What enzymes are used to cleave glycerophospholipids? what bond will this enzyme cleave?
The broad family of enzymes known as mammalian PLA2 isozymes cleaves phospholipids at the second position of the glycerol backbone, releasing a free fatty acid and a lysolipid moiety.
what is glycerophospholipids?Any derivative of glycerophosphoric acid with at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alk-1'-enyl residue linked to the glycerol moiety is referred to as a glycerophospholipid.
Here, two fatty acids and phosphoric acid are estered to glycerol, the alcohol. While the polar heads, which are primarily made up of the phosphate group connected to the third carbon of the glycerol molecule, are hydrophilic, the two fatty acid chains that are coupled to the glycerol molecule are nonpolar and therefore hydrophobic. Glycerophospholipids are amphipathic as a result of these two characteristics. They are often arranged in membranes as a bilayer, with the non-polar hydrophobic tails pointing inside and the polar hydrophilic heads extending out toward the aqueous environment. Glycerophospholipids are made up of a variety of species, most of which are different.
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Which describes
heritable variation?
A. an individual must adapt a
change over it's lifetime
B. a variation that gets passed on
to offspring
C. a species must learn a new
behavior after a change occurs
Answer:
B. Es la respuesta correcta.
Explanation:
pues heredar es cuando una persona le da unas caracteristricas de ella a otra y q se transmite generacion x generacion.
What are the major functions of nucleotides and nucleic acids? what three components are found in these substances? what component makes them acids?
Answer:
Explanation:
The major function of nucleotides and nucleic acids is to hold genetic information. The three components found in them are : a)sugar molecule
b)phosphate group c) A nitrogen base. The phosphate group is what makes the acidic.
What is a nucleotide?A nucleotide/nucleic acid is responsible for laying the foundation of genetic information in an organismA nucleotide consists of :
a) Pentose sugar: A 5-carbon sugar molecule.
b)Nitrogen base: There are two types of nitrogenous bases: Purines and Pyrimidines.
Two types of purine bases : Adenine(A) and Guanine(G)
Three types of pyrimidine bases : Cytosine(C), Thymine(T) and Uracil(U)
RNA consists of A,U,G,C
DNA consists of A,T,G ,C
c)Phosphate group
The acidic nature of nucleotides/nucleic acids comes from the phosphate group. This is because it is gives away a proton(H+ ions), giving it an acidic character.To learn more about nucleotides , refer:
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The rise in one species of bird limits the nesting space for other species is an example of interspecific, indirect competition.
*
2 points
True
False
Answer:
the answer of this question is True.
The statement is true because the rise in population of one species of bird limiting the nesting space of other species is an example of interspecific, indirect competition.
In interspecific indirect competition, the individual from two different species compete for shared resources.
During the interspecific indirect competition, two specie compete for the resources and the species which can exploit more resources in less time can win over this battle.
Interspecific competition is a way in which abiotic and biotic factors can interact to affect the structure of a community.
As speculated by Darwin, interspecific competition can limit the count of species in an ecosystem and helps in macroevolution. It also underlines the positive correlation between, extinction and origination rate.
The competition between organisms belonging to two different species is an example of interspecific competition and because the Organisms are not directly interacting, this will be categorized as indirect interspecific competition and therefore the given statement is true.
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Give four functions of the mouth in the digestive process
Answer:
receive food by ingestionbreak it into small particles by masticationmix it with salivamoistens foodAnswer:
The four functions of the mouth in the digestive process is given below:
Explanation:
1. Digestive process starts from mouth.
2. It moistens food so it move more easily through esophagus into stomach.
3. Mouth produces saliva which has an enzyme that begins to break down starches in food.
4. Mouth chews food and digestion involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients that can be used by cells.
Archaeorhodopsin, initially called bacteriorhodopsin, is responsible for ______.
Archaeorhodopsin initially called bacteriorhodopsin, is responsible for chlorophyll independent photosynthesis. The protein in the retina, the main photosynthetic protein of the archaeon Halobacterium Salinarum is called Archaeorhodopsin.
