High frequency vibration is sensed by muscle spindles which initiates a contraction in the surrounding muscle tissue because muscle spindles are falsely detecting a change in length.
Functionally, muscle spindles are stretch detectors. Vibration can cause muscle lengthening and shortening, potentially resulting in increased muscle tension due to a stretch reflex.
When a muscle is stretched, this change in length is transmitted to the spindles and their intrafusal fibers which are subsequently similarly stretched.
The responses of muscle spindles regulate the contraction of muscles, by activating motor neurons via the stretch reflex to resist muscle stretch.
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Differentiation is a fundamental process in the development of multicellular organisms. Looking at the lecture notes online for this class, what is the specific model system that we will use as an example of differentiation?.
The specific model system that will be used as an example of differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum.
What is Dictyostelium discoideum?Development of the Dictyostelium starts with the gathering of free-living amoebae, which quickly organize into a very straightforward creature with a few different cell types.In concerted cell type differentiation and morphogenesis, a fruiting body is ultimately produced that permits spore dissemination. Our understanding of fundamental developmental mechanisms is changing as a result of research into these processes.Due to the accessibility of biochemical and molecular genetics techniques, it has been possible to identify intricate signaling networks that are crucial for Dictyostelium growth and are also conserved in other organisms.cAMP levels in both intracellular and extracellular are crucial for controlling a variety of signal transduction pathways at every stage of Dictyostelium development.
Hence, Dictyostelium discoideum is used as an example.
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research on dengue virus according to biological method
Answer:
diagnose dengue, including detection of the dengue virus, viral RNA, viral antigens, and antibodies against the virus in the patient's blood or tissues (Figure 1). The virus can be detected in the blood for only four to five days after the onset of symptoms.9. Technology can bring both good and bad things. Building a vertical farm can increase food
supplies in cities (good), but it may cause unemployment in rural areas (bad). Give another
example of both the good and bad sides of a technological advancement
Positive effects of Technology. Less expense, better efficiency, contact channels, increase in networks, etc. Negative effects of Technology. Social isolation, job loss, adverse health effects, scams, etc.
What are the positive effects of technological advancement?In addition to enhancing business strategy, technology has also made trade easier, more effective, and more cost-efficient. In the days before the Internet, businesses were limited to running ads in newspapers and magazines. If they had the funding, they could run ads on TV or radio as well.
Examples of such new technologies contain carbon capture and storage systems, more efficient irrigation techniques, essential medicines, household water purification machines, and manufacturing processes that minimize destruction and corruption
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For generating nuclear energy, fusion experiments use the smallest nuclei, isotopes of hydrogen, while fission experiments use very large nuclei. why?
Energy is released whenever a nucleus changes: However, it is more difficult to cause fission by striking smaller atoms with neutrons. Large atoms are also more difficult to join by pressing them together.
Even little atoms must currently be accelerated to extremely high speeds for fusion.Fission literally translates to "a splitting or breaking up into bits." Atoms are split during nuclear fission to release heat energy.A large, somewhat unstable isotope (atoms with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons) undergoes nuclear fission when it is struck by fast particles, often neutrons. The unstable isotope is struck by these accelerated neutrons, causing it to fission, or split into smaller particles.Nuclear reactions like fission and fusion both provide energy, but they have different uses.learn more about fission here: https://brainly.com/question/3992688
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Which organ system takes in nutrients like glucose?
The digestive system takes in nutrients like glucose and processes them for absorption into the bloodstream.
The digestive system breaks down glucose into absorbable molecules. Food is chewed and combined with saliva to start glucose digestion. Gastric fluids then digest the meal in the stomach.
Liver and gallbladder enzymes and bile break down carbs, proteins, and lipids in the small intestine. Carbohydrates, including glucose, break down into monosaccharides. These tiny molecules enter the circulation through the small intestinal walls.
Glucose in the circulation may power cells and tissues. Liver and muscle glycogen stores extra glucose for later use. The digestive system absorbs nutrients and provides energy to maintain bodily function.
