What is the most common insanity defense applied by the states?

The likely problem that the patient is suffering from is an object stuck in the respiratory tract.

This is why he ended up in the emergency department with violent coughing after eating peanuts. The boy's lips were cyanotic, and he continued to cough upon physical examination. The physician was able to determine this after talking to the boy for a short time. Likely, the boy inserted a peanut or multiple peanuts into his nostril(s) when he was wondering how many peanuts would fit in his nose.

This is an act of childish curiosity that can result in very serious injuries, and if not treated immediately, it can cause choking and block the airways. In general, putting things into the nostrils is quite normal and usually doesn't have any negative consequences. However, young children are unaware of the possible consequences of such actions and cannot fully understand the danger. Hence, it's important to keep an eye on them.

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Drugs frequently sold as "bath salts" are commonly norepinephrine agonists. Option B is correct.

Drugs frequently sold as "bath salts" are commonly stimulants or synthetic cathinones. These substances typically act as norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRI) rather than being specifically classified as agonists for GABA, opioid receptors, or serotonin receptors.

Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRI) increase the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain by inhibiting their reuptake, leading to increased stimulation and heightened activity of these neurotransmitters. This can result in effects such as increased energy, euphoria, heightened alertness, and other stimulant-like properties.

The term "bath salts" has been used to refer to a range of illicit synthetic drugs, and their composition can vary. The specific chemicals present in these substances may change over time as new variations are developed to evade legal restrictions. Therefore, the effects and mechanisms of action may vary among different "bath salts" compounds.

Hence, B. is the correct option.

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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

"Drugs frequently sold as "bath salts" are ______________________agonists. A) GABA B) Norepinephrine C) Opioid D) Serotonin."--

Tools and equipment are used in nonsterile compounding.

Various items are used to facilitate the compounding process. Measuring devices, such as graduated cylinders and measuring spoons, ensure accurate measurement of ingredients. Mixing containers, such as beakers and mixing bowls, are utilized for combining different components.

Mortar and pestle are employed for grinding and mixing solid ingredients. Spatulas aid in transferring substances, while funnels and filters assist in filtration and decantation processes. Ointment slabs provide a surface for mixing and blending ointments and creams.

These tools must be clean, properly maintained, and appropriate for the specific compounding task to ensure accuracy, precision, and quality of the final compounded product. Following good manufacturing practices and adhering to safety guidelines are essential to maintain the integrity and efficacy of nonsterile compounded medications.

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Cardiac tamponade involves the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space and is considered an oncologic emergency, option C is correct.

The pericardial space is the area between the outer layer of the heart (pericardium) and the heart itself. In patients with cancer, cardiac tamponade can occur due to various reasons, including metastatic spread of cancer to the pericardium, direct invasion of the pericardium by a tumor, or as a side effect of certain cancer treatments.

The accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space puts pressure on the heart, impairing its ability to fill and pump blood effectively. This can lead to potentially life-threatening symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, low blood pressure, and even cardiac arrest if not promptly treated, option C is correct.

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The correct question is:

Which oncologic emergency involves the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space?

A. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

B. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone release (SIADH)

C. Cardiac tamponade

D. Tumor lysis syndrome

The pathological term for a benign growth or tumor in the uterus is "uterine fibroid" or "leiomyoma."

Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop from the smooth muscle tissue of the uterus. They are commonly found in women of reproductive age and can vary in size, number, and location within the uterus.

Uterine fibroids are usually not associated with an increased risk of cancer and are considered benign. However, they can cause various symptoms depending on their size and location. Common symptoms include heavy or prolonged menstrual periods, pelvic pain or pressure, frequent urination, constipation, and reproductive issues such as infertility or recurrent miscarriages.

The exact cause of uterine fibroids is unclear, but hormonal factors, particularly estrogen and progesterone, are believed to play a role in their development and growth. Genetic factors and certain risk factors such as age, family history, and obesity may also contribute to their formation.

Diagnosis of uterine fibroids is typically done through a pelvic examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and sometimes a biopsy to confirm the benign nature of the growth.

Treatment options for uterine fibroids depend on the severity of symptoms, the size and location of the fibroids, and the woman's desire for future fertility. Treatment may involve medications to manage symptoms, hormonal therapies to shrink the fibroids, minimally invasive procedures such as uterine artery embolization or focused ultrasound surgery, or in more severe cases, surgical removal of the fibroids (myomectomy) or the entire uterus (hysterectomy).

