Adrenaline and noradrenaline hormones the body produce to prepare the body for quick physical action.The primary function of adrenaline also known as epinephrine and noradrenaline, two hormones secreted by the adrenal glands, is to get the body prepared for a "fight or flight" reaction under pressure.
The main effects of adrenaline include speeding up breathing, raising blood pressure, widening the pupil of the eye, lessening pain sensitivity, improving vision, hearing, and other senses, slowing digestion, rerouting blood to the muscles, and changing the body's metabolism to maximise oxygen and nutrients to the body and raise blood glucose levels (primarily for the brain).
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What is mixed-acid fermentation? how is methyl red used to determine if a microbe has undergone mixed-acid fermentation?
Mixed Acid Fermentation is a biological process by which a six carbon sugar is converted into complex mixture of acids. It is an example of anaerobic fermentation reaction which is commonly seen in bacteria.
The fermentation produces lactate, acetate, succinate, formate, ethanol, [tex]H_{2}[/tex] and [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] and their formation depends upon the presence of certain key enzymes in the bacterium.
The Methyl Red test is used in detecting occurring of mixed acid fermentation pathway when glucose is provided to microbes by using ph indicator. If the fermentation pathway has taken place, the mixture of acids will make the solution very acidic and causes red color change. The Methyl Red test belongs to the group called as IMViC tests.
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name the two parts of an ecosystem from which organisms need resources to survive and reproduce?
Answer:
abiotic and biotic
Explanation:
the abiotic components of any ecosystem are properties os the environment
Does the entire process of glucose breakdown in the body occurs in the presence of oxygen?
The correct option is (b)i.e, false that the entire process of glucose breakdown in the body occurs in the presence of oxygen.
The metabolic process that converts glucose into pyruvic acid is known as glycolysis. The high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide are created using the free energy released during this process. A series of ten enzyme-catalyzed processes make up glycolysis.
Another name for glycolysis is the EMP pathway. It is named after Embden, Meyerhof, and Parnas, the names of the discoverers. Because it is the metabolic process by which glucose produces cellular energy, glycolysis is significant. The most crucial source of energy for all living things is glucose. The great majority of cells in the human body chose glucose as their preferred fuel because only red blood cells can utilize it.
Fermentation is a process that allows glycolysis to occur in the absence of oxygen. The citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and the other three phases of cellular respiration all require oxygen to function. In the cytoplasm of the cell, glucose is first broken down. This cellular respiration process is anaerobic, which means oxygen is not needed for it to occur.
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What is the name of the irreversible inhibitor (drug) used as an example in the lecture?
Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DPF) is the irreversible inhibitor (drug) used as an example in the lecture. the its an enzyme hydrolyses the pheophrous- Florine bond, but the phosphate remains bound to serine in the active site and deactivating it.
Irreversible inhibitor are contently /non contently bound to the specific enzyme and slow down the enzyme. invisible hibitors are 3 types such as group specific reagents , reactive substrate analogs also known as affinity label and inhibitor.
There are some examples of irreversible inhibitors -compound diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DIPF), nerve gases ,acetylcholinesterase ,and preventing transmission of impulse. Penicillin irreversibly inhibits the enzyme transpeptidase by reacting with transpeptidase.
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The ____________ plays a significant role in the icf because phosphates are capable of binding and unbinding h , depending on current conditions of acidity or alkalinity.
The phosphate buffer system plays a significant role in the ICF because phosphates are capable of binding and unbinding H⁺, depending on current conditions of acidity or alkalinity.
What is the role of the phosphate buffer system in ICF?The phosphate buffer system plays an important role in buffering intracellular fluid (ICF).
H₂PO₄⁻ and HPO₄²⁻ are the two primary components of the phosphate buffer system. When a mixture of these two chemicals is exposed to a potent acid, such as HCl, the hydrogen is absorbed by the base HPO₄²⁻ and transformed into H₂PO₄⁻.
The strong acid, HCl, is replaced by another weak acid, NaH₂PO₄, as a result of this reaction, which also minimizes pH reduction.
The OH⁻ is buffered by the H₂PO₄⁻ to create further amounts of HPO₄²⁻ + H₂O when a strong base, such as NaOH, is added to the buffer system.
