What made possible the spread of islam, and what forms of government were established to rule islamic lands?

Most lay people don't have the ability to evaluate scientific conclusions.

Scientists can disagree with one another's conclusions.

About Thomas Gieryn :

Tom Gieryn retired in 2015 as Rudy Professor of Sociology and Adjunct Professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science.  At the time, he also served as Vice Provost for Faculty and Academic Affairs and, before that, he served as Department Chair. Tom earned his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1979, and has been at IU ever since--with visiting professorships at Cornell University, Nankai University (Tianjin, China) and Twente University (Holland), and a year at Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study. Tom does research on the cultural authority of science and on the significance of place for human behavior and social change. His book Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility On the Line (University of Chicago Press, 1999) won the Robert K. Merton Book Award from the Section on Science, Knowledge and Technology of the American Sociological Association (the prize is named after Tom's mentor at Columbia). Tom’s second book is Truth-Spots:  How Places Make People Believe, also published by the University of Chicago Press, 2018.

What is scientific credibility?

To determine credibility, scientific studies need to be assessed along (at least) the following three dimensions: (1) method and data transparency, (2) analytic reproducibility and robustness, and

(3) effect replicability

Sociology of Science :

Sociology of science studies the social organization of science, the relationships between science and other social institutions, social influences on the content of scientific knowledge, and public policy regarding science. The definition of the term “science” is problematic. Science can refer to a changing body of shared knowledge about nature or to the methods used to obtain that knowledge; in that form, science has existed for millennia. Research on “indigenous scientific knowledge” is reviewed in Watson-Verran and Turnbull (1995). Sociologists of science are more likely to define science in institutional terms, and most research in that area studies those who work in differentiated social institutions. The “demarcation” problem of distinguishing between science and non science persists. Gieryn (1995, 1998) argues that scientists and their advocates continually engage in contested “boundary work” to demarcate science. He discusses the rhetorical and organizational devices used in those contests; thus, scientists are likely to emphasize the disinterested search for knowledge in their attempts to distinguish science from technology and stress the utility of scientific knowledge in their attempts to distinguish it from religion. Gieryn argues against the notion that there are “essential” features of science that determine the outcome of those contests; these “essential features” are instead “provisional and contextual results of successful boundary-work” (1995,).

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The central route of the elaboration likelihood model works by engaging someone thoughtfully with a Logical Argument.

The three varieties of argument in logic are deductive, inductive, and abductive. no matter the kind of logic being used, each argument may have the identical components of a logical argument, particularly premises and a conclusion.

Controversy is an assertion or group of statements referred to as premises intended to decide the degree of truth or acceptability of any other announcement known as the end. Arguments can be studied from the 3 most important views: the logical, the dialectical, and the rhetorical attitude.

First, one should ask if the premises offer support for the conclusion by examing the shape of the argument. in the event that they do, then the argument is legitimate. Then, one ought to ask whether the premises are proper or false facts. simplest if a controversy passes both those checks is it sound.

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The term used to describe cooperation by competitors who want to achieve a strategic objective is Coopetition.

Coopetition is a corporate philosophy directly borrows on game theory's principles. Coopetition games are statistical models that take into account the manner in which collaboration between rivals may produce synergy.

There are several motivations for rivals for coopetition. It can be a strategy to cut expenses and prevent duplication of work on the most basic level. Collaboration could be the only solution if a project is too large or hazardous for one firm to handle alone. Other times, two parties can exchange talents if one is better at doing A and the other is better at B.

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The question is about the United States but about it's legislative process. As with every legislature, the representatives are made up of people. When the majority of the people in the house of representatives tilt in one direction, it becomes the decision of the whole. this is why it appears as though the US endorsed or institutionalized racism.

One of the laws in the History of US that speaks to the above is Jim Crows law. This law favored racial segregation and empowered law enforcement agencies to enforce it.

The reason it was put in place is already indicated in the first paragraph. It is to be noted however that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and The Voting Rights Act of 1965 overturned Jim Crows laws.

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Orthodox division of modern Judaism stresses careful keeping of dietary laws and separate social roles for men and women.

Globally, there are 15 self-governing churches the various Japanese Orthodox, whilst the Oriental Orthodox, which includes the Copts, Armenians, Ethiopians, and Assyrians, have their personal churches. most of the denominations in both corporations have institutional churches inside the U.S., with the Greek Orthodox Church being the biggest.

The East-West Schism (additionally known as the incredible Schism or Schism of 1054) is the destruction of communion considering the fact that 1054 between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.

In 1054, the Christian Church break up into the jap Orthodox and Roman Catholic church buildings. The tremendous Schism took place while the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, became excommunicated. The ex-communication became a breaking factor for the Church and took place after tensions had built for hundreds of years.

