(1) The critical angles for the fused quartz is 44⁰,
(2) The critical angles for the polystyrene is 39⁰.
(3) The critical angles for the sodium chloride is 41⁰.
What is Critical angles?In optics, the critical angle is the topmost angle at which a shaft of light traveling in one transparent medium can strike the boundary between that medium and another with a lower refractive indicator without being fully reflected within the first
Critical angles for the different medium.
θ[tex]=sin^{-1}\frac{n_{2} }{n_{1} }[/tex]
where;
[tex]n_{2}[/tex] is the refractive index of air = 1
[tex]n_{1}[/tex] is the refractive index of the given substances.
Refractive index of quartz glass = 1.46
Refractive index of polystyrene = 1.59
Refractive index of sodium chloride = 1.54
Critical angles for quartz glass:
[tex]$\theta_{\text {crit }}=\sin ^{-1} \frac{1.00029}{1.46}\\$[/tex]
[tex]$\theta_{\text {crit }}=44^{o}$[/tex]
Critical angles for polystyrene
[tex]$\theta_{\text {crit }}=\sin ^{-1} \frac{1.00029}{1.59}\\\\[/tex]
[tex]\theta_{\text {crit }}=39^{\circ}[/tex]
Critical angles for Sodium Chloride
[tex]$\theta_{\text {crit }}=\sin ^{-1} \frac{1.00029}{1.54}\\[/tex]
[tex]\theta_{\text {crit }}=41^{o}[/tex]
Thus, the critical angles for the quartz glass is 44⁰, the critical angles for the polystyrene is 39 ⁰ and the critical angles for the sodium chloride is 41⁰.
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I understand that the question you are looking for is:
"For light of wavelength 589 nm, calculate the critical angles for the following substances when surrounded by air.
(a) Fused Quartz
(b) Polystyrene
(c) Sodium chloride"
Write an equation that expresses the first law of thermodynamics in terms of heat and work.
Answer:
Heat Input = Work Output (at 100% efficiency)
ΔQ = ΔW
(you cannot get something for nothing)
Fuel crises will occur in future because of a. over use of petroleum
b. use of solar energy
c. over use of bio-gas
d. use of hydro-energy
In a regression analysis, if sse = 200 and ssr = 300, then the coefficient of determination is:_________
0.600
In a regression analysis, if sse = 200 and ssr = 300, then the coefficient of determination is: 0.600
1. You have that the data set having SSR=300 and SSE=200
2. Therefore you have the coefficient of determination is:
r²=SSR/SSTO
SSTO=SSR+SSE
3. Then, when you substitute the values, you obtain:
SSTO=200+300
SSTO=500
r²=300/500
4. So, you have that the result is:
r²=0.6
As a result, as you can see, the solution to the previous exercise is that the coefficient of determination is 0.6
What exactly is the connection between SST, SSR, and SSE?The difference between SST and SSR is the amount of Y's variability that is still unaccounted for after using the regression model, also known as the sum of squared errors (SSE). Sum of squares of residual can be used to directly calculate SSE.To learn more about regression analysis visit:
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A galvanic cell is formed when two metals are immersed in solu- tions differing in concentration 1 when two different metals are immersed ? when two different metals are exposed 1 j when two metals are brought close in one electrolyte to air together and electrically insulated from one another.
A galvanic cell is formed when two metals are immersed in solu- tions differing in concentration 1 when two different metals are immersed.
What is galvanic cell?The galvanic cell utilizes the ability to split the flow of electrons in the process of oxidization and reduction, compelling a half-reaction and connecting each with a wire so that a way can be formed for the flow of electrons via such wire.A galvanic cell is an electrochemical cell that transforms the chemical energy of a spontaneous redox response into electrical energy. It has an electrical possibility equal to 1.1 V. In galvanic cells, oxidation occurs at the anode and it is a negative plate. Lessening occurs at the cathode and it is a positive plate. A galvanic cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the free liveliness of a chemical method into electrical energy. A photogalvanic cell generates species photochemically which react resulting in an electrical current via an external circuit.To learn more about galvanic cell, refer to:
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I NEED HELP ASAP
A green filter...
