In an organization, power can be derived from various sources. Some common sources of power in an organization include.
Legitimate Power: This power is derived from an individual's formal position or authority within the organization. It is based on the belief that the person has the right to make decisions and give orders.
Reward Power: This power comes from an individual's ability to provide rewards, such as promotions, bonuses, or other incentives. It motivates others to comply with their requests or directives.
Coercive Power: Coercive power is based on the fear of negative consequences or punishment. It is the ability to impose penalties or take away privileges, which can influence others to comply.
Expert Power: Expert power is derived from an individual's knowledge, skills, or expertise in a particular area. It is based on the belief that the person has valuable information or insights, and others perceive them as credible and competent.
Referent Power: Referent power is based on interpersonal relationships and admiration. It comes from others' identification and desire to be associated with a person they respect, admire, or want to emulate.
Informational Power: Informational power is derived from having access to valuable or critical information. It includes the ability to control and distribute information, which can give individuals an advantage in decision-making and influencing others.
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Generally, there is no dispute about who owns the property after accession has occurred. True or False
Generally, there is no dispute about who owns the property after accession has occurred. This statement is TRUE.
In the legal concept of accession, when an individual's property becomes permanently attached or integrated with another person's property, the general rule is that the owner of the original property becomes the owner of the combined property. This is often referred to as the principle of "accession follows the principal thing."
For example, if someone builds a structure on their land using materials that belong to another person, the resulting structure would generally be owned by the landowner rather than the owner of the materials. The accession principle recognizes that the value added by the labor or materials of one person should become part of the property of the owner.
However, it's important to note that specific circumstances or legal systems may have exceptions or variations to this general rule, and disputes may arise in certain cases. Legal advice should always be sought to address specific situations.
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In the context of the stage of the organizational socialization process, _____ involve the actual work performed. t
In the context of the stage of the organizational socialization process, "job-related tasks" involve the actual work performed by the individual within the organization.
An organization is a structured entity composed of people, resources, and processes working together to achieve specific goals or objectives. It provides a framework for individuals to collaborate, coordinate their efforts, and allocate resources effectively. Organizations can be of various types, such as businesses, non-profit organizations, government agencies, educational institutions, and more. They typically have a hierarchical structure with defined roles, responsibilities, and communication channels. Organizational success often depends on factors like effective leadership, clear vision and mission, efficient decision-making, strong teamwork, and adaptability to changing environments.
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Remittance due dates for Worker's Compensation Premiums vary by
jurisdiction and are often dependent on the size of the total assessable
payroll.
True
False
True, Remittance due dates for Worker's Compensation Premiums vary by jurisdiction and are often dependent on the size of the total assessable payroll.
In the United States, remittance due dates vary by state. For example, in California, employers are required to remit their premiums monthly, while in New York, employers are required to remit their premiums quarterly.
For example, in California, employers with a total assessable payroll of less than $1 million are required to remit their premiums monthly, while employers with a total assessable payroll of $1 million or more are required to remit their premiums quarterly.
The size of the total assessable payroll can also affect the remittance due date. For example, in some jurisdictions, employers with a total assessable payroll of less than a certain amount are required to remit their premiums monthly, while employers with a total assessable payroll of more than that amount are required to remit their premiums quarterly.
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Which of the following is a part of production system? building raw materials semi finished goods all of the above
The part of production system among the given options is all of the above. It includes building, raw materials, and semi-finished goods.
A production system is a process of creating products, services, and goods by utilizing resources such as human labor, machinery, and raw materials. It is the process of converting inputs into outputs. The production system consists of three primary stages: input, process, and output. Input includes labor, machinery, and raw materials, while process involves operations, inspection, testing, and assembly. Output is the finished product, which can be either goods or services.Raw materials are necessary components of a production system. Raw materials are materials that haven't been processed yet, and they are often used in the manufacture of finished goods. For example, in manufacturing clothes, raw materials such as cloth, buttons, and zippers are needed.The building is also an integral part of the production system. Buildings are used to house production processes, equipment, and personnel. They can be customized to meet the specific requirements of a manufacturing process.Semi-finished goods are also an essential part of the production system. They are the products that are not yet finished, but they have been partially processed. They require additional processing or assembly to turn them into finished goods.In conclusion, all of the above-mentioned options are a part of the production system, including building, raw materials, and semi-finished goods.
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Which of the following appraisal methods would probably receive the most weight when appraising a residential property?
a Cost
b Gross Income Multiplier
c Sales Comparison
d Discounted Cash Flow
The appraisal method that would probably receive the most weight when appraising a residential property is the Sales Comparison method.
The correct answer is option c, Sales Comparison. When appraising a residential property, the Sales Comparison method is typically given the most weight. This method involves comparing the subject property to similar properties in the same area that have recently sold. It considers factors such as location, size, condition, amenities, and recent sales prices of comparable properties.
The Sales Comparison method is widely used in residential real estate appraisals as it provides direct market evidence of property values based on recent transactions. It allows for a more accurate estimation of the property's market value by taking into account the current market conditions and comparable sales data.
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Imagine you work for a large pharmaceutical company where demand for your product is relatively inelastic, while your friend works for a computer manufacturer where demand is relatively elastic. Due to technological advances the supply of both products doubles. Using your knowledge of demand, supply and elasticity explain how each product's output, price and total revenue is impacted by these technological advances. Use diagrams to support your answer.
The technological advances impact the pharmaceutical product with inelastic demand by having a smaller effect on output, price, and total revenue compared to the computer product with elastic demand.
For the pharmaceutical product with inelastic demand, the increase in supply due to technological advances would have a relatively smaller impact on output, as demand is less responsive to price changes. The price may decrease slightly, but total revenue is likely to increase or remain stable since the decrease in price is not expected to significantly reduce overall demand.
For the computer product with elastic demand, the increase in supply would have a more pronounced impact on output, as demand is highly responsive to price changes. The increased supply may lead to a larger decrease in price, potentially resulting in a significant increase in quantity demanded. However, the decrease in price may not fully compensate for the increase in quantity, leading to a decrease in total revenue.
In the diagrams, the pharmaceutical product's demand curve would be steeper, indicating inelastic demand, while the computer product's demand curve would be flatter, indicating elastic demand. The increase in supply would shift the supply curve to the right for both products. However, the impact on equilibrium price and quantity would be smaller for the pharmaceutical product compared to the computer product due to the differences in demand elasticity.