It transforms green light energy (500–650 nm, maximum 568 nm) into an electrochemical proton gradient, which is then utilized by ATP synthase to produce ATP. It demonstrates vectorial catalysis and serves as a light-driven proton pump that transports protons out of the cell.
A 27 kDa integral membrane protein called "purple membrane," which can cover nearly 50% of the surface area of the archaeal cell, is known as Archaeorhodopsin. It is typically found in these two-dimensional crystalline patches.
Three identical protein chains are arranged in a hexagonal lattice and rotated by 120 degrees from one another to form the repeating structure. Seven transmembrane alpha helices and a two-stranded beta strand facing extracellularly are present in each monomer.
Bacterio-opsin, a protein precursor that is used in the synthesis of Archaeorhodopsin, is extensively altered after translation.
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Which compound would most likely experience only london dispersion forces between its moleucles?
The nonpolar compounds are most likely to experience only London dispersion forces between molecules
When two atoms share electrons evenly, a type of chemical bond known as a non-polar covalent link is created. The number of electrons shared by the neighboring atoms in an atom will therefore be equal. Because of the largest minor difference in electronegativity in non-polar, the covalent bond is also referred to as nonpolar.
The least powerful intermolecular force is the London dispersion force. When the electrons in two nearby atoms occupy positions that cause the atoms to temporarily form dipoles, the consequence is the London dispersion force, a transient attractive force. The term "induced dipole-induced dipole attraction" is frequently used to describe this effect.
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how do carbon dioxide and oxygen move in and out of a mesophyll cell
The increased concentration of an element in an aquatic organism relative to the water it lives in acquired over its life is called:_______
The increased concentration of an element in an aquatic organism relative to the water it lives in acquired over its life is called bioaccumulation.
When an organism absorbs a material more quickly than it is shed or removed by catabolism and excretion, this is known as bioaccumulation. Therefore, even if environmental levels of the toxin are not extremely high, the danger of chronic poisoning increases with the biological half-life of a toxic chemical.
Bioaccumulation is the process by which DDT builds up in fish bodies once it enters aquatic environments. The concentration of DDT rises with each subsequent trophic level when fish are consumed by higher trophic level animals; this process is known as biomagnification.
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What specific changes in rachel’s muscle cells and kidney function are leading to elevated plasma k levels?
Intracellular Potassium Shifts and Impaired Potassium Excretion leads to elevated plasma K levels.
What is Hyperkalemia?
Hyperkalemia, a potentially lethal condition, develops when serum potassium levels rise above 5.5 mmol/l. Potassium is the most common intracellular cation and is crucial for many physiological functions, at a concentration of 100-150 mmol/l. The digestive system quickly and usually fully absorbs potassium.Causes:
Increased Potassium intake: In adult patients with normal renal function, increased dietary potassium intake is a very rare cause of hyperkalemia, but it can be a significant factor in people with kidney disease.Intracellular Potassium Shifts: Large amounts of intracellular potassium can be released into the extracellular area as a result of cellular damage. Excessive activity, rhabdomyolysis after a crush injury, or other hemolytic processes can all be to responsible for this. Impaired Potassium Excretion: The most frequent cause of hyperkalemia is acute or chronic renal disease. Hyperkalemia may also result from tubular dysfunction brought on by aldosterone insufficiency or insensitivity.Learn more about the Hyperkalemia with the help of the given link:
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu. is an element found in all organic molecules. during respiration, animals excrete it as a gas known as .
carbon is an element found in all organic molecules. during respiration, animals excrete it as a gas known as carbon dioxide.
During respiration, all animals exhale carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of respiration; it is harmful if it remains in the body for an extended period of time and must be excreted. Instead of excreting carbon dioxide, plants use it to produce glucose and oxygen, which are then used by animals.
What makes carbon a good Atom for building with?Carbon has a remarkable ability to bind to a wide range of other elements. Carbon provides four electrons for the formation of covalent chemical bonds, allowing carbon atoms to form numerous stable bonds with other small atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
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One substrate level phosphorylation occurs in the citric acid cycle in the reaction catalyzed by?