Select one:
a. transmits all other colors except green light.
b. reflects only green light.
c. absorbs only green light.
d. transmits only green light.
Answer:
ig d. transmits only green light.....
I WILL MARK U BRAINLIEST IF U CAN ANSWER THIS QUESTION!!
Answer:
The answer is (d) is totally reflected
Explanation:
Using the total internal reflection concept.
This concept state that:
"If the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle then the light will not refract but it will reflect back totally"
Using the above statement, as incident angle is 42 degree and critical angle is 41 degree it means incident angle is greater than the critical angle. Therefore, light will not refract but it will totally reflected.
How far apart are two conducting plates that have an electric field strength of 4. 4 kv/m between them, if their potential difference is 15 kv?
Conducting plates will be 3.75 m apart if an electric field strength of 4. 4 kV/m between them, if their potential difference is 15 kV
The potential difference, also referred to as voltage difference between two given points is the work in joules required to move one coulomb of charge from one point to the other. The SI unit of voltage is the volt. Volt Formula.
In a simple parallel-plate capacitor, a voltage applied between two conductive plates creates a uniform electric field between those plates. The electric field strength in a capacitor is directly proportional to the voltage applied and inversely proportional to the distance between the plates.
E = V/d
E = Electric field strength
d = distance between the plates
V = potential difference
Electric field strength = 4 kV/m
Potential difference = 15 kV
d = V / E = 15 kV / 4 kV/m
= 3.75 m
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a man uses a 90 watt electric iron to press his clothes for an average of 4 hours a wpeek for five weeks if the cost of an electrical energy is acceptable per unit calculate the cost of energy for present
The cost of energy for pressing is 54 Kobo.
Units of electricity are measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
900-watt electric iron
Appliance usage = 4 hours a week for 5 weeks
The unit cost of electricity = 3 Kobo per kWh
Convert the wattage of the electric iron from watts to kilowatts.
1000 watts (W) = 1 kilowatt (kW)
⇒ 900 watts = 1 ÷ 1000 = 0.9 kilowatts
This means that the power consumption of the electric iron is 0.9 kW per hour of use.
Total hours spent pressing clothes:
= 4 hours per week for 5 weeks
= 4 × 5
= 20 hours
Total power consumption:
= number of kW × number of hours
= 0.9 × 20
= 18 kWh
To find the total cost, multiply the total kWh by the cost per kWh:
⇒ Cost = 18 × 3 = 54 Kobo
Therefore, the cost of energy is 54 Kobo
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The complete question is:
A man uses a 900-watt electric iron to press his clothes for an average of 4 hours a week for five weeks if the cost of electric energy is 3 Kobo per unit calculate the cost of electric energy for pressing.
When current flow tries to decrease in an inductor, the magnetic field ________ and the voltage polarity across the inductor ________.
When current flow tries to decrease in an inductor, the magnetic field collapses and the voltage polarity across the inductor reverses
The associated magnetic flux also decreases, it then induces an e m f across the inductor, the sense of which is to assist the decreasing current.
Faraday's law of induction (to distinguish it from his laws of electrolysis), states that the magnitude of the emf induced in a circuit is proportional to the rate of change with time t of the magnetic flux Φ that cuts across the circuit:
emf = −dΦ/dt
Lenz's law, in electromagnetism, statement that an induced electric current flows in a direction such that the current opposes the change that induced it.
When the current flowing through the coil changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force (e.m.f) in the conductor, described by Faraday's law of induction.
According to Lenz's law, the induced voltage has a polarity (direction) which opposes the change in current that created it. As a result, inductors oppose any changes in current through them. Hence , polarity across the inductor got reversed
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The law of conservation of momentum applies to a collision between two bodies since.