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What is the anticodon sequence of a nonsense suppressor mutant trna that can suppress more than one stop codon?
The anticodon s a sequence of a nonsense suppressor mutant trna that can suppress more than one stop codon
An anticodon is a trinucleotide sequence that is complementary to a matching codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and is found at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule. UAC serves as the drug's antagonist. The ribosome is where tRNA and mRNA link to recognize codons. Trinucleotide units called anticodon are found in tRNA. To the codons in mRNA, it is complementary.
Codons help the ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis, receive genetic information from the nucleus. The tRNA molecules have anticodons. During translation, they serve the purpose of forming a base pair with the codon on a strand of mRNA. By doing this, the expanding polypeptide chain will be joined to the right amino acid.
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In most species, the expression of hox genes is colinear with the anterior to posterior organization of the organism. what does this mean?
Hox genes, which are members of the homeotic transcription factor family, establish the segment identity of tissues within the embryo and are essential regulators of the body plan along the cranio-caudal axis (also known as the anterior-posterior axis). This means during embryogenesis, these genes expression follows a precise spatial and temporal colinearity pattern from the 3' to the 5' end of each cluster.
This indicates that Hox genes expressed anteriorly in the developing embryo are typically found at the 5′ end of the same genomic area, a phenomenon known as spatial colinearity. In comparison, those expressed posteriorly are typically found at the 3′ end of the Hox cluster.
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Deep brain structures involved in movement and the formation of our procedural memories for skills include the?
Deep brain structures involved in movement and the formation of our procedural memories for skills include the temporal-lobe neural center.
What is structure of deep brain?It can be challenging to distinguish the deep brain structures on regular imaging since they are a complex collection of nuclei and white matter fibers.Patients with movement problems such essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and dystonia can be treated surgically with DBS. Additionally, it can be used to manage epilepsy and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms.Several parts of the brain are implanted with electrodes during deep brain stimulation (DBS). Electrical impulses generated by these electrodes control aberrant impulses. Or the brain's cells and molecules may be affected by the electrical impulses.Gradient-index lenses that are permanently implanted allow for the imaging of calcium activity in the deep brain and provide a "window into the brain" that allows for the single-cell resolution imaging of many neurons.
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Crocodiles that ignore birds cleaning their teeth instead of eating them is an example of __________. a. parental care b. habituation c. reflex action d. parasitism
The correct answer is Option (B) Habituation.
Crocodiles ignore the birds which clean their teeth instead of eating them. This is an example of habituation.
Why do crocodiles show habituation toward the birds which clean their teeth?It's an evolutionary phenomenon that when a bird used to sit in a crocodile’s mouth, the crocodile didn't eat it, instead, the crocodile used to allow the bird to sit in the mouth and clean the teeth of the crocodile so that they can alive longer, whereas the birds could get the free food from the crocodile’s mouth. It is an example of the symbiotic relationship between the two.
So, the same is the case today, crocodiles are habituated to the fact that the birds will clean their teeth so instead of eating them, these birds are being ignored by the crocodiles.
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6. what is the approximate weight in kd of the band that is unique to crab muscle protein and is not found in abundance in fish?
75Kda is the approximate weight of the band that is unique to crab muscle protein and is not found in abundance in fish.
An incredibly complex, naturally occurring molecule known as a protein is made up of amino acid residues connected by peptide bonds. All living things contain proteins, which are the building blocks of numerous vital biological substances like enzymes, hormones, and antibodies.
Lack of protein can result in muscle mass loss, which reduces strength, makes it more difficult to maintain balance, and slows metabolism. When your cells don't receive enough oxygen, it can also cause anemia, which makes you exhausted.
While an excess of amino acids is often eliminated, an excess of protein is typically retained as fat. Over time, this may result in weight gain, especially if you try to boost your protein consumption while consuming too many calories.
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An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is?
Secretin is a hormone produced in the intestines that promote the release of insulin from pancreatic islet cells.