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Mountain Air Limited manufactures a line of room air purifiers. Management is currently evaluating the possible production of an air purifier for automobiles. Based on an annual volume of 10,000 units, the predicted cost per unit of an auto air purifier follows.
Direct materials $8.00
Direct labor 1.50
Factory overhead 9.00
Total $18.50
These cost predictions include $60,000 in facility-level fixed factory overhead averaged over 10,000 units.
One of the component parts of the auto air purifier is a battery-operated electric motor. Although the company does not currently manufacture these motors, the preceding cost predictions are based on the assumption that it will assemble such a motor. Mini Motor Company has offered to supply an assembled battery-operated motor at a cost of $5.50 per unit, with a minimum annual order of 5,000 units. If Mountain Air accepts this offer, it will be able to reduce the variable labor and variable overhead costs of the auto air purifier by 50 percent. The electric motor's components will cost $2.00 if Mountain Air assembles the motors.
(a) Determine whether Mountain Air should continue to make the electric motor or outsource it from Mini Motor Company. (Hint: Analyze the relevant costs of making the "motors," not the entire air purifier.)
Calculate the net advantage (disadvantage) of outsourcing the electric motors from Mini Motor Company.
Use a negative sign with your answer to indicate a net disadvantage of outsourcing (if applicable).
$Answer
(b) If it could otherwise rent the motor-assembly space for $24,000 per year, should it make or outsource this component?
Calculate the net advantage (disadvantage) of outsourcing the motors, assuming the space could be rented.
Use a negative sign with your answer to indicate a net disadvantage of outsourcing (if applicable).
$Answer
(c) Management should consider which of the following nonquantitative factors in deciding whether to make or buy the motors.
The quality of their own and the supplier's motors.
The dependability of the supplier.
Whether Mini Motor has a track record of meeting its commitments.
Whether they can depend on Mini Motor to supply motors for a number of years or whether it is attempting to use some temporarily idle capacity.
All of these.
(a) The motor to Mini Motor Company is the best option in terms of financial impact. The net advantage of outsourcing is $3.25 per unit. (b) The net advantage of outsourcing with space rental is $13,500 per year. (c) The quality of their own and the supplier's motors.
(a) Mountain Air Limited should outsource the motor from Mini Motor Company since it will be beneficial. The company will save $3.25 ($5.50 - $2.00) per unit by purchasing the motor from Mini Motor Company, which is equivalent to a 50 percent reduction in variable overhead costs and a 50 percent reduction in variable labor costs. These savings are greater than the company's $1.50 per unit cost of producing the motor. Thus, outsourcing the motor to Mini Motor Company is the best option in terms of financial impact. The net advantage of outsourcing is $3.25 per unit.
(b) Since it can rent the motor-assembly space for $24,000 per year, it should outsource the motors since the total cost of making it is $37,500, which is more than the cost of outsourcing. The net advantage of outsourcing with space rental is $13,500 per year.
(c) In deciding whether to make or buy the motors, management should consider all of these nonquantitative factors: the quality of their own and the supplier's motors, the dependability of the supplier, whether Mini Motor has a track record of meeting its commitments, and whether they can depend on Mini Motor to supply motors for a number of years or whether it is attempting to use some temporarily idle capacity.
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The Classical view of the economy is characterized by: a. A laissez-faire approach b. The inherent instability of the economy. c. The belief that demand creates its own supply. d. Overt fiscal policy.
The Classical view of the economy is characterized by A laissez-faire approach. So, the correct option is (a).
The Classical view of the economy is associated with classical economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo. It is characterized by a laissez-faire approach, which emphasizes limited government intervention in the economy. According to this view, the economy is self-regulating and operates efficiently without significant government interference.
The classical economists believed in the principles of free markets, individual economic freedom, and the invisible hand mechanism, which suggests that self-interested actions in a competitive market lead to the best allocation of resources and overall economic well-being.
Option b, the inherent instability of the economy, is not a characteristic of the Classical view. In fact, classical economists generally held the belief in the stability and self-regulating nature of the economy over the long run.
Option c, the belief that demand creates its own supply, is more closely associated with the Keynesian view of the economy, which emerged later as a response to the Great Depression. The Classical view, in contrast, focused on the role of supply and production as the drivers of economic growth.
Option d, overt fiscal policy, is not a characteristic of the Classical view. Classical economists generally advocated for limited government involvement, including minimal use of fiscal policy to influence the economy. They favored a hands-off approach to economic management, allowing market forces to determine outcomes.
Therefore a. A laissez-faire approach - is the correct answer.
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Rhodes Corporation: Income Statements for Year Ending December 31
(Millions of Dollars)
20202019Sales$13,000$11,000Operating costs excluding depreciation11,6289,694Depreciation and amortization360350Earnings before interest and taxes$1,012$956Less interest240200Pre-tax income$772$756Taxes (25%)193189Net income available to common stockholders$579$567Common dividends$205$200
Rhodes Corporation: Balance Sheets as of December 31 (Millions of Dollars)
20202019AssetsCash$650$600Short-term investments120100Accounts receivable2,7502,500Inventories1,8501,700Total current assets$5,370$4,900Net plant and equipment3,8503,500Total assets$9,220$8,400Liabilities and EquityAccounts payable$1,300$1,200Accruals650600Notes payable392200Total current liabilities$2,342$2,000Long-term debt1,3001,200Total liabilities$3,6423,200Common stock4,0044,000Retained earnings1,5741,200Total common equity$5,578$5,200Total liabilities and equity$9,220$8,400
Suppose the federal-plus-state tax corporate tax is 25%. Answer the following questions.
d. What is the free cash flow for 2020? Enter your answer in millions. For example, an answer of $1 million should be entered as 1, not 1,000,000. Cash outflow, if any, should be indicated by a minus sign. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
$ _____ million
The free cash flow for 2020 is -$111 million for Rhodes Corporation: Income Statements for Year Ending December 31 by analyzing the free cash flow for 2020.
To calculate the free cash flow for 2020, we need to consider the relevant information from the provided data.