Answer:
The law of conservation of momentum applies to a collision between two bodies since Select one 0 a they exert forces on each other respectively inversely proportional to their masses 00 they exert forces on each other respectively proportional to their masses their accelerations are proportional to their masses they ...
Answer:
The law of conservation of momentum applies to a collision between two bodies since they exert equal and opposite forces on each other.
How is the law of conservation of momentum applied, in analyzing collisions?
Numerous final states are possible in collisions of elementary particles, but they are limited by the requirements of total energy and momentum conservation. It is necessary to utilize the relativistic formula for momentum and energy since high velocities are typically involved. These two laws provide two equations that may be used to determine which ultimate states are permitted by these two rules and which are not. For instance, it is conceivable to demonstrate that a photon cannot split into two gammas and that a second body, such as a nucleus, is required to satisfy both conservation principles. To forecast probabilities of various end stat configurations, a more thorough theoretical model of the collision is required.
Thank you,
Eddie
What would happen if the government taxed the producers of thsi product because it has negative externalities?
When the government intervenes in markets with external costs, it does so in order to protect the interests of bystanders. An externality is either an external cost or external benefit that spills over to bystanders.
Government can play a role in reducing negative externalities by taxing goods when their production generates spillover costs. This taxation effectively increases the cost of producing such goods. The higher cost, then, better reflects the true cost of production because it includes the spillover costs of, say, pollution.
So, such taxation attempts to make the producer pay for the full cost of production. The use of such a tax is called internalizing the externality. When the government intervenes in markets with external costs, it does so in order to: protect the interests of bystanders. An externality is either an external cost or external benefit that spills over to bystanders.
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Use the same line to answer the questions
Q1. Use the number line above to calculate the distances and displacements for the paths listed. Don't forget to include the units.
Distance Displacement
From A to B to M to N
From C to A to G to D
From J to I to E to H
From F to B to K to F
Q2. For each of the paths from Q1, calculate the average speed and the average velocity if the path is traveled in 5.0 seconds. Don't forget to include the units. Use this Formula Reference Sheet (click this highlighted link for information) to remember the formulas you need.
Average velocity Average speed
From A to B to M to N
From C to A to G to D
From J to I to E to H
From F to B to K to F
(a) The distance From A to B to M to N is 22 m, the displacement is 22 m, the speed is 4.4 m/s and the average velocity is 4.4 m/s.
(b) The distance From C to A to G to D is 24 m, the displacement is 2 m, the speed is 4.8 m/s and the average velocity is 0.4 m/s.
(c) The distance From J to I to E to H is 16 m, the displacement is -2 m, the speed is 3.2 m/s and the average velocity is -0.4 m/s.
(d) The distance From F to B to K to F is 32 m, the displacement is 0 m, the speed is 6.4 m/s and the average velocity is 0 m/s.
Distance traveled by the objectThe distance traveled by the object is calculated as follows;
Distance From A to B to M to N
From A to B to M to N = 3 + 18 + 1 = 22
Distance From C to A to G to D
= 5 + 13 + 6
= 24
Distance From J to I to E to H
= 1 + 8 + 7
= 16
Distance from F to B to K to F
= 8 + 16 + 8
= 32
Displacement of the objectThe displacement of the object is calculated as follows;
displacement = final position - initial position
Displacement From A to B to M to N
= 11 - (-11)
= 22
Displacement from C to A to G to D
= D - C
= - 4 - (-6)
= 2
Displacement from J to I to E to H
= H - J
= 5 - 7
= - 2
Displacement From F to B to K to F
= F - F
= 0
Speed of the objectThe speed of the object is calculated as follows;
speed = total distance/total time
Speed of the object from A to B to M to N
= 22/5 = 4.4 m/s
Speed of the object from C to A to G to D
= 24/5
= 4.8 m/s
Speed of the object from J to I to E to H
= 16/5
= 3.2 m/s
Speed of the object from F to B to K to F
= 32/5
= 6.4 m/s
Average velocity of the objectThe average velocity of the object is calculated as follows;
Average velocity from A to B to M to N
= 22/5
= 4.4 m/s
Average velocity of the object from C to A to G to D
= 2/5
= 0.4 m/s
Average velocity of the object from J to I to E to H
= -2/5
= -0.4 m/s
Average velocity of the object from F to B to K to F
= 0
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Why do we use the halfway-mark as a point of comparison rather than at the point which all the disks are floating?