In this scenario, a strong base (NaOH) is exchanged for a weak base (NaH₂PO₄), leading to a minimal pH increase.
The body fluids' typical pH is 7.4, so the phosphate buffer system's pK of 6.8, which is close to that value, enables the system to function close to its maximal buffering capacity.
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A food contains 1.1 grams carbohydrates, 13 grams protein, and 11 grams fats. how many calories does the food provide?
Underdominance tends to _____________ the number of heterozygotes over many generations
Underdominance tends to lower the number of heterozygotes over many generations.
Heterozygous having a disadvantage in reproductive success is called underdominance. This condition is also called negative overdominance.
Underdominance cannot preserve genetic variation, and one of the alleles will either be lost or spread to fixation depending on its initial frequency.
In evolution, the selection favoring heterozygotes is called overdominance while the selection favoring homozygotes is called underdominance.
An example of underdominance can be seen in an African butterfly species (Pseudacraea eurytus) which utilizes batesian mimicry to escape predation. They have two alleles to confer the appearance of local butterflies that are toxic to predators.
The butterfly with heterozygous allele shows an intermediate appearance and thus experiences increased predation than the butterfly with homozygous alleles.
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Both adult and embryonic stem cells have the potential to be used for medical treatment. Evaluate the potential use of adult and embryonic stem cells as medical treatments. You must include a justified conclusion
Stem cells are the body's raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated. Under the right conditions in the body or a laboratory, stem cells divide to form more cells called daughter cells.Research carried out with the use of these cells has demonstrated their effectiveness in the treatment of various diseases, such as leukemia, heart disease and hematological diseases. Embryonic stem cells, in turn, have the ability to form any tissue in the body.
How are embryonic stem cells used?Stem cells have the ability to differentiate and self-renew. For this reason, they can be used in the treatment of degenerative diseases. Stem cells stand out for their ability to transform into different cell types, that is, they are cells with a great capacity for differentiation.
What diseases could be treated with the use of Embryonic Stem Cells?Diseases that can be treated with stem cellsleukemias. Leukemia is a generic term used to describe the “cancer” of leukocytes, the white blood cells. Thalassemias. Neuroblastoma.Primary immunodeficiencies.Sideroblastic anemia. Metabolic diseases. Sickle cell anemia.With this information, we can conclude that Scientists are also working on ways to develop stem cells from other cells, using genetic “reprogramming” techniques.
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When a person overdoses on drugs, ultimately, what brain structure was shut down to produce death?
A Final statement or concluding statement
'Medulla' shuts downs as a result of drug overdose.
Why shutting down of Medulla results in death?Usually, medulla damage results in death. Additionally, morphine (and other opiate medications), cocaine, and amphetamine have a very strong effect on this region. Through the impairment of cardiovascular function, these medicines have the potential to result in drug overdose. The development of apnea and a lessened respiratory response to hypoxia are both brought on by receptors, which also produce a medullary diminished response to hypercarbia.
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Need help asap. Picture below to see what I need help with
When a BB male and a Bb female are crossed, 50% BB and 50% Bb genotypes are produced and a 100% black phenotype.
The entire number of genes that an organism receives from its parents makes up its genotype. Alleles, which are pairs of these genes, are found. One gene is dominant and one gene is recessive in each allele.
The dominant gene is always expressed in a cross if it is present. Only when a pair of alleles is made up of two recessive genes does the recessive gene express itself. In this instance, the white fur is subordinate to the black fur. White fur is represented as b, while black fur is represented as B.
We can see that when we cross the BB male and Bb female, we will get a genotype that is 50% BB and 50% Bb, as well as a phenotype that is 100% black fur.
Parents: BB x Bb
Gametes: B, B, and B, b
Offspring: BB, BB, Bb, Bb
The genotypic ratio = 1:1
The phenotypic ratio = 1:0
Genotype probabilities:
P(BB) = 2/4 = 0.5 or 50%
P(Bb) = 2/4 = 0.5 or 50%
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If you do an ames test on a substance and the results show many bacteria colonies growing, what does this indicate?
If in an Ames test the result with many bacteria colonies growing indicates that the chemical that is being tested is a mutagen.
Any physical or chemical agent that has the ability to alter an organism's genetic makeup and result in a mutation is referred to as a mutagen.