One substrate level phosphorylation occur in the citric acid cycle in the reaction catalyzed by succinyl CoA synthetase. Thus,option D is correct.
What is phosphorylation?A process in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule like protein and sugar.
The first step is a condensation step,combining the two- carbon oxaloacetate molecule to form a six- carbon molecule of citrate.
Succinyl CoA synthetase is synthesized from alpha- ketoglutarate by alpha -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase through decarboxylation.
During this process addition of phosphate to an organic compound takes place.
Addition of phosphate to glucose to produce glucose monophosphate and phosphate combined with adenosine diphosphate to form adenosine triphosphate.
The main function of phosphorylation is the regulation of cellular processes like cell cycle and cell growth.
Therefore,succinyle CoA is the substrate that catalyzes one substrate level phosphorylation citric acid cycle reaction.Thus, option D is correct.
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Question you asked seems incomplete it may be probably like this
One substrate level phosphorylation occurs in the citric acid cycle in the reaction catalyzed be?
A) isocitric acid
B) oxalosuccinic acid
C) malic acid
D) succinyl CoA
In a plant species, if the b1 allele (blue flowers) and the b2 allele (white flowers) are incompletely dominant (b1b2 is light blue), what offspring ratio is expected in a cross between heterozygotes?
This is a case of incomplete dominance, In a cross between heterozygotes b1b2 the ratio will be 1:2:1.
When both alleles of a gene are only partially expressed at a locus, it is known as incomplete dominance. This sort of gene interaction frequently produces an intermediate or distinct phenotype. Additionally called partial dominance. Pink blossoms of the four o'clock flower (Mirabilis Jalapa) and physical traits in people, such as hair color, hand sizes, and height, are instances of incomplete dominance. When the two alleles combine to create a third phenotype that differs from both of the parents, this is known as incomplete dominance. The standard illustration is when a red flower and a white flower are combined.
the cross for two individuals with genotype b1b2 is as follows:
b1b2 X b1b2 (parent)
b1b1, b1b2, b1b2, b2b2 (offspring)
thus the ratio will be 1:2:1 (blue: light blue: white)
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An animal’s chances of surviving poisoning greatly depend on how quickly they get treatment. how can this be a challenge for many pet owners?
The signs of poisoning are comparable to those of other challenges that affect pet owners as survival greatly depend on how quickly the pet get treatment.
More than 90% of animal poisonings are unintentional, acute, and occur on or near the property of the pet's owner. There are an infinite number of agents via which exposed animals may become poisoned, and the majority of the time, the specific agents involved in animal poisonings will depend on what is available in the environments of the animals.
The most frequent substances that expose animals nowadays are rodenticides, chocolate, medications, glycols, metals, pesticides, plants, and other substances, including rodenticides, chocolate (around 25% of exposures), and medications (22% of exposures). Pets' health may also be endangered if they are fed human food.
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For a given antibiotic, is there a difference in susceptibility between the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
For a given antibiotic, is there a difference in susceptibility between the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria due to the structure of their cell wall.
The cell wall of gram-positive bacteria consists of a single thick layer composed of peptidoglycans. On the other hand, the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria is made up of three layers.
The first layer is the outer membrane, the second layer is the peptidoglycan layer and the third layer is the inner membrane made of phospholipid bilayer.
The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is the mainly responsible for resistance to a wide range of antibiotics including β-lactams and other antibiotics.
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_________________ was the first to describe that traits inherited from parents and adaptations to environment shaped organisms.
Buffon was the first to describe traits inherited from parents and adaptations to environment-shaped organisms.
What was the idea proposed by Buffon?The fundamental tenet of contemporary evolutionary theory is that species evolve with time, according to Buffon. Comparative anatomy, a method he developed for comparing comparable features in various species, is still employed today to research evolution and is covered in the section on proof for evolution.
Despite the fact that Buffon's findings convinced him that species do indeed change through time, he was unable to suggest a mechanism for how this transition happened.