We use the halfway mark as a point of comparison rather than at the point at which all the disks are floating because If the experiment were to be repeated, we would require a set of reference points.
The net rates of photosynthesis can be compared at the point where half the initial number of disks are floating. The time it takes for half of the disks to float reduces as the net rate of photosynthesis rises, showing an inverse relationship between the value and the net rate.
As photosynthesis develops, oxygen is delivered into the leaf's interior, changing the buoyancy and raising the disks. The rate at which the disks increase is an indirect indicator of the net rate of photosynthesis because cellular respiration, which uses oxygen, is occurring concurrently.
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The energy a molecule contains due to its constant random motion is known as ____________.
A. potential energy
B. thermal energy
C. kinetic energy
D. internal energy
A 5,000 kg train is traveling at a velocity of 100 m/s and hits another train. The two trains stick together, and the new velocity is 50 m/s. What is the mass of the second train?
Answer:
We assume the second train was standing still and that momentum is conserved.
Then the product of mass and velocity before the collision is
(5000 kg)·(100 m/s) = 500,000 kg·m/s.
After the collision, where M is the mass of the second train, the momentum is
((5000+M) kg)·(50 m/s) = 500,000 kg·m/s
Dividing by 50 m/s and subtracting 5000 kg, we have
(5000 +M) kg = 10,000 kg
M kg = 5000 kg
The mass of the second train is 5000 kg
A 0. 50 l sample of a gas has a mass of 11. 3 g at stp. what is the mass of 1. 00 mol of this gas? in other words, what is the molar mass (molecular weight)?
the molar mass of the given sample is 44.24kg.
To find the answer, we have to know about the concept of mole.
How to find the molar mass of the sample?Mole is the amount of substance that containing Avogadro number of particles.We can write the expression for mole as,[tex]mole,n=\frac{m}{M}[/tex]
where, m is the given mass and M is the molar mass.
Given that, the 0.5 mol of sample has a mass of 11.3g. Thus the molar mass will be,[tex]n=\frac{m}{M} \\M=\frac{n}{m}=\frac{0.5}{11.3*10^{-3}} =44.24kg[/tex]
The mass of 1 mole of given sample will be,[tex]m=n*M=1*44.24kg=44.24kg[/tex]
Thus, we can conclude that, the molar mass of the given sample is 44.24kg.
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If you illuminate red paint with pure blue light, what color will that paint appear?
The red paint will appear no colour when it is illuminated with pure blue light.
Why does a red colour appear as red?When visible light of all wavelengths incident on a red coloured object, it absorbs all the wavelengths accept red colour.So it is reflected from its surface and makes the object red.What does happen when red coloured object is illuminated by pure blue light?As the pure blue light has no red coloured wavelength, so the object cannot reflect the red light wavelength. So we will get no reflection from the object.Thus, we can conclude that the red coloured object appears colourless as it is illustrated by pure blue light.
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Approximating the eye as a single thin lens 2. 70 cm from the retina, find the focal length of the eye when it is focused on an object at a distance of 265 cm?
The focal Length of the eye is 0.37cm.
The retina, which is always 2.70 cm away from the lens, serves as the image's primary imaging medium. Image distance is 2.70 cm as a result.
The object is located 265 cm away from the eye's lens.
Based on lens formula:
[tex]\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{u} + \frac{1}{v}[/tex]
where the object distance is u, the image distance is v, and the focal length is f.
Consequently, u is 265.00 cm and v is 2.70 cm.
