The possible impact of the maunder minimum on earth is a) lower temperatures
The Maunder Minimum, also known as the "prolonged sunspot minimum", was a period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare. During a 28-year period (1672–1699) within the minimum, observations revealed fewer than 50 sunspots.
The most recent grand solar minimum occurred during Maunder Minimum (1645–1710), which led to reduction of solar irradiance by 0.22% from the modern one and a decrease of the average terrestrial temperature by 1.0–1.5°C
During the Maunder Minimum, the Sun emitted less strong ultraviolet light, and so less ozone formed. The decrease in ozone affected planetary waves, the giant wiggles in the jet stream that we are used to seeing on television weather reports
correct option is
a) lower temperatures
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Can a wire carry a current and still be neutral—that is, have a total charge of zero? Explain.
When a wire is carrying current, charges enter the wire at the positive terminal of the voltage source and exit at the negative terminal, keeping the overall charge at zero throughout the current's passage.
Wire carries a current and still be neutral:Charge moving across a conductor produces current. There is always the same number of electrons in a wire today. As a result of an equal amount of electrons entering and exiting the circuit simultaneously, current flows through the wire when electrons enter the circuit. Current flow may nevertheless be neutral with no overall charge.
Neutral wires do indeed carry current. In single-phase circuits, the current flows in the opposite direction from the "phase" or "line" or "hot" wire, but it is exactly equal to that current. Out of "line," into "neutral," back into "line," and finally back into "neutral" and back into "line" (since it is AC the direction reverses every cycle.)
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Mass m moves to the right with speed =v along a frictionless horizontal surface and crashes into an equal mass m initially at rest. upon colliding, the two masses stick together and move with speed v to the right. notice that v and v denote different speeds. after the collision the magnitude of the momentum of the system is:
After the collision the magnitude of the momentum of the system is Mv
Given:
mass of 1st object = M
speed of 1st object = v
mass of 2nd object = M
speed of 2nd object = 0
To Find:
magnitude of the momentum after collision
Solution: Product of the mass of a particle and its velocity. Momentum is a vector quantity; i.e., it has both magnitude and direction. Isaac Newton's second law of motion states that the time rate of change of momentum is equal to the force acting on the particle.
Applying conservation of linear momentum
Mv + M(0) = 2MV
Mv = 2MV
V = v/2
So, after collision momentum is
p = 2MV = 2xMxv/2 = Mv
So, after collision momentum is Mv
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A cosmic-ray electron moves at perpendicular to earth’s magnetic field at an altitude where the field strength is. what is the radius of the circular path the electron follows?
4.266 m is the radius of the circular path the electron follows.
Given
Speed of electron (v) = 7.5 × 10⁶ m/s
Earth's Magnetic Field (B) = 1 × 10⁻⁵ T
We already know that
Mass of electron (m) = 9.1 × 10⁻³¹ kg
Charge on electron (q) = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
According to the formula
Radius of circular path(r) = mass on electron × speed/ Charge × Magnetic field
Radius of circular path(r) = m × v/q × B
Put the values into the formula
r = 9.1 × 10⁻³¹ × 7.5 × 10⁶/ 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ × 10⁻⁵
On solving, we get
r = 4.266 m
Hence, 4.266 m is the radius of the circular path the electron follows.
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A mass m is attached to an ideal massless spring with spring constant k. In experiment 1 the mass oscillates with amplitude a, and period t. A student grabs the mass and brings it to rest before starting experiment 2. In experiment 2, the mass is set to oscillate with a larger amplitude of 3a. What is the period of the oscillation in experiment 2?.
Time period remains the same in both the experiment as change in amplitude does not affect time period.
What are the factors on which time period depends in SHM?
Time period is given by:
[tex]T=2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k} }[/tex]
where,
T = time period
m = mass
k = spring constant
In a straightforward harmonic motion, we see from the preceding formula that the time period depends only on the object's mass and spring constant (SHM). The time period will adjust to any variations in the object's mass or the spring constant.
What is Spring Constant?
