By which proposed molecular mechanism does ca2 promote fusion of synaptic vesicles?
Answers
Through binding and inducing changes in synaptotagmin which causes the plasma membrane to curve, thus, facilitating fusion.
Ca2+ triggers synaptic vesicle exocytosis, therefore, releasing the neurotransmitters contained in the vesicles and initiating synaptic transmission. Synaptotagmin (syt) is a Ca2+ sensor which can induce fast and synchronous neurotransmitter release.
Synaptic transmission amidst pre- and post-synaptic neurons occurs when the pre-synaptic neuron terminal is temporarily depolarized upon an action potential, thereby, opening Ca2+ channels near the active zones of synapses. Ca2+ flows into the cytoplasm as the extracellular Ca2+ concentration is much higher than the cytoplasmic concentration . Successively, Ca2+ triggers fusion of neurotransmitter-filled synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane in less than a millisecond.
Neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synaptic cleft upon fusion, which then bind to the receptors located in the postsynaptic membrane.
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Related Questions
If an organism is catalase positive, which aerotolerance categories could it be in?
Answers
If an organism is catalase positive, it is in staphylococcus aerotolerance categories.
Catalase testing is used to distinguish between Streptococci (catalase-negative) and staphylococci (catalase-positive). The catalase enzyme works to counteract hydrogen peroxide's bactericidal effects. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is quickly broken down into water and oxygen by catalase.
Bacteria that use oxygen for breathing create the enzyme catalase, which shields them from the harmful byproducts of oxygen metabolism. Strict aerobes and facultative anaerobes are both catalase-positive bacteria, although they can all respire utilising oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. Anaerobes or facultative anaerobes that solely ferment and do not respire using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor can be catalase-negative bacteria (i.e. Clostridium).
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Energy flows through ecosystems by way of trophic levels. where does the original energy come from? a. food b. sunlight c. producers d. decomposers
Answers
The correct answer is B) Sunlight.
Sunlight is the main source of energy that flows through the ecosystems via different trophic levels.
How sunlight is converted into transferable energy?A few percentage of sunlight is termed Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). This light has a wavelength of 400-700 nm. This is the light that plants use for the process of photosynthesis.
Plants use this energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen with the help of chlorophyll. The glucose formed is the energy product of the reaction.
So plants are called producers because they can make energy by their own. Consumers consume plants for energy requirements and so on.
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An example of a eukaryotic cell would
be...
A. an animal cell.
B. a virus.
C. a bacterial cell.
Answers
Answer: A animal cell
Explanation:
Explanation:
Eukaryotes contain a distinct, membrane bound nucleus
- virus is not a cell, so it’s neither a prokaryote or eukaryote
- bacterial cells lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Therefore, the answer is A
After a signal binds to a signal receptor, the next step is transduction. Why is the signal transduction step necessary?.
Answers
The more molecules that share the responsibility of conveying the signal to activate the effector, the faster and more efficiently the signal can propagate.
What is signal tranduction?
The transfer of chemical signals from an exterior to an interior of a cell is known as signal transduction, sometimes referred to as cell signaling. To achieve an adequate reaction, signals must be successfully transferred into cells. Receptors on the cell surface start this process.Transmission is maintained by either a series of biochemical adjustments made inside the cell or by altering the potential of the cell membrane caused by ions moving into or out of the cell.Learn more about the Signal tranduction with the help of the given link:
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The risk of recurrence of a trait based on known incidence in a population refers to?
Answers
The risk of recurrence of a trait based on known incidence in a population refers to the empiric risk.
What is empiric risk?
Disorder present in a family member will reoccur in other family member after some period of time.
Cancers are very difficult to treat so it has high rate of recurrence such as leukemia it has 9% to 29% recurrence rate depending upon risk.
The recurrence chance for Down syndrome is nearly 1%.
The chance of recurrence risk in future offspring is 3% - 5% if a parent or sibling is affected with a disorder.
Therefore,the risk of recurrence of a trait based on known incidence in a population refers to empiric risk.