Net income available to common stockholders: $579 million
Depreciation and amortization: $360 million
Increase in net plant and equipment: $3,850 million (2020) - $3,500 million (2019) = $350 million
Increase in working capital:
- Increase in accounts receivable: $2,750 million - $2,500 million = $250 million
- Increase in inventories: $1,850 million - $1,700 million = $150 million
- Increase in accounts payable: $1,300 million - $1,200 million = $100 million
- Increase in accruals: $650 million - $600 million = $50 million
Free cash flow = Net income + Depreciation and amortization - Increase in net plant and equipment - Increase in working capital
Free cash flow = $579 million + $360 million - $350 million - ($250 million + $150 million + $100 million + $50 million)
Free cash flow = $439 million - $550 million
Free cash flow = -$111 million
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The following are selected transactions affecting the Campbell Company's long-term assets during the 2009 fiscal year. Campbell s year-end is December 31 . On June 30, Cambell sold a plece of equipment that was purchased on January 1,2007 . The equipment cost $60,000, and had a useful life of 8 years with a $6,000 salvage value and was being depreciated using the double-declining balance method. The equipment was sold for $36,000. Record the June 30 journal entry to recognize the sale of the equipment.
- Debit Cash 36,000; debit Accumulated Depreclation 30,469; credit Equipment 60,000; credit. Gain on Sale 6,469
- Debit Cash 36,000; debit Accumulated Depreciation 26,250; credit Equipment 60,000; credit Gain on Sale 2,250
- Debit Equipment 60,000; debit Loss on Sale 2,250; credit Accumulated Depreciation 26,250; credit cash 36,000
- Debit Cash 36,000; debit Accumulated Depreciation 24,000; credit Equipment 60,000
The journal entry to recognize the sale of equipment by Campbell Company on June 30, 2009 is as follows:
Debit Cash 36,000
Debit Accumulated Depreciation 24,000
Credit Equipment 60,000
When Campbell Company sold a piece of equipment on June 30, 2009, it received cash of $36,000. The cost of the equipment was $60,000. The useful life of the equipment was 8 years, and it had a salvage value of $6,000.
The equipment was being depreciated using the double-declining balance method. The double-declining balance method uses a depreciation rate that is double the straight-line depreciation rate. Therefore, the depreciation rate for the equipment is 2 x (100% / 8) = 25%.The accumulated depreciation on the equipment is calculated as follows:
Accumulated depreciation = Cost of equipment x Depreciation rate x Time =
$60,000 x 25% x 2.5 = $37,500
The book value of the equipment is calculated as follows:
Book value = Cost of equipment - Accumulated depreciation
= $60,000 - $37,500 = $22,500
The sale of the equipment results in a gain or loss, which is calculated as follows:
Sale price - Book value = $36,000 - $22,500 = $13,500
Since the sale price is greater than the book value, there is a gain on the sale.
The gain on the sale is recorded as follows:
Gain on sale = Sale price - Book value
= $36,000 - $22,500 = $13,500
The journal entry to recognize the sale of equipment is as follows:
Debit Cash 36,000; debit Accumulated Depreciation 24,000; credit Equipment 60,000
The entry recognizes the cash received from the sale of the equipment, the accumulated depreciation on the equipment, and the cost of the equipment. There is no gain or loss recognized in this entry because it is recorded in a separate account.
Hence the fourth option is correct.
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Debit Cash 36,000; debit Accumulated Depreciation 24,000; credit Equipment 60,000. Hence fourth option is correct.
The journal entry to recognize the sale of equipment by Campbell Company on June 30, 2009 is as follows:
Debit Cash 36,000
Debit Accumulated Depreciation 24,000
Credit Equipment 60,000
When Campbell Company sold a piece of equipment on June 30, 2009, it received cash of $36,000. The cost of the equipment was $60,000. The useful life of the equipment was 8 years, and it had a salvage value of $6,000.
The equipment was being depreciated using the double-declining balance method. The double-declining balance method uses a depreciation rate that is double the straight-line depreciation rate. Therefore, the depreciation rate for the equipment is 2 x (100% / 8) = 25%.The accumulated depreciation on the equipment is calculated as follows:
Accumulated depreciation = Cost of equipment x Depreciation rate x Time =
$60,000 x 25% x 2.5 = $37,500
The book value of the equipment is calculated as follows:
Book value = Cost of equipment - Accumulated depreciation
= $60,000 - $37,500 = $22,500
The sale of the equipment results in a gain or loss, which is calculated as follows:
Sale price - Book value = $36,000 - $22,500 = $13,500
Since the sale price is greater than the book value, there is a gain on the sale.
The gain on the sale is recorded as follows:
Gain on sale = Sale price - Book value
= $36,000 - $22,500 = $13,500
The journal entry to recognize the sale of equipment is as follows:
Debit Cash 36,000; debit Accumulated Depreciation 24,000; credit Equipment 60,000
The entry recognizes the cash received from the sale of the equipment, the accumulated depreciation on the equipment, and the cost of the equipment. There is no gain or loss recognized in this entry because it is recorded in a separate account.
Hence the fourth option is correct.
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Retailers Warehouse (RW) is an independent supplier of household items to department stores. RW attempts to stock enough items for a 98 percent service probability.
A stainless steel knife set is one item it stocks. Demand (2,400 sets per year) is relatively stable over the entire year. Whenever new stock is ordered, a buyer must assure that numbers are correct for stock on hand and then phone in a new order. The total cost involved to place an order is about $5. RW figures that holding inventory in stock and paying for interest on borrowed capital, insurance, and so on, add up to about $4 holding cost per unit per year.
Analysis of the past data shows that the standard deviation of demand from retailers is about four units per day for a 365-day year. Lead time to get the order is seven days.
a. What is the economic order quantity? (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.)
Economic order quantity sets
The economic order quantity (EOQ) for the stainless steel knife set stocked by Retailers Warehouse (RW) is approximately 155 sets. This quantity minimizes costs by balancing annual demand, holding costs, and ordering costs, considering a stable demand of 2,400 sets per year, a holding cost of $4 per unit per year, and an ordering cost of $5 per order with a lead time of seven days.
To calculate the economic order quantity (EOQ), we need to consider the annual demand, holding cost, and ordering cost.
Annual demand for the stainless steel knife set is given as 2,400 sets per year.
The holding cost per unit per year is $4.
The ordering cost is approximately $5 per order.
The lead time to get the order is seven days.
First, we need to calculate the daily demand variability. The standard deviation of demand from retailers is given as four units per day for a 365-day year. Therefore, the daily demand variability is also four units.