A spring's "spring constant" is a property that quantifies the relationship between the force acting on the spring and the displacement it produces. In other words, it characterises a spring's stiffness and the extent of its range of motion.
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Consider the previous question. which has the greater acceleration: the bug or the windshield?
The bug has the greater acceleration because it has the smaller mass
The bug has a greater change in velocity (acceleration) due to experiencing equal force as a much smaller mass.
What is Acceleration ?The rate at which the speed and direction of a moving object vary over time. A point or object going straight ahead is accelerated when it accelerates or decelerates.
An object's velocity can alter depending on whether it moves faster or slower or in a different direction. A falling apple, the moon orbiting the earth, and a car stopped at a stop sign are a few instances of acceleration.Learn more about Acceleration here:
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A particle (m = 3. 5 × 10-28 kg) starting from rest, experiences an acceleration of 2. 4 × 107 m/s2 for 5. 0 s. what is its de broglie wavelength λ at the end of this period?
The de Broglie wavelength of the particle is 1.578*10^-3nm.
To find the answer, we have to know about the de Broglie wavelength.
How to find the de Broglie wavelength?We have the expression for de Broglie wavelength as,[tex]wavelength=\frac{h}{P} =\frac{h}{mv}[/tex]
where, h is the plank's constant, m is the mass and v is the velocity.
It is given that,[tex]m=3.5*10^{-28}kg\\a=2.4*10^7m/s^2\\t=5s\\h=6.63*10^{-34}Js[/tex]
Substituting the values, we get,[tex]wavelength=\frac{6.63*10^{-34}}{3.5*10^{-28}*2.4*10^7*5}=1.578*10^{-14}m\\\\ wavelength=1.578*10^{-3}nm.[/tex]
Thus, we can conclude that, the de Broglie wavelength of the particle is 1.578*10^-3nm.
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If a closed loop lies partially inside and partially outside a region of changing magnetic field, which is true about calculating the induced electric field along the path?
If a closed loop lies partially inside and partially outside a region of changing magnetic field, to calculate the induced electric field along the path we use only the area within the flux change to calculate the electric field.
Induced Electric Fields:The electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path, whereas the induced electric field is nonconservative and does net work in transferring a charge over a closed channel. As a result, whereas the induced field cannot be connected with electric potential, the electrostatic field can.
Faraday's law can be written in terms of the induced electric field as. ∮→E⋅d→l=−dΦmdt. The electrostatic field created by a fixed charge distribution and the electric field caused by a changing magnetic field is very different from one another.
An electric field is created by a fluctuating magnetic flux. The induced emf from Faraday's law is related to the fluctuating magnetic flux and the induced electric field.
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Which two fundamental forces act within an atom’s nucleus? the gravitational force the electromagnetic force the strong nuclear force the weak nuclear force the electric force
The two fundamental forces act within an atom’s nucleus include the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force.
What are the fundamental forces of atoms nucleus?.The fundamental forces of atoms nucleus are the forces that act within the nucleus of an atom which include the following:
The strong nuclear forces: These are the forces that enhances the binding of the nucleus together.The weak nuclear forces:. These are the forces that are responsible for nuclear decay.Therefore, the two fundamental forces act within an atom’s nucleus include the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force.
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A basketball is thrown with an initial upward velocity of feet per second from a height of feet above the ground. the equation models the height in feet t seconds after the basketball is thrown. after the ball passes its maximum height, it comes down and then goes into the hoop at a height of feet above the ground. about how long after it was thrown does it go into the hoop?
The answer is t=1.29 seconds.
What is Velocity?The rapidity of movement or operation; swiftness; speed: a high wind velocity. Mechanics. the time rate of evolution of position of a body in a specified demand. the rate of speed with which something happens; rapidity of movement or reaction.Velocity is the prime hand of the position as well as the rapidity of the object. It can be characterized as the distance covered by an object in a unit of time. Velocity can be defined as the displacement of an object in a unit of time.Velocity (v) is a vector amount that measures displacement (or change in position, Δs) over the change in time (Δt), described by the equation v = Δs/Δt. Speed (or rate, r) is a scalar amount that measures the distance traveled (d) over the transformation in time (Δt), represented by the equation r = d/Δt.To learn more about Velocity, refer to:
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The air pressure normally ____ before a cold front passes and ____ after a cold front passes.
