In order to cause electrons to be ejected from the surface of this metal you should use light of a shorter wavelength.
The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material. Electrons emitted in this manner are called photoelectrons. The phenomenon is studied in condensed matter physics, and solid state and quantum chemistry to draw inferences about the properties of atoms, molecules and solids. The effect has found use in electronic devices specialized for light detection and precisely timed electron emission.
This process is also often referred to as photoemission. In terms of their behaviour and their properties, photoelectrons are no different from other electrons. The prefix, photo-, simply tells us that the electrons have been ejected from a metal surface by incident light.
The photons of a light beam have a characteristic energy, called photon energy, which is proportional to the frequency of the light. In the photoemission process, when an electron within some material absorbs the energy of a photon and acquires more energy than its binding energy, it is likely to be ejected. If the photon energy is too low, the electron is unable to escape the material. Since an increase in the intensity of low-frequency light will only increase the number of low-energy photons, this change in intensity will not create any single photon with enough energy to dislodge an electron. Moreover, the energy of the emitted electrons will not depend on the intensity of the incoming light of a given frequency, but only on the energy of the individual photons.
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The peak magnetic field strength in a residential microwave oven is 9. 2 x 10-5 t. what is the intensity of the microwave?
The intensity of the microwave is 10.09 × 10⁵ W/m².
The unit of magnetic induction is the tesla (T). The magnetizing force, which induces the lines of force through a material, is called the field intensity, H (or H-field), and by convention has the units ampere per meter (A m−1) .
The portion of a material's magnetic field that results from an external current and is not intrinsic to the material itself is known as the magnetic field strength, also known as magnetic intensity or magnetic field intensity. It is measured in amperes per meter and represented as the vector H.
Magnetic Field, B = 9.2 × 10⁻⁵ T
[tex]I_{avg} = \frac{CB_0^2}{2\mu _0}[/tex]
[tex]= \frac{(2.998*10^8 m/s) (9.2 * 10^-^5 T)^2}{2 ( 4\pi * 10^-^7)}[/tex]
[tex]= 10.09[/tex] × [tex]10^5 \frac{W}{m^2}[/tex]
Therefore, the intensity of the microwave is 10.09 × 10⁵ W/m².
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Two identical cars are driving toward one another and sounding their horns. You’re the driver of one of the cars. You measure your car’s horn to be sounding at 512 Hz, but you measure the horn of the other car to be sounding at 600. Hz. The speed of sound is 345 m/s. If you are traveling at 26.8 m/s (60 mph), how fast is the other car traveling?
The speed at which the other car is travelling is 27.71 m/s.
Speed of the second car
The speed of the second car is calculated as follows;
f₂ = f₁(v + v₁)/(v - v₂)
where;
f₂ is the frequency of second carf₁ is frequency of first carv is speed of soundv₁ is speed of first carv₂ is speed of second car600 = 512(345 + 26.8) / (345 - v₂)
600/512 = (345 + 26.8) / (345 - v₂)
1.1718 = 371.8/(345 - v₂)
345 - v₂ = 371.8/1.1718
345 - v₂ = 317.289
v₂ = 345 - 317.289
v₂ = 27.71 m/s
Thus, the speed at which the other car is travelling is 27.71 m/s.
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For a 1 efficient step down transformer voltage in primary and secondary are equal current in primary and secondary are equal input power is same as the output power output power is zero
The given condition for a 100% efficient step down transformer is not true.
How do Step-down Transformers work?Because there are fewer turns in the secondary winding of a step-down transformer, the secondary voltage is lower than the initial voltage. As a result, this kind of transformer is employed to reduce the voltage to the levels intended for the circuit. Almost all power supply incorporate a step-down transformer to keep the operating voltage range of the circuit within acceptable limits. Electronic transformers and distribution systems are often where these transformers are installed (power transformers).
What Does a Step-Down Transformer Mean by Power?Using the system voltage and current, we can calculate the power of a transformer. Volt-Amps, or VA, is the unit used to measure the power in a transformer (for larger transformers Kilo Volt-Amps, kVA).
Any transformer should, in theory, have constant power on both sides, which implies that the power available on the secondary side of the transformer should match the power available on the primary side. This also applies to step-down transformers. A step-down transformer's secondary side has a lower voltage than its primary side, hence in order to balance the transformer's total power, the secondary current would need to be increased.