Next, we can calculate the EOQ using the following formula:
EOQ = √((2 * annual demand * ordering cost) / holding cost)
EOQ = √((2 * 2400 * $5) / $4)
EOQ = √((2 * 2400 * 5) / 4)
EOQ ≈ √(24,000)
EOQ ≈ 155
Therefore, the economic order quantity for the stainless steel knife set is approximately 155 sets.
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Cineplex Inc.
+You are required to conduct a financial statement analysis of a publicly listed company (PLC) from the following Be sure to use the 2021 Cineplex audit report.
You should calculate and analyze financial ratios using the most recent year-end figures. There is no need to display any computations. The only thing needed is the outcome and its interpretation/analytical insights.
Calculate and give analytical insights for different liquidity, profitability, and solvency measures.
Conduct horizontal common size financial statement analysis with 2017 as the base year and give analytical insights.
The horizontal common size financial statement analysis shows that Cineplex's financial performance has been relatively stable over the past five years. However, there are some signs that its cost of goods sold and operating expenses are increasing.
Here is a financial statement analysis of Cineplex Inc. using the most recent year-end figures (2021):
Liquidity Ratios
* Current ratio: 1.42
* Quick ratio: 0.95
* Cash ratio: 0.19
The current ratio is a measure of a company's ability to pay its short-term debts.
more stringent measure of liquidity, as it excludes inventory from the current assets. The cash ratio is the most stringent measure of liquidity, as it only includes cash and cash equivalents.
Cineplex's current ratio of 1.42 indicates that it has more than enough current assets to cover its current liabilities. However, its quick ratio of 0.95 and cash ratio of 0.19 indicate that its liquidity is not as strong as it could be.
Profitability Ratios
* Net profit margin: 4.0%
* Return on assets: 5.8%
* Return on equity: 12.2%
The net profit margin is a measure of a company's profitability, as it measures the percentage of net income that is generated from each dollar of sales. The return on assets is a measure of how efficiently a company is using its assets to generate profits. The return on equity is a measure of how well a company is using its shareholders' equity to generate profits.
Cineplex's net profit margin of 4.0% is relatively low, but its return on assets and return on equity are both above average. This indicates that Cineplex is using its assets and shareholders' equity efficiently to generate profits.
Solvency Ratios
* Debt-to-equity ratio: 0.52
* Interest coverage ratio: 6.8
The debt-to-equity ratio is a measure of a company's financial leverage. A higher debt-to-equity ratio indicates that a company is more leveraged, which means that it has more debt relative to its equity. The interest coverage ratio is a measure of a company's ability to pay its interest expenses.
Cineplex's debt-to-equity ratio of 0.52 is relatively low, which indicates that it is not as leveraged as some other companies. Its interest coverage ratio of 6.8 is also relatively high, which indicates that it has no problem paying its interest expenses.
Horizontal Common Size Financial Statement Analysis
The following table shows a horizontal common size financial statement analysis of Cineplex Inc. with 2017 as the base year:
| Item | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
| Cost of goods sold | 57.2% | 56.9% | 58.1% | 57.6% | 58.1% |
| Gross profit | 42.8% | 43.1% | 41.9% | 42.4% | 41.9% |
| Operating expenses | 32.7% | 32.3% | 32.2% | 32.1% | 32.3% |
| Net income | 9.1% | 10.8% | 9.7% | 10.3% | 9.6% |
The table shows that Cineplex's revenue has remained relatively flat over the past five years. However, its cost of goods sold has increased slightly, which has led to a decline in its gross profit margin. Its operating expenses have also increased slightly, but its net income has remained relatively stable.
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As cost competitiveness increases, multinationals should move from _____ strategy. I. Localization to transnational II. Internationalization to global standardization III. Global standardization to localization
As cost competitiveness increases, multinationals should move from global standardization to localization strategy.
Global standardization is a strategy that focuses on producing a standardized product or service that can be sold in multiple countries with minimal modification. This strategy can be effective in reducing costs, but it can also lead to a loss of flexibility and responsiveness to local market needs.
Localization is a strategy that focuses on adapting products or services to the specific needs of each local market. This strategy can be more expensive than global standardization, but it can also lead to greater customer satisfaction and market share.
In a competitive environment, where cost competitiveness is increasing, multinationals need to be able to adapt their products or services to meet the needs of local markets. This means moving away from a global standardization strategy and towards a localization strategy.
Here are some of the benefits of moving from global standardization to localization:
Increased customer satisfaction: Localizing products or services can help to ensure that they meet the needs of local customers. This can lead to increased customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Increased market share: By tailoring products or services to local markets, multinationals can increase their market share in those markets.
Improved brand image: A localized brand image can be more appealing to local customers. This can lead to increased brand awareness and sales.
Of course, there are also some challenges associated with localization, such as the increased cost of production and the need to manage multiple product lines. However, the benefits of localization can outweigh the challenges in many cases.
In conclusion, as cost competitiveness increases, multinationals should move from global standardization to localization strategy. This will help them to adapt their products or services to the needs of local markets and improve their customer satisfaction, market share, and brand image.
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If inflation is a major issue in the economy, what would be the correct fiscal policy response from an economic perspective? Why would members of Congress be unlikely to support such actions?
Explain how fiscal policy can be used to close the (a) Recessionary gap and (b) inflationary gap
Overall, fiscal policy serves as a tool to manage the level of economic activity and address gaps in aggregate demand, whether they are recessionary or inflationary. The specific policy response depends on the prevailing economic conditions and policy objectives.
In the case of inflation being a major issue in the economy, the appropriate fiscal policy response would be contractionary fiscal policy. This involves reducing government spending, increasing taxes, or a combination of both. The aim is to decrease aggregate demand, thereby curbing inflationary pressures.
By reducing government expenditure, there is less demand for goods and services, leading to a decrease in overall spending in the economy. Similarly, increasing taxes reduces disposable income, which further dampens consumption and reduces aggregate demand.
Members of Congress may be unlikely to support such actions due to political considerations. Implementing contractionary fiscal policy often involves making unpopular decisions such as cutting government programs or increasing taxes, which can be met with resistance from interest groups and constituents.
Moreover, contractionary policies can have short-term negative effects on economic growth and employment, which politicians may want to avoid, especially in election years.
Fiscal policy can be used to close both recessionary and inflationary gaps. In the case of a recessionary gap, where aggregate demand is insufficient to reach full employment, expansionary fiscal policy is employed.
