Specific monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells, which form when B lymphocytes and myeloma cells combine.
How are hybridoma cells produced and give rise to monoclonal antibodies?Hybridoma or phage-display technology can be used to make monoclonal antibodies. In order to elicit an immunological response, a mouse is first immunized using a specific antigen in hybridoma technique. In hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) media, B cells from the spleen of the immunized mice are isolated and united with myeloma cells that have undergone immortalization. Myeloma cells are specifically chosen to be HAT-sensitive and non-antibody secreting. Hybridomas, the resulting fusion product, secrete antibodies and are immortal.
Unfused B cells also perish since they are not immortal and cannot survive in the HAT mixture with unfused myeloma cells. Then, these hybridomas are diluted into single cell wells and put through an antibody screening process. These cloned B cells generate particular monoclonal antibodies.
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The ability for an enzyme to change its shape upon substrate binding represents the concept of:________
Answer:
The specific reaction of an enzyme depends on its active sites, which has shapes that closely matches the shape of its substrates. Upon substrate binding, the enzyme changes shape slightly in a way that allows the chemical reaction to happen more readily, thus reducing the activation energy of the reaction.
Explanation:
Bacteria and archaea that reduce nitrate or sulfate so that they can incorporate the nitrogen or sulfur atom into an organic molecule are performing _________ reduction. By contrast, when nitrate or sulfate are used as terminal electron acceptors, bacteria and archaea are performing _________ reduction.
Bacteria and archaea that reduce nitrate or sulfate so that they can incorporate the nitrogen or sulfur atom into an organic molecule are performing sulfur reduction. On the other hand, when nitrate or sulfate are used as terminal electron acceptors, bacteria and archaea are performing a nitrate reduction.
What is Anaerobic respiration?Anaerobic respiration is the formation of ATP without oxygen. This method still incorporates the respiratory electron transport chain, but without using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Instead, molecules such as sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3–), or sulfur (S) are used as electron acceptors.
With this information, we can conclude that Nitrate is a better electron acceptor than sulfate
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What sort of instructional outcome is mr. bevins seeking to accomplish when he wants his biology students to ""develop a sincere respect for the scientific process""?
The instructional outcomes are lacking but they may be associated with affective outcomes that allow them to develop a respect for the scientific process.
What is the scientific process?The scientific process is a series of steps by which it is possible to collect empirical evidence by testing hypotheses.
The affective outcomes associated with respect to the scientific process involve a real understanding of the importance of this process in our daily lives.
In conclusion, the instructional outcomes that Mr. Bevins seeks for his students are lacking but they may be associated with affective outcomes that allow them to develop a respect for the scientific process.
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A benefit of parental care is ___________, while a disadvantage is ___________.
A. symbiosis, parasitism
B. increased survival, high cost of time and energy
C. group behavior, feeding the group
D. incubation of eggs, less young can be raised
6. what structural modification of certain tubule cells enhances their ability to reabsorb substances from filtrate?
The presence of dense microvilli in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule enhances their ability to reabsorb substances from the filtrate. This structure is also called brush border epithelium.
What is tubular reabsorption?The movement of water and solutes from the proximal convoluted tubule back into the bloodstream is called tubular reabsorption.
Water and solutes from the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) are transported to the bloodstream in bulk and thus most of the reabsorption occurs via the PCT.
These tubules reabsorb about 60% of water and 90% of bicarbonate. They also reabsorb almost 100% of the glucose and amino acids.
This reabsorption takes place by two routes. First is the paracellular route in which solutes move between cells via the intracellular route. Second is the transcellular route in which solutes move through the cells.
Therefore, the structural modification helping the proximal convoluted tubule cells to enhance their ability to reabsorb substances from filtrate is the presence of microvilli.
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The nariokotome boy discovered at lake turkana (homo erectus) has modern human traits such as?
The nariokotome boy discovered at lake turkana (homo erectus) has modern human traits such as shorter arms and longer legs than those of earlier hominids.