What is the Step-Down Transformer's Relationship Between Voltage and Current?In a step-down transformer, the output current is greater than the input current while the output voltage is lower than the primary voltage.
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What counteracts the relaxation pressures and promotoes the steady lund pressure?
Breathing exercises , Self - hypnosis , Enough sleep and meditation practice can counteracts the relaxation pressures and promotes the steady blood pressure
Their are several techniques which counteracts the relaxation pressures and promotes the steady blood pressure , that are
1) Breathing exercises
For this , one can focus on taking slow, deep breaths which is also called diaphragmatic breathing
2) Self - hypnosis
In this , one can learn to produce the relaxation response when prompted by a phrase
3) Enough sleep and meditation practice
The less you sleep, the higher your blood pressure may go. People who sleep six hours or less may have steeper increases in blood pressure.
The relaxation response (from meditation) helps decrease metabolism, lowers blood pressure, and improves heart rate, breathing, and brain waves," Benson says. Tension and tightness seep from muscles as the body receives a quiet message to relax.
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How many joules are required to convert 16. 5 g of ice at 0.0°C to liquid water at 32. 0°C?
7718.04 J joules are required to convert 16. 5 g of ice at 0.0°C to liquid water at 32. 0°C
Specific heat, the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree. The units of specific heat are usually calories or joules per gram per Celsius degree.
Latent heat of fusion, also known as enthalpy of fusion, is the amount of energy that must be supplied to a solid substance (typically in the form of heat) in order to trigger a change in its physical state and convert it into a liquid (when the pressure of the environment is kept constant).
heat require to convert 16.5 g of ice at 0°C to water at 0°C
Q1 = [tex]mH_{f}[/tex] = 16.5 * 334 = 5511 J
heat require to convert 0°C of water to water at 32. 0°C
Q2 = mcΔT = 16.5 * 4.18 *(32-0) = 2207.04 J
Total heat = Q1 + Q2
= 5511 J + 2207.04 J = 7718.04 J
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A blue train of mass 50 kg moves at 4 m/s toward a green train of 30 kg
initially at rest. The trains collide. After the collision the green train moves with a speed of 3 m/s. What is the final momentum of the blue train?
A. 90 kgm/s
B. 200 kgm/s
C. 110 kgm/s
D. 20 kgm/s
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Use conservation of momentum
Momentum before collision = mv = 50 (4) = 200 kg-m/s
AFTER collision
30 * 3 + Blue momentum = 200
blue momentum = 110 kg-m/s
Why does the sun only appear to pass through the constellations of the zodiac? For example, why doesn't the zodiac include ursa major?
The sun only appear to pass through the constellations of the zodiac because Over the course of a year, the sun appears to be in front of, or “in”, different constellations due to its orbit .
A group of stars that can be identified with the shape of an identifiable object like an animal or a known object is called a constellation. Major constellations are the Ursa Major, Ursa Minor and Cassiopeia.
Its motion is entirely an illusion, caused by Earth's own motion around our star. Over the course of a year, the sun appears to be in front of, or “in”, different constellations. One month, the sun appears in Gemini; the next month, in Cancer.
If we wanted to (and were endowed with supernatural powers), we could alter Earth's orbit so that the Sun appears to move through other constellations. Neither Lupus nor Lyra can be zodiac constellations, however, because the Sun doesn't "move through them."
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Calculate a 90onfidence interval for a sample mean of 15 with a sample standard deviation of 5 and a sample size of 25. the answer should be accurate to the nearest decimal. given t = 1.711.
The confidence interval for the given sample will be 15±1.711.
The confidence interval for the given sample will be 15±1.711.
To find the answer, we have to know about the confidence interval.
How to find the confidence interval for a sample?A confidence interval in statistics is a range of values that is established using observed data and computed at a chosen confidence level and may contain the actual value of the parameter under study. In order to calculate a confidence interval, the sample mean (X) and, if applicable, the standard deviation d must be known.We have the expression for confidence interval as,[tex]C= X+t (\frac{d}{\sqrt{n} } )\\ or \\C= X-t (\frac{d}{\sqrt{n} } )[/tex]
t-value for the chosen confidence level, X is the sample mean, d is the standard deviation, and n is the sample size.
Thus, the confidence interval for the given sample will be,[tex]C=15+1.711(\frac{5}{\sqrt{25} } )=15+1.711\\or\\C=15-1.711[/tex]
Thus, the confidence interval for the given sample will be 15±1.711.