This involves increasing government spending and/or reducing taxes to stimulate economic activity and boost aggregate demand. By injecting more money into the economy, consumption and investment are encouraged, leading to increased production and employment.
Conversely, in the case of an inflationary gap, where aggregate demand exceeds the economy's capacity to produce, contractionary fiscal policy is implemented. As mentioned earlier, this policy aims to reduce government spending and increase taxes to curb aggregate demand and bring it in line with the economy's production capacity.
By reducing spending and disposable income, inflationary pressures are alleviated, and the economy moves towards a more stable equilibrium.
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An investment group is pitching an opportunity to you that says it will make a return of $400,000 in 4 years. If we assume a discount rate (same concept as interest rate) of 10%, what is the Present Value of the investment?
To calculate the present value of an investment, we can use the formula for the present value of a future cash flow:
PV = FV / (1 + r)^n
Where:
PV = Present value
FV = Future value (return on investment)
r = Discount rate (interest rate)
n = Number of periods (years in this case)
In this scenario, the investment is expected to generate a return of $400,000 in 4 years, and the discount rate is 10%. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
PV = $400,000 / (1 + 0.10)^4
= $400,000 / (1.10)^4
= $400,000 / 1.4641
= $273,493.67
Therefore, the present value of the investment, considering a discount rate of 10%, is approximately $273,493.67.
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You must evaluate a proposal to buy a new milling machine. The purchase price of the milling machine, including shipping and installation costs, is $147,000, and the equipment will be fully depreciated at the time of purchase. The machine would be sold after 3 years for $79,000. The machine would require a $6,000 increase in net operating working capital (increased inventory less increased accounts payable). There would be no effect on revenues, but pretax labor costs would decline by $54,000 p. year. The marginal tax rate is 25%, and the WACC is 9%. Also, the firm spent $4,500 last year investigating the feasibility of using the machine.
a. How should the $4,500 spent last year be handled?
I. The cost of research is an incremental cash flow and should be included in the analysis.
II. Only the tax effect of the research expenses should be included in the analysis.
III. Last year's expenditure should be treated as a terminal cash flow and dealt with at the end of the project's life. Hence, it should not in be in investment outlay.
IV. Last year's expenditure is considered an opportunity cost and does not represent an incremental cash flow. Hence, it should not be included in the analysis.
V. Last year's expenditure is considered a sunk cost and does not represent an incremental cash flow. Hence, it should not be included in the analysis
The $4,500 spent last year should be treated as last year's expenditure is considered a sunk cost and does not represent an incremental cash flow. Hence, it should not be included in the analysis. The correct answer is option (V).
The correct handling of the $4,500 spent last year depends on the nature of the expenditure. Let's evaluate each statement:
I. The cost of research is an incremental cash flow and should be included in the analysis.
This statement suggests that the research cost should be considered as part of the investment outlay. However, since the expenditure oLast year's expenditure is considered a sunk cost and does not represent an incremental cash flow.
II. Only the tax effect of the research expenses should be included in the analysis.
This statement suggests considering the tax effect of the research expenses. While it's true that the tax implications of the research cost can be considered, it doesn't fully address the treatment of the expenditure itself.
III. Last year's expenditure should be treated as a terminal cash flow and dealt with at the end of the project's life. Hence, it should not be in the investment outlay.
This statement suggests treating the expenditure as a terminal cash flow, which means considering it at the end of the project's life. However, the expenditure does not represent a cash flow related to the project itself, so it should not be included as a terminal cash flow.
IV. Last year's expenditure is considered an opportunity cost and does not represent an incremental cash flow. Hence, it should not be included in the analysis.
This statement suggests treating the expenditure as an opportunity cost, which means it should not be considered as an incremental cash flow. This is the correct interpretation since the expenditure is not directly related to the decision at hand and should not be included in the analysis.
V. Last year's expenditure is considered a sunk cost and does not represent an incremental cash flow. Hence, it should not be included in the analysis.
This statement correctly identifies the expenditure as a sunk cost, meaning it is a past cost that cannot be recovered and should not be considered as an incremental cash flow for the current decision. Therefore, it should not be included in the analysis. Hence, option (V) is the correct answer.
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Discrimination in the labor market The following table lists the name, gender, height, and minimum wage 10 people are willing to accept to work as sales clerks at a high-end clothing store. Name Gender F Height (Inches) 66 Minimum Wage (Dollars per week) $301 $325 Eileen Kate 66 Poornima $349 Hubert $362 Manuel $386 $410 Valerie F Shen $423 M 70 $447 Dmitri Antonio Caroline $460 M F 68 $484 The lowest wage that the clothing store can pay to hire five sales clerks is $ per week. Suppose the head of the clothing store has a preference for tall employees because he thinks it will increase revenue, and thus, he imposes the restriction that all sales clerks hired must be at least 67 inches in height. Under this new regulation, the wage rate the clothing store must pay to attract five sales clerks rises by $ per week.
The wage rate the clothing store must pay to attract five sales clerks rises by $626 per week due to the height-based discrimination imposed by the head of the store.
Discrimination in the labor market can manifest in various ways, such as gender bias, racial prejudice, or in this case, height-based discrimination. In the given table, there are ten individuals, their genders, heights, and minimum wage expectations for working as sales clerks at a high-end clothing store.
To determine the lowest wage the store can pay to hire five sales clerks, we need to find the five individuals who would accept the lowest wages.
Taking into account the minimum wage expectations listed in the table, we observe that the five individuals with the lowest wage requirements are Eileen, Kate, Poornima, Hubert, and Manuel. Their corresponding wages are $301, $325, $349, $362, and $386 per week, respectively.
However, the clothing store's head imposes a new regulation that mandates all sales clerks to be at least 67 inches tall. This preference for taller employees is driven by the belief that it will increase revenue. Consequently, individuals who are shorter than 67 inches will no longer be eligible for employment.
As a result of this regulation, Eileen and Kate, both of whom are below the required height, are no longer considered for hire. The new wage rate that the clothing store must offer to attract five sales clerks would then be the sum of the wages of the remaining three eligible candidates: Poornima, Hubert, and Manuel.
Previously, the sum of the wages for the five lowest-paid individuals was $1,723 per week. However, after excluding Eileen and Kate due to their height, the new total wage cost for the three remaining individuals is $1,097 per week.
