Answer:
Molarity = 2 M
Explanation:
The molarity can be found using the molarity ratio:
Molarity = moles / volume (L)
You can plug the given moles and volume into the ratio and solve.
Molarity = moles / volume
Molarity = 1 mole / 0.500 L
Molarity = 2 M
At constant temperature and pressure the gibbs free energy value is a measure of the __________ of a process.
At constant temperature and pressure the gibbs free energy value is a measure of the spontaneity of a process.
At constant temperature and pressure the gibbs free energy value is zero and when gibbs free energy value is zero then the process is spontaneous . The meaning of spontaneous is that the process is takes place smothly with any effect and itself .
The Gibbs free energy also known as Gibbs function , Gibbs energy or free enthapy . It is a quantity that is used to measure maximum amount of work done in a thermodynamic system when temperature and pressure is keep constant.
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A student sets up the following equation to solve a problem in solution stoichiometry.
(The ? stands for a number the student is going to calculate.)
Enter the units of the student's answer.
Answer:
[tex]\frac{g}{mL}[/tex]
Explanation:
You can determine the units in the final answer by identifying which of the units cancel out. Units are eliminated (cancelled out) when they are located both in the numerator and denominator of proportions being multiplied.
In this case, these units are cancelled out.....
-----> milligrams (mg) = (1st and 2nd proportions)
-----> decaliters (dL) = (1st and 3rd proportions)
-----> liters (L) = (3rd and 4th proportions)
As these units are not cancelled out, you are left with grams (g) in the numerator and milliliters (mL) in the denominator.
The final units should be represented by:
[tex]? \frac{g}{mL}[/tex]
A thorium-232 nucleus decays by a series of alpha and beta emissions until it reaches astatine-212. how many alpha emissions and how many beta emissions occur in this series of decays?
There are 5 alpha and 5 beta particle emit emission of thorium-232 nucleus into astatine-212.
A beta ray would be released from such an atomic nucleus during a radioactive decay process known as beta decay. The proton in the nucleus changes from a proton to a neutron throughout beta decay, and vice versa.
It is given that, The atomic mass of Th = 232
Atomic mass of astatine = 212
Atomic number of Th = 90.
Atomic number of astatine = 85
Number of alpha particle = difference between atomic mass / 4
Number of alpha particle = 232-212 /4
Number of alpha particle = 20/4
Number of alpha particle = 5
Thus, the number of alpha particle will be 5.
Number of beta particle = difference between atomic number
Number of beta particle = 90-85
Number of beta particle = 5
Thus, the number of beta particle will be 5
Therefore, the number of alpha and beta particle will be 5 and 5.
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Acetophenone was treated by one equivalent of lda, followed by one equivalent of \it{tert}-butyl bromide. what are the most likely reaction products?
The most likely reaction product when acetophenone was treated by one equivalent of LDA, followed by one equivalent of tert-butyl bromide.
The full form of LDA is the lithium diisopropyle amide. The enolates can acts as nucleophile in SN2 type reaction . Overall an alpha hydrogen is replaced with an alkyl group . This reaction is one of the more important for enolates because a carbon - carbon bond formed .
Example : when acetophenone was treated by one equivalent of LDA, which is base and abstract alpha hydrogen followed by one equivalent of tert-butyl bromide which gives tert-butyl bromide which is alkyl and such reaction is called alkylation.
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A natural gas power plant is 60% efficient. if one cubic meter of natural gas provides 1000 btus of electricity. how many btus of waste heat were produced?
400 BTU of wasted heat energy is present in the form of electricity.
Energy sources and usagePotential energy sources include fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. Other energy sources include hydro, solar, and wind. Additionally, nuclear energy may also come from radioactive materials.But energy will constantly lose its strength. Industries would never be able to derive a full amount of energy from their sources.We can only obtain 60% of the energy in ideal situations, such as the Carnot engine. This is if the case is ideal. Actually, we receive considerably less than this for roughly 40%.So, when efficiency is 60%, energy is used 60% of the time and lost 40% of the time. Thus, according to question, the energy that is wasted is:
1000 BTUx (40/100) = 400 BTU
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A chemist reacted 0. 2 moles sodium benzoate with 0. 25 moles of hydrochloric acid. if she generated 22 g benzoic acid, what was her percent yield? (mw of benzoic acid = 122. 12 g mol-1)
A chemist reacted 0. 2 moles sodium benzoate with 0. 25 moles of hydrochloric acid. if she generated 22 g benzoic acid, the percent yield is 90%.