The Ames test is a biological experiment used to evaluate a chemical compound's potential for mutagenicity. It makes use of bacteria to examine whether a specific chemical can result in DNA alterations in the test organism. Bruce N. Ames created the test in the 1970s.
A large number of colonies indicates that the chemical has caused alterations in the genetic material of the bacteria. Since cancer is frequently linked to mutation, a positive test result will suggest that the substance is mutagenic and so may serve as a carcinogen but not necessarily.
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Shortly after gastrulation, the body and organs of the embryo begin to form. This process is called?
Shortly after gastrulation, the body and organs of the embryo begin to form. This process is called embryogenesis.
The process by which an embryo transforms into a fetus is known as embryogenesis. The three germ layers that eventually give rise to the various organs in the animal body are formed as a result of gastrulation.Embryogenesis is the name of this process. As a result of differentiation, organs emerge from the germ layers. The process of creating and growing an embryo from a zygote (zygotic embryogenesis) or a somatic cell is known as embryogenesis (somatic embryogenesis). An incredibly well-organized series of cell division, expansion, and differentiation takes place during embryo development.
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What protein in brown adipose tissue help to dissipate heat in hibernating mammals during winter?
UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1) in brown adipose tissue help to dissipate heat in hibernating mammals during winter.
What is the purpose of uncoupling proteins in mammalian brown adipose tissue?
The uncoupling protein, also known as thermogenin, is a 33 kDa inner-membrane mitochondrial protein that is found only in brown adipocytes in mammals. It serves as a proton transporter, allowing the proton gradient produced by the respiratory chain to be dissipated as heat and uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in the process.
Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is a membrane protein that is present in the mitochondrial inner membrane of brown adipose tissue and helps mammals produce heat without shuddering. By including an uncoupler (FCCP), you can reduce the proton motive force and raise the level of cellular respiration by causing a short circuit of protons on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Substrate oxidation is the primary indicator of oxygen consumption in this condition.
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Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called?
The condition characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth is known as ____
The condition characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth is known as Hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia is the presence of abnormally high calcium levels in the blood. Hypercalcemia is considered mild if the total serum calcium level is between 10.5 and 12 mg per dL (2.63 and 3 mmol per L). Levels higher than 14 mg per dL (3.5 mmol per L) can be life threatening. People with mild hypercalcemia may not require treatment, and calcium levels may return to normal over time. The doctor will monitor these levels and the health of the kidneys. Pamidronate is the most commonly used medication for the treatment of hypercalcemia.
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Can someone help me summarize these advantages?
Question: What are some advantages of gene technology over long term plant breeding.
Answer: Modern GM methods are simply more precise, scientists stress. Whereas traditional plant breeding involves thousands of shared genes every time two plants are crossed, GM technology allows, if desired, for the exchange of a single gene between plants. GM procedures are also much faster. In months or years, molecular scientists can accomplish the same degree of alteration that might have taken Nature millions of years to achieve.
Kylee has a rare neurological problem in which some of her neurons are dying and others cannot organize information from various neurons. this disease may be affecting the _____ of kylee's neurons
Kylee has a rare neurological problem in which some of her neurons are dying and others cannot organize information from various neurons. this disease may be affecting the cell body of Kylee's neurons.
The cell body, also referred to as a soma, is the central portion of a neuron. The cell body preserves the structural integrity of the neuron, houses the genetic material, and supplies energy to power operations. Like other cell bodies, a neuron's cell body contains a nucleus and specialized organelles. A damaged neuron can prevent impulses from reaching and leaving the brain, impairing muscle function or producing numbness in the area that was harmed. Peripheral nerves, the spinal cord, and the brain can all be affected by nerve injury.The creation of neurotransmitters, which is the most crucial step in the chemical processing of the neuron, is supported by the cell body.Hence when cell body of neurons is affected by a disease, neurons begin to die and get unorganized due to lack of neurotransmitters.learn more about Cell body here: https://brainly.com/question/13920046
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Which fluid is expected to have lowest viscosity? all the fluids are at the same temperature
Helium has lowest viscosity .