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The process by which the base sequence of an rna molecule is used to direct the synthesis of a protein is called _________.
a. replication
b. transcription reverse
c. transcription
d. translation
Answers
Answer:
c transcription reverse
Maintaining osmolarity is important to the body because the membranes of most cell types are freely permeable to ____. anions water proteins cations mastering
Answers
Maintaining osmolarity is important to the body because the membranes of most cell types are freely permeable to water.
Water can pass through the membrane easily by a process like diffusion called as Osmosis.
The cell wall is freely permeable to water and nutrients since these are easily exchanged by the inner and the outer environment of the cell.
Osmolarity of the body is defined as the measure of substances that can be dissolved. If excess concentration is present then, osmolarity is also high.
Osmolarity of body increases whenever we are lacking water i.e. dehydrated and similarly osmolarity decreases when we have excess fluid in the blood.
Osmolarity increase causes a release of Anti diuretic hormones i.e. they control water level in the body. Osmosis play a vital role in the functioning of the reactions that are carried out in the body.
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What are the priority functions of the gallbladder and why it is essential to aid in digestion?
Answers
The repository of bile produced by the liver is one of the gallbladder's top priorities.
Bile is required to break down the body's fats and lipids, making it vital for digestion. In addition, it helps in the metabolism of bilirubin, which is produced when RBCs break down.
The gallbladder serves several essential purposes, including the following:
To store and purify bile The ability to empty and restock its bile reserves in response to intestinal hormones like cholecystokinin. To assist in controlling the bile's chemical makeup (the percentage of water, bile salts and more) To regulate the small intestine's bile flow. To contract (secreting bile into the biliary tract and duodenum)To learn more about gallbladder click here
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How should the nozzle tip of an air-polishing device be positioned for anterior teeth?
Answers
The hand-piece tip should be positioned at 80 degree angle to the buccal or oral surface and 90 degree angle to the occlusion surface of the posterior teeth.Tip should be held 3-4 mm from the surface.o
Air polishing involves the use of compressed air, water and glycerin power to disrupt oral biofilm and remove stain from tooth surfaces. Air polishing is essential t avoid trauma to oral soft tissues.
The surface of tooth which is called enamel is strong enough to withstand repeated tooth polishing , it avoid newly erupted teeth exposed root surface and area of decriminalized. If polishing does occur on these surface, fluid therapy can minimize the risk of dental case.
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Make a prediction. which morphological character do you think will best reflect relationships among these plants- body morphology or flower morphology? why?
Answers
Morphological character such as leaf, node density , bud number,etc. change in many plant species in response to factor such as light availability , soil compaction and organic matter removal.
Vegetative and reproductive characteristics are the two systems are common to nearly all vascular plants and provide a unifying theme for the study of plants morphology. It is important for the role to identifying plants, classification is also done by knowing the morphology of the plants.
Morphology is to identify plants using morphological characteristics. Plants can be identifies by observing certain distinguishing morphological characteristics but some plants are closely relatable , by which it shown by the similarity of their flower structures.
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The neurotransmitters that are partially responsible for the ""high"" that is associated with passionate love are chemically similar to?
Answers
The neurotransmitters that are partially responsible for the "high" that is associated with passionate love are chemically similar to the drugs, amphetamines.
The neurotransmitters responsible for passionate love are dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin which show similar effects as shown by amphetamines.Amphetamines are drugs given to patients to help them deal with mental illnesses like insomnia and depression.Passionate love gives the same feelings as taking drugs such as amphetamines.Thus, the neurotransmitters that are partially responsible for the "high" that is associated with passionate love are chemically similar to the drugs, amphetamines.
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After oxygen enters the lungs, which statements best describe its path as it reaches the tissues in the body?
Answers
The statement ' oxygen passes through the bronchi, into bronchioles , and into alveoli is the best describe its path as it reaches the tissues in the body.