Reactant + HCl ------ Product
0.2 mol 0.25 22g
mol
Number of moles of reactant = 0.2mol
Molar mass of product = 122.12g
Number of moles of product = given mass/ molar mass
= 22g/ 122.12 g
= 0.180mol
Percent yield = (number of moles of product/ number of moles of reactant) × 100
= (0.180/0.2) × 100
= 90%
Thus we concluded that the percent yield of the given solution is 90%.
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The decomposition of an insecticide in water at 12 °C follows first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 1.45 yr¹. A drum of this insecticide leaks into a lake, resulting in a concentration of 419 nM. What will be the insecticide concentration in the lake in 3.9 years? Enter your answer in nanomoles (nM), to two significant figures.
The concentration in the next 3.9 years is obtained as 1.5 nM.
What is first order kinetics?We know from first order kinetics that the relationship between the concentration and the time is exponential and leads to a straight line graph of the equation;
ln[A] = ln[A]o - kt
[A] = ?
[A]o = 419 nM
k = 1.45 yr¹
t = 3.9 years
ln[A] = ln(419) - (1.45 * 3.9)
[A] = e^ ln(419) - (1.45 * 3.9)
[A] = e^6.04 - 5.655
[A] = 1.5 nM
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Place the following in order of increasing dipole moment. I. Bcl3 ii. Bif2 iii. Bclf2.
The correct order of increasing dipole moment is as follows.
[tex]$B C l_{3} < B I F_{2} < B C l F_{2}$[/tex]
What is increasing dipole moment?When the separation of two opposite electrical charges is calculated then it is known as the dipole moment.The more the electronegativity of an atom more it will have in electrons towards itself. For example,[tex]$B C l_{3}$[/tex] electrons will be pulled towards the chlorine atom as it is more electronegative than the boron.Hence, the dipole moment is canceled out. So, it will have zero dipole moment. In[tex]$B I F_{2}$[/tex] and [tex]$B C l F_{2}$[/tex], fluorine is more electronegative and it is present in both the molecules.But chlorine is more electronegative than iodine atom. So, the dipole moment of [tex]$B C l F_{2}$[/tex] more than the dipole moment[tex]$B I F_{2}$[/tex]Thus, we can conclude that the correct order of increasing dipole moment is as follows.
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what electron configuration for ion C^4+
Answer:1s2
Explanation:
If a substance x has a solubility of 2. 4×10^−5 mg/l, and a molar mass of 188 g/mol. What is the molar solubility of the substance?
The molar solubility of the substance is 1.2 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] M if a substance x has a solubility of 2. 4 × [tex]10^{-5}[/tex] mg/l, and a molar mass of 188 g/mol.
Calculation ,
The number of moles dissolve in one liter of solution is called molar solubility.
Given Solubility = 2.4 × [tex]10^{-5}[/tex] mg/L
Solubility = 2.4 × [tex]10^{-5}[/tex] × [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] g/L = 2.4 × [tex]10^{-8}[/tex] g/L
Molar mass = 188 g/mol
Molar Solubility = 2.4 × [tex]10^{-8}[/tex] g/L / 188 g/mol = 0.012 × [tex]10^{-8}[/tex] mol/L
Molar Solubility = 1.2 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] M
Therefore , the molar solubility of the substance is 1.2 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] M
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During the nitrogen cycle, inorganic nitrogen from the atmosphere is converted into organic compounds. what is this process called? nitrogen cycle is illustrated with a missing step pointing from nitrogen (the atmosphere) to the roots of a plant. © 2016 cc-by-sa decomposition emission fixation transpiration
Nitrogen fixation -
The N2 must be changed through a procedure known as nitrogen fixation for it to be utilized by plants. Fixation transforms atmospheric nitrogen into forms that plants' root systems can absorb.What is the organic form of nitrogen?
Nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and N2 gas are the main inorganic nitrogen forms. Numerous compounds, such as amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, nucleotides, and urea, contain organic nitrogen.Learn more about Nitrogen fixation
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A doubly charged ion with velocity 6. 9 × 106 m/s moves in a path of radius 30 cm in a magnetic field of 0. 80 t in a mass spectrometer. what is the mass of this ion?
The mass of this ion is 1.16*10^-26kg.
To find the answer, we have to know about the force acting on a particle circulating in a uniform magnetic field.
How to find the mass of this ion?Let us consider that, a particle of mass m with charge q moving with velocity v in a circular orbit of radius r, then the centripetal force of it's path will be equal to the Lorentz magnetic force.[tex]F_c=F_B\\\frac{mv^2}{r} =qvB\\[/tex]
Thus, the mass of the doubly charged ion will be,[tex]m=\frac{qBr}{v} =\frac{2*1.67*10^{-19}*0.8*30*10^{-2}}{6.9*10^6} \\m=1.16*10^{-26}kg[/tex]
Thus, we can conclude that, the mass of this ion is 1.16*10^-26kg.
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In what ways would adding the nabh4 too early would interfere with your reaction?
NaBH4 is blind + will reduce other functional groups.
Functional groups:
The aldehyde group in o-vanillin would be converted to alcohol if it had been added during step one (imine production). Because the carbon is not sufficiently nucleophilic, p-toluidine would not attack and imine would not form in the maximum yield.
Regardless of the other atoms in the molecule, a functional group is a collection of atoms that have specific chemical characteristics. Covalent bonds bind the atoms in a functional group to the other molecules in the molecule as well as to one another. Examples: Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic acid, Halogens, Double & Triple covalent bonds.
A carbonyl in which the carbon atom is linked to at least one hydrogen atom is called an aldehyde. An R-group or a hydrogen atom could be the other group joined to the carbonyl. Aldehydes are a highly reactive form of carbonyl because of the tiny size of the hydrogen atom, which makes it relatively simple for other molecules to approach the partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon. Aldehydes are adaptable reactants used in numerous different organic synthesis processes. Numerous aldehydes also have unique tastes and odors.
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What type of microscope would you use to visualize a sample labeled with an antibody conjugated to a fluorescent tag? confocal, compound, dissection, electron?
The confocal microscope would you use to visualize a sample labeled with an antibody conjugated to a fluorescent tag.
Confocal microscopy, also known as laser light microscopy microscopy as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy, would be an optical imaging technique that employs a spatial aperture to block out-of-focus light during the image-formation process to increase the optical resolution as well as the contrast of a micrograph.
Confocal microscopy's fundamental tenet is that the lighting and detection lenses are concentrated at the same light scattering point, which would be traversed over the sample to create the entire image on the detector.
Therefore, The confocal microscope would you use to visualize a sample labeled with an antibody conjugated to a fluorescent tag.
Hence, option (a) will be correct answer.
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1. In a 16 gram sample, how many grams of the parent isotope will be left after 3 half-lives?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 8
D. 16
2. Complete the balanced nuclear reaction below.
/64 → /62 + ?
A. 1n 0
B. 0e −1
C. 4He 2
D. 147Eu
3. How does the trend of proton-to-neutron ratio change as elements become heavier?
A. Elements continue to have an equal number of protons and neutrons.
B. Heavier elements have a great number of protons per neutron.
C. Heavier elements have a greater amount of neutrons per proton.
D. There is no trend between the ratio and the mass of the element.
4. A compound of multiple atom types has less mass than those of the individual atoms they are made of. What accounts for the missing mass?
A. Gamma decay
B. Chain reactions
C. Energy stored in electron bonds
D. Energy stored in the bonds in the nucleus
5. Carbon-14 decays to carbon-12 with a half-life of 5,730 years. How old is a carbon sample containing 3 grams of carbon-14 and 9 grams of carbon-12?