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The first recognition of fetal movements by the mother is called "quickening."

Quickening refers to the first time a pregnant woman feels movements of her fetus in her womb. It is often described as a fluttering sensation, similar to the feeling of butterflies in the stomach or gentle tapping.

Quickening usually occurs between 18 and 25 weeks of pregnancy, although it can vary from woman to woman and pregnancy to pregnancy.

During the early stages of pregnancy, fetal movements may go unnoticed or be mistaken for other bodily sensations.

However, as the fetus grows and develops, the movements become more pronounced and can be felt by the mother.

Quickening is an important milestone in pregnancy and is often a source of joy and reassurance for expectant mothers, as it signifies the presence of a developing and active baby.

The first recognition of fetal movements by the mother is called quickening. It is an exciting moment for pregnant women and represents an important milestone in the progression of their pregnancy.

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While performing a walking assist with a single responder, use one hand to hold the victim’s arm around your shoulder and place your other hand around the waist.

Placing the hand on the victim's waist or lower back for support and stability. This allows the responder to maintain control and balance while assisting the victim in walking. It is important to ensure a secure grip and provide enough support to prevent the victim from falling or losing balance during the walking assist.

In addition to physical support, it is crucial for the responder to communicate clearly with the victim during the walking assist. Providing clear instructions and reassurance helps the victim feel more secure and confident while walking. The responder should maintain a steady pace that is comfortable for both themselves and the victim, taking into consideration any mobility limitations or injuries the victim may have.

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The complete question is:

while performing a walking assist with a single responder, use one hand to hold the victim’s arm around your shoulder and place your other hand____(fill in the blank)

Answer:

Low blood pressure has many different causes including: Emotional stress, fear, insecurity or pain (the most common causes of fainting) Dehydration, which reduces blood volume. The body's reaction to heat, which is to shunt blood into the vessels of the skin, leading to dehydration.

The nurse should teach a client with chronic gastritis about medication administration, dietary modifications, stress management, avoiding irritants, and the importance of follow-up care.

To effectively manage chronic gastritis, the nurse should educate the client on various aspects of the therapeutic regimen. This includes explaining the purpose, dosage, and timing of prescribed medications such as proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers. The nurse should also emphasize the need for dietary modifications, such as avoiding spicy, acidic, and fatty foods, and consuming smaller, frequent meals. Stress management techniques, such as relaxation exercises, should be taught as stress can worsen gastritis symptoms. The client should be made aware of irritants like NSAIDs and the importance of consulting healthcare providers before taking new medications. Lastly, the nurse should emphasize the significance of follow-up care to monitor treatment effectiveness and address any complications. Clear communication and thorough patient education are key to ensuring the client can effectively manage their chronic gastritis.

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In the Analyze phase of the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) methodology, a process map can be a valuable tool for understanding and analyzing the current state of a process.

A process map visually represents the steps, activities, inputs, and outputs of a process, providing a clear overview of how it functions and where potential issues or inefficiencies may exist.

Here's how a process map can be used in the Analyze phase:

By using a process map in the Analyze phase of DMAIC, you can gain a comprehensive understanding of the process, identify areas of improvement, and gather data for further analysis and decision-making to drive process optimization and improvement.

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Herbal remedies are loosely regulated by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in comparison to other drugs. Option d is correct answer here.

They do not have to go through the same rigorous testing and approval process as pharmaceutical drugs. This lack of stringent regulation means that the safety, efficacy, and quality of herbal remedies can vary greatly. Additionally, herbal remedies can interact with prescription or over-the-counter medicines. These interactions can lead to adverse effects or reduce the effectiveness of the medications. It is important for individuals using herbal remedies to consult with healthcare professionals to ensure safe and appropriate use, especially if they are taking other medications concurrently. Hence option d is correct.

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If a client prescribed posterior pituitary hormone therapy demonstrates the technique used for nasal medication delivery, the nurse must immediately review the technique if any action compromises its effectiveness or safety. Actions requiring immediate review include forcefully sniffing, tilting the head backward, inserting the nasal applicator too far, or administering the medication in the wrong nostril.

Prompt intervention is necessary to provide corrective guidance and ensure the client understands the correct technique.

Proper nasal administration is crucial for optimal absorption and to prevent potential harm or inadequate delivery of the medication.

The nurse's review aims to enhance patient safety and promote the therapeutic benefits of the prescribed posterior pituitary hormone therapy.

