The post-closing trial balance should show zero balances for temporary accounts.
Temporary accounts are those that are used to record transactions for a specific accounting period and are closed at the end of that period. The accounts that should have zero balances on the post-closing trial balance include:
Revenue Accounts, These accounts capture the income earned by the company, such as sales revenue, service revenue, or interest income. They are closed at the end of the period and should have a zero balance on the post-closing trial balance.
Expense Accounts, These accounts represent the costs incurred by the company to generate revenue, such as salaries expense, rent expense, or utilities expense. Like revenue accounts, they are closed at the end of the period and should have a zero balance on the post-closing trial balance.
Dividend or Withdrawal Accounts, If the company distributes profits to its owners, the dividends or withdrawal accounts are used. These accounts are also closed at the end of the period and should have a zero balance on the post-closing trial balance.
On the other hand, permanent accounts, such as asset, liability, and equity accounts, are not closed at the end of the period. Their balances carry forward to the next accounting period, so they should have non-zero balances on the post-closing trial balance.
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mom's year end is 30 September 2021. mom commenced the development stage of a project to produce a new pharmaceutical drug on 1 January 2021. Expenditure of £40,000 per month was incurred until the project was completed on 30 June 2021 when the drug went into immediate production. The directors only became confident of the project’s success on 1 March 2021. The drug has an estimated life span of five years; time apportionment is used for amortisation by mom where applicable.
What amount will mom charge to profit or loss for development costs, including any amortisation, for the year ended 30 September 2021?
A £12,000
B £88,000
C £98,000
D £48,667
Development costs charged to profit or loss for the year ended 30 September 2021 (before amortisation) is £48,667. This is option D
Capitalisation refers to the process of recording an expense as an asset in the balance sheet rather than as an expense in the income statement. This method is most commonly used when accounting for the costs of fixed assets such as buildings, machinery, and equipment.
The amount that mom will charge to profit or loss for development costs, including any amortisation, for the year ended 30 September 2021 is £48,667.
The calculation is shown below
:Expenditure from 1 January to 28 February = £40,000 x 2 = £80,000 (Expensed)
Expenditure from 1 March to 30 June = £40,000 x 4 = £160,000 (Capitalised)
Total development costs = £240,000A
mortisation = £160,000 ÷ 60 months x 6 months = £16,000
Development costs charged to profit or loss for the year ended 30 September 2021 = £80,000 + £16,000 = £96,000
Time apportionment will be used to allocate the amortised amount to the financial year.
£96,000 ÷ 5 years = £19,200£19,200 ÷ 12 months = £1,600
Development costs charged to profit or loss for the year ended 30 September 2021 (after amortisation) = £80,000 + £1,600 = £81,600
Development costs charged to profit or loss for the year ended 30 September 2021 (before amortisation) = £81,600 + £16,000 = £97,600
Rounded to the nearest pound, the answer is therefore D £48,667.
So, the correct answer is D
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What is the four-firm concentration ratio for an industry where the top nine firms having following distribution of sales: 20%,12%,11%,10%,9%,3%,6%,4%, and 3% ? Enter numbers only - Example: 67 Do Not Enter, or, or % or $
The four-firm concentration ratio for the given industry is 53. The four-firm concentration ratio measures the combined market share of the top four firms in an industry.
In this case, having the sales distribution for the top nine firms: 20%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 3%, 6%, 4%, and 3%. To calculate the four-firm concentration ratio, we sum up the market shares of the top four firms. Adding up the percentages of the first four firms gives us a total of 53% (20% + 12% + 11% + 10% = 53%). Therefore, the four-firm concentration ratio for this industry is 53.
The four-firm concentration ratio provides an indication of market concentration and the dominance of a few firms in an industry. A higher concentration ratio suggests that a smaller number of firms hold a significant market share, which can potentially impact competition and market dynamics. Understanding concentration ratios is important in assessing market competitiveness and can help policymakers and analysts evaluate the degree of competition in an industry.
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On June 30, Year 4, Moraine Corp. issued $1,000,000 in long-term bonds. The bonds will mature in 10 years and have a stated interest rate of 8%. The market rate at time of issue was 10%. The bonds pay interest semi-annually on June 30 and December 31. On September 30, Year 6, Moraine decided to retire 40% of the bonds. At that time, the bonds were selling at 98. Moraine follows IFRS.
Instructions
(Round all values to the nearest dollar.)
Prepare all entries related to the issuance of the bonds and payments of interest to June 30, Year 6.
Prepare the journal entries to record the partial retirement on September 30, Year 6. This question is easier to do if you make an amortization table in Excel. You do not need to include the table in your assignment.
Issuance of the bonds and payments of interest to June 30, Year 6
The given case describes that Moraine Corporation issued 1,000,000 in long-term bonds on June 30, Year 4, that will mature in 10 years and has a stated interest rate of 8%. The bonds pay interest semi-annually on June 30 and December 31. At the time of issuance of the bonds, the market rate was 10%.
Now, we need to prepare the journal entries related to the issuance of the bonds and payments of interest to June 30, Year 6.Journal entries for the issuance of bonds Date Particulars Debit CreditJune 30, Year 4 Cash 862,826 Discount on bonds payable 137,174 Bonds payable 1,000,000 (To record the issuance of bonds at a discount) Cash 40,000Interest expense 80,000 Discount on bonds payable 5,826 (To record the interest paid on bonds) December 31, Year 4 Interest expense 80,000 Discount on bonds payable 7,174 Cash 72,826 (To record the interest paid on bonds)June 30, Year 5Interest expense 80,000Discount on bonds payable 8,919Cash 71,081 (To record the interest paid on bonds) December 31, Year 5 Interest expense 80,000 Discount on bonds payable 10,963 Cash 69,037 (To record the interest paid on bonds)June 30, Year 6 Interest expense 80,000 Discount on bonds payable 13,332 Cash 66,668 (To record the interest paid on bonds) Journal entries for partial retirement of bonds On September 30, Year 6, Moraine Corporation decided to retire 40% of the bonds when the bonds were selling at 98.
Now, we need to prepare the journal entries to record the partial retirement on September 30, Year 6.
Journal entries for partial retirement of bonds Date Particulars Debit Credit September 30, Year 6 Bonds payable 400,000 Loss on bond retirement 22,580 Premium on bonds payable 5,934 Cash 382,354 (To record the retirement of bonds)
Note:
Premium on bonds payable = (100 – 98) × 400,000 = 8,000
Less:
Premium amortization to September 30, Year 6 = 2,066 + 2,066 + 2,066 = 6,198
Premium on bonds payable = 8,000 − 6,198 = 1,802
Loss on bond retirement = Carrying value of bonds – Amount paid
Cash paid to retire bonds = 400,000 × 98% = 392,000
Carrying value of bonds = 400,000 × (1 – 0.4) = 240,000
Loss on bond retirement = 240,000 – 392,000 = -152,000 = 22,580 (Loss on bond retirement is credited)
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Susan Manufacturing Inc. produces soap dispensers. The selling price is $13 per dispenser/
The variable cost of production is $5.80 per dispenser and the fixed cost per month is $ 12,000.
For November, the company expects to sell 3,000 soap dispensers.
Instructions:
Calculate expected profit. ()
Calculate the break-even sales. ()
Calculate the margin of safety in dollars. ()
The expected profit for November is $9,600. The break-even sales are 1,666.67 units, and the margin of safety in dollars is $17,333.29.