What is hominid?The Hominidae, which includes eight living species in four genera Pongo, Gorilla, Pan, and Homo of which only modern humans are still living are classified as big apes or hominids in taxonomy.Any member of the family (Hominidae) of erect bipedal primate mammals, which also includes extinct ancestors and related species as well as modern humans and, in some classifications, big apes.The family that includes all living and extinct great apes.The primary distinction between hominid and hominin is that the former refers to the family to which humans belong while the latter refers to the level of the tribe to which humans belong. In between the subfamily and genus is the tribe level.Bipedal and with large brains, hominids. In order to walk upright, they have developed a number of skeletal adaptations, including curved vertebrae and inclined femurs.
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The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are usually a result of?
The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are usually a result of the sinking of oil tankers.
An oil spill is a type of pollution that occurs when a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon is released into the environment, particularly the marine ecology.
Oil releases into the sea or coastal waterways are generally referred to as marine oil spills, however land-based spills are also possible.
Oil spills can result from crude oil discharges from tankers, sinking of oil tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs, and wells as well as refined petroleum products (like gasoline and diesel) and their byproducts, heavier fuels used by big ships like bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily waste or garbage.
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What class of mutations do you think would be less likely to lead to cf? explain your reasoning
Class IV and Class V mutations would be less likely to lead to Cystic Fibrosis (CF).
Class IV mutation or Conduction mutation involves reduced chloride conductance. It changes the shape of the protein channel so that chloride cannot move easily in and out of the cells. Less than 3% of people with cystic fibrosis in Europe have this type of mutation.
Class V or Insufficient Protein mutation is associated with reduced protein levels. It results in a reduction in the amount of CFTR protein produced by the cells. Less than 3% of people with cystic fibrosis in Europe have this type of mutation.
These two classes of mutations cause a milder reduction in CFTR function.
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The absorption of carbon dioxide from plants can be analyzed via satellite as shown in the image below. In the image below, green represents land areas where carbon dioxide is being absorbed, and blue represents sea areas where carbon dioxide is being absorbed. The darker the color, the more carbon that location absorbs each year.
In this world map, land areas are colored green and ocean areas are colored blue. The greener or bluer the location, the more carbon that location absorbs each year. Location A is very green.
Public Domain
What can you conclude about Location A?
The carbon is causing climate change in this zone.
There is little carbon being released by decomposers.
The carbon is sinking into long-term storage as a result of combustion.
There is a large amount of carbon being absorbed through photosynthesis.
The conclusion which is most valid about location A according to the description of the image is that; There is a large amount of carbon being absorbed through photosynthesis.
What is Photosynthesis?The simple definition of photosynthesis indicates that it is a food-production process of green plants in which case, Carbon is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released.
Hence, since the location A is ascertained to be very green, it follows from the description in the task content that location A has a large amount of carbon being absorbed through photosynthesis as most plants are on land.
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What was the main goal of the human genome project (hgp)? see concept 21.1 (page)
The main goal of the human genome project(hgp) is to identify the nucleotide sequence of the whole human genome and map all of the human genes.
To identify the DNA sequence of the entire human genome, researchers from around the world collaborated on the Human Genome Project (hgp).
Sequencing the entire genome. Identification of the complete human genome are some other goals for human genome project.
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international, cooperative research initiative with the aim of completely mapping and comprehending every human gene. Our "genome" is the collective name for all of our genes.
The Human Genome Project located the entire human gene pool, sequenced them all, and identified some alleles, notably those that, in the event of a mutation, are capable of causing disease.
Genes may be mapped in relation to other genes or to the physical characteristics of the chromosome.
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When a newborn takes its first breath, what physical changes occur in the heart to increase oxygenation of the infant’s blood?
The scientist tests each sample three ties, explain why it is important to do this
A scientist conducts 3 ties for a sample in a particular experiment. Because an experiment starts with a set of observations which might change due to some factors. So in order to conclude a concrete hypothesis it is a important process.