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The given statement " Category I OTC  products are considered safe and effective for their claimed therapeutic indication" is true.

Category I OTC (Over-the-Counter) products are considered safe and effective for their claimed therapeutic indication. Category I is a designation given by regulatory authorities, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to OTC products that have been evaluated and deemed safe and effective for their intended use.

These products have undergone rigorous scientific testing and evaluation to support their claims and ensure their safety profile. They are generally available for purchase without a prescription and are trusted by consumers to self-treat common ailments and symptoms.

However, it's important to note that even though Category I OTC products are considered safe and effective, individuals should still read and follow the instructions and warnings provided, as well as consult a healthcare professional if they have any concerns or questions about their specific condition or the use of the product.

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The smallest amount of a drug needed to elicit a response is called the Threshold dose. Option C is correct.

The threshold dose refers to the minimum dose of a drug or substance required to produce a detectable response or effect in an individual. It represents the point at which the body starts to respond to the presence of the drug. Below the threshold dose, the drug may not produce any observable effects.

However, the threshold dose can vary among individuals, as different people may have different sensitivities or responses to a particular drug. Additionally, the threshold dose may be influenced by various factors, including age, weight, overall health, and the presence of other medications or substances in the body.

Hence, C. is the correct option.

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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

"The smallest amount of a drug needed to elicit a response is called: A) Dose response B) Activity doorway C) Threshold dose D) Gateway dose."--

In this particular case, the court did not decide in Honeywell's favor, and the "every exposure" theory was considered admissible for the jury to assess and weigh the evidence presented.

For the court to have decided in Honeywell's favor in the case of Davis v Honeywell International Inc., several factors would have had to be true:

However, based on the information provided, it is mentioned that the appellate court reviewed the commentary and scientific literature supporting and opposing the "every exposure" theory and concluded that it is the subject of legitimate scientific debate. The appellate court also acknowledged that the task of processing the expert witness and determining the credibility of the theory is within the purview of the jury, rather than the court.

Therefore, in this particular case, the court did not decide in Honeywell's favor, and the "every exposure" theory was considered admissible for the jury to assess and weigh the evidence presented.

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The lungs may not have the time to fill and exchange gas describes why fast respiration may decrease minute​ volume (Option C)

When a person breathes rapidly, the duration of each breath becomes shorter, and there is less time available for the lungs to fully expand and fill with air. As a result, the volume of air exchanged during each breath, known as tidal volume, may decrease. Minute volume, which is the total volume of air breathed in one minute, is calculated by multiplying the tidal volume by the respiratory rate. Therefore, if the tidal volume decreases due to fast respiration, the minute volume may also decrease.

Additionally, rapid breathing may lead to shallow breathing, where the breaths are not deep enough to fully ventilate the lungs. This can result in reduced gas exchange efficiency and further contribute to a decrease in minute volume.

It's important to note that Option A is incorrect because turbulence in the trachea does not significantly affect the amount of air movement. Option B is incorrect because the delay in the movement of intercostal muscles and the pleural space is not directly related to the decrease in minute volume. Option D is incorrect because fast respiration does not increase minute volume; it may actually decrease it, as explained above.

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The frozen section procedure provides a rapid examination of a tissue sample during a surgical procedure.

Option (a) is correct.

It involves freezing the tissue and slicing it thinly for immediate microscopic analysis. This technique allows the pathologist to obtain a quick preliminary diagnosis, providing valuable information for the surgeon during the ongoing procedure. The frozen section is particularly useful in situations where immediate decisions regarding further surgical intervention or treatment planning are required.

The tissue sample is quickly prepared, stained, and examined under a microscope, allowing the pathologist to assess the tissue's characteristics, such as presence or absence of tumor cells, inflammation, or other abnormalities. It helps guide the surgeon in determining the extent of surgery or any necessary additional procedures.

Although the frozen section provides a rapid assessment, a definitive diagnosis often requires a more thorough examination using permanent sections after the tissue is processed and embedded in paraffin wax.

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Latent period is the time between exposure to radiation and time the effect becomes visible.