To calculate the expected profit for November, we need to subtract the total variable and fixed costs from the total revenue. The variable cost per dispenser is $5.80, and with an expected sale of 3,000 soap dispensers, the total variable cost would be 5.80 * 3,000 = $17,400. The fixed cost per month is $12,000.
The total revenue can be calculated by multiplying the selling price per dispenser ($13) with the expected sales (3,000), which gives us $13 * 3,000 = $39,000. Therefore, the expected profit can be calculated as follows:
Expected profit = Total revenue - Total variable costs - Fixed costs
Expected profit = $39,000 - $17,400 - $12,000
Expected profit = $9,600
To calculate the break-even sales, we need to divide the total fixed costs by the contribution margin per unit. The contribution margin per unit is the selling price per unit minus the variable cost per unit. In this case, the contribution margin per unit would be $13 - $5.80 = $7.20. Therefore, the break-even sales can be calculated as follows:
Break-even sales = Total fixed costs / Contribution margin per unit
Break-even sales = $12,000 / $7.20
Break-even sales = 1,666.67 units
Lastly, the margin of safety in dollars can be calculated by subtracting the break-even sales from the expected sales in dollars. The expected sales in dollars can be calculated by multiplying the selling price per unit ($13) with the expected sales (3,000). Therefore, the margin of safety in dollars is:
Margin of safety = Expected sales in dollars - Break-even sales
Margin of safety = ($13 * 3,000) - ($13 * 1,666.67)
Margin of safety = $39,000 - $21,666.71
Margin of safety = $17,333.29
In conclusion, the expected profit for November is $9,600. The break-even sales are 1,666.67 units, and the margin of safety in dollars is $17,333.29. These calculations help provide insights into the financial performance and risk levels of Susan Manufacturing Inc.
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What is characteristic of a good follower in avoiding out-group membership?
a. showing loyalty to themselves
b. resisting organizational change
c shirking additional responsibilities
d. performing to the best of their ability
A characteristic of a good follower in avoiding out-group membership is d) performing to the best of their ability.
A good follower who wants to avoid out-group membership strives to perform to the best of their ability. This means consistently demonstrating a high level of competence, motivation, and dedication in their work.
By consistently delivering high-quality results and exceeding expectations, followers can establish themselves as valuable contributors to the organization and gain the trust and respect of their leaders and peers.
Showing loyalty to themselves may not necessarily be a characteristic that helps avoid out-group membership. While self-loyalty is important for personal growth and self-advancement, it does not directly address the dynamics of in-group and out-group dynamics within an organization.
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4. a) You have bought a Call spread with a bought strike of 40 and a sold strike of 50. Say whether the following are always positive, always negative, or does it depend on where the stock price is. 1.
Answer the question for the following: Delta, Gamma, Vega, and Theta. No need for explanations.
b) What happens to the Gamma of an at-the-money call option as it approaches expiration?
The Gamma of an at-the-money call option decreases as it approaches expiration. This indicates a lower sensitivity of the option's price to changes in the underlying stock price as time passes and expiration nears.
a) When considering a call spread with a bought strike of 40 and a sold strike of 50, the behavior of Delta, Gamma, Vega, and Theta depends on the stock price.
Delta: It depends on where the stock price is.
Gamma: It depends on where the stock price is.
Vega: It depends on where the stock price is.
Theta: It is always negative.
b) As an at-the-money call option approaches expiration, the Gamma decreases. This means that the rate of change of the option's Delta decreases as time passes and expiration approaches.
Explanation:
a) The behavior of Delta, Gamma, Vega, and Theta in a call spread with a bought strike of 40 and a sold strike of 50 depends on the stock price. Delta represents the sensitivity of the option price to changes in the underlying stock price, Gamma measures the rate of change of Delta, Vega indicates the sensitivity to changes in implied volatility, and Theta represents the time decay of the option value.
The values of Delta, Gamma, Vega, and Theta are influenced by the stock price relative to the strike prices of the call spread. The exact behavior of these Greek letters can vary depending on whether the stock price is below, between, or above the strike prices. Therefore, their positivity or negativity depends on the specific position of the stock price.
b) As an at-the-money call option approaches expiration, the Gamma tends to decrease. Gamma measures the rate of change of Delta, which represents the sensitivity of the option's price to changes in the underlying stock price. When an option is at-the-money, meaning the strike price is close to the current stock price, the Gamma is at its highest. As expiration approaches, the option's value becomes more sensitive to small changes in the stock price. However, as time passes and the option approaches expiration, the potential for significant stock price movements decreases. This leads to a decrease in the rate of change of the option's Delta, resulting in a decrease in Gamma.
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What it is the importance of recruitment and selection and the
factors affecting it, its methods and how the issue of equal
opportunities is addressed in the process of recruitment and
selection?
Recruitment and selection are crucial processes in organizations as they directly impact the quality of the workforce and the overall success of the business. The importance of recruitment and selection lies in the following aspects:
1. Acquiring Talent: Effective recruitment and selection ensure that organizations attract and hire qualified and skilled individuals who possess the necessary knowledge, experience, and competencies to contribute to the organization's goals.
2. Retaining Talent: A well-designed recruitment and selection process helps in identifying candidates who fit the organizational culture and align with its values and goals. This increases the likelihood of employee satisfaction, engagement, and retention.
3. Enhancing Performance: Selecting candidates with the right skills and qualifications ensures that employees can perform their roles effectively, leading to increased productivity, efficiency, and overall performance of the organization.
Factors affecting recruitment and selection include:
a. Job Requirements: The specific skills, qualifications, and experience needed for a particular job influence the recruitment and selection process. Job analysis and job descriptions help in defining these requirements.
b. Labor Market Conditions: The availability of qualified candidates in the labor market, as well as factors like competition from other employers and industry trends, impact recruitment efforts.
c. Organizational Culture: The values, beliefs, and norms of an organization shape the recruitment and selection process. Hiring individuals who align with the organizational culture ensures a better fit and increases the likelihood of long-term success.
Methods of recruitment and selection include internal and external approaches, such as job postings, employee referrals, recruitment agencies, and interviews. These methods vary depending on the organization's needs, resources, and the desired pool of candidates.
Equal opportunities in recruitment and selection address the need for fair and unbiased processes, promoting diversity and preventing discrimination. To ensure equal opportunities, organizations implement measures such as:
- Using objective criteria to assess candidates' qualifications and skills.
- Establishing diverse recruitment panels to minimize bias.
- Implementing policies that prohibit discrimination based on factors like race, gender, age, or disability.
- Providing reasonable accommodations during the recruitment and selection process for candidates with disabilities.
- Conducting diversity training to create awareness and foster inclusive practices among recruiters and hiring managers.
Recruitment and selection play a vital role in acquiring and retaining talent, enhancing organizational performance, and fostering diversity and inclusivity. By considering factors such as job requirements and labor market conditions, organizations can design effective recruitment strategies. Methods like job postings, referrals, and interviews aid in identifying the right candidates. Moreover, addressing equal opportunities ensures fair and unbiased processes, promotes diversity, and prevents discrimination in recruitment and selection. By implementing these practices, organizations can build a talented and diverse workforce that contributes to their success and sustains a positive work environment.
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Based on recent published accounting and finance studies below: a. Hopkins et al. (2014) find that the ascension of lawyers to top management is associated with higher earning management, which ultimately reduces the shareholders' belief in the company. b. Dole et al. (2019) argue that the economic uncertainty condition aggravates the ability of analysts to accurately predict the company's future earnings. c. Fiordelisi and Ricci (2014) state that firms with aggressive corporate culture are associated with higher CEO turnover due to high expectation from the Board of Directors and majority shareholders. REQUIRED: Explain whether the studies above indicate a systematic or unsystematic risk of investing? Can those situations above be diversified and/or managed? Explain.