[tex]\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{265} + \frac{27}{10}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{1}{f} = \frac{7165}{2650}[/tex]
[tex]f = \frac{2650}{7165}[/tex]
f = 0.37
Thus, the focal length of the eye is 0.37cm.
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Why do the lighter isotopes disappear first from the atmosphere? Where do those isotopes go?
Lighter molecules move fast and escape from the upper atmosphere relatively quickly.
To find the answer, we have to know more about the lighter isotopes.
What are lighter isotopes?Lighter molecules are mobile and soon leave the higher atmosphere.A particular element's stable isotopes have slightly different atomic masses and quantum mechanical energies.The lighter isotope of an element's chemical bonds are more easily broken than the heavier isotope's. As a result, the light isotope typically benefits from chemical reactions.Thus, we can conclude that, lighter molecules move fast and escape from the upper atmosphere relatively quickly.
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When starting a foot race, a 89 kilogram sprinter exerts an average force of 518 newtons backward on the ground for 0.75 seconds. what is his final speed in meters/second at the end of this action?
The final speed of the sprinter is 4.8 m/s.
What is newtons second law of motion?According to the second law, the mass of the item or the net force acting on it both affect how quickly an object accelerates.
An object's acceleration is directly proportional to the net force applied on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
An object's acceleration increases as the amount of force exerted on it does.
A decreasing acceleration is caused by a rise in an object's mass.
Calculation of final velocity;
The sprinter exerts an average force of 518 newtons backward on the ground.
The taken by sprinter is 0.75 sec.
The wight of the sprinter is 89Kg.
According to Newton's second law
Force = mass×acceleration
F = m×a
a = F/m
a = 518/89
a = 6.4 m/sec²
Now, apply the equation of motion of straight line;
final velocity = initial velocity + acceleration×time
As, the sprinter starts from rest; initial velocity = 0.
Substitute all the values;
final velocity = 0 + 6.4×0.75
= 4.8 m/sec
Therefore, the final velocity of sprinter comes out to be 4.8 m/sec.
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A mass m is attached to an ideal massless spring with spring constant k. In experiment 1 the mass oscillates with amplitude a, and period t. A student grabs the mass and brings it to rest before starting experiment 2. In experiment 2, the mass is set to oscillate with a larger amplitude of 3a. What is the period of the oscillation in experiment 2?.
The experiment's time period is unaffected by the change in amplitude in either experiment.
What are the variables that affect time in SHM?The time frame is provided by:
[tex]$T=2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}$[/tex]
where,
T = Time period.
M = mass.
k = spring constant.
We can see from the formula above that the only factors affecting the time period in a Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) are the object's mass and spring constant. Any changes in the object's mass or the spring constant will cause the time period to adapt.
Describe the Spring Constant.The attribute is known as a spring's "spring constant" describes the relationship between the force acting on a spring and the displacement it causes. In other terms, it describes the stiffness and size of a spring's range of motion.
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What is the net force on a rock that has a force of 4.9N down and 2.8N up applied to it
7.7N up
-7.7N down
-2.1N down
2.1N down
The net force on a rock that has a force of 4.9N down and 2.8N up applied to it is 2.1N down.
Define force.
A force is an effect that can alter an object's motion according to physics. An mass-laden object can change its velocity, or accelerate, as a function of a force. An obvious method of describing force is as a push or a pull. A force is a vector quantity because it possesses both magnitude and direction.
Thrust, which increases an object's velocity; drag, which decreases an object's velocity; and torque, which causes changes in an object's rotational speed, are all concepts connected to force. Each part of an extended body often exerts stresses on the sections that are nearby.
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Light enters a glass plate at an angle of incidence of 25°. If the index of refraction of a glass is 1.6, the angle of refraction is
a. 15°
b. 16°
c. 40°
d. 43°
The angle of refraction is a. 15°
What is the Snell's law?Snell's law is described as “The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given team of media”.