The air pressure normally drops before a cold front passes and rises after a cold front passes.
What is cold front?When a warm, lighter air mass pushes under a cold, dense air mass, the warm air is forced to rise, forming a cold front. The warm air at the surface is replaced by the cold air as it moves forward. As the moisture in the warm air mass rises, cools, and condenses, rain and even thunderstorms might develop. The winds will often change direction during a cold frontal passage from the south to the west or north. It is probable that cold, fair weather will continue when the front passes.
The sort of air mass going in affects the temperature behind a cold front. During the winter, a polar air mass will bring in frigid air, and during other seasons, cool air. Bitter air from the Arctic will be present.
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Two objects have the same velocity. These two objects have different masses. Which object will
have greater momentum? Why?
Answer:
The object with the greater mass will have the greater momentum
Explanation:
The momentum of an object with mass m, moving with velocity , is given by the formula
M = mv
Since both objects have the same velocity v, it is clear that the object with the bigger mass will have the greater momentum
An astronaut travels to a position in space that is a height of 2R above the surface of the earth, where R is earths radius.At this height, the force of earths gravity is ____ of its force at the surface.
A.1/8
B.1/9
C.1/4
D.1/3
Answer:
1/8
Explanation:
2R is the same as 1D, so you are a full diameter above yhe earth. The diameter of the earth is 12,742km, space starts at 100km so it probably isn't a third or a quarter. it is most likely an 1/8 or 1/9. if I had to guess it would be 1/8
Why can rock avalanches move downslope at speeds exceeding 200 km/hr (125 mi/hr)?
Rock avalanches move downslope at speeds exceeding 200 km/hr (125 mi/hr) because when the soil expands and compresses, it lifts certain particles and drops them downslope a short distance.
Landslides are the common name for soil or rock avalanches. The most frequent type of avalanche, snowslides, can travel downhill more quickly than a skier. When an unstable snow mass detaches from a slope, a snow avalanche starts.
Rock avalanches are caused by the rapid breakup of initially intact, highly fast-moving rock masses during transportation. In mountainous areas, rock avalanches, which are unexpected rock slope failures marked by high velocities, lengthy runouts, and massive volumes, are among the most deadly and costly geological hazards.
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How will sunlight most likely affect a black shirt on a hot summer day? the temperature of the shirt will depend on how much sunlight is diffracted around the shirt. the temperature of the shirt will not change because the sunlight is transmitted through the shirt to the body. the temperature of the shirt will decrease because most of the light is reflected off of the shirt. the temperature of the shirt will increase because all wavelengths of light are absorbed by the shirt.
The correct answer is option (C) the temperature of the shirt will increase because all wavelengths of light are absorbed by the shirt.
The relationship of heat and light
Heat is a measure of the movement of particles in the body, the more particles move, the warmer the body becomes. When the body absorbs light radiation, its particles vibrate in accordance with the electromagnetic radiation's wavelengths, which causes an increase in the temperature with the increase in particle movement. The more wavelengths of radiation absorbed by an object, produces more heat.Learn more about the Wavelength of light with the help of the given link:
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An object having a fixed emissivity of 0. 725 radiates heat at a rate of 10 w when it is at an absolute temperature t. If its temperature is doubled to 2t, at what rate will it now radiate?.
The answer is heat radiates at a rate of 160w.
What is emissivity?
A substance's emissivity is a measure of how well it reflects heat radiation from its surface. Infrared radiation, which cannot be seen by human eyes, as well as visible radiation (light) are both examples of thermal radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation. The Stefan-Boltzmann law defines emissivity as the quantitative ratio of a surface's thermal radiation to that of an ideal black surface at the same temperature. The ratio is in the range between 0 and 1.
what is energy radiation?