Studies show systematic and unsystematic risks in investing. Lawyers in top management and economic uncertainty impact earnings management, while aggressive corporate culture and CEO turnover indicate systematic risks. Diversified risks can be managed through appropriate risk management strategies.
The studies mentioned present a mix of systematic and unsystematic risks in investing. The ascension of lawyers to top management being associated with higher earnings management (study a) is an example of unsystematic risk.
This risk is specific to companies where lawyers hold key management positions, and it can potentially reduce shareholders' belief in the company's financial reporting integrity.
However, this risk can be mitigated through effective corporate governance practices, internal controls, and regulatory oversight.
The impact of economic uncertainty on analysts' ability to predict future earnings (study b) also represents an unsystematic risk.
Economic conditions and uncertainties can vary across industries and regions, affecting the accuracy of earnings predictions. Diversification across different sectors and geographies can help manage this risk by reducing exposure to a specific economic environment.
On the other hand, the relationship between aggressive corporate culture and CEO turnover (study c) suggests a systematic risk. A corporate culture that emphasizes aggressiveness may lead to higher expectations from the board of directors and majority shareholders, resulting in a higher turnover of CEOs.
This risk is not specific to individual companies but is applicable to firms with aggressive corporate cultures in general. To manage this risk, companies can focus on fostering a balanced and ethical corporate culture, setting realistic performance expectations, and providing appropriate support and guidance to their CEOs.
Overall, while some of the risks identified in the studies are specific to individual companies or economic conditions (unsystematic risks), others have broader implications (systematic risks).
Both types of risks can be diversified and managed through various strategies such as diversifying investments across different industries and regions, implementing effective risk management practices, and promoting good corporate governance.
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Crane Corporation is a machinery dealer whose shares trades on the T5X, and so it uses IFRS 16. Crane leased a machine to Ernst Ltd. on January 1,2020 . The lease is for a six-year period and requires equal annual payments of $24,743 at the beginning of each year. The first payment is received on January 1,2020. Crane had purchased the machine for its inventory during 2019 for $99,400. Collectibility of lease payments is reasonably predictable, and no important uncertainties exist about costs that have not yet been incurred by Crane. Crane set the annual rental amount to ensure an 10% rate of return. The machine has an economic life of six years, with no residual value, and reverts to Crane at the termination of the lease. Click here to view the factor table PRESENT VALUE OF 1. Click here to view the factor table PRESENT VALUE OF AN ANNUITY DUE. Using time value of money tables, a financial calculator, or Excel functions, calculate the amount of each of the following: (Round factor values to 5 decimal places, e.g. 1.25124 and final answers to 0 decimal places, e.g. 5,275.) Prepare all necessary journal entries for Crane for 2020. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter O for the amounts. Round answers to 0 decimal places, e.g. 5,275.)
The collectability of lease payments is reasonably predictable, and there are no significant uncertainties regarding future costs.
To calculate the necessary values, we need to determine the present value of the lease payments using the time value of money tables or financial calculator. Based on the 10% rate of return and the lease term, the present value factor for an annuity due is 4.35526. Multiplying this factor by the annual lease payment of $24,743 gives us a present value of $107,360 for the lease payments.
In 2020, Crane receives the first lease payment of $24,743 on January 1. Since the lease payments are made at the beginning of each year, the full amount can be recognized as revenue in 2020. Therefore, the journal entry for the lease payment would be as follows:
Debit: Cash $24,743
Credit: Lease Revenue $24,743
No entry is required for the machine cost or depreciation in 2020 since Crane has already recognized the full lease revenue for the year. The recognition of revenue and the corresponding lease payment in the journal entry reflect the economic substance of the lease transaction in accordance with IFRS 16.
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On August 1, 2021, Munchies Ltd. purchased 1,000 Datawave inc. common shares for $45,700 cash with the intention of trading the shares and using the fair value through profit or loss model. Datawave declared a dividend of $1 per common share, which Munchies received on December 28, 2021. On December 31, 2021, Munchies's year end, the shares' fair value was $50,000. Assume that the shares were sold on February 1, 2022. Record the sale under two different assumptions: (a) the shares sold for $47,900, and (b) the shares sold for $45,000. (List all debit entries before credit entries. Credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the occount titles and enter O for the amounts.) On August 1, 2021, Münchies Ltd. purchased 1,000 Datawave inc. cornmon shares for $45.700 cash with the intention of trading the shares and using the fair value through profit or loss model. Datawave declared a dividend of $1 per common share, which Munchies received on December 28, 2021. On December 31, 2021, Munchies's year end, the shares' fair value was $50,000. Assume that the shares were sold on February 1.2022. Record the sale under two different assumptions: (a) the shares sold for $47,900, and (b) the shares sold for $45,000. (Ulst all debit entries before credit entries. Credit occount titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent monuolly. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the occount titles and enter Ofor the amounts.
Previous question
On December 31, 2021, the fair value of the shares was $50,000. If the shares were sold on February 1, 2022 for $47,900, Munchies would record a gain of $2,200. If the shares were sold for $45,000, Munchies would record a loss of $5700.
The journal entries for the sale of the shares would be as follows:
If the shares sold for $47,900:
Cash 47,900
Trading Securities 45,700
Gain on Sale of Trading Securities 2,200
If the shares sold for $45,000:
Cash 45,000
Trading Securities 45,700
Loss on Sale of Trading Securities 700
The gain or loss on the sale of the shares is calculated as the difference between the fair value of the shares on the date of sale and the cost basis of the shares.
In this case, the cost basis of the shares is $45,700 ($45 per share * 1,000 shares).
The fair value of the shares on February 1, 2022 is
$47,900 ($47.90 per share * 1,000 shares).
Therefore, if the shares were sold for $47,900, Munchies would record a gain of $2,200.
The fair value of the shares on February 1, 2022 is $45,000 ($45 per share * 1,000 shares).
Therefore, if the shares were sold for $45,000, Munchies would record a loss of $5700.
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Thornton Trophies makes and sells trophies it distributes to fittle league ballplayers. The company normally produces and selis between 3,000 and 9,000 trophies per year. The following cost data apply
The table shows the total costs incurred, fixed costs, variable costs, and cost per unit for different levels of activity for Thornton Trophies.
The given question is related to accounting and cost data for Thornton Trophies, a company that makes and sells trophies it distributes to little league ballplayers. The question asks to complete a table by filling in the missing amounts for the levels of activity shown in the first row of the table. The following cost data apply to various activity levels:
- For 3,000 trophies:
- Total costs incurred: $108,000
- Fixed costs: $54,000
- Variable costs: $54,000
- Cost per unit: $36.00
- For 5,000 trophies:
- Total costs incurred: $150,000
- Fixed costs: $54,000
- Variable costs: $96,000
- Cost per unit: $30.00
- For 7,000 trophies:
- Total costs incurred: $198,000
- Fixed costs: $54,000
- Variable costs: $144,000
- Cost per unit: $28.29
- For 9,000 trophies:
- Total costs incurred: $252,000
- Fixed costs: $54,000
- Variable costs: $198,000
- Cost per unit: $28.00
The table shows the total costs incurred, fixed costs, variable costs, and cost per unit for different levels of activity. The missing amounts in the table have been filled in based on the given cost data and the formulas for calculating fixed costs, variable costs, and total costs.
Fixed costs are costs that do not vary with the level of activity, such as rent, salaries, and insurance. In this case, the fixed costs are $54,000, which is the same for all levels of activity.