By Snell's law:
η = sin i / sin r. i = 25, η = 1.6
1.6 = sin25° / sin r
sin r = sin25° / 1.6
= 0.4226/1.6= 0.2641
calculating
r = sin⁻¹( 0.2641 )
sin−1(0.264) is ≈ 15.3075
the angle of refraction is a. 15°
What is Snell's first law?
So the angle associated with the incidence and refraction can have a relation to the refractive index of the two mediums. Snell's First Law: It states that the incident ray, the refracted ray and the standard lie on the same plane.
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Consider the vector field. f(x, y, z) = xy2z2i x2yz2j x2y2zk (a) find the curl of the vector field?
Observe that the given vector field is a gradient field:
Let [tex]f(x,y,z)=\nabla g(x,y,z)[/tex], so that
[tex]\dfrac{\partial g}{\partial x} = x y^2 z^2[/tex]
[tex]\dfrac{\partial g}{\partial y} = x^2 y z^2[/tex]
[tex]\dfrac{\partial g}{\partial z} = x^2 y^2 z[/tex]
Integrating the first equation with respect to [tex]x[/tex], we get
[tex]g(x,y,z) = \dfrac12 x^2 y^2 z^2 + h(y,z)[/tex]
Differentiating this with respect to [tex]y[/tex] gives
[tex]\dfrac{\partial g}{\partial y} = x^2 y z^2 + \dfrac{\partial h}{\partial y} = x^2 y z^2 \\\\ \implies \dfrac{\partial h}{\partial y} = 0 \implies h(y,z) = i(z)[/tex]
Now differentiating [tex]g[/tex] with respect to [tex]z[/tex] gives
[tex]\dfrac{\partial g}{\partial z} = x^2 y^2 z + \dfrac{di}{dz} = x^2 y^2 z \\\\ \implies \dfrac{di}{dz} = 0 \implies i(z) = C[/tex]
Putting everything together, we find a scalar potential function whose gradient is [tex]f[/tex],
[tex]f(x,y,z) = \nabla \left(\dfrac12 x^2 y^2 z^2 + C\right)[/tex]
It follows that the curl of [tex]f[/tex] is 0 (i.e. the zero vector).
differemces between liquid pressure and air pressure . give this answer is box
Answer:
The key difference between air pressure and liquid pressure is that air pressure allows the gaseous state of matter to be compressible, whereas liquid pressure makes a liquid incompressible.
Liquid pressure is the pressure that we can observe in a liquid. Air pressure is also known as atmospheric pressure, and it is the pressure as the force exerted by the collisions of particles in the air.
In hydraulic machine, how can you lift heavier load by using small magnitude of force?
Hello, yes it is possible to lift heavier load using small magnitude of force.
How? let's see.
Do you know on which principle does hydraulic machine work? Yes, it's Pascal's Principle. So in order to understand how hydraulic machine will lift heavier weight using small magnitude of force we will have to take a look at Pascal's law.
Pascal's law : It sates that in a closed container filled with fluid when pressure is applied to any point that intensity of pressure transfers in all direction equally.
Now look at diagram,
Consider the left piston as X and Right Piston as Y.
the area of piston X is small (A1) and applied force (F1) is also less and the resultant pressure is P.
[tex]P = \frac{F_1}{A_1}[/tex]
This same amount of pressure will be exerted at Piston Y having area (A2) and resultant output force (F2)
[tex]P = \frac{F_2}{A_2}[/tex]
So consider I have 5 N force and I have to lift a heavier rock weighing 50 N. take an example the area of Piston X is 1 m² & area of piston Y is 10 m²
So when I will apply 5 N force on piston X it will exert 50 N force on piston Y.
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A proton is placed in an electric field of intensity 800 n/c. what are the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the proton due to this field? (e = 1. 60 × 10-19 c, mproton = 1. 67 × 10-27 kg)
The acceleration of the proton is 7.66*10^10m/s^2 in the direction of the electric field.
To find the answer, we have to know more about the electric field.
How to find the acceleration of the proton?We have the expression for electric field due to a accelerating particle as,[tex]E=\frac{F}{q}[/tex] , where q is the charge of the proton and F is the force.