The least viscous at any temperature must be superfluid liquid helium. Many liquids exhibit low viscosity at room temperature, such as water or alcohol, and other liquids demonstrate low viscosity under increasing heat. For example, cooking oil, although rather inviscid at room temperature, becomes even less viscous when it is heated in a pan.
Honey has the greatest resistance to flow, so it has the greatest viscosity. Causes of viscosity in liquids is due to strong cohesive forces between the molecules, any layer in a moving fluid tries to drag the adjacent layer to move with an equal speed and thus produces the effect of viscosity.
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What can be determined by exhaustive methylation of an oligosaccharide with ch3i followed by acid hydrolysis?
Methylation analysis and then hydrolysis are utilized to confirm the new oligosaccharide's glycosidic linkage information.
What is an oligosaccharide?
When two or more monosaccharides bind together via O-glycosidic bonds, oligosaccharides are formed.When compared to other, more prevalent carbohydrates, including those in the disaccharide group, oligosaccharides, or carbohydrates with between 3 and 10 single sugar residues, are not as prevalent in the diet.Examples of oligosaccharides: sucrose, lactose and maltose
What is Exhaustive methylation?Exhaustive methylation is the process of adding methyl groups to an alkyl ring until all methylations are complete. Extensive methylation transforms an amine into an alkylammonium salt prior to E2 elimination in the Hofmann elimination reaction sequence.To learn more about exhaustive methylation visit:
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Given the parents aabbcc × aabbcc, assume simple dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent?.
Every individual of the progeny is expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent.
What is a phenotype?
The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.What is Law of dominance?
Mendel proposed that in a pair of dissimilar factors, one dominates the other and hence is called the dominant factor while the other factor is recessive.What is law of independent assortment?
Mendel's law of independent assortment states that, "the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another. In other words, Though the parents contain two alleles during gamete formation, the factors or alleles of a pair segregate from each other such that a gamete receives only one of the two factors. A homozygous parent produces all gametes that are similar while a heterozygous one produces two kinds of gametes each having one allele with equal proportion.To learn more about Law of dominance: https://brainly.com/question/2931799
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What would be a likely outcome if the alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes durinmg metaphase of meiosis?
A Final statement or concluding statement
Answer: Alleles for genes would tend to be inherited together because chromosome pairs would align non-randomly.
What is meiosis?Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the production of four gamete cells and a halving of the number of chromosomes in the parent cell. In this, Meiosis I and II, the two cell divisions, occur without the S phase in between. The sister chromatids are held together by a mechanism known as cohesion during meiosis I, where the chromatin condenses like it does during mitosis.
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What would happen if a mutation occurred in dna such that the second codon of the resulting mrna were changed from ugg to uag?
No functional protein would be produced since translation would halt at the second codon.
Why does mutation occurs in DNA?A sector or patch of cells with defective function can result from a somatic mutation, a change in the DNA of a body cell of a multicellular organism that can be passed on to descendant cells by DNA replication. Any transcriptional or translational mistake may result in mutations occurring spontaneously. Spontaneous mutation is the term used to describe mutations that die on their own without being influenced by their environment.
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Plasma contains more sodium than chloride. How can this be if individual ions of sodium and chloride exactly balance each other out, and plasma is electrically neutral?.
In addition to chloride, there are other negatively charged molecules in plasma. The extra sodium restores the balance of the overall negative charges.
What is plasma?It is an aqueous solution that is thick in consistency, straw-colored, and somewhat alkaline. Fifty five percent of the blood is formed by it.
It is made up of a variety of organic and inorganic components, including 90–92% water and 6–8% solutes.
It includes fibrinogen, globulins, albumins, a trace quantity of sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, lipids, and other coagulation-related substances.
Plasma's primary function is to transport proteins, hormones, and nutrients to the body's many organs. Additionally, plasma is where cells dump their waste. The plasma then aids in the body's elimination of this waste. All components of the blood are also transported through your circulatory system by blood plasma.
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Root hairs, which absorb the water and minerals in the majority of plants, are the extensions of root.
Root cells extend into epidermal cells. In most plants, they take up the water and minerals.
What are epidermal cells and what do they do?The waxy cuticle of the epidermis acts as a barrier against infection, water loss, and mechanical harm. Different altered epidermal cells control transpiration, boost water absorption, and produce chemicals.