What is an experiment?An experiment is a scientific process to discover something , test a hypothesis on it and make some observations on that subject. A scientific study can only be possible by performing different kinds of experiments. Scientists can perform and verify the experiment in numerous ways. There are different studies of science which give exposure to numerous scientific fields. The different parts of science are chemistry , biology , physics and many more. Different observations are made on an experiment. You can always explore something new in this field. Scientist propose hypothesis for a phenomenon. There are 3 different types of hypothesis are : simple, complex and directional hypothesis.
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You have a vial that contains 1000 bacteria. after boiling for 3 minutes, there are only 500 living bacteria remaining in the sample. what is the decimal reduction time for boiling this organism?
The decimal reduction time for boiling this organism is 5.4 minutes.
The number of minutes exposure to a specified temperature required to reduce viable bacteria by 90% is known as the D-value (decimal reduction time). Thirdly, the concept of decimal reduction time (DRT or D value) is connected to bacterial heat resistance. DRT is the amount of time, in minutes, That it takes for 90% of a population of bacteria to be destroyed at a particular temperature.In terms of usefulness, this measurement is crucial for determining how well bacteria are inactivated by heat under various settings, particularly when preparing and preserving food.Total bacteria = 1000
500 bacteria die in 3 minutes
1000 bacteria will die in 6 minutes
90% of 1000 = 900
900 bacteria will die in = 900 X 3/500
= 27/5
= 5.4 minutes
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Assuming dragon genetics follows the same rules as fruit flies, what ratio of genotypes would you expect if the genes were not linked? (remember you are crossing ffbb x ffbb)
Assuming dragon genetics follow the same rules as fruit flies, we would get the same possible genotype for all 16 offspring provided that the genes are not linked.
Considering dragon genetics, flame eyes (F) are dominant to blue eyes (f) and burbling (B) is dominant to whistling (b).
Now, a dihybrid cross between two homozygous blue-eyed, whistling dragons will yield 16 offspring all with the same possible genotype .i.e. homozygous blue-eyed, whistling type.
Morgan through experiments on fruit flies observed that when the two genes in a dihybrid cross were situated on the same chromosome, the proportion of parental gene combination were much higher than the non-parental type.
He attributed this due to the physical association or linkage of the two genes and coined the term 'linkage' to describe the physical association of genes on a chromosome. The term 'recombination' is to describe the generation of non-parental gene combination.
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explain the
consequences of allowing a scientist to withhold
information from other scientists and the public.
If the silicate to carbonate conversion process was to increase over a period of millions of years, how would this affect volcanism? why?
The silicate and carbonate geochemical cycle which is also known z inorganic carbon cycle.That describe the long-term transformation of silicon rocks to carbonate rocks by weather and sedimentation over a period of time.
This transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicate rocks by the process of metamorphosis and volcanism. Carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere during burial of weather minerals and which return to the atmosphere through volcanism.
After one millions of years , the silicate and carbonate cyclic process is controlling the earth's climate because it regulating the carbon-dioxide levels and global temperature. The rate of silicate weathering shows the climate is cool, causing CO2 to increase and warming the surface through the greenhouse effect.
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When is the genome of hiv transcribed and translated to produce new rna genomes, as well as proteins necessary for the assembly of new virions?
The HIV genome transcribs and translats to produce new rna genomes and the proteins required for the construction of new virions once the viral RNA has been transcribed into host DNA and integrated into a chromosome.