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Two skateboarders collide and grab onto one
another. The first skateboarder has a momentum of 525 kg • m/s, and the second skateboarder had a momentum of -576 kg•m/s immediately before they collide
The magnitude of their final momentum immediately after the collision is 51 Kgm/s and their direction immediately after the collision will be in the direction of the second skateboarder.
What is Momentum ?Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. Momentum can also be the product of force and time.
Given that two skateboarders collide and grab onto one another. If the first skateboarder has a momentum of 525 kg • m/s, and the second skateboarder had a momentum of -576 kg•m/s immediately before they collide, that means their collision was head - on - collision.
According to the conservation of linear momentum, the magnitude of the sum their final momentum immediately after the collision will be the same with the sum of the magnitude of their momentum before collision. That is,
Final momentum = 525 - 576
Final momentum = - 51kg•m/s
And their direction immediately after the collision will be in the direction of the second skateboarder.
Therefore, the magnitude of their final momentum immediately after the collision is 51 Kgm/s and their direction immediately after the collision will be in the direction of the second skateboarder.
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Answer:
-51
Explanation:
Khan Academy
The bronsted-lowry model focuses on the transfer of _______ in an acid-base reaction.
a) electrons h
b) oh- neutrons
c) orbitals
The Bronsted-Lowry model focuses on the transfer of H⁺ in an acid-base reaction.
What is the Bronsted-Lowry theory?According to the Bronsted-Lowry theory, often known as the proton theory of acids and bases, any substance that can transfer a proton to another substance is an acid, and the substance that accepts the proton is a base. Because it makes up the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, a proton is a nuclear particle with a unit positive electrical charge; it is denoted by the symbol H⁺.
The Bronsted-Lowry scheme states that an object can only act as an acid in the presence of a base and that an object can only act as a base in the presence of an acid. In addition, when a basic substance obtains a proton, it generates an acid known as the conjugate acid of a base, and when an acidic substance loses a proton, it forms a base known as the conjugate base of an acid.
I understand the question you are looking for is this:
The Bronsted-Lowry model focuses on the transfer of _______ in an acid-base reaction.
a. neutrons
b. OH-
c. H+
d. orbitals
e. electrons
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What is the wavelength of a photon that has the same momentum as an electron moving with a speed of 1500 m/s? express your answer using two significant figures
The wavelength of photon in 2 significant is 4.8 × 10∧3 angstrom
Given: Mass of photon= Mass of electron= 9.11×10^-31 kg
Velocity= 1500m/s
Planck constant(h)= 6.6261*10^-34 Js
λ= h/mv= 6.6261*10^-34 Js/(9.11×10^-31× 1500)kgm/s
= 4.8 × 10^3 angstrom
About De-brogile wavelength:
De Broglie stated that every particle could be described as having a particular wavelength and formulated the famous de Broglie equation.
De Broglie asserts that a beam of particles with a certain mass can act like a matter wave. The particle's mass and velocity are related to its wavelength:
λ= h/mv, where,
m is the particle's mass.v represents the particle's speed.The Planck constant, or h, has a value of 6.6261*10^-34 Js.Learn more about wavelength here:
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What is the angle between two just-resolvable points of light for a 2. 75 mm diameter pupil in radians, assuming an average wavelength of 550 nm?
The angle between two just-resolvable points of light for a 2. 75 mm diameter pupil in radians, assuming an average wavelength of 550 nm will be 2.44 * [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] radian
The limit of resolution (or resolving power) is a measure of the ability of the objective lens to separate in the image adjacent details that are present in the object. It is the distance between two points in the object that are just resolved in the image.
Resolving power is the capacity of an instrument to resolve two points which are close together.
theta = 1.22 * ( lambda / diameter )
= 1.22 * ( 550 * [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] / 2.75 * [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] )
= 244 * [tex]10^{-6}[/tex]
= 2.44 * [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] radian
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What type of number is 3π + 1?
Choose all answers that apply:
A. whole number
B. integer
C. rational
D. Irrational
Answer: It's D
Explanation:
give 5 real life examples of a tension
1.car towing
2.pulling bucket of water
3.gym equipment
4.crane machine
5.tug of war
The focal length of the lens of a simple film camera is 40. 0 mm. By what amount should the distance between the lens and the film be increased or decreased to change the focus from a person who is 25 m from the lens to one who is 4. 0 m from the lens?.