Discussion about secretin:
When fatty acids and acidic chyme are present, secretin is released. It performs a number of functions by attaching to secretin receptors, the majority of which are related to digestion and acid neutralization. In its principal function, secretin tells the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions into the pancreatic juice, raising the pH to between 8 and 8.3 in order to neutralize the acidic chyme. The pancreatic juice's digesting enzymes may function at their best as a result, safeguarding the duodenum's lining.Additionally, secretin controls the pyloric sphincter's tightness, gastrin release, HCl synthesis, and small intestine motility.As a result, secretin also encourages the pancreas to produce more insulin in response to ingesting glucose.
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A total of _____ amino acids compose the majority of protein in living things and nine are _____ to human
A total of 20 amino acids compose the majority of protein in living things and nine are essential to human.
All living organisms, from bacteria to people, depend on amino acids for survival. The same 20 types of amino acids are present in all living things. Only 21 amino acids are required by the human body to create all the proteins required for growth and function. Your body can create thousands of different types of proteins with only the same 21 amino acids because they can be ordered in a wide variety of ways.The body is unable to produce essential amino acids. They must therefore originate from food. Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine are the nine essential amino acids.learn more about amino acids here: https://brainly.com/question/1201532
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What are the similarities between the adrenal hormone cortisone and the synthetic corticoid prednisone?
The similarities between the adrenal hormone cortisone and the synthetic corticoid prednisone are they have steroid nucleus
The adrenal hormone cortisol and the synthetic corticoid prednisone are similar in that they both have a steroid nucleus. Both have three ketone groups. They both have two methyl groups.
Cortisone is a corticosteroid, which is type of drug. These medications are prescribed by doctors to treat inflammation (swelling) induced by injury or illness. Corticosteroid shots are another name for cortisone shots.
corticoid, any of more than 40 chemical substances in the steroid family found in the cortex of the adrenal glands. Six of these molecules are hormones, which are released into the bloodstream and transported to other organs to generate physiological reactions.
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Mammalian steroid hormones are signaling molecules that function in which type of cell signaling?.
The correct answer is endocrine.
What is steroid hormones?The steroids that are made virtually solely in the adrenal glands are cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, aldosterone, corticosterone, and 11-deoxycorti-coaster one. Most different steroid hormones, including the estrogens, are produced by the adrenal glands and the gonadsSteroids have an essential role in growth, development, sexual differentiation, and reproduction. All four categories of steroids, androgens, estrogens, progestogens, and glucocorticoids, contain varying impacts on the brain.Insulin is a protein chain or peptide hormone. There are 51 amino acids in an insulin molecule. It has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. Insulin is created in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.To learn more about steroid hormones, refer to:
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Account for the decrease in the oxygen content in the exhaled air
Answer:
Because the air inhaled is used up by our body cells for respiration.. Therefore exhaled air contains less oxygen than inhaled air because it has more of carbon dioxide which is one of the by products of respiration...
Explanation:
hope it will help you
The energy required to drive the synthesis of the majority of the atp generated during aerobic respiration comes most directly from?
The energy required to drive the synthesis of the majority of the ATP generated during aerobic respiration comes most directly from: the flow of protons through an ATP synthase complex.
What happens during aerobic respiration?It is a process of cellular respiration occurring in the presence of oxygen to generate ATP (energy) from food.It is the most common type of respiration in plants and animals including humans, generating water, CO2 and energy as end products.The 3 stages of aerobic respiration are: glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.Glycolysis is an anaerobic process.During oxidative phosphorylation, the hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to form water and at the same time the electrons pass along an electron transfer chain and their energy is utilized to form ATP molecules.In aerobic respiration, 38ATP molecules are formed by the oxidation of one molecule of glucose.Learn more about aerobic respiration here:
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In a hardy-weinberg population, 16% of individuals display the homozygous recessive phenotype. What proportion of the population will be heterozygous carriers of the recessive allele?.
The proportion of the population will be heterozygous carriers of the recessive allele is 0.48.