A. 5,730 years
B. 11,460years
C. 17,190years
D. 22,920 years
6. A major argument against nuclear power plants is that they:
A. Produce radioactive waste materials.
B. Release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
C. Generate less electricity than other types of power plants.
D. Can’t be used at night.
7. A common source of radiation that humans are exposed to come from:
A. Eatingfood
B. An x-ray examination
C. Outer space
D. All of the above
8. Complete the following balanced nuclear reaction.
/92+/0→/36+ 1/0+?
A. 4He 2
B. 0e −1
C. 143Ba 56
D. 144Xe 54
Based on the half-life of the radioactive sample and the properties of nuclear reactions, the correct options are:
option Aoption Coption Coption Doption Boption A.option C.option CWhat is half-life?Half-life is the time taken for half the amount of atoms in an a radioactive element to decay.
1. After three half-lives, (1/2)³ of the original amount will remain = 1/8
1/8 of 16 = 2 ; option A
2. The balanced nuclear equation is given below:
action below:
/64 → /62 + 4He 2 ; option C
3. The trend of proton-to-neutron ratio as elements become heavier is that heavier elements have a greater amount of neutrons per proton; option C
4. The loss in mass of a compound composed of multiple atom types than those of the individual atoms they are made of is due to energy stored in the bonds in the nucleus known as the binding energy; option D
5. Initially, 12 g of carbon-14 was present
After one half-life, 6 g of carbon-14 remained, and 6 g of carbon-12 was present.
After two half-lives, 3 g of carbon-14 remained, and 9 grams of carbon-12 was present.
Age of the carbon sample = 5730 * 2 = 11460 years; option B
6. A major argument against nuclear power plants is that they produce radioactive waste materials; option A.
7. A common source of radiation that humans are exposed to come from outer space in the form of ultraviolet rays; option C.
8. The balanced nuclear reaction is:
/92+/0 → /36+ 1/0 + 143Ba 56 ; option C
In conclusion, nuclear reaction results in changes in the nucleus of atoms.
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The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by ________ in the air. proteins pressure dust water chemicals
The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by Chemicals in the air.
Sensory neurons are the neurons that take up the signal from the receptors to the Central Nervous system (CNS)
Olfactory organ is the organ which is capable to sense smell i.e. Olfaction.
The Chemicals present in the air stimulates the sensory neurons present withing the olfactory organ consisting of olfactory epithelium. The cilia present in the epithelium recognizes the chemical present.
The neurons form connections of neuron to the olfactory bulb.
It is a mass of tissue that is round in shape that comprises of several kinds of cells of neurons that are capable to sense smell. It is necessary to sense smell properly.
Odorants are the compound that consist of an odor which get detected by the sensory neurons to carry out olfaction. They activate olfactory receptors and send signals to olfactory bulb.
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some chemical reactions that are reversible (put some picture for better understanding)
Ammonium chloride is a white solid that breaks down when heated and produces ammonia and hydrogen chloride.
What is the reversible reaction?A reversible reaction is a reaction in which the conversion of reactants to products and products to reactants occur at the same time. In the above example, the chemical shows a reversible reaction because it moves both forward and backward direction. In reversible reaction, equal amount of reactant is converted into product and product into reactant.
So we can conclude that Ammonium chloride is a chemical that represents a reversible reaction.
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A substance moving from an area of high concentration to an area in which it has a low concentration is moving ______ the concentration gradient.
A substance moving from an area of high concentration to an area in which it has a low concentration is moving btween two concentration gradient.
What is diffusion?Diffusion can simply be defined as the movement of substances from a region of a high concentration to a region of lower concentration.
It is also the movement of substances from a region of a strong solution to a region of weak solution.
So therefore, a substance moving from an area of high concentration to an area in which it has a low concentration is moving btween two concentration gradient.
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The human eye has an osmotic pressure of 8. 00 atm at 37. 0 °c. what concentration (in moles/l) of a saline (nacl) solution will provide an isotonic eyedrop solution?