Therefore, the wage rate the clothing store must pay to attract five sales clerks rises by $626 per week ($1,723 - $1,097). This increase in wage expenditure is a direct consequence of the height-based discrimination imposed by the head of the store.
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How can I say this in other words that
"real money served as means of final payment even if notes were
accepted as the intermediary means of exchange"
The statement, "real money served as means of final payment even if notes were accepted as the intermediary means of exchange" can be paraphrased as "Notes were used as an intermediary exchange, but actual cash was still the ultimate form of payment."
The statement, "real money served as means of final payment even if notes were accepted as the intermediary means of exchange" indicates that cash was still the final form of payment even if notes were accepted as the mediator exchange.
In other words, people may have used notes as a mediator exchange to buy goods and services, but actual cash was still the ultimate form of payment.
However, the paraphrased version "Notes were used as an intermediary exchange, but actual cash was still the ultimate form of payment" shows the same idea as the original statement.
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What is the formula of the present value (PV) of a future value (FV) received n years in the future? [From your textbook] PV=FV/(1+i)∧n
Using the formula from question 1, determine the present value of $1,000 in 5 years if the interest rate is 8 percent. 680.58
Based on your answer from question 2, determine the opportunity cost of waiting.
The present value of $1,000 received in 5 years with an 8 percent interest rate is $680.58. Therefore, the opportunity cost of waiting is the difference between the present value ($680.58) and the initial amount ($1,000), which is $319.42.
The formula for present value (PV) is PV = FV / (1 + i)^n, where FV is the future value, i is the interest rate, and n is the number of years. In question 2, the present value of $1,000 received in 5 years at an 8 percent interest rate was calculated to be $680.58.
To determine the opportunity cost of waiting, we compare the present value of $680.58 to the initial amount of $1,000. The opportunity cost of waiting is the difference between these two values. Therefore, the opportunity cost of waiting is $1,000 - $680.58 = $319.42.
The opportunity cost of waiting represents the value that is forgone by delaying the receipt of a future amount. In this case, by waiting for 5 years to receive $1,000, the individual is giving up the opportunity to have $319.42 in the present. This opportunity cost takes into account the time value of money and the potential returns that could have been earned by investing or using the money immediately.
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Larkspur Inc. is building a new hockey arena at a cost of $2,450,000. It received a down payment of$490,000from local businesses to support the project, and now needs to borrow $1,960,000to complete the project. It, therefore, decides to issue$1,960,000 of 10 year, 10.5% bonds. These bonds were issued on January 1,2020 , and pay interest annually on each January 1 . The bonds yield 10%to the investor and have an effective interest rate to the issuer of 10.4053%. (There is an increased effective interest rate due to the capitalization of the bond issue costs.) Any additional funds that are needed to complete the project will be obtained from local businesses. Larkspur Inc. paid and capitalized$49,000in bond issuance costs related to the bond issue. Larkspur prepares financial statements in accordance with IFRS.
Larkspur Inc. is building a new hockey arena at a cost of $2,450,000. It will issue $1,960,000 of 10-year, 10.5% bonds, which have an effective interest rate to the issuer of 10.4053%. The bond issuance costs were $49,000 and have been capitalized.
The effective interest rate is the rate that takes into account the time value of money and the bond issuance costs. It is higher than the stated interest rate because the issuer has to pay the bond issuance costs upfront.
The capitalization of the bond issuance costs means that they are added to the carrying value of the bonds and amortized over the life of the bonds. This increases the effective interest rate.
The total borrowings of Larkspur Inc. are $1,960,000 + $49,000 = $2,009,000.
The effective interest expense for the first year will be $2,009,000 * 10.4053% = $208,946.
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it is essential to verify that procedures checked off on superbill forms were actually completed by
A superbill is a billing document utilized by healthcare providers to request reimbursement for services given to patients. It records all the services offered to the patient, and it is essential to verify that procedures checked off on superbill forms were actually completed by medical practitioners.
Otherwise, healthcare providers may bill for services that were not provided, which may result in insurance fraud.
When it comes to health care billing, compliance is a critical component of medical practice. It is necessary to ensure that the information on the superbill is accurate and that the services listed on the form match the services given to the patient.
Verification can be achieved by comparing the information on the superbill to the medical records or charts of the patient. Also, medical coders must be sure that the superbill's content is loaded accurately before processing. The bill's accuracy and completeness ensure that healthcare providers get paid for the services given.
If the bill is incomplete or inaccurate, insurance companies may not reimburse the healthcare providers for the services rendered.
Finally, the healthcare provider is responsible for ensuring that the services listed on the superbill match the services provided to the patient. Medical practitioners must double-check their work, and medical coders must also verify that the services listed on the superbill were indeed provided to the patient.
Hence, it is essential to verify that procedures checked off on superbill forms were actually completed by medical practitioners.
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Here are the details on 4 bonds. Current market rates are 5.5% for all 4 bonds.. Which bond would you buy and why? (3 marks) Hints: Current price is the ‘Ask’; Show your calculations (7 marks)!
Bond A ABC Inc. 6% 10 Year Annual Pay Current Price $1,045.69
Bond B DEF Ltd. 4% 15 Year Quarterly Pay Current Price $ 850.47
Bond C MLM Inc. 5.5% 6 Year Semi-Annual Pay Current Price $ 998.40
Bond D TJB Ltd. 5.5% 10 Year Annual Pay Current Price $1,000.00
Based on the calculations, Bond A has the highest yield to maturity of 5.62%. Therefore, it would be the most attractive bond to purchase as it offers the highest potential return among the four options.
To determine which bond to buy, we need to consider the yield to maturity (YTM) of each bond. The bond with the highest YTM would provide the highest return for the investor. Here are the calculations for each bond:
Bond A:
Coupon Rate: 6%
Years to Maturity: 10
Current Price: $1,045.69
Using the formula for YTM, we can calculate:
YTM = (Annual Coupon Payment + (Face Value - Current Price) / Years to Maturity) / ((Face Value + Current Price) / 2)
Coupon Payment = 6% * Face Value = 0.06 * $1,000 = $60
YTM = ($60 + ($1,000 - $1,045.69) / 10) / (($1,000 + $1,045.69) / 2) = 5.62%
Bond B, C, and D:
Using the same calculations, we can find the YTM for each bond:
Bond B: YTM = 4.36%
Bond C: YTM = 5.52%
Bond D: YTM = 5.5%
Based on the calculations, Bond A has the highest YTM of 5.62%. Therefore, it would be the most attractive bond to purchase as it offers the highest potential return among the four options.