Answer:
it should be decreased just so the camera focal can actually Focus properly
A particle is moving in a circle of diameter 5. calculate the distance covered and the displacement when it completes 3 revolutions.
Total distance covered is 47.1 m whereas displacement is zero.
Calculation:Given,
Diameter, d = 5 m
No. of revolutions = 3
Radius, r = 5/2 = 2.5 m
To find,
Distance =?
Displacement =?
Distance covered in one revolution = 2πr
Put the values in this,
Distance = 2 × 3.14 × 2.5
= 15.7 m
Total distance covered in 3 revolution = 3 × 31.4
= 47.1 m
Displacement is the change in the position of the object or the distance between the initial and final position.
After 3 revolutions the particle comes back to its initial position. Therefore, the displacement is zero.
Hence, the total distance covered in 3 resolutions is 47.1 m whereas displacement is zero.
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The resistance of platinum thermometer is 5.7 5.5, 5.2 at boiling point,
unknown temperature, θ, and at the freezing point of water respectively.
Determine the unknown temperature in θ°C.
The unknown temperature is 64°C
Given,
Resistance at ice point,R[tex]_{0}[/tex] =5.2Ω,
Resistance at steam point,R[tex]_{100}[/tex] = 5.7Ω,
Resistance when dip in unknow, R[tex]_{t}[/tex] = 5.5Ω,
R[tex]_{100}[/tex] = R[tex]_{0}[/tex] (1+α100)
α = R[tex]_{100}[/tex]-R[tex]_{0}[/tex] / R[tex]_{0}[/tex]×100
α = 0.00096 = 9×[tex]10^{-4}[/tex]°C[tex]^{-1}[/tex]
Let the temperature of hot bath = t°C
R[tex]_{t}[/tex] = R[tex]_{0}[/tex](1+αt)
t = R[tex]_{t}[/tex]- R[tex]_{0}[/tex] / R[tex]_{0}[/tex] α
t = 0.3 / 0.00468
t = 64°C
The unknown temperature is 64°C.
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During the evacuation of a system containing large amounts of moisture, it may be necessary to prevent freezing by increasing pressure using a gas such as?
During the evacuation of a system containing large amounts of moisture, it may be necessary to prevent freezing by increasing pressure using a gas such as Nitrogen
The scientific name for nitrogen is N, and it is a flavorless and colorless element. The ground beneath our feet contains nitrogen, as does the water we drink and the air we breathe. In fact, nitrogen makes up the majority of the atmosphere on Earth, making up around 78% of the atmosphere.
Nitrogen, which is necessary for plant growth, can be "fixed" by lightning or given to soils through fertilizers. a flavorless gas with no color. The chemical industry depends on nitrogen. It is used to create explosives, nylon, nitric acid, fertilizers, and colors. Nitrogen is always represented as N2 when it is in a gaseous state. It belongs to the group of seven diatomic molecules.
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What are the two types of precession?
A. Equinox and Solstice
B. Axial and Perihelion
C. Period and Area
D. Perihelion and Aphelion
Answer:
correct answer is D
Explanation:
answer is perihelion and aphelion
The voltage between two parallel plates separated by a distance of 3. 0 cm is 120 v. the electric field between the plates is:__________
The electric field between the plates is 4000V/m.
To find the answer, we have to know more about the electric field.
How to find the electric field?We have the expression for electric field as,[tex]E=\frac{V}{L} \\[/tex]
It is given that the voltage between two parallel plates separated by a distance of 3. 0 cm is 120 v.We have to find the electric field.[tex]E=\frac{120}{3*10^{-2}} =4000V/m[/tex]
Thus, we can conclude that, the electric field between the plates is 4000V/m.
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Compared witht he coma, or the visible fuzzy ball, of a ocmet 10^6 km in diameter, the diameter of the nucleus of the comet is:_______
Compared with the coma, or the visible fuzzy ball, of a comet 10^6 km in diameter, the diameter of the nucleus of the comet is very small about 10km.
A comet's coma is the nebulous envelope that surrounds its core and is created when the comet approaches the Sun on its extremely elliptical orbit; when the comet warms, some of its material sublimates. A comet's nucleus is the region in its centre.
The coma, a diffuse, brilliant zone that may have a million kilometres in diameter, surrounds the nucleus, which has a diameter of only a few kilometres. Typically, the diameter of this ice and dust cloud is less than 10 miles (16 kilometres), or roughly the size of a small town.