Variable costs are costs that vary with the level of activity, such as materials, labor, and utilities. In this case, the variable costs are calculated by subtracting the fixed costs from the total costs incurred. For example, at the 5,000 unit level of activity, the variable costs are $96,000, which is calculated as $150,000 - $54,000 = $96,000.
Total costs are the sum of fixed costs and variable costs. In this case, the total costs are calculated by adding the fixed costs and variable costs. For example, at the 7,000 unit level of activity, the total costs are $198,000, which is calculated as $54,000 + $144,000 = $198,000.
Cost per unit is calculated by dividing the total costs by the number of units produced. In this case, the cost per unit is calculated by dividing the total costs by the number of trophies produced. For example, at the 3,000 unit level of activity, the cost per unit is $36.00, which is calculated as $108,000 / 3,000 = $36.00.
In conclusion, The missing amounts in the table have been filled in based on the given cost data and the formulas for calculating fixed costs, variable costs, and total costs.
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The complete question is:
Thornton Trophies makes and sells trophies it distributes to fittle league ballplayers. The company normally produces and selis between 3,000 and 9,000 trophies per year. The following cost data apply to various activity levels. Required Complete the preceding table by filing in the missing amounts for the levels of activity shown in the first row of the table. (Round your Intermediate calculations and per unit amounts to 2 decimal places.)
You are the financial director of WestCo Ltd, a company that is listed on the Alternative Exchange (AltX). Since listing on the exchange, the company has performed above market expectations and the company is considering listing on the JSE's main exchange in the near future. The board of directors have decided to embark on a plan of expansion, which will require an investment of R2 million. You have ascertained the following useful information:
1. When the company listed on the AltX, 500000 shares of R1 each were issued. The company plans to meet the dividend projections made in the prospectus by growing dividends by 10% per annum for the next two years and by a constant rate of 12% thereafter. The current dividend is R1 per share.
2. The average cost of equity for similar listed companies includes a risk premium of 8% and the beta of WestCo is approximately 1.25 times that of the market. The risk free rate is currently 5%.
3. WestCo has 100000 convertible preference shares in issue, each with a par value of R40 and a dividend rate of 7% per annum. The shareholders have an option to convert these preference shares into ordinary shares or to redeem the shares at a premium of 30% of par value in two years' time. The current return on similar preference shares is 11%.
4. The company has also issued 1000 debentures of R1000 each. There is no fixed redemption date and these securities carry a coupon rate of 20% per annum. The current return for this type of security is 15%.
5. The firm's target capital structure is 60% equity and 40% debt.
6. New investments are evaluated at a rate of 17%.
7. The current company tax rate is 28%.
Required:
Advise the company how the additional R2 million should be raised. All calculations that support your advice must be shown
To advise on how the additional R2 million should be raised, we need to consider the company's target capital structure and evaluate the various financing options available :
1) Equity Financing:
WestCo's target capital structure is 60% equity. Since the company plans to list on the JSE's main exchange, it can issue additional ordinary shares to raise funds. However, we need to calculate the cost of equity before considering this option.
2) Cost of Equity:
Risk-free rate = 5%
Equity risk premium = 8%
Beta = 1.25
Cost of equity = Risk-free rate + (Equity risk premium * Beta)
Cost of equity = 5% + (8% * 1.25)
Cost of equity = 5% + 10%
Cost of equity = 15%
Cost of issuing additional shares = Number of additional shares * Par value per share * Cost of equity
Cost of issuing additional shares = 2,000,000 shares * R1 * 15%
Cost of issuing additional shares = R300,000
Therefore, the cost of equity financing for the additional R2 million would be R300,000.
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Market Structure Analysis - Suggest how MyRepublic can compete
in the Singapore market based on the market structure for the
telecommunication retail market.
MyRepublic can strategically position itself to compete in the Singapore telecommunication retail market by focusing on differentiation and innovation. In a market structure that is typically characterized by a few dominant players, MyRepublic can differentiate itself by offering unique and innovative services to attract customers. By providing high-quality customer service, affordable pricing plans, and innovative products, MyRepublic can create a niche for itself in the market. Additionally, investing in advanced technologies and infrastructure can help the company deliver superior network coverage and speeds, giving it a competitive advantage over existing players. By continuously adapting to changing customer needs and preferences, MyRepublic can establish itself as a viable competitor in the Singapore telecommunication retail market.
In order to compete effectively in the Singapore telecommunication retail market, MyRepublic should focus on several key strategies. Firstly, the company should invest in building a strong and reliable network infrastructure to ensure seamless connectivity for its customers. This can be achieved by partnering with technology vendors and leveraging the latest advancements in telecommunications technology. Secondly, MyRepublic should develop innovative service offerings and pricing plans that cater to the specific needs and preferences of the Singaporean market. This can involve providing customized data and voice packages, offering bundled services, or introducing value-added services such as content streaming or cybersecurity solutions. Additionally, the company should prioritize customer experience by providing responsive customer support, simplified billing processes, and transparent communication. By differentiating itself through these strategies, MyRepublic can effectively compete against established players in the Singapore telecommunication retail market and attract a loyal customer base.
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In 1976, the state of Alaska established the Alaska Permanent Fund, valued at about $54 billion in 2015, which primarily uses the returns from investing the proceeds of the sale of oil to provide Alaska residents with dividends (averaging $1,365 over the past 15 years). The Permanent University Fund in Texas (valued at $17 billion in 2014) uses proceeds from the sale of oil leases and royalties on state land as endowment funds for several state universities. Assess these policies from the perspective of economic sustainability.
The Alaska Permanent Fund and Texas Permanent University Fund use oil investment profits to foster economic sustainability and benefit residents and institutions.
The Alaska Permanent Fund and Texas Permanent University Fund have promoted economic sustainability. Oil and gas leases and royalties have funded these programs for state people and education. Over the previous 15 years, the Alaska Permanent Fund has paid citizens $1,365 in dividends on oil sales. This approach has boosted Alaska's economy by allowing the state to give individuals more money. The Permanent University Fund in Texas uses proceeds from oil leases and royalties on state land to endow various state colleges. These funds support research, faculty, and facilities. It has allowed universities to focus on research and development, attracting investors to the state and encouraging economic sustainability.
Overall, both the Alaska Permanent Fund and the Permanent University Fund in Texas are policies that are aimed at promoting economic sustainability. They have provided both state residents and the education sector with funds derived from selling oil and gas leases and royalties. As a result, these initiatives have helped to boost the local economy, create jobs, and promote research and development in the state.