There, it diffuses into red blood cells within capillaries and is transported to the tissues cells of the body. The oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood through capillaries lining the alveolar walls. In human body, oxygen present in the air and reaches to lungs through upper and lower respiratory tract. Air first enters the body through the nasal and oral cavity and many other region and finally reaches the lungs.
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state 2 main distinguishing characteristics of Rhizobium
Answers
Answer:
i know only one
Explanation:
rhizobium foun in the root of legumonus plant like pea and this help to plant grow
rhizobim convert nitrogen into nitrates during thunderstorm
Once habituation occurs, a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level, an increase called?
Answers
Once habituation occurs, a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level. This increase is called recovery.
Habituation is one of the simplest and commonly chosen forms of learning. It lets people tune out unnecessary stimuli and focus on the things that matter. Habituation is something that is happening on a daily basis at the time of any kind of learning but the person is usually unaware of it.
For example, if you are studying mathematics with music on it may feel distracting in the beginning, but habituation lets you tune out the noise and focus on what you are trying to learn.
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Aside from having potent anti-inflammatory effects, glucocorticoids also promote homeostasis of which system?
Answers
Along with anti-inflammatory effects, glucocorticoids also promote homeostasis in T lymphocytes.
what are the role of glucocorticoid?
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones have anti-inflammatory effects. as well as glucose homeostasis activity.
The hormones secreted from the cortex regulate glucose metabolism, synthesis in the adrenal cortex.
It promote gluconeogenesis in liver, but in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue decrease glucose uptake, modulate the function of pancreatic α and β cells and help in to regulation of glucagon and insulin.
It also affect on glucose homeostasis to preserve plasma glucose for brain during stress.
Hence, glucocorticoids also promote homeostasis in T lymphocytes.
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Protein folding involves a transition from a more disordered state to a more ordered state. This entropic penalty does not prevent spontaneous folding because?
Answers
Given that the surroundings' net ΔS is positive and the process as a whole has a negative G, this entropic cost does not stop spontaneous protein folding.
Description of the protein folding and entropy penalty scenario:
The decrease in the solvation zone is linked to a considerable gain in positive entropy, which compensates for the entropic penalty brought on by the greater organization in the protein folding condition. The hydrophobic effect is another name for this phenomenon. The operation remains spontaneous as a result of allowing the net Gibbs free energy shift should become minus.Due to the lack of stabilizing connections, an unfolded protein has a high configurational entropy as well as a high enthalpy. The entropy and enthalpy of a folded protein are greatly reduced. Here, there is a compromise between H and S. The S component is weighted more heavily by increased temperature because ΔG = ΔH - TΔ S, which means that unfolding is favored by greater temperature.Learn more about protein folding here:
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Characid fishes are found naturally only in south america and africa. Fossils of these fish are not found on any other continents. What is the most likely explanation of this distribution pattern?
Answers
Characid fishes arose prior to the separation of the African and South American continents us the most likely explanation of this distribution pattern.
What is Characid fishes?The family Characiformes, sometimes known as the characids or characins, includes freshwater subtropical and tropical fish. The term "characins" has been used historically, but scientists now prefer the term "characids" to represent the group's status as a largely monophyletic family rank group.The order Characiforms contains the Characidae family. The bodies of characiforms are virtually always scaled, they have well-developed teeth, a pelvic fin, and typically an adipose fin.There are many different types of environments that these fish call home. From southwest Texas and Mexico through Central and South America, they are native to the Americas. Although many of these fish are found in rivers, some, like the blind cave tetra, actually live in caves.Learn more about Fossil here:
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Question: Characid fishes are found naturally only in South America and Africa. Fossils of these fish are not found on any other continents. What is the most likely explanation of this distribution pattern?
A) Characid fishes arose prior to the separation of the African and South American continents
B) Characid fishes arose in the South Atlantic Ocean and migrated to Africa and South America
C) These fishes arose in either Africa or South America and migrated across the South Atlantic Ocean to another continent
D) Convergent evolution is responsible for the distribution of characin fishes
How are growth rates and eating habits of preschool children related? also, what are three of the most common nutritional problems of preschoolers?