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The structure of the cell membrane was discovered in 1895 by _________. finding a similarity to olive oil, he discovers membranes are made of __________.
In 1895, Ernest Overton proposed that cell membranes were made of lipids
According to the lipid bilayer theory, which Gorter and Grendel put forth in 1925, the cell membrane bilayer structure can be described using crystallographic research and observations of soap bubbles.
What is Cell membrane ?All cells have a cell membrane, also known as a plasma membrane, which separates the interior of the cell from the external environment.
A semipermeable lipid bilayer makes up the cell membrane. The movement of materials into and out of the cell is controlled by the cell membrane.Biological membranes serve three main purposes. First, they prevent harmful substances from entering the cell. Second, they have receptors and channels that let certain molecules, like ions, nutrients, wastes, and metabolic products,Third, they divide metabolic processes that are necessary but incompatible that take place within organelles.Learn more about Cell membrane here:
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What is a geostrophic wind? Why would you not expect to observe a geostrophic wind at the equator?
A theoretical wind known as the geostrophic wind is produced when the Coriolis effect, as well as the pressure difference forces, are balanced (PGF). It is a decent estimate for the wind reported at middle latitudes at an altitude of greater than 1 km. Given that there is no Coriolis effect near the equator, there can be no geostrophic wind.
What does "geostrophic wind" mean?
Geostrophic flow, as used in atmospheric research, is the fictitious wind that would emerge from a precise balancing act between the Coriolis effect and the pressure difference forces. The term "geostrophic equilibrium" or "geostrophic balance" refers to this situation (also known as geostrophy). Parallel to the isobars is where the geostrophic wind is pointed. In nature, this equilibrium seldom occurs perfectly. Because of these factors, the genuine wind and geostrophic wind nearly never match up.
The location of geostrophic winds:
At elevations exceeding 1000 meters (3300 feet), geostrophic wind can be found. With the use of weather balloons, the geostrophic wind velocity may be calculated. At heights up to 100 meters, the ground surface has a significant impact on winds.
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Which best describes the process of insertion?
occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and is placed into the middle of another chromosome
occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches backward on the same chromosome
occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and does not reattach
occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
The term "occurs when a part of chromosome breaks off and is placed in the middle another chromosome" describes the process of insertion.
What is mutation?The alteration of gene sequence that cause a change in gene behavior is called as mutation.The sequence of DNA in chromosomes can be altered in a number of ways including substitution, deletion, duplication, insertion, and inversion.What is insertion?The insertion is a process of mutation which changes the sequence of DNA by adding nucleotides to the gene sequence.As the result of insertion, the activity of genes can be altered, or the derived protein won't function in a proper manner.The segment of DNA added may be small like a single base but can bring out significant variation in size.Interchromosomal insertion is the insertion of a segment of the chromosome into an interstitial region of a non-homologous chromosome.Intrachromosomal insertion is the translocation of a chromosome segment into a different region of the same chromosome.The effects of insertion vary depending on the size, gene content, and orientation of the inserted fragments. An example of insertion mutation is fragile X syndrome. In this mutation, 200 CGG nucleotide repeats are inserted into the gene segment and made it non-functional.To learn more about Insertion, refer: https://brainly.com/question/13041683
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Answer: (D) occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
Explanation: EDGE 2023
Select all the correct answers. looking at the phylogenetic tree, which three statements can you make about the interconnectedness of the species a, b, c, d, and e? phylogenetic tree showing x and y branching out from a common root. x branches out into a and b. y branches out into c on one leaf and d and e together on the other leaf. species a and c may have shared features from a common ancestor. species c is more related to species d than species d is related to species e. species b and c are more closely related than species c and d. species b and e may have shared features from a common ancestor. species a is more related to species b than species b is related to species c.
Species A and C may have shared features from a common ancestor
Species B and E may have shared features from a common ancestor
Species A is more related to species B than species B is related to (any of the other species)
What is Phylogenetic tree ?A phylogenetic tree is a visual representation of the evolutionary connections between various creatures. Phylogenetic trees are theories rather than proven truths.