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Understanding Gen Z Consumer Behavior: HEAT LUXURY MYSTERY BOX At the start of 2022, luxury mystery box start-up, HEAT, announced a mind-blowing \$5-million seed round from Antler and LVMH Ventures. The company, which was launched in 2019, also gained the attention of the fashion industry when they disclosed that other investors backing their expansion included the Hermes family, Sven Aherns (of Spotify), Stefano Ross (of OTB), just to name a few. That the big players are paying attention says a lot about the remarkable success and potential of the mystery box concept. It also indicates that perhaps, this new disruptive model could also be the answer to many of the industry's current challenges. The communications team of HEAT writes: "The model was created as a solution to within the fashion eco-system to protect brand values and act as intermediary within the market, allowing brand to re-allocate stock to Gen-Z consumers through a mystery box model. HEAT was founded on an understanding that the fashion industry needs sustainable innovation." Consumers from the Gen-Z demographic are the prime drivers of sales for HEAT. As a brand created, developed and built by 20 -something founders Joe Wilkinson and Mario Maher, HEAT understands what makes the young consumer tick. Joe, who is the company's CEO, explains: "Our audience is predominantly Gen-Z and so is the team that built HEAT." He notes that those who are between the ages of 18 to 24 are typically more open to trying out different shopping models. "It's about experiences as much as transactions now-and the mystery box provides that. The excitement of opening it, the social share-ability of unboxing content and item reviews. It's about being part of the community and the interaction between that community as much as it's about the product." As far as mystery boxes go, there's really no telling what you'll get. From the point of view of someone who actually know who Forrest Gump is, it's like a box of chocolates. Decoding and deciphering flavors fit for a young market can be quite the balancing act. Joe expounds: "When we partnered only with retailers, we worked with them to handpick stock, which we thought was cool. Now we work with brand directly, curating our boxes around the trends in the market." Luxury brands that have filled the much-coveted HEAT Luxury Mystery Boxes include: Alexander McQueen, Off-White, JW Anderson, Maison Kitsune, Maisie Wilen, Nanushka, MMissoni, By Far, just to name a few. Every mystery box from HEAT comes with a return and exchange policy. And while tastes and preferences may vary widely, the company has only had a return rate of below 15%. Most online retailers have to deal with at return rate of least 40% "We're very selective with the product we put in the boxes, and make sure that every box we send, we'd be happy to receive ourselves. We also make sure that our brand partners understand that our boxes are a premium service and not a channel to offload stock." The HEAT promise, which the company has thus far upheld is that each box will contain luxury items "way beyond the value of what their paying for. Since it launched two years ago, HEAT has grown its community to 600,000 . The company has sold over 20,000 luxury boxes and more than 100,000 individual units of stock. Its performance, apart from drawing in substantial funding from key players, is telling of the future of retail. Joe affirms, "We are here to disrupt the traditional approach to luxury fashion. We'll be using this investment to create innovative and immersive e-commerce experiences implementing gamification, AI-driven personalization, and interactive drops all whilst driving sustainability." Relevant examples must be given in relation to the case studies. Question 3 (a) Explain TWO (2) strategies that can be used by marketers to increase consumers attention toward HEAT products. Include relevant examples to support your answer. ( 9 marks) (b) Imagine you are the HEAT marketing manager, discuss any THREE (3) approaches that can be used to increase consumer involvement with HEAT products. Provide relevant examples to support your answer.
(a) Two strategies that can be used by marketers to increase consumers' attention towards HEAT products are influencer marketing and personalized promotions. Influencer marketing involves collaborating with social media influencers who have a large following among the Gen-Z demographic and are likely to endorse HEAT products. For instance, HEAT could partner with fashion bloggers such as Emma Chamberlain and Rickey Thompson, who are popular among Gen-Z's and have loyal followers.
Personalized promotions involve offering targeted discounts and deals to customers who have previously purchased from HEAT or signed up for their newsletter. This would make customers feel valued and encourage them to continue engaging with HEAT.
For example, HEAT could offer discounts to customers who share their unboxing experience on social media or refer their friends to the brand.
(b) As the HEAT marketing manager, three approaches that can be used to increase consumer involvement with HEAT products are community building, experiential marketing, and sustainability initiatives. Community building involves creating a sense of belonging among HEAT customers. For instance, HEAT could organize meetups for customers in different cities or launch a private online forum where customers can interact and share ideas.
Experiential marketing involves creating immersive experiences that allow customers to engage with HEAT products in new and exciting ways. For example, HEAT could launch a pop-up shop that offers personalized styling sessions and exclusive merchandise. Sustainability initiatives involve promoting the brand's commitment to environmental and social responsibility.
For instance, HEAT could partner with environmental organizations or launch a sustainable fashion collection. These initiatives would help HEAT connect with customers who prioritize sustainability and social causes.
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Why is generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) important
to:
a. Accountants
b. Current Investors
c. Creditors
d. Customers
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are important to accountants, current investors, creditors, and customers because it provides a standardized framework for financial reporting, ensuring consistency, comparability, and transparency in financial statements.
Accountants: GAAP serves as the foundation for accounting practices and guidelines, providing a standardized framework that accountants follow in preparing financial statements. It ensures consistency and uniformity in financial reporting, allowing accountants to accurately record and present financial information.Current Investors: GAAP is important to current investors as it provides them with reliable and comparable financial information about companies. By adhering to GAAP, companies present their financial statements in a consistent and transparent manner, enabling investors to make informed decisions based on accurate and trustworthy information.Creditors: Creditors, such as lenders or suppliers, rely on GAAP-compliant financial statements to assess a company's financial health and creditworthiness. GAAP provides them with standardized information, allowing them to evaluate the company's ability to repay debts or fulfill financial obligations.Customers: Customers may indirectly benefit from GAAP compliance as it promotes transparency and accuracy in financial reporting. By adhering to GAAP, companies are more likely to provide reliable information regarding their financial stability and performance. This can enhance customer confidence in the company's reliability, longevity, and ability to deliver on contractual obligations.Overall, GAAP is important to accountants, current investors, creditors, and customers as it establishes a common set of standards for financial reporting, ensuring consistency, comparability, and transparency in the presentation of financial information.
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Option Adjusted Spread (OAS) analysis is very important in analyzing structured transactions. (13) 1. What is the process for calculation the option adjusted spread? (8) 2. Why is OAS analysis important? What is special about this form of analysis? (5)
The option-adjusted spread (OAS) is calculated by adjusting the discount rate until the present value of estimated cash flows matches the market price of a structured transaction. OAS analysis is important because it accounts for the value of embedded options, providing a more accurate measure of return and allowing for better evaluation and comparison of complex instruments.
1. The process for calculating the option-adjusted spread (OAS) involves the following steps:
a. Estimate the cash flows of the structured transaction, including both the fixed cash flows and the uncertain cash flows associated with embedded options.
b. Determine the present value of the estimated cash flows using a suitable discount rate. This discount rate is typically a risk-free rate plus a spread to account for the credit risk.
c. Adjust the discount rate iteratively until the present value of the estimated cash flows matches the market price of the structured transaction.
d. The difference between the adjusted discount rate and the risk-free rate is the option-adjusted spread.
2. OAS analysis is important in analyzing structured transactions, particularly those with embedded options, because it provides a more accurate measure of the return or yield of the investment. It takes into account the value of the embedded options and their impact on the cash flows and pricing of the instrument. This form of analysis is special because it allows investors to compare and evaluate structured transactions with different embedded options and cash flow patterns on a standardized basis. It helps investors assess the risk and return characteristics of these complex instruments and make more informed investment decisions. By incorporating the option-adjusted spread, investors can better understand the compensation they receive for taking on the additional risk associated with the embedded options in structured transactions.
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which of the following would be subject to the requirements pertaining to loan modifiers
Homeowners who are having difficulty making their mortgage payments and wish to avoid foreclosure may seek assistance from loan modifiers to negotiate with their creditors. A loan modification is a modification made to an existing loan's conditions by either the borrower or the lender that alters the terms of the agreement. A mortgage loan is typically the type of loan that loan modification services assist with, and as a result, it is subject to loan modification requirements. A loan modification service is designed to help homeowners who are having trouble making their mortgage payments, and as a result, it is subject to loan modification requirements.
Loan modification services are usually required to be licensed and bonded, and they must adhere to a variety of requirements depending on the state in which they operate. Borrowers' and lenders' expectations for the terms of the agreement are modified by loan modification services. A loan modification does not imply that the borrower is receiving a brand-new loan, but rather that they are renegotiating the terms of their existing loan.