The  idle period is the time between radiation exposure and the appearance of an effect. The  idle period is one of the  high  pointers of towel radiosensitivity. This is because early and late  goods are easier to observe in a living organism than mitotic  indicators or cell development rates. Apkins with mixed populations can show both early and late  goods. In such a case, there may be two  idle ages, one for appearance of the early and a alternate idle period for the late effect. Acute, early  goods are those that appear within about a month of exposure. Late  goods can appear months or times after exposure. These early and late  responses are important to the clinician because radiation damage may appear bimodal in time with a significant time period between the appearance of early and late  goods. Skin is an organ with high development dermal cells and lower development stromal cells. Skin shows early  goods, a period of apparent  mending and  also in the case of high boluses, a late, serious, and  delicate- to- heal injury.

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Complete question is:

__________ is the time between exposure to radiation and time the effect becomes visible.

Somatoform disorders are relatively common, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 20% in primary care settings. Risk factors for somatoform disorders include female gender, history of childhood trauma, anxiety, depression, and a tendency to focus excessively on physical symptoms. Diagnosis of somatoform disorders involves evaluating symptoms, ruling out medical conditions, and considering excessive concerns about physical symptoms. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach, including psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy), medication (such as antidepressants or anxiolytics), and patient education to address underlying psychological factors.

Somatoform disorders are relatively common, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 20% in primary care settings. Several risk factors are associated with somatoform disorders, including female gender, a history of childhood trauma, anxiety, depression, and a tendency to focus excessively on physical symptoms.

Diagnosis of somatoform disorders involves a thorough evaluation of symptoms, ruling out any underlying medical conditions, and considering the presence of excessive and disproportionate concerns about physical symptoms. Treatment typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy), medication (such as antidepressants or anxiolytics), and patient education to address the underlying psychological factors contributing to the somatic symptoms.

Somatoform disorders are relatively common and can significantly impact individuals' lives. Risk factors associated with these disorders include gender, history of trauma, mental health conditions, and excessive focus on physical symptoms. Diagnosis involves careful assessment, ruling out medical causes, and considering psychological factors, while treatment typically involves a combination of therapy, medication, and patient education to address the underlying psychological contributors to the somatic symptoms.

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The nurse understands that duloxetine (Cymbalta) can worsen uncontrolled angle-closure glaucoma, option C is correct.

Duloxetine is a second-generation antidepressant that belongs to the class of drugs known as selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). This medication is used to treat major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and other conditions. However, it is contraindicated in individuals with uncontrolled angle-closure glaucoma.

Duloxetine can cause mydriasis (pupil dilation), which can further narrow the angle, leading to an acute increase in intraocular pressure and exacerbation of angle-closure glaucoma symptoms. Therefore, caution should be exercised when prescribing duloxetine to patients with glaucoma, and alternative antidepressant options should be considered in such cases, option C is correct.

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The nurse would expect infants with failure to thrive to exhibit being overweight and tendency to illness.

Infants with failure to thrive often show signs of being overweight, which can be attributed to inadequate nutrition and improper growth. This is because their bodies may store excess fat due to limited nutrient intake and reduced metabolism. Additionally, infants with failure to thrive may have a tendency to illness, as their weakened immune systems make them more susceptible to infections and illnesses. These factors contribute to their failure to gain weight and thrive as expected. Other characteristics commonly associated with failure to thrive include poor weight gain, developmental delays, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and decreased activity levels. However, hyperactivity and language deficits are not typically associated with failure to thrive in infants.

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X-ray imaging relies on high-energy radiation absorption and reveals dense tissues like bone and teeth.

X-ray imaging, also known as radiography, is a medical imaging technique that utilizes high-energy radiation in the form of X-rays. When X-rays pass through the body, dense tissues such as bone and teeth absorb more of the X-ray photons, resulting in reduced transmission of the radiation. This absorption discrepancy is captured by a detector, forming an image where dense tissues appear as bright or white areas.

Conversely, less dense tissues, like muscles or organs, allow more X-rays to pass through and appear as darker areas on the X-ray image. X-ray imaging is widely used for diagnosing fractures, dental problems, and various conditions affecting the bones or dense structures in the body.

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D) Make eye contact before and during a conversation with hearing-impaired adults.

When communicating with older adults who have hearing loss, care providers should adopt the strategy of making eye contact before and during a conversation. This is because individuals with hearing loss often rely on visual cues and lip reading to supplement their understanding of spoken words. By making eye contact, the care provider allows the person with hearing loss to observe facial expressions, gestures, and lip movements, which can enhance their comprehension of the conversation.

Option A, using less complex concepts, can also be helpful in improving communication with hearing-impaired older adults. Using simpler language and avoiding jargon or complex terms can make it easier for them to understand.