What is Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Hardy-Weinberg principle says that allele frequencies in a population are stable and is constant from generation to generation. The gene pool (total genes and their alleles in a population) remains a constant. This is called genetic equilibrium. Sum total of all the allelic frequencies is 1. Individual frequencies, for example, can be named p, q, etc. In a diploid, p and q represent the frequency of allele A and allele a. The frequency of AA individuals in a population is simply p². This is simply stated in other ways, i.e., the probability that an allele A with a frequency of p appear on both the chromosomes of a diploid individual is simply the product of the probabilities, i.e., p². Similarly. that of aa is q², of Aa 2pq. Hence, p²+2pq+q²=1, is a binomial expansion of (p+q)².By given data
[tex]q2=16%[/tex]%
[tex]q2=\frac{16}{100}=0.16[/tex]
[tex]q=0.4[/tex]
[tex]p=1-0.4=0.6[/tex]
[tex]2pq=2(0.6)(0.4)=0.48[/tex]
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What percentage of the total energy consumed was converted to forms that were unusable to become new growth for the chipmunk?
The percentage of energy that is unusable is obtained as 96.1 %.
What is the percentage of unusable to become new growth for the chipmunk?We know from the law of conservation of energy that energy is neither created nor destroyed in the ecosystem but is converted from one form to another. We know that the ecosystem is a self supporting system in which there is an exchange of materials and energy. Energy flows from the producers to the consumers and some of this energy is dissipated along the way and is lost as heat during the transition.
The metabolic activities of an organism takes up some part of the energy that it receives from the sun.
From the question, we know that the energy consumed is 1000 J and the energy that is lost to waste and to respiration is 177 J and 784 J respectively. This implies that the available energy is 39J.
The percent of energy that is usable is; 39 J/100J * 100/1 = 3.9 %
The percent of energy that is unusable is; 961 J/1000 J × 100 % = 96.1 %
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Reproductive cloning results in __________ while therapeutic cloning results in ____________.
Reproductive cloning results in implanting the stem cells into the uterus while therapeutic cloning results in growing the stem cells in lab dishes.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer is used in reproductive cloning to produce an animal that is genetically identical to a donor animal. In therapeutic cloning, an embryo is produced in a similar manner, but the "cloned" cells that are produced do not enter a female's uterus. Instead, they are left in a dish in the laboratory.By using somatic cell nuclear transfer, reproductive cloning produces an animal that is genetically identical to a donor animal. The freshly produced embryo is returned to the uterine environment during reproductive cloning so it can implant and develop. Perhaps the most famous example is Dolly the sheep.Producing a cloned embryo solely for the goal of making embryonic stem cells with the same DNA as the donor cell is known as therapeutic cloning.learn more about cloning here:
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Conversion Chart
5 milliliters
=
1 teaspoon
768 teaspoons = 1 gallon
1 gallon = 4 liters
1000 milliliters
=
Calculate the area affected if the following ships were involved in an accident & spilled their oil:
A tanker truck holding 8,000 gallons or 32,000 liter.
A ship holding 300,000 gallons or 1.2 million liters.
A supertanker holding 83,000,000 gallons or 332 million liters.
2. How could an oil spill affect bird nesting near the contaminated body of water?
The area affected by the ship that were involved in an accident is = 333 million liters
An oil spill can affect bird nesting near a contaminated body of water through its food chain.
What is oil spillage?Oil spillage is defined as the release of used or oil wastes into a water body through a tanker, offshore drilling rig, or underwater pipeline.
The area affected by the ship that were involved in an accident can be calculated by the addition of the various areas affected by the tanker, ship and super tanker.
That is, 32,000 + 1,200,000 + 332,000,000
= 333,232,000
Which is approximately 333 million liters.
A bird that is nesting near the contaminated body of water can be affected through its food chain.
This is because birds which depends on fish can eat fish for this contaminated water which must have accumulated some level of harmful organic substances on its body surfaces.
Therefore when eaten by the bird their health would be affected negatively.
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What is the procedure of voter identification intended to help prevent fraudulent voting and keep the process organized?
Registration is the process of voter identification intended to help to prevent fraudulent voting and keep the procedure organized. It is helpful in case of fraudulent votes.
Registration is the process of knowing the identity of the voter. it is helpful in preventing fraudulent votes. It helps in knowing that the person from that country and also a genuine person.