Stages of HIV Life Cycle:
When surface of the host cell and HIV merge, the virus's genome and proteins are subsequently transported into the cell via a capsid. The HIV protein known as reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into DNA as the capsid shell breaks down. The viral DNA is carried across the nucleus, where it is incorporated into the host's DNA by the HIV protein. Multiple copies of fresh HIV RNA are created from multiple copies of HIV DNA by the host's regular transcription machinery. While the cell uses other copies of the RNA to create new HIV proteins, some of this RNA becomes the genome of a new virus. A new, immature HIV emerges when the fresh viral RNA and HIV proteins reach the cell's surface. The HIV protein known as protease cleaves freshly generated polyproteins to create a fully infectious virus after the virus is finally expelled from the cell.Learn more about the Viral replication with the help of the given link:
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Ecologist mark is trying to identify the type of pollution that caused excessive algae growth on a river and killed fishes and plants. which type of pollution caused this situation?
Nutrient pollution is the process where too many nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, are added to bodies of water and can act like fertilizer, causing excessive growth of algae.
Factors influencing Nutrient pollution and their effects:
Excessive amounts of nutrients can lead to more serious problems such as low levels of oxygen dissolved in the water. Severe algal growth blocks light that is needed for plants, such as seagrasses, to grow. When the algae and seagrass die, they decay. In the process of decay, the oxygen in the water is used up and this leads to low levels of dissolved oxygen in the water. This, in turn, can kill fish, crabs, oysters, and other aquatic animals.Nutrients come from a variety of different sources. They can occur naturally as a result of weathering of rocks and soil in the watershed and they can also come from the ocean due to mixing of water currents. Scientists are most interested in the nutrients that are related to people living in the coastal zone because human-related inputs are much greater than natural inputs. Because there are increasingly more people living in coastal areas, there are more nutrients entering our coastal waters from wastewater treatment facilities, runoff from land in urban areas during rains, and from farming.All of these factors can lead to increased nutrient pollution.To learn more about nutrient pollution: https://brainly.com/question/23857736
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When more water is needed in the bloodstream, the __________ releases antidiuretic hormone.
The pituitary gland releases the antidiuretic hormone when more water is needed in the bloodstream.
Pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland which is located at the base of the brain and is vital for the development, growth as well as the functioning of the endocrine glands of the body.
Whenever, more water is needed in the bloodstream, the pituitary glands releases the antidiuretic hormone or the ADH. This hormone is produced naturally in the hypothalamus and helps in the constriction of the blood vessels and also helps the kidneys to regulate the amount of water as well as salts in the body.
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As plasma co2 levels increase, the o2-hb dissociation curve shifts to the ________ indicating a _________ o2 affinity. group of answer choices
As Plasma CO₂ levels increase, the O₂ Hb Dissociation curve shifts to the Right indicating a Decrease in O₂ affinity.
According to the Oxygen- Dissociation curve, the graph shifts to the right which indicates that the CO₂ level in the plasma has increased which leads to O₂ dissociation i.e. decrease in Oxygen affinity. Some other factors that affect O₂ dissociation cure are as follows:
High temperatureHigh CO₂Low O₂High H+ concentrationAccording to the Oxygen- Association curve, the graph shifts to the left which indicates that the CO₂ level in the plasma has decreased which leads to O₂ association. Some other factors that affect O₂ association cure are as follows:
Low temperatureLow CO₂High O₂Low H+ concentrationThese are called as Bohr's Shift Curves for Oxygen.
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What mechanism of evolution would tend to favor adaptations that reduce competition between species living in the same place?.
Natural selection mechanism of evolution would tend to favor adaptations that reduce competition between species living in the same place.
According to the theory of natural selection, features that may be passed down enable animals to adapt to their environment more effectively than other members of their own species. As a result, the species evolves because it can survive and reproduce better than other members of the species. One of the mechanisms or causes of evolution is natural selection. Physical or behavioral characteristics that help an organism fit in with its surroundings are called adaptations. Random mutations result in heritable variation.Natural selection may result in speciation, the process by which one species gives rise to another that is utterly separate. It is one of the mechanisms that propels evolution and contributes to the understanding of the variety of life on Earth.learn more about Natural selection here: https://brainly.com/question/524043
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Describe the structure and function of mirna, snrna, and lncrna, which represent the three major types of noncoding rnas; what are four mechanisms by which lncrna molecules are thought to regulate cellular processes?.