The ability of a substance to reflect heat radiation from its surface is measured by its emissivity. The material's surface emissivity and the temperature difference between the chip surface and the surrounding air are two factors that affect power dissipation in the form of radiation.
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What is the maximum speed you can be traveling to stop before hitting a child that runs into the street 60-65 feet ahead of your car
The fastest you could slow down before hitting a youngster who rushed into the road 60 to 65 feet in front of your car is 20 mph.
(Perception/Reaction Distance)
Speed 30 mph 40 mph 50 mph 60 mph 70 mph 80 mph
Distance 44 feet 59 feet 73 feet 88 feet 103 feet 117 feet
Braking Distance 45 feet 80 feet 125 feet 180 feet 245 feet 320 feet
Overall Stopping Distance 89 feet 139 feet 198 feet 268 feet 348 feet 439 feet
Equal to Approximate Number of Car Lengths 6 9 14 18 23 29
Take note that your total stopping distance triples when you double your speed, say from 30 mph to 60 mph or 40 mph to 80 mph.
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You could only brake down to 20 mph before hitting a child who dashed into the road 60 to 65 feet in front of your vehicle.
(Perception/Reaction Distance)
Speed 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 mph
Distance Braking Distance: 45 feet 80 feet 125 feet 180 feet 245 feet 320 feet 44 feet 59 feet 73 feet 88 feet 103 feet 117 feet
The total stopping distance is about equal to the number of car lengths: 89 feet, 139 feet, 198 feet, 268 feet, 348 feet, and 439 feet. 6 9 14 18 23 29
Be aware that as you double your speed, such as from 30 mph to 60 mph or 40 mph to 80 mph, your total stopping distance triples.
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Research how generators and transformers are used. Explain how faraday’s law is applied and why the designs are practical and therefore widely used?
The “Generators” generate current, and transformers convert between current and voltage. According to Faraday's law, the magnetic flux enclosed by a closed path changes at a time rate whose negative is equal to the electromotive force surrounding the way.
Generators are machinery that transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy. A static device called a transformer is used to move electrical energy from one circuit to another. Magnetic coupling and electrical separation characterize a transformer.
A fundamental property of electromagnetism known as Faraday's law of induction describes how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force or electromagnetic induction.
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A sample of an ideal gas is heated, and its kelvin temperature doubles. What happens to the average speed of the molecules in the sample?
A sample of an ideal gas is heated, and its kelvin temperature doubles. The average speed of the molecules in the sample will increases by a factor of [tex]\sqrt{2}[/tex]
The root-mean square (RMS) velocity is the value of the square root of the sum of the squares of the stacking velocity values divided by the number of values. The RMS velocity is that of a wave through sub-surface layers of different interval velocities along a specific ray path.
Root mean square speed is a statistical measurement of speed.
The root mean square speed can be calculated as : V1 : [tex]\sqrt{3 R T / Mo}[/tex]
if temperature becomes double
let T1 is initial temperature
So , T2 = 2 * T1
now ,
Root mean square speed will be (V2) = [tex]\sqrt{(3 R (2T)) / Mo}[/tex]
= [tex]\sqrt{2}[/tex] * [tex]\sqrt{3 R T / Mo}[/tex]
= [tex]\sqrt{2}[/tex] V1
Thus when temperature becomes double, the root mean square speed increases by a factor of [tex]\sqrt{2}[/tex]
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Suppose a consumption function is given as c = $500 0.75yd. the marginal propensity to consume is:______
In the the case above, if the consumption function is: C = $500 + 0.75 × YD, from the equation, the The marginal propensity to consume is option C) 0.75.
What is MPC?The marginal propensity to consume which is MPC is the aspect of each extra money that is dollar of a household's income that is said to be used, consumed or spent.
Note that Consumer behavior in regards to saving or spending has a very vital impact on the economy of a country.
From the formula given, the breakdown is:
YD = disposable income.
Autonomous consumption = $500.
The marginal propensity to consume = 0.75.
Therefore, In the the case above, if the consumption function is: C = $500 + 0.75 × YD, from the equation, the The marginal propensity to consume is option C) 0.75.