The following would be subject to the requirements pertaining to loan modifiers:- Homeowners who have difficulty making their mortgage payments.- Those who want to avoid foreclosure.
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In your view, what are the two most important lessons for global
managers?
As a global manager, there are several lessons to learn to manage different cultures and global operations: Cultural Diversity Management and Effective communication.
However, two critical lessons that every global manager must be aware of are as follows:
Lesson 1: Cultural Diversity Management
Diversity management is crucial for global managers, as managing cross-cultural environments is a unique challenge. Every culture has its values, beliefs, and norms, which must be taken into account to ensure a smooth working environment. Understanding and respecting cultural diversity will help global managers to create a cohesive and inclusive working culture.
Managing and leading diverse teams is essential for business success. It is also essential to understand the culture of the countries where the company operates. A deep understanding of different cultures will help global managers to make informed decisions that align with the local customs and norms.
Lesson 2: Effective Communication
Effective communication is the key to the success of global businesses. Global managers must be able to communicate effectively with team members, stakeholders, and customers from different countries and cultural backgrounds. To communicate effectively with diverse groups, global managers must develop a deep understanding of cross-cultural communication techniques.
They must also be able to adapt their communication styles and language to fit the culture of their team members, stakeholders, and customers. Effective communication is also essential for building strong relationships with partners, stakeholders, and customers across the world. Clear and concise communication is necessary to ensure that all team members understand the vision and objectives of the company.In conclusion, global managers must learn and apply these two essential lessons - cultural diversity management and effective communication - to succeed in their roles and build thriving global businesses.
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Subject: Law of Commerce
Rebecca is a successful business woman who at the age of 45 has become a millionaire with assets worth over $35 million. She meets Aldo who moved to Melbourne six months ago from Brazil as a student and is currently studying at university. He lives in university accommodation. Being a student, he also has very few assets. His ability to speak English is also very limited. About three months after meeting each other, Rebecca and Aldo decide to get married and they set a date for their wedding. Aldo is really excited about starting a family with Rebecca and arranges for his family to come to Australia for his wedding. Rebecca wants Aldo to sign a pre-nuptial agreement before the wedding so that both parties are clear how her property will be distributed in the event of separation or death. Aldo has no idea about the agreement and its impact. Rebecca does an internet search and finds an article that states that a pre-nuptial agreement may not be valid due to lack of consent.
Rebecca is worried that the pre-nuptial agreement may not be valid due to lack of consent and seeks your advice as to how to make a valid agreement with Aldo without involving conduct which can be considered as undue influence or unconscionable conduct.
In your answer, please address the following elements:
Explain to Rebecca using your own words and relevant case law what undue influence and unconscionable conduct is. Use relevant cases.
Identify what factors in her relationship to Rocky may result in claims of undue influence and/or unconscionable conduct.
Suggest steps that can be taken by Reebcca to avoid undue influence and unconscionable conduct involved with the pre-nuptial agreement.
Note: Research is required to answer this question. The course materials WILL NOT be sufficient to complete an answer to this question. (600 words)
a) Undue influence refers to a situation where one party exerts pressure or influence on another party to enter into a contract.
b) Factors that may give rise to claims of undue influence and unconscionable conduct include the significant difference in wealth and assets between them.
c) To avoid undue influence and unconscionable conduct in the pre-nuptial agreement, Rebecca should Ensure Aldo has independent legal advice, Provide adequate time for consideration and maintain transparency.
a) Undue influence refers to a situation where one party exerts pressure or influence on another party to enter into a contract or agreement against their free will or without fully understanding the implications.
It involves taking advantage of the vulnerable position of the other party. Unconscionable conduct, on the other hand, refers to behavior that is so unfair or unreasonable that it goes against good conscience.
In the case of undue influence, the leading case of Johnson v Buttress (1936) established that undue influence can occur when one party has a dominant position over the other, exploiting their vulnerability. This can be seen in cases where there is a fiduciary relationship, such as between a lawyer and client or a doctor and patient.
Regarding unconscionable conduct, the case of Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983) established that it occurs when one party takes unfair advantage of the other's disability or disadvantage, resulting in an unconscionable transaction.
b) In Rebecca's relationship with Aldo, factors that may give rise to claims of undue influence and unconscionable conduct include the significant difference in wealth and assets between them, Aldo's limited understanding of English, his student status, and his reliance on Rebecca for accommodation and support.
c) To avoid undue influence and unconscionable conduct in the pre-nuptial agreement, Rebecca should take the following steps:
Ensure Aldo has independent legal advice: Rebecca should encourage Aldo to seek his own legal representation to fully understand the terms and implications of the agreement.
Provide adequate time for consideration: Rebecca should provide Aldo with sufficient time to review and understand the agreement, allowing him to seek clarification or advice if needed.
Maintain transparency: Rebecca should provide full and accurate disclosure of her assets, income, and financial situation to Aldo, ensuring he has a clear understanding of what he is agreeing to.
Encourage negotiation: Rebecca should be open to discussing and negotiating the terms of the agreement with Aldo to ensure a fair and mutually acceptable outcome.
Document the process: It is important to document the steps taken, including any discussions, advice sought, and amendments made to the agreement, to demonstrate that the process was fair and free from undue influence.
By following these steps, Rebecca can help ensure that the pre-nuptial agreement is entered into voluntarily, with full knowledge and understanding by both parties, reducing the risk of any claims of undue influence or unconscionable conduct.
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8. The impact of international capital flows Suppose that the following graph depicts the market for funds in the U5 credit market. The blue line, labeled D, represents the demand for funds. The supply curve labeled s
1
represents the supply curve of funds from American sources, with no foreign funds in the market. The supply curve labeled s
2
represents the supply curve of funds from both American and foreign sources. Without influence from foreign sources of funds, the long-term equilibrium interest rate is %. With influence from foreign funds, the longterm equilibrium interest rate is %. The following graph depicts the market for business investments in the United States. The green line represents the relationship between the longterm interest rate and the amount of business investments. Use the black point (plus symbol) to plot the point that represents the cambination of business investment and long-term interest rate that comes about when there is no influence from foreign funds. Then, use the grey point (star symbol) to plot the point that represents the combination of business investment and Iong-term interest rate when the influence from foreign funds is accounted for.
Without influence from foreign sources of funds, the long-term equilibrium interest rate is unknown. With influence from foreign funds, the long-term equilibrium interest rate is also unknown.
The given information does not provide specific numerical values for the equilibrium interest rates in either scenario. Therefore, it is not possible to calculate or determine the exact equilibrium interest rates without additional data.
Based on the information provided, we cannot determine the specific equilibrium interest rates in the presence or absence of foreign funds. The graph and description only provide a visual representation of the market for funds and business investments without any numerical values. To obtain the equilibrium interest rates, we would need more data, such as the specific demand and supply quantities at various interest rates or additional information on the relationship between interest rates and business investments.
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When foreign funds enter the U5 credit market, this increases the supply of funds, lowers long-term interest rates, and encourages business investments.
Explanation:The graph depicts the function of international capital flows on the U5 credit market. In the absence of foreign funds, the equilibrium interest rate is set by the intersection of the supply and demand curve, or where American sources of funds are willing to lend and American businesses are willing to borrow. This is represented by the blue line (D) and the first supply curve (S1).
When foreign funds are introduced to the market, the supply curve shifts rightwards, represented by the second supply curve (S2). This increase in supply reduces the long-term equilibrium interest rate. The green line on the second graph represents the rate of business investment. When interest rates are lower, businesses are more willing to borrow and invest, leading to an increase in business investment.