Purge is simply the process of reviewing the lists of registered voters and removing the name of the persons who are no longer available or eligible.
In the election system, there is a need for Voter list maintenance in which names of the persons of the country are available.
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Areas on the tongue covered primarily with filiform papillae, which contain no taste buds, are similar to _____ in vision
Areas on the tongue covered primarily with filiform papillae, which contain no taste buds, are similar to Blind spot in vision.
Dorsal surface of the anterior tongue region is covered with many irregularities and mucosal bumps, known as tongue papillae, all the way to the sulcus terminalis. There are four different forms of papillae: foliated, circumvallate, fungiform, and filiform.
The fungiform, foliated, and circumvallate papillae contain taste buds, which are visible as oval structures that appear pale in histology sections, but not the filiform. Filiform papillae, however, lack taste receptors. Instead, they serve as grips or ripples on your tongue that make it easier to chew, speak, and clean your mouth.
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Polar microtubules ___ during anaphase.
Polar microtubules shorten during anaphase.
Late a is characterized by shortening of the kinetochore microtubules, while anaphase b movements lengthen the pole microtubules. This will move the two spindle poles further apart.
On the other hand, changes in microtubule length provide a mechanism for chromosome movement. more specifically, in the first part of anaphase, sometimes called anaphase A, the kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull the chromosome towards the spindle pole.
Chromosome segregation occurs in two stages. In anaphase a, the chromosomes move towards the spindle poles, and in anaphase b the spindle poles separate from each other. anaphase a requires chromosome-to-pole shortening of microtubules, whereas anaphase b requires this pole-to-pole shortening, resulting in microtubule lengthening.
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Santa sabina is an excellent example of a(n) __________ or columned hall, based on the form of public buildings in ancient rome.
Santa Sabina is an excellent example of a basilica or columned hall, based on the form of public buildings in ancient Rome.
What is Santa Sabina?Santa Sabina is the oldest Roman basilica in Rome which still preserves its colonnaded rectangular plan and its original architectural style. Its current decor is a restoration to the original austere design. Other basilicas, such as Santa Maria Maggiore, are much more decorated. For its simplicity, Santa Sabina represents the passage from a covered Roman forum to the first churches of Christianity.
What does a basilica mean?The basilica is even more important. According to Houaiss, it is a “catholic church that enjoys, according to canon law, certain privileges: having an altar reserved for the pope, cardinal or patriarch, and not being subject to local ecclesiastical jurisdiction, which gives it international status”.
With this information, we can conclude that Santa Sabina (Basilica Sanctae Sabinae, Basilica di Santa Sabina all'Aventino) is a historic church located on Monte Aventino (rione Ripa) in Rome, Italy
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What term is used to describe a solution of lower osmolarity compared to one with a higher osmolarity?
When two solutions have different osmolarity, the solution with lower osmolarity is called hypoosmotic
What is osmolarity?The term osmolarity defines the total concentration of solute particles present in a particular volume of solution.
If a solution has a high amount of solute particles in one litre of solution, this solution is termed to have high osmolarity. If a solution has a low amount of solute particles per litre of solution, it is said to have low osmolarity.
When comparing two solutions of different osmolarities, the solution with higher osmolarity will be called hypertonic and the solution with lower osmolarity is called hypotonic.
Therefore, the term used to describe a solution of lower osmolarity compared to a solution of higher osmolarity is hypotonic.
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Which of the following statements about renewable energy resources is true?
Select one:
a.
Using renewable energy resources never harms the environment.
b.
There are endless supplies of all renewable energy resources.
c.
All renewable energy resources are cheap to use.
d.
None of these.
The statement that is true about renewable energy resources is that there are endless supplies of all renewable energy resources (option B).
What is renewable energy resource?Renewable energy is the energy that is collected from renewable resources such as;
wind powerhydropowersolar energyA renewable resource is that natural resource that is replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable to its rate of consumption by humans or other users.
This suggests that renewable resources have an unlimited supply and will likely not be exhausted. This is unlike the non-renewable counterparts like crude oil, gas etc.