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Ubel argues that healthcare rationing amounts to an egregious crime against humanity and is unethical. This statement is False.

Rationing is the allocation of finite resources, and in medicine it necessarily means that some people are deprived of potentially beneficial treatments. How rationing work is important because it not only affects an individual's life, but also expresses the core values ​​of society. Doctors have been grappling with this controversy for quite some time. Some deny that rationing take place, claiming that their professional responsibilities prevent them from participating in rationing. Others approve of rationing and view the equitable distribution of medicines as part of the physician's ethical obligation.

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When a negotiator adopts a win-lose orientation in which one party necessarily loses when the other party gains, they are using the zero-sum negotiation or win-lose negotiation approach.

Due to the fixed nature of the resources or assets that must be divided, this strategy is often referred to as distributive bargaining. Therefore, all talks must be conducted in light of that.

It was most likely the most common type of negotiation that is done. People select whatever they desire, and then each side adopts an extreme stance, including asking for substantially more than they anticipate receiving.

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Cytokines are chemical messengers that direct immune cellular reactions.

The word "cytokine" is a compound of the Greek terms "cyto," which means cell, and "kinos," which means movement. Cytokines are cell signaling molecules that promote the movement of cells toward sites of inflammation, infection, and damage as well as help cells communicate with one another during immune responses.

Peptide, protein, and glycoprotein (proteins with a sugar attached) types of cytokines are all available. The huge family of molecules known as cytokines is divided into several subgroups because there is no single classification scheme for them.

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United State government compel small countries in Latin America to cooperate in the fight against the production and illegal exportation of illicit drugs through different ways like by adopted holistic approach, prevention programme to tackle drug problem and by spreading awareness of health.

United State declare ''war on drug'' in 1970 to support Latin America. now the goal of a modernized anti-drug strategy must be to eradicate organized crime and drug trafficking. To do this, the United States must improve its capacity to investigate and work with partners in the hemisphere to combat money laundering,

As well as broaden targeted sanctions to target individuals involved in narcotics trafficking and organized crime.

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'The ability of people to produce is determined by their skill, knowledge, and training.

Production is an essential facet of human existence, from the earliest human societies to the Information Age today. In the past, production was concerned with fulfilling the material needs of human beings like food, clothing, and shelter. With growing cultural sophistication and advancements in technology, our needs have diversified and their fulfillment more complex.

There is a greater need for skill in production today, such as culinary skills in restaurants. Successful production also requires an array of knowledge base to strategize and improve production processes. And finally, skills and knowledge are often not inborn but have to be learned through intensive training.

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A version of the lru page replacement algorithm set of rules referred to as the A. clock page.

At least these days Used page alternative set of rules replaces the web page which isn't always used these days. Implementation: In this newsletter, LRU has implemented the usage of counters, a time (i.e., counter) variable is used to symbolize the cutting-edge time, it's far incremented for every web page of the reference array.

The best page-replacement algorithm is a FIFO algorithm. the primary-in, first-out (FIFO) page alternative set of rules is a low-overhead algorithm that requires little bookkeeping on the part of the running device.

Within the least, these days Used (LRU) algorithm is a greedy set of rules in which the page to get replaced is least recently used. The idea is based totally on the locality of reference, the least lately used page isn't always in all likelihood.

The LRU web page replacement algorithm keeps track of page usage inside the memory over a quick time period. In comparison, inside the LFU web page alternative set of rules, the page with the least visits in a given period of time is eliminated. LRU eliminates the web page that has now not been applied in the memory for the longest time frame.

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It is TRUE that for  Christians, evangelism is the most important duty because that is the main message that Jesus brought which is true repentant.

In Christendom pilgrimages are  not been regarded as a compulsory act by the teaching of Jesus Christ, hence it can be waste of money.

The evangelism can be regarded as the  is the act of preaching the gospel  which entails the passing across the word of God  and  message  of Jesus Christ.

It should be noted that It is TRUE that for  Christians, evangelism is the most important duty because that is the main message that Jesus brought which is true repentant.

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Leadership skills that focus on your ability to work with, understand, and motivate those people around you are called human relations.

Leadership skills is a critical skill that can built career in the top position and also helping others grow in their life.

Leaderships skills include continuously improving oneself and learning more and more, one needs to be a critical thinker for solving problems, patiently listening to others and giving feedback, motivating and encouraging others.

Human relation is an important aspect of leadership skill. A leader must have the ability to develop a positive working environment, acknowledging and encouraging others to increase their productivity. This aspect is called human relation

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The philosophical view that there are ultimate presuppositions which cannot be proven but that are the basis for all of our other ideas is called assumptions.