Thus, international capital flows have a significant impact on business investments and interest rates in the U5 credit market. This is illustrated by the shift from the black point (plus symbol), which represents the situation without foreign influence, to the grey point (star symbol), which represents the situation with foreign influence.
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Marcy Rumsfeld, a sales rep for Frontier Fencing, is at the part of the sales call when she is offering her solution to her prospect. This is which step in the selling process?
Group of answer choices
a. presentation
b. pre-approach
c. trial close
d. approach
e. close
a. Presentation. The step in the selling process where Marcy Rumsfeld, the sales rep for Frontier Fencing, is offering her solution to her prospect is the **presentation** stage.
During this stage, Marcy presents her product or solution to the prospect, highlighting its features, benefits, and how it addresses the prospect's needs or challenges. The presentation aims to create interest and demonstrate the value of the product or solution, showcasing how it can meet the prospect's requirements. It may involve product demonstrations, visuals, and persuasive communication to effectively convey the value proposition. The presentation step is crucial in conveying the unique selling points and value of the offering, building credibility, and influencing the prospect's decision-making process.
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Dividends versus Capital Gains If the market places the same value on $1 of dividends as on $1 of capital gains, then firms with different payout ratios will appeal to different clienteles of investors. One clientele is as good as another; therefore, a firm cannot increase its value by changing its dividend policy. Yet empirical investigations reveal a strong correlation between dividend payout ratios and other firm characteristics. For example, small, rapidly growing firms that have recently gone public almost always have payout ratios that are zero; all earnings are reinvested in the business. Explain this phenomenon if dividend policy is irrelevant.
such as in the case of small, rapidly growing firms with zero payout ratios, can be exThe strong correlation between dividend payout ratios and firm characteristics,plained even if dividend policy is considered irrelevant.
Firstly, small, rapidly growing firms often require significant capital investments to fund their expansion and growth initiatives. By retaining all earnings and reinvesting them in the business, these firms can finance their internal growth without relying on external financing, such as issuing new equity or debt. This allows them to maintain control and flexibility over their operations. Secondly, these firms may be in industries or sectors that are characterized by high growth potential but have lower or uncertain cash flows in the initial stages. By retaining earnings, they can build up cash reserves to support future investments and cushion against potential downturns or unforeseen expenses.
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Oriole Service Company’s net income for 2025 was $294400. At the end of the year, the company’s accounts receivable balance was $22300 higher than at the beginning of the year. The accounts payable balance was $8900 lower than at the beginning of the year and the company reported depreciation expense of $45000. Net cash provided by operating activities for the year is
Therefore, the net cash provided by operating activities for the year is $352,800.
The net cash provided by operating activities, we need to consider the changes in accounts receivable and accounts payable, as well as the depreciation expense.
Net cash provided by operating activities can be calculated using the indirect method by adjusting net income for non-cash items and changes in working capital.
Net income: $294,400
Depreciation expense: $45,000
Increase in accounts receivable: $22,300
Decrease in accounts payable: $8,900
Adjusted net income: Net income + Depreciation expense
Adjusted net income: $294,400 + $45,000 = $339,400
Changes in working capital: Increase in accounts receivable - Decrease in accounts payable
Changes in working capital: $22,300 - $8,900 = $13,400
Net cash provided by operating activities: Adjusted net income + Changes in working capital
Net cash provided by operating activities: $339,400 + $13,400 = $352,800
Therefore, the net cash provided by operating activities for the year is $352,800.
The net cash provided by operating activities represents the cash generated from the core operations of the business. It indicates the company's ability to generate cash flow from its day-to-day activities. In this case, Oriole Service Company had a net income of $294,400, which was adjusted by adding back the depreciation expense of $45,000 to account for its non-cash nature. Additionally, the increase in accounts receivable of $22,300 and the decrease in accounts payable of $8,900 are considered as changes in working capital.
By adding the adjusted net income and the changes in working capital, we arrive at the net cash provided by operating activities of $352,800. This indicates that Oriole Service Company generated $352,800 in cash from its operating activities during the year.
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In the approach portion of the presentation, prospect’s needs
are assessed and matched to the company’s products.
True
False
In the approach portion of the presentation, prospect’s needs are identified. This statement is true. During the approach portion of the presentation, the presenter greets the audience, establishes a rapport with the prospect, and seeks to identify the prospect’s needs.
The approach is the first stage of the sales presentation, where the seller introduces themselves to the prospect, creates a good impression, and finds out the prospect's needs.
At this stage, the seller should establish a positive relationship with the buyer by introducing themselves, welcoming the prospect, thanking them for the opportunity to speak with them, and acknowledging that the prospect's time is valuable.
A well-prepared approach is essential to create a positive impression and win the buyer's trust. It is a golden opportunity for the seller to make the buyer feel important and cared for. The approach portion of the presentation is critical since it sets the tone for the rest of the presentation.
When the seller has identified the prospect's needs, they will tailor their presentation to meet those specific requirements. The seller must be mindful of the prospect's body language, responses, and questions during the approach portion of the presentation, as this will provide valuable clues about what the prospect wants and needs.
By focusing on the prospect's needs, the seller will create a personalized approach, which can result in a better conversion rate.
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Determine whether the following represent examples of fiscal policy, monetary policy, or neither:
A. The government of Questville implements a business tax rebate plan
B. The central bank of Questville reduces interest on overnight repurchases agreements
C. The government of Questville implements new rules for the use of solar power
The government of Questville implements a business tax rebate plan:
This represents an example of fiscal policy.
policy refers to the use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy . In this case, the government is implementing a tax rebate plan, which involves adjusting taxes to provide incentives or support to businesses.
The central bank of Questville reduces interest on overnight repurchase agreements:
This represents an example of monetary policy. Monetary policy refers to the actions taken by the central bank to manage the money supply and interest rates to achieve specific economic goals. In this case, the central bank is reducing the interest rates on overnight repurchase agreements, which are short-term borrowing arrangements between the central bank and commercial banks. This is a monetary policy tool used to influence the availability of money and credit in the economy.
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Lia Inc. is considering an investment that has an expected return of 10% and a standard deviation of 45%. What is the investment's coefficient of variation? Do not round your intermediate calculations. Round the final answer to 2 decimal places.
(Multiple Choice)
a 0.22
b 4.5
c 5.0
d 0
e 0.26
The investment's coefficient of variation is approximately 4.50.
The coefficient of variation (CV) is a measure of risk-adjusted return and is calculated by dividing the standard deviation of an investment by its expected return. It helps compare investments with different levels of risk.
Given:
Expected return = 10%
Standard deviation = 45%
Coefficient of Variation (CV) = (Standard Deviation / Expected Return) * 100
CV = (45 / 10) * 100
CV = 450
Rounding the final answer to 2 decimal places:
CV ≈ 4.50
Therefore, the investment's coefficient of variation is 4.50, which corresponds to option (b).
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under the allowance method, to record the receipt of cash after an account has previously being written off, you would first:
Under the allowance method, to record the receipt of cash after an account has previously being written off, the first step would be to reverse the write-off by recording the amount as a recovery of the written-off account. This would involve debiting the bad debt recovery account and crediting the accounts receivable account for the same amount
Under the allowance method, a business assumes that some of its accounts will become uncollectible and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts to reflect this reality. This is achieved by recording an adjusting entry to debit the bad debt expense and credit the allowance for doubtful accounts.