See full question below
Suppose that the consumption function is: C = $500 + 0.75 × YD
(Scenario: Consumption Spending) The marginal propensity to consume is:
A) $500.
B) 0.
C) 0.75
D) 0.2.
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Will plane waves incident upon a small opening in a barrier fan out on the other side or continue as plane waves?
Plane waves incident upon a small opening in a barrier will fan out and decrease in amplitude.
In physics, a plane wave is a special case of wave or field: a physical quantity whose value, at any moment, is constant through any plane that is perpendicular to a fixed direction in space.
For any position vector x in space and any time t, the value of such a field can be written as :
[tex]{\displaystyle F({\vec {x}},t)=G({\vec {x}}\cdot {\vec {n}},t),}[/tex]
[tex]{\displaystyle F({\vec {x}},t)=G({\vec {x}}\cdot {\vec {n}},t),}{\displaystyle F({\vec {x}},t)=G({\vec {x}}\cdot {\vec {n}},t),}[/tex]
where [tex]{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}\vec[/tex] is a unit-length vector, and [tex]{\displaystyle G(d,t)}{\displaystyle G(d,t)}[/tex] is a function that gives the field's value as dependent on only two real parameters: the time t, and the scalar-valued displacement
[tex]{\displaystyle d={\vec {x}}\cdot {\vec {n}}}{\displaystyle d={\vec {x}}\cdot {\vec {n}}}[/tex]
of the point [tex]{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}{\vec {x}}[/tex] along the direction [tex]{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}\vec[/tex]. The displacement is constant over each plane perpendicular to [tex]{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}\vec[/tex].
The values of the field may be scalars, vectors, or any other physical or mathematical quantity. They can be complex numbers, as in a complex exponential plane wave.
When the values of F are vectors, the wave is said to be a longitudinal wave if the vectors are always collinear with the vector [tex]{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}\vec[/tex], and a transverse wave if they are always orthogonal (perpendicular) to it.
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In a transformer, energy is carried from the primary coil to the secondary coil by:________
In a transformer, energy is carried from the primary coil to the secondary coil by magnetic field in the iron core.
To find the answer, we have to know more about the transformer.
How transformer works?An item utilized in the transfer of electric energy is a transformer. AC current is used for transmission. It is frequently used to modify the supply voltage between circuits without altering the AC frequency.The fundamentals of mutual and electromagnetic induction govern how the transformer operates. Magnetic field through the primary coil changes when primary coil current varies. the iron core of the secondary coil likewise has a magnetic field. EMF is therefore generated in the secondary coil.Thus, we can conclude that, in a transformer, energy is carried from the primary coil to the secondary coil by magnetic field in the iron core.
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Recall the word ""speed"". what is speed? what equation(s) do we have for calculating speed? how can we measure the speed of a moving object?
Answer:
Speed = distance traveled / time
Speed is a "scalar" quantity
Velocity = Vector Distance Traveled / time
Velocity is a vector quantity.
Example:
One can travel one lap around a track at some particular speed and his average speed will be (lap distance / time)
However, his vector velocity would be zero because he ended up where he started with zero displacement.
We see a full moon by reflected sunlight. How much earlier did the light that enters our eye leave the sun? the earth-moon and earth-sun distances are 3. 8 x 105 km and 1. 5 x 108 km
The time taken by the light reflected from sun to reach on earth will be 8.4 minutes.
To find the answer, we need to know about the distance travelled by light.
How to find the time taken by the light reflected from sun to reach on earth?So, in order to solve this problem, we must first know how far the moon is from Earth and how far the Sun is from the moon. These distances are given as 3.8×10^5 km (Earth-Moon) and 1.5×10^8 km (Sun- Earth). Since the Moon and Sun are on opposite sides of Earth during a full moon, the light's distance traveled equals,[tex]d=(1.5*10^8km)+2(3.8*10^5km)=1.51*10^8km=1.51*10^{11}m[/tex]
As we know that light travels at a speed of 300,000 km per second. then, the time taken by the light reflected from sun to reach on earth will be,[tex]t=\frac{1.51*10^{11}}{3*10^8}=503.33 s\\t=\frac{503.33}{60}=8.4min[/tex]
Thus, the time it takes for the light from the Sun to reach Earth and be recognized as 8.4 minutes.