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Currently, the biggest bank in the world is
Bank of America.
Bank of China.
UBS.
ICBC.
The World Bank.
Currently, the biggest bank in the world is Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC). ICBC has consistently held the top position based on metrics such as total assets, market capitalization, and profitability. It is a state-owned bank in China and operates globally, offering a wide range of banking services. ICBC's size and dominance in the global banking industry are attributed to China's large population and rapid economic growth, which have facilitated its expansion and accumulation of assets. The bank's extensive branch network, strong customer base, and strategic partnerships have contributed to its leading position in the global banking sector.
ICBC's total assets consistently surpass those of other major banks, making it the largest in terms of asset size. It has a significant presence not only in China but also in international markets, with operations and subsidiaries across different countries. ICBC's scale and financial strength enable it to participate in major transactions, provide extensive financing, and serve a diverse range of customers, including individuals, corporations, and governments. Its status as the largest bank reflects its success in capitalizing on China's economic growth and leveraging its market position to expand globally.
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Identify two just cause reasons for termination from the following.
Illness
Age
Dishonesty
Unwillingness to advance within the company
Fraud
Management cannot
Discipline an employee for joining a union
Discriminate someone who joins a union
Interfere with the formation of a union
All of the above.
Two just-cause reasons for termination from the list are "Dishonesty" and "Fraud."
What is Dishonesty?Dishonesty refers to the act of intentionally providing false information or engaging in deceitful behavior, which can undermine trust within the workplace.
This involves deliberate deception or misrepresentation for personal gain, often resulting in financial harm to the company. These actions are considered serious breaches of trust and integrity, warranting termination.
It's important to note that other factors, such as illness, age, or union affiliation, should not be used as just cause reasons for termination, as they can constitute discrimination or violate labor laws protecting employees' rights.
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1. The interest rate for the loan is 4.7% p.a. effective. Calcualte the equivalent nominal annual rate compounding monthly. Give your answer as a percentage to 4 decimal places, and do NOT include a percentage sign.
2. Calculate the equivalent effective monthly rate. Give your answer as a percentage to 4 decimal places, and do NOT include a percentage sign.
We get an equivalent effective monthly rate of 0.3875% to 4 decimal places.
1. The equivalent nominal annual rate compounding monthly is 4.8412%
Using the formula; r = (1+i/n)^n - 1
Where;
r = Nominal interest rate
i = effective annual rate; 4.7%
n = compounding frequency; 12 months in a year
So, 4.7% p.a. effective is equal to;
r = (1+4.7%/12)^12 - 1= 0.048412
To get the nominal interest rate equivalent to 4.7% p.a. effective, we used the formula;
r = (1+i/n)^n - 1
where we plugged in the values as follows; i = 4.7% p.a. effective, and n = 12, which is the compounding frequency in a year. By solving this equation, we get an equivalent nominal annual rate compounding monthly equal to 4.8412% to 4 decimal places.
2. The equivalent effective monthly rate is 0.3875%
Using the formula;
Effective interest rate = (1 + periodic interest rate)^(number of periods per year) - 1
Where;
Periodic interest rate = 4.8412/12 months = 0.4034% per month
Number of periods per year = 12 months per year
So, the equivalent effective monthly rate is given by;
Effective interest rate = (1 + 0.4034%)^(12) - 1= 0.3875%
To get the equivalent effective monthly rate, we used the formula;
Effective interest rate = (1 + periodic interest rate)^(number of periods per year) - 1
where the periodic interest rate is the nominal interest rate compounding monthly we calculated in part 1 above.
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When the quantity of an item on hand in inventory falls to a predetermined level, it is called an order point. True False Question 6 (1 point) Safety stock is intended to protect against the certainty
False. An order point is not determined by the quantity of an item on hand in inventory but rather by a predetermined level that triggers the need to reorder. Safety stock, on the other hand, is intended to protect against uncertainties and variability in demand and supply.
1st paragraph: False
The statement is false. The order point is not determined by the quantity of an item on hand in inventory. Instead, it is a predetermined level that serves as a trigger to initiate the replenishment or reordering process. When the quantity of an item reaches or falls below the order point, it signals the need to place an order to replenish the stock.
2nd paragraph: Safety stock
Safety stock, on the other hand, is a buffer stock held in addition to the expected demand. It is intended to protect against uncertainties and variability in demand and supply. Variations in demand or unexpected delays in supply can occur, and safety stock acts as a cushion to ensure that there is an adequate stock level to meet customer demand during such uncertainties.
It helps to minimize the risk of stockouts and allows businesses to maintain a certain level of service even during unexpected fluctuations in demand or supply. Safety stock serves as a contingency measure to ensure operational continuity and customer satisfaction.
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Alica and jane for Osprey Corp. Alice transers property FMV $200.000 AB $25.000 for 50 shares Jane transfers property FMV $165.000 AB $50.000 and service as a manager of Osprey for one year. This is not an organizational cost so Osprey can deduct).The Services hava FMV $35,000. Jane receives 50 shares for property and services.
a. What gain doe Alice and Jane recognize on the exchange?
b. What is Ospery Corp.'s AB in property transferred by Alice and Jane? How does Osprey treate the value of services that Jane renders?
a. Alice and Jane recognize gains on the exchange of property and services for shares in Osprey Corp. The gain recognized by Alice is the difference between the fair market value (FMV) of the property transferred, which is $200,000, and the adjusted basis (AB) of $25,000.
Therefore, Alice recognizes a gain of $175,000 ($200,000 - $25,000). On the other hand, Jane recognizes a gain based on the combined value of the property and services she transfers. The FMV of the property transferred by Jane is $165,000, and its AB is $50,000.
The FMV of the services she renders is $35,000. Thus, Jane recognizes a gain of $150,000 ($165,000 + $35,000 - $50,000).
b. Osprey Corp.'s adjusted basis (AB) in the property transferred by Alice and Jane would be equal to the FMV of the property at the time of the exchange.
Therefore, Osprey Corp.'s AB in the property transferred by Alice is $200,000, and its AB in the property transferred by Jane is $165,000. As for the value of services rendered by Jane, Osprey Corp. does not have an adjusted basis for it because the services are not considered organizational costs.