Answers
Children tend to grow more slowly and so become smaller in low SES settings, according to studies from numerous nations.
Food allergies, iron deficiency, tooth decay and constipation are common nutritional problems of preschoolers.
Children tend to grow more slowly and so become smaller in low SES settings, according to studies from numerous nations.Between the ages of 2 and 6, this growth rate is slower than that of infancy and is accompanied by a decreased appetite. Children need a lot of nutrients to help their bodies develop all the necessary organs, tissues, and functions, and the type of nutrition they receive can have a significant impact on their health. The cuisine a youngster consumes can have an impact on everything from behavioral habits to fundamental brain function.Some toddlers have dietary issues, which may have an immediate and long-term impact on their well-being, development, and growth.Constipation, dental decay, iron deficiencies, and food allergies are all frequent. iron deficiency is a major nutritional problem in preschoolers.learn more about nutritional problems of preschoolers here: https://brainly.com/question/13993153
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Money that mining companies may be required to post in order to begina mining project
which ensure they will honor their environmental obligations is a(n)
environmental impact statement
down payment
security deposit
bond
Answers
Money that mining companies may be required to post in order to start a mining project is environmental impact statement
Mined materials are needed to build roads and hospitals, to build automobiles and houses, to make computers and satellites, to generate electricity, and to deliver the many other goods and services that consumers enjoy. In addition, mining is economically vital to producing regions and countries.
What is mining project?mining project means mining harbored on under 1 or more mining leases as a single integrated undertaking.
What are the 4 methods of mining?There are four major mining methods: underground, open surface (pit), placer, and in-situ mining. Underground mines are more costly and are often used to reach more serious deposits. Surface mines are commonly used for more shallow and less valuable warranties.
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Which hormone released by the highlighted structure inhibits the secretion of fsh only inhibin?
Answers
Inhibin hormone released by the highlighted structure inhibits the secretion of FSH only.
What is inhibin hormone?A protein called inhibin is secreted by the granulosa cells in women and the Sertoli cells in men. It decreases the amount of LH-releasing hormone in the hypothalamus and prevents the pituitary gland from producing and releasing follicle-stimulating hormone.Inhibin is a factor in the feedback control of FSH secretion in both males and females going through puberty. Follistatin suppresses FSH-subunit expression like inhibin, whereas activin enhances it, which in turn influences FSH production and secretion.Inhibin A is secreted by the corpora lutea and dominant ovarian follicles in women, which helps to explain why levels are so high during the late follicular and luteal stages. During the late luteal and early follicular phases of the menstrual cycle, inhibin B is reciprocally raised.Learn more about inhibin here:
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Question: Which hormone released by the highlighted structure inhibits the secretion of FSH only?
The hearing assessment tasks used on a person with a hearing loss can include presentation of:__________.
Answers
The hearing assessment tasks used on a person with a hearing loss can include presentation of Tympanometry.
Tympanometry is the first tests you take and associated for measuring the action of your eardrum when air pressure is introduced into the ear. Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) ABR is a method also used to measure hearing sensitivity and determine if the neural pathways within the brainstem are transmitting sound properly. This test is used to rule out auditory-neurological problems. There are three main types of hearing loss conductive, sensorineural, and mixed (both conductive and sensorineural). Causes of hearing loss may include stress, excessive exercise, medication, poor diet and allergies.
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Pls what phylum does bacteria belong in.
Please help ASAP will mark the brainliest
Answers
Answer:
hBacteria were first classified as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, which along with the Schizophyceae (blue green algae/Cyanobacteria) formed the phylum Schizophyta.
In taxonomy, a phylum is a group of organisms above classes, orders, families, genera, and species, but below domains and kingdoms. In addition to Mollusca, Chordata, and Arthropoda, there are many other types of phyla.
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Energy that is released from glucose during respiration but not transferred to atp bonds can be detected as?
Answers
Energy that is released from glucose during respiration but not transferred to atp bonds can be detected as heat.