What makes epidermal cells unique?The epidermis of plants is made up of a variety of cell types called epidermal cells. Although they perform a range of crucial tasks, their main purpose is to guard against various harmful elements (environmental stressors), such as microorganisms, chemicals, UV light, and others.
Do epidermal cells have specific roles?Subsidiary or auxiliary cells are specialized epidermal cells that surround the guard cells.
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When stomata are open and a plant is transpiring normally, how does water move from the soil into the root xylem? select all that apply.
When stomata are open and a plant is transpiring normally, movement of water from the soil into the root xylem is brought about by:-
Pressure generated by roots which pumps water upwards in the plant. Without any additional work done on the fluid by the plant.Evaporation from the leaves in the form of transpiration.In 1895, the Irish plant physiologists H. H. Dixon and J. Joly suggested that water is pulled up the plant by tension or negative pressure from above.
As water is continually being lost from the leaves through transpiration, Dixon and Joly concluded that the loss of water in the leaves exerts a pull on the water in the xylem ducts and draws more water into the leaf.
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The fate of pyruvate produced during glycolysis depends primarily on the availability of.
Molecular oxygen
The fate of pyruvate produced during glycolysis depends primarily on the availability of molecular oxygen.
What is glycolysis?Glycolysis is a cytoplasmic mechanism that converts glucose into two molecules with three carbons each and releases energy. Hexokinase, a phosphorylating enzyme, assists in the phosphorylation process that traps glucose. This reaction uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the end result, glucose-6-P, inhibits hexokinase.What happens during glycolysis?The process by which glucose is broken down to provide energy is known as glycolysis. It generates two pyruvate molecules, ATP, NADH, and water. Importance of glycolysis:Because it is the metabolic process by which glucose produces cellular energy, glycolysis is significant. The most crucial source of energy for all living things is glucose.Most cells in the human body prefer glucose as a fuel because red blood cells cannot use anything else.To learn more about glycolysis visit:
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The hepatic portal vein collects blood from the gi tract and conducts it to the ____.
a. liver
b. hepatic vein
c. heart
d. spleen
Answer:
a.
Explanation:
The portal vein or hepatic portal vein (HPV) is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver.
what is a polar molecule? Why is water considered polar?
Answer:
A polar molecule is usually formed when the one end of the molecule is said to possess more positive charges and whereas the opposite end of the molecule has negative charges, creating an electrical pole.
Water is polar because of the bent shape of the molecule. The unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the unsymmetrical shape of the molecule means that a water molecule has two poles - a positive charge on the hydrogen pole (side) and a negative charge on the oxygen pole (side).
What hormone causes the endometrial glands to fill with glycogen and endometrial blood vessels to become more numerous?
What hormone causes the endometrial glands to fill with glycogen and endometrial blood vessels to become more numerous? Progesterone
What is endometrial glands?Endometrial glands, also known as uterine glands, are tubular glands that are present in the functional layer of the endometrium that borders the uterus. They are lined with ciliated columnar epithelium. Throughout the menstrual cycle, their appearance changes. Because of the ovaries' release of estrogen during the proliferative period, the uterine glands seem to be lengthy. The uterine glands produce a glycogen-rich secretion and become very coiled throughout the secretory phase. As a result of increased progesterone release from the corpus luteum, this alteration is correlated with an increase in blood flow to spiral arteries. Progesterone release declines during the premenstrual phase as the corpus luteum deteriorates, which lowers blood supply to the spiral arteries. During the process of menopause, the uterus' functional layer—which houses the glands—becomes necrotic and eventually sloughs off.
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____ is a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight without detectable disease of the eye
Amblyopia, optic neuritis is a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight without detectable disease of the eye.
Partial blindness means you have very limited vision. Complete blindness means you cannot see anything and do not see light. Decreased vision in one or both eyes without detectable anatomic damage in the eye or your vision.
Temporary vision loss (total or partial) can also be the result of migraine headaches, sickle cell anemia, also referred to as sickle cell disease (inherited blood condition) acute angle-closure glaucoma (sudden rise in eye pressure).Types of vision loss include central vision loss or difficulty seeing things in the center of vision. Peripheral vision loss, or difficulty seeing things out of the corner of the eyes.
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