Option B, using a high, consistent tone and pitch, is not recommended as it can distort the natural rhythm and tone of speech, making it more difficult for individuals with hearing loss to follow.

Option C, speaking at a high volume directly into the less affected ear, may not be effective as it assumes knowledge of the individual's specific hearing loss and may not be appropriate for all cases. It is generally better to speak clearly and face the person directly, allowing them to utilize their residual hearing abilities.

Overall, making eye contact and using clear, simple language are important strategies to facilitate effective communication with older adults who have hearing loss.

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A drug that binds with selected specific cell receptors may : (a) 1, 2. When a drug binds to specific cell receptors, it can either stimulate or inhibit activity in those cells. Changing specificity and attachment to other cells or being disabled by macrophages are not direct effects of drug-receptor binding.

A drug's interactions with particular cell receptors can have a variety of impacts on those cells, including the following:

1. It can stimulate activity in those cells by activating the receptors and initiating cellular responses. This can lead to increased cell function or signaling pathways.

2. It can inhibit activity in those cells by blocking or antagonizing the receptors, preventing their activation. This can result in decreased cell function or signaling pathways.

Option 3, changing specificity and attaching to other cells, is not necessarily a direct effect of the drug binding to specific cell receptors. Changing specificity and attaching to other cells would typically involve a different mechanism or interaction.

Option 4, being disabled by macrophages, is not a direct consequence of drug binding to specific cell receptors. Macrophages are immune cells responsible for engulfing and eliminating foreign substances but their involvement is not directly related to drug-receptor binding.

Therefore, (a) 1, 2 is the correct answer.

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A specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group is known as an epidemiologist.

Epidemiologists focus on understanding the patterns, causes, and effects of diseases in specific populations.

They investigate factors such as the spread of diseases, risk factors, transmission modes, and preventive measures. Epidemiologists use various research methods and statistical analyses to gather data, track disease trends, and assess the impact of interventions.

They play a crucial role in public health by identifying and responding to disease outbreaks, developing strategies for disease prevention and control, and providing evidence-based recommendations for healthcare practices and policies.

Epidemiologists collaborate with other healthcare professionals, researchers, and public health agencies to improve population health and prevent the spread of diseases.

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Complete Question

A specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group is known as a/an _____.

a. Cytologist

b. Epidemiologist

c. Pathologist

d. Hospitalist

The nurse should ask the client about their current medications and pregnancy status before administering the first dose of radioactive iodine for hyperthyroidism.

It is crucial for the nurse to assess the client's current medication regimen to identify any medications that could interfere with the effectiveness of the radioactive iodine treatment or pose potential risks when combined. Certain medications, such as antithyroid drugs, may need to be discontinued before radioactive iodine therapy.

Furthermore, the nurse needs to inquire about the client's pregnancy status, as radioactive iodine can be harmful to a developing fetus. If the client is pregnant or suspects they might be, alternative treatment options should be considered to avoid potential risks to the unborn child.

By asking these essential questions, the nurse ensures the client's safety and helps to tailor the treatment plan accordingly.

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The correct option that defines the body's set point is: (e) A person's maximum healthy weight.

The body's set point refers to the weight range within which an individual's body tends to naturally regulate and maintain its weight. It is influenced by various factors, including genetics, metabolism, and physiological processes.

The set point is typically associated with a range of weights, and it helps to maintain homeostasis by regulating appetite, energy expenditure, and fat storage.

Option e, "A person's maximum healthy weight," aligns with the concept of the body's set point as it represents the upper limit of weight that is considered healthy for an individual. It signifies the point beyond which weight gain may be considered excessive and potentially detrimental to overall health.

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The body's set point is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. It influences the maintenance of homeostasis and can be adjusted over time in response to physiological conditions.

The body's set point is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. This set-point is genetically predetermined and efforts to move our weight significantly from the set-point are resisted by compensatory changes in energy intake and/or expenditure. It is referred as the ideal body weight, which the body attempts to maintain.

Set-point is critical in the maintenance of homeostasis, a stable state of the body. When deviations from the set point occur, the body initiates a negative feedback mechanism that aims to reverse the deviation and maintain body parameters within their normal range.

It is important to note that the set point can adjust over time. For instance, in the case of blood pressure, the set point may increase due to consistent high blood pressure, leading to the maintenance of an elevated blood pressure which can have harmful effects on the body. However, through interventions like medication, it is possible to lower the set point to a more healthful level.

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