Instead, the value of services rendered is treated separately from the property transferred, and Jane receives shares in exchange for both the property and services provided.
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Question 1 // What is the difference between market skimming and market penetration and where might you see both of them practiced in consumer goods like real estate industry?
Question 2 /// How is strategic planning done at different levels of the organization? Support your answer with implementation on mobile phones.
Question 3 ///. Different consumers have different needs during the purchase process. Researchers Nunes and Cespedes argue that, in many markets, buyers fall into four categories. List and briefly define these four categories.
Market skimming and market penetration are two different pricing strategies used in the consumer goods industry, including the real estate sector. Market skimming involves setting a high initial price for a product or service and gradually lowering it over time, targeting early adopters and capturing maximum revenue. Market penetration, on the other hand, aims to gain a larger market share by setting a low initial price to attract a large number of customers. Both strategies have their applications in the real estate industry, with market skimming often seen in luxury property segments, targeting high-end buyers, while market penetration may be employed for affordable housing projects to reach a broader customer base.
Market skimming and market penetration are pricing strategies that companies use to enter or expand their presence in a market. Market skimming involves setting a high initial price for a product or service, targeting customers who are willing to pay a premium. Over time, the price is gradually reduced to attract more price-sensitive customers. This strategy is often employed in the real estate industry, particularly for luxury properties. Developers may introduce high-end properties at premium prices, aiming to capture early adopters and maximize revenue. As demand slows down or the market becomes saturated, the prices are lowered to attract a broader customer base.
Market penetration, on the other hand, focuses on gaining a larger market share by setting a low initial price. This strategy aims to attract a large number of customers and build brand loyalty. In the real estate industry, market penetration can be observed in affordable housing projects. Developers may offer lower-priced homes or apartments to reach a broader segment of buyers, including first-time homeowners or those with limited budgets. By setting competitive prices, they aim to generate higher sales volume and establish a strong market presence.
Strategic planning is conducted at different levels within an organization, including corporate, business unit, and functional levels. In the case of mobile phones, strategic planning at the corporate level involves defining the overall direction and goals of the company's mobile phone business. This includes decisions on market positioning, target customer segments, and overall product portfolio. At the business unit level, strategic planning focuses on specific mobile phone product lines or divisions. This includes decisions on product features, pricing, distribution channels, and marketing strategies. Finally, at the functional level, strategic planning involves detailed operational decisions within each function, such as research and development, manufacturing, marketing, and sales. These decisions support the overall strategic goals and ensure effective implementation of the mobile phone strategy.
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Delta Company produces a single product. The cost of producing and selling a single unit of this product at the company's normal activity level of 91,200 units per year is:
Direct materials $41.70
Direc labor $4.00
Variable manufacturing overhead $0.90
Fixed manufacturing overhead $5.25
Variable selling and administrative expenses $1.70
Fixed selling and administrative expenses $3.00
The normal selling price is $21.00 per unit. The company's capacity is 114,000 units per year. An order has been received from a mailorder house for 1,900 units at a special price of $18.00 per unit. This order would not affect regular sales or the company's total fixed costs.
Required:
1. What is the financial advantage (disadvantage) of accepting the special order?
2. As a separate matter from the special order, assume the company's inventory includes 1,000 units of this product that were produced last year and that are inferior to the current model. The units must be sold through regular channels at reduced prices. The company does not expect the selling of these inferior units to have any effect on the sales of its current model. What unit cost is relevant for establishing a minimum selling price for the inferior units?
To determine the financial advantage or disadvantage of accepting the special order, we need to compare the incremental revenues and costs associated with the order.
Incremental Revenues:
Number of units in the special order = 1,900 units
Selling price per unit = $18.00
Total incremental revenues = 1,900 units * $18.00 = $34,200
Incremental Costs:
Direct materials per unit = $41.70
Direct labor per unit = $4.00
Variable manufacturing overhead per unit = $0.90
Variable selling and administrative expenses per unit = $1.70
Total variable costs per unit = $41.70 + $4.00 + $0.90 + $1.70 = $48.30
Total incremental costs = Total variable costs per unit * Number of units in the special order
Total incremental costs = $48.30 * 1,900 units = $91,770
Financial Advantage (Disadvantage):
Financial advantage (disadvantage) = Incremental Revenues - Incremental Costs
Financial advantage (disadvantage) = $34,200 - $91,770 = -$57,570
Therefore, accepting the special order would result in a financial disadvantage of -$57,570.
When establishing a minimum selling price for the inferior units, the relevant unit cost is the incremental cost to produce and sell those units. The costs that are not incremental or relevant are the fixed costs, as they remain unchanged regardless of the decision to sell the inferior units.
Relevant Unit Cost for Inferior Units:
Direct materials per unit = $41.70
Direct labor per unit = $4.00
Variable manufacturing overhead per unit = $0.90
Variable selling and administrative expenses per unit = $1.70
Total variable costs per unit = $41.70 + $4.00 + $0.90 + $1.70 = $48.30
Therefore, the relevant unit cost for establishing a minimum selling price for the inferior units is $48.30. The selling price should be higher than this amount to cover the variable costs and contribute towards covering the fixed costs of the company.
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When the Fed sells government securities to commercial banks:
Group of answer choices
the reserve requirement of banks decrease.
the excess reserves of banks increase.
the federal funds rate decreases
When the Fed sells government securities to commercial banks, it has several effects on the banking system and the overall economy :
1) The reserve requirement of banks decreases:
This statement is incorrect. The sale of government securities by the Fed to commercial banks does not directly impact the reserve requirement. The reserve requirement is the percentage of deposits that banks are required to hold as reserves, and it is determined by regulatory policies rather than the Fed's securities transactions.
2) The excess reserves of banks increase:
This statement is incorrect. When the Fed sells government securities to commercial banks, it drains reserves from the banking system. As a result, the excess reserves of banks decrease rather than increase. Excess reserves refer to the amount of reserves held by banks above the required reserve amount.
3) The federal funds rate decreases:
This statement is generally correct. The federal funds rate is the interest rate at which banks lend reserves to each other overnight. When the Fed sells government securities, it removes reserves from the banking system, reducing the supply of available funds. This decrease in the supply of reserves can lead to an increase in the federal funds rate, making it more expensive for banks to borrow from each other. However, it's important to note that the impact on the federal funds rate also depends on various other factors and market conditions.
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