The allowance for doubtful accounts is adjusted regularly based on past experiences, as well as other considerations such as the current economic environment and the creditworthiness of the customers.
The accounts that become uncollectible are written off by debiting the allowance for doubtful accounts and crediting the accounts receivable account. When a customer subsequently pays an account that had been written off, the business will need to record the cash receipt.
To record the receipt of cash after an account has previously been written off, the following steps should be taken:
First, reverse the write-off by recording the amount as a recovery of the written-off account. This would involve debiting the bad debt recovery account and crediting the accounts receivable account for the same amount. Second, record the receipt of cash by debiting the cash account and crediting the accounts receivable account.
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Describe Paul Krugman's views on New Trade Theory (see Is Free Trade Passe in this week's readings). Does trade lead to gains or losses? How does government intervention affect the outcome? How does this relate to the present political climate on trade?
Paul Krugman is an economist known for his work in international trade theory, including the development of NTT. Krugman's views on NTT suggest that trade can lead to gains, but only under certain conditions.
Specifically, Krugman argues that trade can lead to gains when there are economies of scale, learning by doing, and first-mover advantages. However, he also notes that trade can lead to losses when there are externalities, such as pollution or congestion, or when there are market failures, such as monopolies or incomplete information.
Regarding government intervention, Krugman suggests that it can be beneficial in certain cases, such as when it helps to correct market failures or promote positive externalities. However, he also notes that government intervention can be harmful when it distorts markets or creates inefficiencies.
In terms of the present political climate on trade, Krugman has been critical of protectionist policies, arguing that they are likely to do more harm than good. He has also been a vocal critic of the Trump administration's trade policies, which he views as misguided and harmful to the global economy.
Overall, Krugman's views on trade suggest that while trade can lead to gains under certain conditions, it is important to carefully consider the potential costs and benefits of trade and to implement policies that promote positive outcomes.
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Computing COGM and COGS Acronyms: The following cost information are gathered from Drusilla Inc. for the month ended June 30: BWIP Beginning Work-in-process inventory Costs of direct materials used in production process $1,250,000 EWIP Ending Work-in-process inventory Direct labor costs 1,100,000 BFG Beginning Finished Goods inventory Total costs of factory overhead 520,000 EFG Ending Finished Goods inventory Work-in-process inventory, June 1 418,000 Work-in-process inventory, June 30 375,000 Finished goods inventory, June 1 148,000 Finished goods inventory, June 30 137,000 Selling expenses 150,000 Adminsitrative expenses 80,000 Required: Determine the following: a. Costs of goods manufactured b. COGS c. Period costs Use the formats below to organize your data and compute your answer. Use Excel Formula. Solution a. COGM = BWIP + Manufacturing costs incurred - EWIP Work-in-process inventory, June 1 Manufacturing costs incurred: Costs of direct materials used in production process Direct labor costs Total costs of factory overhead Total manufacturing costs in process Work-in-process inventory, June 30 COGM Solution b. COGS = BFG + COGM - EFG BFG Plus COGM Equals Costs of goods available for sale (COGAS) Less EFG equals Costs of goods sold Solution c. Period costs = Selling costs + administrative costs Computing COGM and COGS Compute the missing items from the COGM data for January and February: January February Beginning WIP 155000 ? Manufacturing costs incurred in the period 1325000 ? Total Manufacturing costs in the process ? 1520000 Ending WIP 165000 ? COGM ? 1395000 Fill your answers in the table below: January February Beginning WIP Manufacturing costs incurred in the period Total Manufacturing costs in the process Ending WIP COGM EX.15-16: Statement of Costs of Goods Manufactured (COGM) and Costs of Goods Sold (COGS) Cost data for Sanusky Manufacturing Company for the month ended January 31 are as follows: Inventories January 1 January 31 Materials (RM) $180,000 $145,500 Work in process (WIP) 334,600 290,700 Finished Goods (FG) 675,000 715,000 Direct labor $2,260,000 Materials purchased during January 1,375,000 Factory overhead incurred during January: Indirect labor 115,000 Machinery deprecistion 90,000 Heat, light and power 55,000 Supplies 18,500 Property taxes 10,000 Miscellaneous costs 33,100 Required: 1. Prpare a COGM Statement for Janurary. 2. Determine the COGS for January. Use the formats below to organize your data and compute your answer. Use Excel Formula. Solution: 1 Sanusky Manufacturing Company Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured For the Month Ended January 31 RM/FOH Costs added COGM Beginning WIP Direct materials Beginning RM RM purchased Costs of RM available for use less Ending RM Cost of RM used Direct labor Factory overhead (FOH) Indirect labor Machinery deprecistion Heat, light and power Supplies Property taxes Miscellaneous costs Total costs of FOH Total manufacturing costs incurred in period Total manufacturing costs in the process Less Ending WIP Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM) Solution: 2 Beginning Finished Goods inventory Plus COGM Equals Costs of goods available for sale Less Ending Finished Goods inventory COGS PR 15-5A: Statement of Costs of Goods Manufactured (COGM) and Income Statement for a manufacturing Company B. COGS The following information is available for Robstown Corporation for 20YY: A. COGM Statement Robstown Corporation Robstown Corporation Statement of Cost of Goods Sold Inventories January 1 December 31 Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured For the Year Ended December 31, 20YY Raw Materials (RM) $44,250 $31,700 For the Year Ended December 31, 20YY $ Work in process (WIP) $63,900 $80,000 RM/FOH Coss added COGM Finished Goods (FG) $101,200 $99,800 Other Expenses Advertising expense $400,000 Depreciation expense - office equipment $30,000 Depreciation expense - factory equipment $80,000 C. Income Stement Direct labor $1,100,000 Robstown Corporation Heat, light and power - factory $53,300 IncomeStatement Indirect labor $115,000 For the Year Ended December 31, 20YY Material purchased $556,600 $ $ $ Office salaries expense $318,000 Property taxes - factory $40,000 Property taxes - office building $25,000 Rent expense - factory $27,000 Sales $3,850,000 Sales salaries expense $200,000 Supplies - factory $9,500 Miscellaneous costs -factory $11,400 Required: Prepare the following for Robstown for the year ended December 31, 20YY. A. COGM Statement B. COGS C. Income statement.
The COGM based on the information will be:
Work-in-process inventory, June 1 $418,000
Manufacturing costs incurred:
* Costs of direct materials used in production process $1,250,000
* Direct labor costs $1,100,000
* Total costs of factory overhead $520,000
Total manufacturing costs in process 3,288,000
Work-in-process inventory, June 30 375,000
COGM $2,913,000
How to explain the informationb. COGS
BFG $148,000
COGM 2,913,000
- EFG 137,000
COGS $2,838,000
c. Period costs
Selling costs $150,000
Administrative costs $80,000
Period costs $230,000
A. COGM Statement
Sanusky Manufacturing Company
Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured
For the Month Ended January 31
RM/FOH Costs added COGM
Beginning WIP $334,600
Direct materials $1,375,000
Beginning RM $180,000
RM purchased 1,195,000
Costs of RM available for use 1,375,000
- Ending RM 145,500
Cost of RM used 1,230,000
Direct labor 2,260,000
Factory overhead (FOH)
* Indirect labor 115,000
* Machinery deprecistion 90,000
* Heat, light and power 55,000
* Supplies 18,500
* Property taxes 10,000
* Miscellaneous costs 33,100
157,600
Total costs of FOH 382,600
Total manufacturing costs incurred in period 4,842,600
Total manufacturing costs in the process 5,177,200
- Ending WIP 290,700
Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM) $4,886,500
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