Therefore, Compared with the coma, or the visible fuzzy ball, of a comet 10^6 km in diameter, the diameter of the nucleus of the comet is very small about 10km.
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A charge of 12 c passes through an electroplating apparatus in 2. 0 min. what is the average current?
A charge of 12 c passes through an electroplating apparatus in 2.0 min, then the average current is 0.1 ampere.
What is an electric charge?Charged material experiences a force when it is exposed to an electromagnetic field due to the physical property of electric charge. You can have a positive or negative electric charge.
Electric current is defined as the charge per unit of time.
The mathematical relation between current and the electric charge
I =Q/T
where I is the current flowing
Q is the total electric charge
T is the time period for which the current is flowing
As given in the problem A charge of 12 c passes through an electroplating apparatus in 2.0 min
Let us first convert the time period of minutes into seconds
1 min = 60 seconds
2 min = 2*60 seconds
=120 seconds
By using the above relation between electric current and electric charge
and by substituting the respective values of the charge and the time period
I =Q/T
I = 12c/120 seconds
I = 0.1 Ampere
Thus, the average current flowing through the apparatus would be 0.1 Ampere.
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Give one example of a thermodynamic cycle that does not account for the carnot efficiency.
Thermo-Electrochemical converter (UTEC) is a thermodynamic cycle that does not account for the Carnot Efficiency.
What is the Carnot cycle in thermodynamics?
An ideal closed thermodynamic cycle that is reversible and consists of the four steps of isothermal expansion to a desired point, adiabatic expansion to a desired point, isothermal compression, and adiabatic compression back to the starting state.
What is the purpose of Carnot cycle?
The Carnot cycle, first proposed by the French engineer Sadi Carnot in the early 19th century, is the optimum cyclical sequence of changes in pressure and temperature of a fluid, such as a gas utilized in an engine. It serves as a benchmark for all heat engines operating in the range of high and low temperatures.Learn more about Carnot Efficiency.
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The compass is a small bar magnet that’s free to spin. Based on what you observed, is the coil of wire with current passing through it a magnet?
The compass is a small bar magnet that’s free to spin. Based on what you observed, is the coil of wire with current passing through it a magnet?
Answer:
yes, it is a magnet.
Explanation:
The electrons that are travelling through the wire go in 1 direction allowing it to create a magnetic field around its area.
Q3. You throw a ball into the air, it reaches a certain height and then comes back to you.
(a) On the way up, what are the directions of the velocity and the acceleration? Does the ball speed up or slow down?
(b) On the way down, what are the directions of the velocity and the acceleration? Does the ball speed up or slow down?
Q4. (a) Is a car going around a curve at 50 km/hr experiencing acceleration? Explain why or why not.
(b) Is a skateboard coasting down a hill at 2 m/s experiencing acceleration? Explain why or why not.
(c) Is a car stopping at an intersection experiencing acceleration? Explain why or why not.
The If a car is going round a curve , there is an acceleration because the direction of the velocity changes.
What is the direction of the velocity?Now we know that if you throw the ball upwards, the motion is in opposite direction to gravity thus the ball is experiencing deceleration and the speed decreases. The velocity decreases and the acceleration is negative.
If the ball is coming down, then the ball is accelerated thus it speeds up and the direction of the acceleration is positive.
If a car is going round a curve, the vehicle is accelerating because the direction of the velocity changes even if its amount remains constant.
When a board is moving down a hill at 2 ms-1, it is experiencing an acceleration because the motion is in the same direction as gravity.
If a car is coming to a stop at a point, it experiences a deceleration and not an acceleration since the change of velocity with time is negative as the car comes to rest.
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An object is dropped from the top of a building and is observed to take 7. 2s to hit the ground. How tall is the building?.
_______________
v₀=0 m/s
H₀=0 m
g=10 m/s²
t=7,2 s
_______________
H - ?
_______________
[tex]\displaystyle \boldsymbol{H}=H_0+v_0t+\frac{gt^2}{2}=0 \; m+0\; m/s\cdot 7,2\; s+\frac{10\; m/s^2\cdot (7,2 \;s)^2}{2} =\boldsymbol{36\; m}[/tex]
From different frames of reference, time intervals and lengths both appear different. what is one measurement that will appear the same to all observers?
The speed of a beam of light will appear the same to all observers.