0.3147 concentration (in moles/l) of a saline (NaCl) solution will provide an isotonic eyedrop solution.
Isotonic eye drops
Because it might result in eye discomfort or tissue damage if it is not maintained, isotonicity is regarded as a crucial component of ophthalmic medicines. A few drops of blood are mixed with the test preparation before being examined and judged under a microscope at a magnification of 40. Isotonic solutions are those that have the same amount of water and other solutes in them as the cytoplasm of a cell. Since there is no net gain or loss of water, placing cells in an isotonic solution will not cause them to either shrink or swell.
We can calculate the osmotic pressure exerted by a solution using the following expression.
π = M . R . T
where,
π is the osmotic pressure
M is the molar concentration of the solution
R is the ideal gas constant
T is the absolute temperature
The absolute temperature is 37 + 273 = 310 K
π = M . R . T
8 = (X mol/L) . (0.082atm.L/mol.K) . 310 K = 0.3147 mol/L
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help me with this question please like right now
Using the gas laws, the volume of nitrogen produced is 6.6 L.
What is the product of a reaction?We know that the product of a reaction is obtained from the balanced reaction equation. The reactants combine together to yield the products hence we have; N2 + 3H2 ----> 2NH3
We know that 1 mole of hydrogen occupies 22.4 L
x moles of hydrogen occupies 25500 L
x = 1 mole * 25500 L/ 22.4 L
x = 1138.4 moles
If 3 mole of hydrogen reacts with 1 mole of nitrogen
1138.4 moles reacts with 1138.4 moles * 1 mole/ 3 moles = 379.5 moles
Mass of nitrogen = 379.5 moles * 28 g/mol = 10626 g
Now 3 moles of hydrogen produces 44.8 L of NH3
1138.4 moles produces 1138.4 moles * 44.8 L/ 3 moles = 17000 L
Now;
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
V2 = P1V1T2/P2T1
V2 = 1 * 17000 * 848/5.5 * 273
V2 =9601 L
2) 2NH4NNO3(s) ---> 4H2O(g) + 2N2(g) + O2(g)
Number of moles = 12g/ 80 g/mol = 0.15 moles
Now;
2 moles of NH4NNO3 produced 2 moles of nitrogen hence 0.15 moles of N2 was produced.
1 mole of N2 occupies 22.4 L
0.15 moles of N2 occupies 0.15 moles * 22.4 L/1 mole = 3.36 L
P1 = 760 torr
V1 = 3.36 L
T1 = 273 K
P2 = 745 torr
T2 = 527 degrees or 800 K
V2 = ?
V2 = P1V1T2/P2T1
V2 = 760 * 3.36 * 527/745 * 273
V2 = 6.6 L
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The major product expected from the sequential reaction of cyclopentene with br2/h2o, followed by sodium hydroxide is:
The major product expected from the sequential reaction of cyclopentene with [tex]Br_{2} /H_{2} O[/tex] , followed by sodium hydroxide is cyclopentene epoxide.
The treatment of cyclopentene with [tex]Br_{2} /H_{2} O[/tex] which is known as bromine water is an electrophilic substitution reaction.
In the first step the bromine molecule and the water molecule reacts each other and leads to formation of the bromohydrines . After that bromohydrines will break and we get halide anion i.e., bromine anion because bromine is more electronegativity and hydrin as a cation.
The cyclopentene will react with bromohydrin to give trans-2-bromopententanol and after reaction with base it give cyclopentane epoxide .
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Consider your results for the 0. 1-m znso4 solution. is the solution acidic or basic?
0. 1-m zinc sulfate - znso4 solution. is the solution acidic solution
Zinc sulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula ZnSO4 and historically known as "white vitriol". Zinc Sulfate is a prescription drug used to treat zinc deficiency. The body's healthy tissues grow and develop more quickly thanks to zinc sulfate.
Zinc sulfate inhalation can harm the respiratory system, bring on nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, disorientation, depression, and even death. Skin injury from exposure through skin contact can result in blisters, ulcers, and scars. In cases of mild to moderate acne, topical 5% zinc sulfate proved beneficial. In cases of moderate to severe acne, oral zinc gluconate and sulfate were helpful.