Non-coding RNAs are a large family of RNAs that are not coding for known proteins.
microRNAs(miRNA):
MicroRNAs are 18–24 nucleotide short RNA transcripts that control translational gene expression. The majority of miRNAs are synthesized from DNA sequences into precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs), main miRNAs (pri-miRNAs), and mature miRNAs. miRNAs interact with the 3′ UTR of target mRNAs to suppress expression.Small nuclear RNAs(snRNA):
The typical length of a snRNA is 150 nucleotides. snRNAs are found in eukaryotic cells in the Cajal bodies and splicing speckles of the cell nucleus. Either RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III transcribes them.Long noncoding RNAs(lncRNA):
The three domains of the lncRNA are structured into a modular structure with 12 helices, 8 terminal loops, 5 sizable internal loops, and a five-way junction. lncRNA are epigenetic regulators by modulating histone or DNA modification, primarily methylation and acetylation, and control epigenetic modification primarily in the nucleus, which controls gene transcription at the transcriptional level.They regulate cellular processes by (i)chromatin remodeling, (ii) preventing the activity of particular transcription factors, (iii), blocking the promoter area of particular genes, (iv), building double-stranded RNA complexes with mRNA or miRNAs, and finally causing gene expression.Learn more about the Types of RNA with the help of the given link:
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In the electron transport chain, protons are pumped from where to where in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells?
In the electron transport chain, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, and oxygen is reduced to form water.
The energy derived from the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain is used to pump protons, as a result, an electrochemical gradient is generated, consisting of a proton gradient and a membrane potential.
The energy created by the formation of this gradient is then harnessed to form ATP as the protons travel down their gradient into the matrix through the ATP synthase channel.
The electron transport and ATP production occur simultaneously and are tightly coupled.
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Collecting tubules merge to form the ducts of bellini.
a. true
b. false
It is true that the collecting tubules merge to form the ducts of Bellini.
Papillary ducts or collecting ducts or the renal collecting tubules were formerly known as the ducts of Bellini. They are structures which are present in the distal portion of the collecting ducts in our kidneys.
These ducts are formed when collecting tubules merge. They receive the renal filtrate, which is the precursor to urine, from a number of medullary collecting ducts and it empties into a minor calyx. These ducts regulate the reabsorption of water and also balances the electrolytes.
Hence option a is the correct option.
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Good sources of riboflavin include:______
a) milk, meats, and green vegetables.
b) refined grains and pork.
c) citrus fruits and berries.
d) potatoes, carrots, and bananas.
Good sources of riboflavin includes is milk , meats, and green vegetables.Riboflavin is a dietary supplement which is also called as vitamin B2, found in food.
It is essential for proper development of the skin, lining of digestive tract, blood cells, and brain function. Its involved in many function in human body. Riboflavin used to prevent deficiency for migraine and high levels of homo-cysteine in the blood.
Deficiency Riboflavin caused fatigue, swollen,throat,blurred vision, and depression. It can be affect skin which caused skin crack , itching and around the mouth dermatitis.Vitamin B2 helps human body to build red blood cells and supportive functions which gives energy.
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Understand the meaning of critical thinking.
Practice thinking skills at the "evaluate" level of Bloom's Taxonomy.
500 words
Answer:
BALLI BALLI VİSKİ YENGRNİZ HEYCANLI
Explanation:
İSA MUSA SEN BİZİ KUTSA
The role of the liver in waste removal is to:
A. Filter urea out of the blood and into the bladder.
B. Filter excess salt and water out of the blood.
C. Break down dead cell into carbon dioxide to be expelled by
the lungs.
D. Break down excess amino acids and ammonia into urea.
D
Explanation:
kidneys are used to filter blood..... removal of water, urea and excess salts
The role of the liver in waste removal is to filter urea out of the blood and into the bladder. Thus, option A is correct.