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Am radio signals have frequencies between 550 khz and 1600 khz (kilohertz) and travel with a speed of 3. 0×108m/s. what are the wavelengths of these signals?
The wavelengths of these signals is between 187.50m to 2.77 m.
Frequency describes the number of waves that skip a set region in a given quantity of time. There are two forms of frequency desk - Grouped Frequency Distribution and Ungrouped Frequency Distribution.
Wavelength is normally denoted with the aid of the Greek letter lambda (λ); it is identical to the velocity (v) of a wave train in a medium divided by means of its frequency (f)= λ = v/f.
Part A)
λ max = v / f
= 3 x 10^8 / 550x10^3 =545.45 m
λmin = 3 x 10^8 / 1600x10^3 = 187.50m
Part B)
λ max = v / f
= 3 x 10^8 / 88x10^6
= 3.41 meters
λmin = 3 x 10^8 / 108x10^6 = 2.77 m
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What are the wavelengths of electromagnetic wave in free space that have the following frequencies?.
~400 nm to ~700 nm are the wavelengths of electromagnetic wave in free space.
What are the wavelengths of electromagnetic wave in free space?
Electromagnetic waves are categorized on the basis of their frequency f, which is equivalent to wavelength λ = c/f. Visible light has a wavelength that ranges from ~400 nm to ~700 nm. Violet light has a wavelength of ~400 nm, and having a frequency of ~7.5*1014 Hz.
So we can conclude that: ~400 nm to ~700 nm are the wavelengths of electromagnetic wave in free space.
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The wavelengths of the light are 4.3 * 10^-12 m and 0.2 m respectively.
What is wavelength?The term wavelength has to do with the horizontal distance that is covered by a wave. We know that a long wavelength implies that the wave is able to travel a long distance from one point to another.
Given that;
c = λf
c = speed of light
λ = wavelength of ight
f = frequency of light
Thus;
λ = 3 * 10^8/ 7.00 x 10^19
λ = 4.3 * 10^-12 m
λ = 3 * 10^8/1.50 x 10^9
λ = 2 * 10^-1 or 0.2 m
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Missing parts:
What are the wavelengths of electromagnetic wave in free space that have the following frequencies? (a) 7.00 x 10^19 Hz______ pm (b) 1.50 x 10^9 Hz__________ cm
14. The cutaway diagram below shows the paths
of earthquake waves generated at point X.
P- and
S-waves
reach
seismograph
No waves
Crust
Mantle
Core
P-waves only
-
Focus
Only P-waves reach the side of Earth that
is opposite the focus because P-waves
(1) are stronger than S-waves
(2) travel faster than S-waves
(3) bend more than S-waves
(4) can travel through liquids
and S-waves cannot
14
S-Wave Travel Time Copyright © 2017
Topical Review Book Compars
Only P-waves reach the side of Earth that is opposite the focus because P-waves option 4: can travel through liquids and S-waves cannot.
What are P waves?A P wave is known to be a compressional wave. This is seen as a kind of a seismic body wave that often moves or shakes the ground a lot in the same direction and also in its opposite direction as the wave moving direction.
Note that the P waves can be able to move via liquid and solids and gases, but the S waves can only move through solids.
Hence, Only P-waves reach the side of Earth that is opposite the focus because P-waves option 4: can travel through liquids and S-waves cannot.
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Two point charges are brought closer together, increasing the force between them by a factor of 20. By what factor was their separation changed?
The separation between them is [tex]\frac{r}{\sqrt{20} }[/tex]
Concept :
If the force increases, distance between charges must decrease. Force is indirectly proportional to the distance squared.
Given,
Two point charges are brought closer together, increasing the force between them by a factor of 20.