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Type the correct answer in each box. which chemical symbols will complete the equation for this single displacement reaction? 2nabr cl2 → 2 2
Chemical symbols that will complete the equation are 2NaCl + Br2
The balanced Chemical reaction is -
[tex]2NaBr[/tex] + [tex]Cl_{2}[/tex] → [tex]2NaCl[/tex] + [tex]Br_{2}[/tex]
Chlorine ([tex]Cl_{2}[/tex]) is more reactive than bromine([tex]Br_{2}[/tex]). So, chlorine displaces bromine from its compound.
What is a Single Displacement Reaction?A single displacement reaction is type of reaction in which element react with compound and take place of other element in that compound.There are three primary sorts of single not set in stone by the reactivity series: Metal Replacement: where metal will dislodge another metal. Hydrogen Replacement: where hydrogen gas is created through relocation by a metal. Halogen Replacement: when a halogen takes part in relocation.Mostly the more reactive element displaces the less reactive elements from its compound.To learn more about single displacement reaction from the given link
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Write the balanced equation for the reaction of 1 mol of naoh with 1 mol of h2po4
Answer:
3 NaOH + H₃PO₄ -----> Na₃PO₄ + 3 H₂O
Explanation:
This appears to be a double-displacement reaction. In these reactions, the cation of one compound is swapped with the cation of another. Therefore, Na⁺ (from NaOH) is swapped with H⁺ (from H₃PO₄). When constructing the new compounds, you may need to alter the amount of each ion within a particular compound to to make it neutral.
New Product #1: Na₃PO₄
----------> Na⁺ and PO₄³⁻
----------> +1 + 1 + 1 + (-3) = 0
New Product #2: H₂O (or HOH)
----------> H⁺ and OH⁻
----------> +1 + (-1) = 0
Now that you know the products, you need to balance the chemical equation. An equation is balanced when there is an equal amount of each element on both sides. These amounts can be modified by adding coefficients.
The unbalanced equation:
NaOH + H₃PO₄ -----> Na₃PO₄ + H₂O
Reactants: 1 sodium, 5 oxygen, 4 hydrogen, 1 phosphorus
Products: 3 sodium, 5 oxygen, 2 hydrogen, 1 phosphorus
The balanced equation:
3 NaOH + H₃PO₄ -----> Na₃PO₄ + 3 H₂O
Reactants: 3 sodium, 7 oxygen, 6 hydrogen, 1 phosphorus
Products: 3 sodium, 7 oxygen, 6 hydrogen, 1 phosphorus
**I was having trouble balancing the equation with the reactant H₂PO₄⁻. From my experience, I believe this compound may have been mistyped. As such, I used H₃PO₄. Please let me know if the reactant was written properly**
1. One of the uses of methanol, CH3OH (also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol and
methyl hydrate), in diluted form is windshield washer antifreeze. In pure form methanol has
a molar concentration of 24.7 mol/L. Using a table from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry
and Physics, a student prepared 8.0 L of 10.0 mol/L aqueous methanol as windshield washer
-30°C. What volume of methanol was necessary to prepare the
antifreeze good for
antifreeze solution?
The volume of methanol necessary to prepare the antifreeze good for antifreeze solution is 3.2 L
Dilution formulaM₁V₁ = M₂V₂
Where
M₁ is the molarity of stock solution V₁ is the volume of stock solution M₂ is the molarity of diluted solution V₂ is the volume of diluted solution Data obtained from the question Molarity of stock solution (M₁) = 24.7 mol/LVolume of diluted solution (V₂) = 8 LMolarity of diluted solution (M₂) = 10 mol/L Volume of stock solution needed (V₁) = ?How to determine the volume neededThe volume of the methanol necessary to prepare the solution can be obtained as illustrated below:
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
24.7 × V₁ = 10 × 8
24.7 × V₁= 80
Divide both side by 24.7
V₁ = 80 / 24.7
V₁ = 3.2 L
Thus, the volume of methanol necessary to prepare the antifreeze good for antifreeze solution is 3.2 L
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Provide only the major alkene product that results when n,n-dimethylhexan-2-amine undergoes cope elimination?