What is liver and its function?The liver is a very important organ of human body and the weight of liver is 1.5 kg and width of liver is 15 cm. The colour of liver is reddish - brown.
The main functions of liver are it carries out the function of protein's metabolism and it excretes bile and it is also responsible for excreting cholesterol, hormones, bilirubin and drugs.
The liver also stores vitamins, glycogen, and minerals so it the center of storage also.
As liver is a very important organ so to maintain it's health a person have to maintain a healthy weight, take a balanced diet, regular exercise, avoiding toxins, and less use of alcohol leads to keep the liver safe and healthy.
Therefore, the role of the liver in waste removal is to filter urea out of the blood and into the bladder. Thus, option A is correct.
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Most lipids are ; this property causes lipids to be in the bloodstream. lipoproteins form complexes for transport through the bloodstream by surrounding lipids with phospholipids and proteins
Most lipids are nonpolar. This property causes lipids to be water-insoluble in the bloodstream. Lipoproteins form water-soluble complexes for transport through the bloodstream by surrounding nonpolar lipids with polar phospholipids and proteins .
A central hydrophobic core of non-polar lipids, predominantly cholesterol esters and triglycerides, makes up the complex particles known as lipoproteins. Since lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides are not soluble in water, they must be carried in the bloodstream along with proteins called lipoproteins.
These lipoproteins are essential for the small intestine to absorb and transport dietary lipids, for lipids to travel from the liver to peripheral tissues, and for lipids to travel from peripheral tissues to the liver and intestine.
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Which response would the nruse provide to the mother questionining why her teenage daughter was foolish and became pregnant?
"Although teenagers can intellectually discuss birth control, they don't believe that they will become pregnant."
Teenagers are capable of cognitively understanding the risk of unprotected sex but often believe themselves invulnerable, which leads to risk-taking behaviours.
Sexual activity may be impulsive, which is not conducive to a discussion; also, adolescents who are developing their sense of sexuality may feel too insecure to raise this discussion.
Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy. Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth control only became available in the 20th century. Planning, making available, and using birth control is called family planning. Some cultures limit or discourage access to birth control because they consider it to be morally, religiously, or politically undesirable. The term birth control is a bit of a misnomer since abortion is not regularly considered under the term.
In teenagers, pregnancies are at greater risk of poor outcomes. Comprehensive sex education and access to birth control decreases the rate of unwanted pregnancies in this age group. While all forms of birth control can generally be used by young people, long-acting reversible birth control such as implants, IUDs, or vaginal rings are more successful in reducing rates of teenage pregnancy. After the delivery of a child, a woman who is not exclusively breastfeeding may become pregnant again after as few as four to six weeks. Some methods of birth control can be started immediately following the birth, while others require a delay of up to six months. In women who are breastfeeding, progestin-only methods are preferred over combined oral birth control pills. In women who have reached menopause, it is recommended that birth control be continued for one year after the last period.
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Which ones of these depict conditioning:?
A frequent heroin user experiences euphoria upon injecting any liquid
A faint buzzing becomes more annoying and apparent as it continues
Becoming less scared of bees after a colony builds a hive on your house
The unpleasantness of smelling durian fruit for the first time
Learning to duck after you get slapped in the face
The correct option for conditioning is (e) Learning to duck after you get slapped in the face
A conditioning occurs with increasing regularity in a clearly defined and stable environment, or a given stimulus (or signal) becomes increasingly effective at evoking the desired response. The result will depend on the kind of reinforcement applied.
Human responses can be conditioned by objects and situations, just as Ivan Pavlov discovered that animals can learn through classical conditioning. Imagine hearing a whistle in addition to the aroma of your favourite food. Even though the whistle has nothing to do with the smell of the food, if it were repeatedly coupled with the smell, the whistling sound would eventually cause the conditioned reaction.
Therefore, The correct option for conditioning is (e) Learning to duck after you get slapped in the face
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