What is cellular respiration?Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor such as oxygen to produce large amounts of energy, which in turn drives the bulk production of ATP. This takes place in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor such as oxygen.
The release of energy from the breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, is referred to as cellular respiration. This process is carried out by individual cells. The process is analogous to burning, even though it does not result in the production of light or strong heat like a bonfire does.
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The anterior pituitary receives hypothalamic input through the portal blood supply. what is the advantage of this type of anatomical relationship?
Answers
The advantage of this type of anatomical relationship is that this enables the pituitary to receive signals before sending hormones to the rest of the body through the blood.
The anterior pituitary, a significant component of the endocrine system, is the glandular anterior lobe that, along with the posterior lobe (also known as the posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis), constitutes the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
Stress, growth, reproduction, and lactation are just a few of the physiological activities that the anterior pituitary controls.
Blood tests that assess hormone levels are frequently used to determine if the anterior pituitary and the organs it controls are functioning properly.
The hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal veins deliver hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones directly to the anterior pituitary gland.
Certain hormones from the hypothalamus bind to receptors on particular anterior pituitary cells, controlling how much of the hormone they generate is released.
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In the embryonic stage, the brain begins to undergo rapid development, which causes the head to represent about __________ of the total length of the embryo.
Answers
In the embryonic stage, the brain begins to undergo rapid development, which causes the head to represent about 50 percent of the total length of the embryo.
What is Embryo?This is regarded as an early stage of development in multicellular organisms and is characterized by an organism which is undergoing development in the egg or uterus of the females.
The brain which is a vital organ and components of the central nervous system develops rapidly so as to enable coordination of different activities. This is therefore the reason why it is necessary for it to fully develop first before other parts as it also contains rich network of neurons necessary for its reaction to different types of stimuli.
In this stage, the brain represents about fifty percent of the total length of the embryo when observed.
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What substance decreases during a reaction and can be used to measure the activity of an enzyme?
Answers
Answer:
substrate
Explanation:
I hope this help
Which genetic change causes alterations in only one or a few nucleotide bases?
Answers
The genetic change causes alterations in only one or a few nucleotide bases in known as mutation.
A mutation is a change in a brief section of a genome's nucleotide sequence. Another frequently replaces one nucleotide in point mutations; other changes involve the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides.
Errors in DNA replication or the harmful effects of mutagens, such as chemicals and radiation, which react with DNA and alter the architecture of individual nucleotides, are the leading causes of mutations.
DNA repair enzymes are present in all cells and work to reduce the frequency of mutations. These enzymes reduce genetic information loss, double-strand break formation, and DNA crosslinking by repairing DNA damage.
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What is the role of glucose in respiration?
Answers
Answer:
One molecule of glucose goes through the process of cellular respiration to produce 36 ATP. Glucose is broken down to form pyruvate during the first step of cellular respiration, which is then used to fuel the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose is used to make energy in cellular respiration.
It produces the molecule ATP, the main energy storage and transfer unit of a cell.
Also, Cells this in order to remain healthy and active.
Explanation:
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The complex of dna and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called __________.
Answers
The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called chromatin .
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
What is the chromatin and its function?
To create chromosomes, chromatin fibers are coiling and condensing. Numerous cellular functions, including DNA replication, transcription, DNA repair, genetic recombination, and cell division, are made possible by chromatin.What is chromatin in cell?
Chromosomes in eukaryotic cells are made of chromatin, a compound of DNA and proteins. Nuclear DNA is extremely compressed and wrapped around nuclear proteins in order to fit inside the nucleus; it does not exist as free linear strands.Where is chromatin found?
Chromatin is a genetic material or a macromolecule comprising DNA, RNA, and associated proteins, which constitute chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. This chromatin is located within the cell nucleus.Learn more about chromatin
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The examination of blood film should be performed at _____ to detect microfilariae.
Answers
Answer:
Night
Explanation:
Usually, a microfilariae blood test is conducted at night to coincide with the appearance of microfilariae.