The major alkene product that results when n,n-dimethylhexan-2-amine undergoes cope elimination is hexene or hex-1-ene.
The reaction in which an amine is oxidize to an intermediate called an N-oxide which , when heated , acts as base in an intramolecular elimination reaction. The oxidation of tertiary amine into N-oxide is called cope reaction.
This elimination gives the less substituted alkene along with more substituted alkene which is Zaitsev product.
Example: Cope elimination of n,n-dimethylhexan-2-amine form hexene.
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How many hydrogen bonds exist between this DNA strand and its complementary strand?
5'-TCCGGAG-3'
Answer:
19 hydrogen bonds
Explanation:
Between every thymine and adenine, there are 2 hydrogen bonds.
Between every guanine and cytosine, there are 3 hydrogen bonds.
Since there are 2 total thymines and adenines, they contribute 4 hydrogen bonds overall.
-----> 2 H bonds x 2 nucleotides = 4 H bonds
Since there are 5 total cytosines and guanines, they contribute 15 hydrogen bonds overall.
-----> 3 H bonds x 5 nucleotides = 15 H bonds
Therefore, there are 19 hydrogen bonds between the complementary strands.
For the sequential deprotonations of a polyprotic acid, the equilibrium constants will typically?
For the sequential deprotonations of a polyprotic acid, the equilibrium constants will typically decrease with each successive ionization.
For explaining above statement let's take an example of polyprotic acid like phosphoric acid.
In the phospheric acid [tex]H_{3} PO_{4}[/tex], after deprotonation of one hydrogen results as [tex]H_{2} PO_{4}^{-}[/tex] and equilibrium constant as [tex]K_{1}[/tex] . [tex]H_{2} PO_{4}^{-}[/tex] donate one hydrogen results as [tex]H_{} PO_{4}^{-2}[/tex] and equilibrium constant as [tex]K_{2}[/tex] . Similarly, [tex]H_{} PO_{4}^{-2}[/tex] donate one hydrogen results as [tex]PO_{4}^{-3}[/tex] and equilibrium constant as [tex]K_{3}[/tex] . The removing of hygen ion from nuetral molecule is easier than removal of hydrogen ion from ionic species So, the value of [tex]K_{1}[/tex] is greater than [tex]K_{2}[/tex] and value of [tex]K_{2}[/tex] is greater than [tex]K_{3}[/tex].
So, the equilibrium constants of polyprotic acid will typically decrease with each successive ionization.
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A d1 octahedral complex is found to absorb visible light, with the absorption maximum occurring at 503 nm. calculate the crystal-field splitting energy, δ , in kj/mol
237.9 KJ/mol⁻¹ crystal-field splitting energy is found to absorb visible light.
What is crystal-field splitting energy?The energy of the electron configuration in the ligand field less the energy of the electronic configuration in the isotropic field is known as the crystal field energy.
The core metal ion's d orbitals split into two groups with various energies in an octahedral complex. The energy of the electron transition, which is related to the wavelength of the emitted light, is equal to the energy of the crystal-field splitting.
Δ = E = ℎ c / λ
Where,
where ℎ is the Planck constant, 6.62*10⁻³⁴m²kg s⁻¹, and c is the speed of light, 3 x 10⁸m s⁻¹.
Δ = 6.62*10⁻³⁴m²kg s⁻¹ / 503 x 10⁻⁹
= 3.95 x 10⁻¹⁹
= 3.95 x 10⁻¹⁹
This value is the splitting energy per ion.
To convert it to J/mol, we should multiply it by Avogadro number, 6.022 x 10²³mol⁻¹
= 3.95 x 10⁻¹⁹ x 6.022 x 10²³mol⁻¹
= 237.9 KJ/mol⁻¹
Therefore, the crystal-field splitting energy is 237.9 KJ/mol⁻¹ .
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halogens are active nonmetals why
Answer:
Halogens are among the most active nonmetals due to their electron configuration and number of valence electrons.