Original force is
F = [tex]\frac{kq_{1} q_{2} }{r^{2} }[/tex] -------- ( 1 )
Here, [tex]q_{1} , q_{2}[/tex] are charges and r is the distance between them
New force F' = [tex]\frac{kq_{1q_{2} } }{r'^{2} }[/tex] ----------- (2 )
Divide ( 1 ) and ( 2 )
[tex]\frac{F'}{F}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{\frac{kq_{1}q_{2} }{r'^{2} } }{\frac{kq_{1}_{2} }{r^{2} } }[/tex]
20 = [tex]\frac{r^{2} }{r'^{2} }[/tex]
r' = [tex]\frac{r}{\sqrt{20} }[/tex]
Given that force between them are increasing and therefore distance between them decrease by [tex]\frac{r}{\sqrt{20} }[/tex]
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Calculate the value of ∆g for these initial partial pressures. (the partial pressure of each gas is set a 5. 0 atm at 25°c) (use ∆g = rt ln (q/k), use the k at 25°c)
∆g for these initial partial pressures is 10,403.31 KJ.
ΔG gets increasingly positive as a product gas's partial pressure is raised. ΔG becomes more negative as the partial pressure of a reactant gas increases.
∆g = RT ln (q/k)
In this equation: R = 8.314 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ or 0.008314 kJ mol⁻¹ K⁻¹
K = 325
If ΔG < 0, then K > Q, and the reaction must proceed to the right to reach equilibrium.
∴∆g = RT ln (q/k)
= 8.314 × 298 ln ( 5 / 325)
= 2477.57 ln 0.015
= 2477.57 × (-4.199)
= 10,403.31 KJ
Products are preferred over reactants at equilibrium if G° 0 and both the products and reactants are in their standard states. When reactants are preferred above products in equilibrium, however, if G° > 0, K 1. At equilibrium, neither reactants nor products are preferred if G° = 0, hence K = 1.
Therefore, ∆g for these initial partial pressures is 10,403.31 KJ.
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A bus travelling at 30m/s along a straight road passes throu a stationary taxi cab.the can begins to move 5seconds later within a uniform acceleration of 2metres per seconds square in the same direction as the bus.1.calculate the time taken by the cab to meet the bus.2.distance the cab has travelled to catch-up with the bus
(1) The time taken by the cab to meet the bus is 18.96 seconds.
(2) The distance the cab has travelled to catch-up with the bus is 718.96 m.
Distance between the bus and the cab
The distance between the bus and the cab when the cab begins to move is calculated as follows;
D = speed x time
D = 30 m/s x 5 s
D = 150 m
Velocity of the cabThe velocity of the cab when it begins to move is calculated as follows;
v = at
(v - 30)t = D
(at - 30)t = 150
(2t - 30)t = 150
2t² - 30t = 150
2t² - 30t - 150 = 0
solve the quadratic equation using formula method
t = 18.96 seconds
Distance traveled by the cabD = vt
D = 2t²
D = 2(18.96²)
D = 718.96 m
Thus, the time taken by the cab to meet the bus is 18.96 seconds. The distance the cab has travelled to catch-up with the bus is 718.96 m.
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A small fan in a closed insulated room releases heat at the rate of 42 watts and pushes the air at the rate of 9 m/s with a mass flow rates of 1.2 kg/s. The room has a heater that produces heat at the rate of 0.30 kJ/s as well as a computer that produces 65 watts. Light bulbs in the room produce up to 125 watts. The room loses 0.32 kJ/s. Calculate the amount of heat maintained in the room.
The refrigerator is removing 300 watts of heat every hour.
Energy can only be changed in form; it cannot be created or destroyed, according to the basic law of thermodynamics. For any system, energy transfer examples include mass crossing the control boundary, external work, or heat transfer across the barrier. These have an impact on the energy reserves of the control volume.
The rate of heat removal from within the refrigerator may be calculated using the formula below thanks to the First Law of Thermodynamics and the definition of a refrigeration cycle.
Rate of heat transfer to the space, measured in watts.
Q=800 W W=500
The refrigerator removes heat at a rate of (800-500) 300 watts per hour.
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