Therefore, the statement that is true about renewable energy resources is that there are endless supplies of all renewable energy resources.
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Water has the unique ability to stick to the sides
of containers. This same characteristic allows it to
move up the roots and stems of plants, against
the flow of gravity.
What do we call this characteristic of water?
A. acidity
B. high specific heat
C. capillary action
D. transparency
Answer:c
Explanation:
We call this characteristic of water as a capillary action. The correct answer is C.
Thus, It is known as capillary action when a liquid seems to defy gravity and rise inside of a solid. The three characteristics of liquids known as cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension are what allow a liquid to flow upward.
The functioning of capillary action as a whole is based on these three characteristics, which are defined as follows.
A liquid's capacity to molecularly adhere to itself is known as cohesion. The ability of the liquid to molecularly adhere to other objects is known as adhesion. For capillary action to function most efficiently, a liquid's adhesive forces must be greater than its cohesive forces.
Thus, We call this characteristic of water as a capillary action. The correct answer is C.
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What are the causes of Pedophilic Disorder?
Answer:
Defining pedophilia.
Causes and risk factors.
Genetics.
Brain differences.
Hormones.
Developmental issues.
Head injury.
Past abuse.
Explanation:
depending on my research-
Research three branches of biology. for each branch of bilogy describe what is studies, what careers involve that branch and how much money you can expect to make with the career, level of education needed, and two famous people in the branch of biology
The three primary branches of biology are:
Medicine: A variety of plants used as medications are studied in the field of medicine.
Botany: This subject encompasses the study of plants.
Zoology: This field of study deals with animals.
What careers involve in these branches with educational requirement?Medicine:
Surgeon - 10 to 20 lakhs ,M.ch degree in in any specialization post MBBS and MD degree.
Dentists - 2 to 5 LPA, BDS degree
Gynecologist - 5 to 15 LPA, MD in gynecology
Optometrists - 3 to 4 LPA, BOPTM degree
Veterinarians - 4 to 5 LPA, BVSc degree
Physiotherapist - 2 to 3 LPA, BPT degree
Audiologist - 3 to 4 LPA, Ph.D in audiology or AUD degree
Botany:
Taxonomist - 2 to 3.5 LPA, Bachelor's degree in botony
Plant Biochemist - 1 to 2.75 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's or Ph.D in biochemistry, biological science or agriculture.
Ecologist - 3 to 4.5 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's degree in ecology
Plant Physiologist - 5 to 6 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's degree in biological science or botony.
Zoology:
Zookeeper - 1 to 2 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's degree in zoology or animal husbandry.
Researcher - 3 to 4 LPA, Ph.D in specialized branch in zoology
Teacher - 3 to 4 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's degree in zoology + B.Ed
Name two famous people in these branches?Medicine - Hippocrates and Alexander Fleming.
Botony - Carl Linnaeus and Gregor Mendel.
Zoology - Steve Irwin and Charles Darwin.
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Calcium that enters the cell during smooth muscle excitation binds with
a. myosin
b. actin
c. troponin
d. inactive myosin kinase
e. calmodulin
Calcium that enters the cell during smooth muscle excitation binds with calmodulin.
What is calmodulin?All eukaryotic cells express calmodulin, a multifunctional intermediate messenger protein that binds calcium. Calmodulin is an intracellular target of the secondary messenger Ca2+, and Ca2+ binding is necessary for calmodulin activation.Various calcium-sensitive enzymes, ion channels, and other proteins get signals from calmodulin, a protein that functions as an intermediate protein that senses calcium levels. All eukaryotic cells have the calcium-binding protein calmodulin, also known as calcium-modulated protein, in their cytoplasm. It interacts with a large number of other proteins in the cell and performs a wide range of biological tasks as a regulator or effector molecule.Calmodulin binds calcium and magnesium. Different calcium-calmodulin complexes then bind to and activate enzymes that control cellular calcium or cyclic nucleotides as well as particular protein kinases that control target enzymes by ATP-dependent phosphorylation.
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