We have the expression for force as,[tex]F=ma[/tex]
Combining both and rearranging, we get,[tex]ma=Eq\\\\a=\frac{Eq}{m} =\frac{800*1.60*10^{-19}}{1.67*10^{-27}} \\\\a=7.66*10^{10}m/s^2[/tex]
Thus, we can conclude that, the acceleration of the proton is 7.66*10^10m/s^2 in the direction of the electric field.
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Why are the magnetic fields of superconducting magnets often stronger than those of conventional magnets?
The superconducting magnets are able to generate powerful magnetic fields because they have no electrical resistance.
To find the answer, we have to know more about the superconducting magnets.
What is superconducting magnet?An example of an electromagnet is a superconducting magnet. They are constructed from coils of superconducting wire and must be used while being chilled to cryogenic temperatures. Because the wire encircling the magnet has no electrical resistance when it is in its superconducting condition, they may produce powerful magnetic fields. Because of this, the magnet can conduct far greater electrical currents than the typical electromagnet.Thus, we can conclude that, the superconducting magnets are able to generate powerful magnetic fields because they have no electrical resistance.
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The strip of the sky through which the sun, the moon, and the bright planets appear to move in the course of a year is called:_______.
Answer:
Milky way galaxy
Explanation:
This is where the sun is the main star whereby the other planets and stars revolve around it in a cycle
Explain how forces of attraction and repulsion exist within an atom. describe how an electric charge is developed by friction or by contact. contrast electron movement within conductors and insulators. list the ways in which lightning can be produced.
There are three kinds of forces within the atom:
i) Electromagnetic force of attraction between the electrons and protons
ii) Electromagnetic force of repulsion between the protons or weak nuclear force
iii) Strong nuclear force between the electrons and protons
What is nuclear force?The electromagnetic force of attraction:
Electrons circle in the orbits above the nucleus. There exists an electromagnetic force of pull between the electrons and protons. That’s why electrons do not depart the atom.Weak nuclear force:
It is an electromagnetic significance of revulsion between the protons in the nucleus of the atoms.Strong nuclear force:
This force is strongest from all the fundamental details and exists between the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. This pressure overcomes the weak nuclear force and does not allow protons to stray out.To learn more about nuclear force, refer to:
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Answer:
1.)Electrons surrounding a nucleus are attracted to the protons within it because electrons and protons have opposite charges. Electrons closest to the nucleus are attracted with such a force that they can’t escape from the atom. These electrons tend to shield the protons from electrons that are farther away because electrons have the same charge and repel each other. Electrons that are farther away have less attraction to the protons within the nucleus and are more likely to be detached from the atom.
2.)Electrons can be transferred from atoms of one body to atoms of another body through friction. This can occur when one body is rubbed against another or when a liquid flows across a solid. In either case, one body may be given a positive charge while the other body is given a negative charge of the same magnitude. Both charges are developed at the same time. Electrons can also be transferred from one body to another when a charged body comes into contact with an uncharged body. The electrons move in the direction that will equalize the charges; thus, the uncharged body will be given the same charge as the charged body.
3.)Free electrons move from points of negative charge to points of positive charge. When these electrons move freely from one point to another with little resistance, the material they’re traveling through is said to be a conductor. Conductors have a large number of free electrons. Insulators, on the other hand, have very few free electrons and offer great resistance to the movement of these electrons. Electric charges produced on one end of a body composed of insulating materials will most likely not spread throughout the body. In a conductor, this charge would spread throughout the entire body. Metals are generally conductors; oils, rubber, air, porcelain, and plastics are good insulators.
4.)Lightning is produced by the rapid transfer of free electrons when one of the following conditions exist:
One part of a cloud is positively charged and a neighboring part of the same cloud is negatively charged.
A positively charged cloud comes near a negatively charged cloud.
A cloud with either a positive charge or a negative charge comes near the earth.
Explanation:
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