A phylogenetic tree's branching pattern illustrates how many species or other groups developed from a number of common predecessors.From this phylogenetic tree we can see that all five species have a shared distant, common ancestor, meaning that they all evolved from a single species. Because they all share the same common ancestor, there's every chance that the species A and C, or species B and E, share some features from their common.Learn more about Phylogenetic tree here:
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Answer:
- Species A and C may have shared features from a common ancestor
- Species B and E may have shared features from a common ancestor
- Species A is more related to species B than species B is related to (any of the other species)
Explanation:
What factors would change during a pregnancy if the hormone progesterone were reduced or withdrawn?
If the hormone progesterone were reduced or withdrawn the uterus would contract more and peristalsis would increase.
Progesterone levels are generally high during pregnancy. The changes in progesterone cause a laxity or loosening of ligaments and joints throughout the body. In addition, high levels of progesterone cause internal structures to increase in size, such as the ureters. In normal pregnancies, at about seven weeks the placenta will make all the progesterone needed for a woman to stay pregnant. Progesterone plays an important role in the development of the fetus it also helps in growth of maternal breast tissue ,facilitate lactation, and strengthens the pelvic wall muscles in preparation for labor.
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Use your knowledge of microorganisms to complete this table.
Bacteria are prokaryotes, fungi and protists are eukaryotic organisms and viruses are not living.
In what ways it is possible to distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes?Bacteria (e.g., E coli) are prokaryotic organisms whose cells don't have nuclei or membrane bound organelles, reproduce by asexual ways such as binary fission, and they are beneficial as descomposers.
Some common diseases caused by bacteria include tetanus (Clostridium tetani), pneumonia (Klebsiella pneumoniae), cholera (Vibrio cholerae), etc.
Moreover, protists (e.g. algae) and Fungi (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae) are eukaryotic organisms that have cell nuclei and organelles, can reproduce by asexual reproduction, can perform photosynthesis (algae) or acts as decomposers (fungi).
Some common diseases caused by protists/protozoans include malaria (Plasmodium), sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma), etc.
Some common diseases caused by fungi include aspergillosis (Aspergillus), candidiasis (Candida albicans), etc.
Finally, viruses are not living because they need a host to survive and are also useful as vectors to design gene therapy techniques.
Some common diseases caused by viruses include AIDS (HIV retrovirus), dengue fever (Flaviviridae viruses), etc.
Bacteria are used to produce insulin and other natural medications, viruses are used as carriers for the treatment of diseases, protozoans can enhance the fertility of soils and fungi are employed in the preparation of foods.
In conclusion, bacteria are prokaryotes, fungi and protists are eukaryotic organisms and viruses are not living.
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Which of the four friends has a blood pressure reading that would be considered hypertension?
The blood pressure readings taken from Drew and Steven both qualify as hypertension.
What does "normal blood pressure" mean?
Most persons are considered to have normal blood pressure when their systolic and diastolic pressures are less than 120 and 80 respectively (i.e.,120/80). When the diastolic pressure is less than 80 and the systolic pressure is between 120 and 129, the blood pressure is considered to be elevated.
Description of hypertension:
Our artery walls are pushed under strain when blood flows through them. The term for this is blood pressure. When our blood moves, we have high blood pressure, commonly known as hypertension. High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a frequent illness where the blood's long-term push on our arterial wall is so great that it could eventually result in health issues including heart disease.
Therefore, from the above discussion, it is concluded that options A & B are the correct choices.
The original question is:
Which of the four friends has a blood pressure reading that would be considered pre-hypertension? Drew's reading is 122/88 mm Hg, Steven's reading is 132/89 mm Hg, Jen's reading is 110/70 mm Hg, and Lina's reading is 100/60 mm Hg.
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What brain structure is responsible for raising or lowering the thresholds of conscious awareness?
What mechanism probably would be responsible for the increased urine output induced by hypertension according to hypothesis b?