Many philosophers recognize that reality and our experience of it are greater than philosophy:  not everything is graspable by the intellect; not everything ends up in an argument; Not everything can be expressed in language.

The real existence of the latter is explained by the principle of full reason, which asserts that there is a proper reason to account for the existence and nature of all that cannot exist. In each of these cases, the ultimate  reason is God's free choice. The principle of adequate reasoning states that there must be a cause, reason, or explanation for everything that exists.

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Low propensity voters do not traditionally turn out to vote in high numbers critical to Bidens win to make it easier for people to take part in elections by means of supplying comfort vote casting.

The united states is trying to make it easier for people to take part in elections by means of supplying comfort vote casting. Which of the subsequent factors of the U.S. electoral device can have an effect on voter turnout? ballot duration and frequency of participation both affect voter turnout inside the united states of America.

In a comparable survey carried out following the federal election, the turnout rate from the survey turned into .Younger men and women age 18-25 have the bottom voter turnout of any age institution; maximum voter turnout is among middle-elderly individuals 40-sixty four. A higher percentage of women than men grew to become out to vote. Voter turnout also elevated as age, academic attainment and earnings improved. Voter turnout become highest amongst the ones.

Voter turnout refers to the participation price (often defined as folks that cast a poll) of a given election. this could seek advice from the proportion of registered voters, eligible electorate, or all vote casting-age people.

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People have a greater tendency to accept authority as legitimate if they are economically or politically dependent on those who hold power.

Authority is power that is acknowledged and that people agree to use in accordance with predetermined rules. People pay attention to authoritative persons because they believe they are deserving of respect or because their position intrinsically calls for respect. In general, individuals consider the demands and goals of an authority person to be fair, legitimate, truthful, or genuine.

One of the founding fathers of sociology, Max Weber, came to understand this when he looked at both small- and large-scale power structures in relation to a society's economy. Weber created a categorization system for authority based on this research. His three different styles of authority are conventional, charismatic, and legal-rational.

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About one-half of all those in prison have a father, mother, brother, sister, or spouse who has also served time in prison.

The incarcerated determined cannot have custody of a toddler when in the back of bars. however, even in this situation, the mother and father can proportion obligation if the courtroom does now not terminate the rights of the incarcerated mum or dad. certain problems may additionally require consent from the man or woman in prison or prison at the same time as others are no longer in his or her hands.

However, the upcoming release of this determination can also have an effect on those situations. The custodial determine at some stage in the incarceration may additionally petition the courts to terminate the rights of the opposite because of the prison or prison sentence.

Some dads and moms will see incarceration as a boon due to the fact it could provide the choice to search for custody while the father or mother becomes difficult. The choice inside the courtroom may additionally see that the figure that remains loose is a good suit once the other discern is in prison. this may bring forth the option to take custody either quickly or on an extra everlasting basis.

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All the brands I can recall or remember at any time regardless of whether I would actually consider purchasing them are called the evoked set.

An evoked set is defined as the brands that come to a customer's thoughts whilst a want for a product or service arises. These are taken into consideration by ideal manufacturers based on the client's notion of their products, and their brand equity with a customer.

The evoked set is crucial due to the fact it's miles a subset of present brands in the market, and it's miles a subset of the manufacturers of which the consumer is aware. The system of forming an evoked set from those broader sets is consequently of interest to both patron researchers and managers.

Evoked sets are formed by thinking about all manufacturers inside the recognition set at an equal factor in time, and in this situation, the most appropriate decision rules are the linear compensatory and lexicographic models. If a new brand enters the notice set, the complete system is repeated.

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Katie does not like wearing baggy pants because she thinks they do not look feminine. Katie's opinion is based on her perception of gender.

A group of characteristics, actions, and tasks known as femininity are typically linked to women and girls. Although some evidence suggests that some behaviors that are perceived as feminine are impacted by both cultural and biological variables, femininity can be understood as a social construction.

The socially constructed traits that distinguish women, men, girls, and boys are referred to as gender. This covers the expectations, mannerisms, roles, and interactions connected to being a man, woman, child, or young person. Gender is a social framework that varies from culture to culture and can change over time. These baggy pants are incredibly roomy at the hips and thighs and taper at the leg. They have a low crotch.

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In a simple tooth extraction, the dentist uses a special instrument called an elevator to loosen the tooth. once loosened enough, the dentist pulls the tooth out with dental forceps.

Elevators are used to lift a tooth or its root before extracting it in other ways, such as B. Use tweezers or a scalpel to solve. the elevator is placed between the tooth and jawbone, but its force is directed toward the tooth. The dentist applies slight pressure to lift it off the shaft.