Speed of light:The exact distance that light travels in a vacuum in a second is 299,792,458 meters (983,571,056 feet). This is roughly 186,282 miles per second, or "c," the symbol for light speed in mathematics.
According to Einstein's theory of special relativity, an object (such as a single photon of light) cannot appear to move faster than the speed of light. This physical rule is not broken by Nemiroff's experiment since the laser pointer emits a stream of photons rather than a single photon.
Nothing can move faster than light in a vacuum, according to one of physics' most revered rules. However, in a recent experiment, this speed restriction was broken when a laser pulse traveled at more than 300 times the speed of light.
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A piano string of density 0. 005 0 kg/m is under a tension of 1 350 n. Find the velocity with which a wave travels on the string?
A piano string of density 0.005 0 kg/m is under a tension of 1350 N, then the velocity with which a wave travels on the string would be 519.61 m/s
What is a sound wave?It is a particular variety of mechanical waves made up of the disruption brought on by the movements of the energy. In an elastic medium like the air, a sound wave travels through compression and rarefaction.
As given in the problem a piano string of density 0.005 0 kg/m is under a tension of 1350 N,
V= √F/μ
V=√(1350/0.005)
V = 519.61 m/s
Thus, the velocity with which a wave travels on the string comes out to be 519.61 m/s
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For light of wavelength 589 nm, calculate the critical angles for the following substances when surrounded by air.
(1) The critical angles for the fused quartz is 44⁰,
(2) The critical angles for the polystyrene is 39⁰.
(3) The critical angles for the sodium chloride is 41⁰.
What is Critical angles?In optics, the critical angle is the topmost angle at which a shaft of light traveling in one transparent medium can strike the boundary between that medium and another with a lower refractive indicator without being fully reflected within the first
Critical angles for the different medium.
θ[tex]=sin^{-1}\frac{n_{2} }{n_{1} }[/tex]
where;
[tex]n_{2}[/tex] is the refractive index of air = 1
[tex]n_{1}[/tex] is the refractive index of the given substances.
Refractive index of quartz glass = 1.46
Refractive index of polystyrene = 1.59
Refractive index of sodium chloride = 1.54
Critical angles for quartz glass:
[tex]$\theta_{\text {crit }}=\sin ^{-1} \frac{1.00029}{1.46}\\$[/tex]
[tex]$\theta_{\text {crit }}=44^{o}$[/tex]
Critical angles for polystyrene
[tex]$\theta_{\text {crit }}=\sin ^{-1} \frac{1.00029}{1.59}\\\\[/tex]
[tex]\theta_{\text {crit }}=39^{\circ}[/tex]
Critical angles for Sodium Chloride
[tex]$\theta_{\text {crit }}=\sin ^{-1} \frac{1.00029}{1.54}\\[/tex]
[tex]\theta_{\text {crit }}=41^{o}[/tex]
Thus, the critical angles for the quartz glass is 44⁰, the critical angles for the polystyrene is 39 ⁰ and the critical angles for the sodium chloride is 41⁰.
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I understand that the question you are looking for is:
"For light of wavelength 589 nm, calculate the critical angles for the following substances when surrounded by air.
(a) Fused Quartz
(b) Polystyrene
(c) Sodium chloride"
Describe what the sun would look like from earth if the entire photosphere were the same temperature as a sunspot?
The sun would look like from earth if the entire photosphere were the same temperature as a sunspot then wouldn't see anything from Earth but darkness
The lowest layer of the sun is the photosphere. It is the outer layer of the sun. It is the deepest region of the luminous object. It is composed of convection cells which are called granules . The Sun's photosphere has a temperature between 4,500 and 6,000 K
Sunspots are areas where the magnetic field is about 2,500 times stronger than Earth's, much higher than anywhere else on the Sun. Because of the strong magnetic field, the magnetic pressure increases while the surrounding atmospheric pressure decreases.
Sunspots tend to occur in pairs that have magnetic fields pointing in opposite directions. A typical spot consists of a dark region called the umbra, surrounded by a lighter region known as the penumbra.
The sunspots appear relatively dark because the surrounding surface of the Sun (the photosphere) is about 10,000 degrees F, while the umbra is about 6,300 degrees F. Sunspots are quite large as an average size is about the same size as the Earth.
If the photosphere were of the same temperature as the sunspot, then we wouldn't see anything from Earth but darkness. We were only able to see and recognize the sunspot because it is surrounded by the visible photosphere.
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