What mechanism probably would be responsible for the increased urine output induced by hypertension according to hypothesis b? Hypertension, or increased blood pressure, will lead to more blood being filtered by the glomerulus, which will cause more filtrate to be produced.
What is hypertension?Blood pressure is the pressure created by the body's arteries, which are its main blood vessels, as blood circulates against their walls. When blood pressure is excessively high, it is called hypertension.
Two numbers are used to represent blood pressure. The first number (systolic) represents the blood vessel pressure created when the heart contracts or beats. The pressure in the arteries between heartbeats is shown by the second number (diastolic).
When blood pressure is tested on two successive days, hypertension is diagnosed if the systolic and/or diastolic values are both below 140 millimeters of mercury.
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What develops from the formation of ossification centers within mesenchymal tissue?
Answer:
Compact and spongy bone
Explanation: Compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles (collarbones) are formed via intramembranous ossification.
When sand and small pebbles bounce along the earth's surface as they are blown by wind it is called:________
Air spiraling rapidly inward toward the center of a hurricane does not make it all of the way to the center because of?
Coriolis effect ,which deflects air that is being drawn into the surface low -pressure center , setting up a cyclonic rotation. Air spiraling rapidly inward towards the center of hurricane in counter clockwise pattern in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
At the center of the storm , air sink , forming an eye which is mostly cloud free and cross section of typical hurricane. Gravitational disturbance which we can called as density waves, rippling slowly through a galaxy and caused it to wind up and generate the spiral appearance.
Outside the eye-wall of hurricane rain-bands spiral inwards towards the eye-wall. Air flowing flowing inward warms adiabatically causing additional heat to be added to the storm. Inward flowing air flowing adiabatically heat from the warm ocean below.
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A.A saturated fat becoming unsaturated
B. A fat molecule forming through dehydration synthesis
C. The saturation of a triglyceride molecule
D. Dehydration synthesis breaking down a fat molecule
This diagram represents the saturation of a triglyceride molecule. Therefore, the correct option is C.
The triglyceride molecule shown in the figure is what is meant when the term "saturation" is used to describe the existence of double bonds in fatty acid chains. Unsaturated triglycerides will have one or more double bonds, while saturated triglycerides will have none.
The structure of the triglyceride molecule is shown in the figure; It consists of three fatty acids (H-C-OH) attached to a backbone of glycerol (C-C-C). Triglycerides are a type of lipid (fat) present in the body and act as energy storage.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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For every one nadh molecule oxidized at complex i, how many total hydrogen ions are pumped across all of the complexes from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space?.
For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, 10 HYDROGEN IONS are pumped across all of the complexes from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space
Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
What is Oxidative phosphorylation ?During oxidative phosphorylation, the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) helps to carry electrons from one reaction to another across a series of molecular complexes.
The electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation is coupled to the generation of an electrochemical proton (H+) gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane.Subsequently, this proton H+ gradient is then used to produce ATP by an ATP synthetase.Learn more about Oxidative phosphorylation here:
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To detect immunoglobulin m (igm)antibodies in an acute phase,blood should be collected in _____ days after the onset of infection.
To detect immunoglobulin m (IgM)antibodies in an acute phase, blood should be collected 7 days after the onset of infection.
IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 may both be found shortly after infection. IgG is typically detectable for extended periods of time, but IgM is most effective for diagnosing recent infection and typically becomes undetectable weeks to months after infection. IgM antibody detection is frequently viewed as a sign of an acute infection. Due to cross-reactivity with IgM antibodies to other, closely related bacteria or other interfering chemicals, false-positive IgM findings are, nonetheless, frequently observed. A positive IgM result may not always indicate an "acute" infection, and additional testing (such as IgG testing) may be required to interpret results because IgM antibodies may be detectable for 2-4 months (or longer) after disease resolution. For many infections, the onset of a measurable antibody response is 5-7 days after the infection. If samples are taken before infection, the initial IgM test results may be negative. Antibody production Immunosuppressed patients may also continue to be seronegative.Learn more about antibodies here brainly.com/question/14081504
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