The semi-fluid living substance known as protoplasm, also known as plasm, is found inside each cell. This biological membrane, known as the plasma membran, houses the living material or plasma.
The plasma membrane is made up of lipids and proteins, just like every other cellular membrane. The phospholipid bilayer, which creates a permanent separation between two aqueous compartments, is the membrane's basic structural component. These divisions are the inside and exterior of the cell in the situation of the plasma membrane. The particular tasks of the plasma membrane, such as the selective transport of chemicals and cell-cell recognition, are carried out by proteins embedded inside the phospholipid bilayer.It supports the body's pH balance, blood volume, blood pressure, immunity, and blood coagulation.To know more about plasma membrane, here
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Which data would not affect maximum likelihood estimates of phylogenies when comparing different tree hypotheses?.
The tree topology
The lengths of the branches
The branching order of the tree
Nucleotide substitution rate
These would not affect maximum likelihood estimates of phylogenies when comparing different tree hypotheses.
What is tree topology?A unique kind of structure called a tree topology has numerous connected parts arranged like the branches of a tree. The lengths of the branches:Branch lengths are a sign of genetic divergence; the longer the branch, the more genetic divergence has taken place. Usually, we calculate the average number of nucleotide or protein substitutions per site to assess the degree of genetic alteration.The branching order of the tree:The topology of a tree refers to its branching structure. Species (or higher taxa), populations, genes, and proteins are examples of taxonomic units that the nodes represent. A branch is referred to as an edge, and it represents an estimate of the length of time between the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic units.What is nucleotide substitution rate?The instantaneous rate of change from each of the four nucleotides to each of the other four nucleotides is summarized in the nucleotide substitution rate matrix.To learn more about tree phylogeny visit:
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Muscle glycogen is resynthesized at its highest rate immediately after exercise.
a. true
b. false
Muscle glycogen is resynthesized at its highest rate immediately after exercise is true.
Why is it important to consume carbohydrates immediately after exercise?
Restocking muscle glycogen stores and starting muscle tissue repair and adaptation are crucial for a speedy recovery from prolonged exercise. It's crucial to take a carbohydrate supplement as soon as you can after working out to enhance muscle glycogen regeneration. Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen. It is made up of multiple branching long strings of glucose molecules.
In order to create ATP, which carries chemical energy and is essential for muscular contractions, the glucose must periodically break apart from the glycogen chain. Research demonstrates that eating high-glycemic (fast-digesting) carbs as soon as possible after working out is the greatest strategy to replace muscle glycogen stores.
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