A colectomy removes the crown and leaves the root of the jaw intact. colectomy is not recommended if you have infected wisdom teeth or roots. both procedures can be done by a dentist or oral surgeon.

Extraction can be done under local anesthesia if the tooth is exposed and looks solid and easy to remove. an instrument called an elevator is used to loosen (dislocate) the tooth, open up the bone space, and break the tiny elastic fibers that connect the tooth to the bone.

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Answer:

Democracy is considered the best form of government for these reasons:

One indication that the government recognizes that social security money will not provide sufficient funds for retirement is the authorization of tax shelters for citizens saving for retirement.

It is a strategy whose objective is to reduce taxes on investments, legally helping citizens to meet financial goals for maintaining quality of life and retirement income.

Therefore, some types of tax shelters to assist US citizens in their needs may be municipal bonds, real estate investments, medical savings, etc.

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Since then, issues like gun politics, abortion, the use of recreational drugs and their legalization, and the separation of religion and state have inflamed American society.

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American psychologist walter dill scott identify about advertising characteristics and their effects on people’s purchasing behaviors that a salesperson's characteristics significantly influence whether items sell.

One of the first psychologists to apply psychology to advertising, management and personnel selection was Scott. In 1903 Scott published two of his books namely: The Theory of Advertising and Psychology of Advertising.

The focal point of all this study was what is now known as industrial psychology. Later in the years, the field of organizational psychology developed as an experimental science.

Instead of developing a common theory of psychology, he focused on studying the application of psychology to business, particularly its relationship to advertising and management. He also recommended the use of illustrations in advertising. Illustrations should grab the reader's attention, be self-explanatory and relevant. This allows readers to read the ad description.

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Classical liberalism was the most influential political ideology in the founding of the united states.

The political philosophy known as "classical liberalism" is a subset of liberalism that emphasizes limited government, free markets, and laissez-faire economics. It also supports the rule of law and civil liberties under the rule of law.

It was created in the early 19th century, expanding on concepts from the century before, as a reaction to urbanization and the Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America.

Contrary to other liberal schools of thought, such as social liberalism, classical liberalism favors deregulation and has a more pejorative view of social programs, taxes, and government meddling in people's lives. The term "economic liberalism" was used prior to the Great Depression and the emergence of social liberalism.

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c) descriptive analytics.

Big Data analytics is a method used by businesses to understand market demands, customer preferences, and market trends, so they can customize their products and services accordingly. There are three major analytical tools:

1. Descriptive analytics: Focus on understanding the current situation and trends in the organization and the underlying factors. It analyses historical and real-time data to gain insights on the successes and failures of its business strategies. Tools used here include charts and graphs, visualization applications, etc.

2. Predictive analytics: Tries to anticipate future prospects and trends, based on descriptive data and other statistical tools.

3. Prescriptive analytics: Focuses on solutions to business bottlenecks, action plans to maximize key business metrics, etc. It uses simulations and mathematical models.

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To avoid distractions form the outside world, resulting due to any sort of reason, and to stay focused on the task at hand, one must most importantly have the will-power to do so. Keep yourself healthy buy eating healthy stuff and try to listen to some calm and soothing music to relax and compose your mind and stay focused.

Staying focused becomes important especially when you want to finish off a task successfully. Also, make sure to take sufficient sleep so that even lack of sleep does not turn into fatigue and tiredness and results into continuous distractions throughout the day.

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When a tornado is possible: a) a tornado watch is issued.

A tornado is a violently spiraling narrow column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground, wreaking havoc and destroying life and property on its path.

A Tornado Watch is issued by meteorologists (the Storm Prediction Centre in the US), to indicate the likelihood of tornadoes occurring, though they may not necessarily occur. They only point out that favorable conditions for formation of tornadoes are present.

A Tornado Warning is a higher level alert than a Tornado Watch, and is issued when tornadoes are spotted or detected by radar. It indicates serious threat to life, property and infrastructure in the area covered by the watch.

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Answer:

It important to follow social rules because of the following reasons :-)

Explanation:

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The Luminosity of a star is the total amount of energy it emits per second.

The radiant power emitted by a light-emitting device over time is measured as luminosity, which is an absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic power. The total quantity of electromagnetic energy emitted per unit of time by a star, galaxy, or other celestial object is referred to as luminosity in astronomy.

Luminosity classes are denoted by Roman numerals ranging from I to V: I denotes supergiant stars, II denotes bright giants, III denotes ordinary giants, IV denotes subgiants, and V is ordinary main sequence stars. The spectral classification of a star is then completed by stating both the spectral class and the luminosity class.

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