When mRNA leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a cap is added to one end of the molecule, a poly A tail is added to the other end, introns are removed, and exons are spliced together. During translation the amino acids are assembled into a protein.
During mRNA processing, the introns (non-coding regions) of the pre-mRNA are removed, and the exons (the coding regions) are spliced together. Additionally, a 5' cap and a 3' poly A tail are added to the pre-mRNA.
Within all cells, the translation machinery resides within a specialized organelle called the ribosome. In eukaryotes, mature mRNA molecules must leave the nucleus and travel to the cytoplasm, where the ribosomes are located.
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What is the attitude of bondholders toward risky projects if the firm is in financial distress?
The bondholders restrict high risks project if the firm is in financial distress.
Companies under financial distress find difficult to secure the exchange of finances. Bondholders restrict their orders. The customers cut back on orders and suppliers tend to change their terms and conditions of delivery which in a way declines the market value of firm upto a large extent.
Possible consequences of financial distress can be:
Loss of jobsLoss of belongingsHealth insuranceStruggle to complete basic needsRetirement accountsFactors influencing Financial Distress:
Cash flowDepreciation of assetsInterest ratioPayout ratio
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As a result of blockage in the pulmonary artery, blood would first back up into the?
If the pulmonary artery is blocked, blood would go back up to the right ventricle of the heart.
What is pulmonary artery stenosis?The pulmonary artery is responsible for carrying the deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs to get oxygenated.
Pulmonary artery stenosis is a condition in which the pulmonary artery gets narrowed or blocked. Therefore, blood flow from the heart to the lungs is hampered.
This creates pressure on the walls of the heart. Also, if blood flow towards the lungs is hampered, the heart will not receive the required amount of oxygen. All of this will lead to damage to the heart muscles over the course of time.
Therefore, as a result of the pulmonary blockage, blood would first back up into the right ventricle.
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The pulmonary artery is the part of the circulatory system that carries deoxygenated blood. The blockage in the pulmonary artery will back up the blood into the right ventricle. Thus, option d is correct.
What is the right ventricle?The right ventricle is one of the chambers of the heart that is present on the lower side and pumps the blood with low oxygen concentration. It receives the deoxygenated blood from the upper chamber called the right atrium.
The deoxygenated blood from the body is collected by the pulmonary artery that passes it to the right ventricle of the heart. This then passes to the left atrium where the oxygenated blood is circulated to the body.
Therefore, option d. blockage in the pulmonary artery will move the blood into the right ventricle.
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Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was, As a result of a blockage in the pulmonary artery, blood would first back up into the:
a. aorta.
b. left ventricle.
c. pulmonary veins.
d. right ventricle.
If the cell wall of a bacterium was removed, and then the cell was gram-stained, what color would it appear?
In Gram's procedure, the sample cells are first stained dark blue, followed by a thin cell wall decolorization step that is followed by a red dye counterstain.
Crystal violet is kept inside of cells with a thick cell wall, giving the appearance of blue (gram positive) cells.In Gram negative bacteria, there is a thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between two thin cell membranes. The bacteria are first rinsed with crystal violet, a purple stain, then iodine to perform a Gram stain. Iodine and crystal violet combine to generate massive complexes that adhere to cells and color them purple.learn more about Gram staining here:
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Which diagnostic test assesses blood flow in the retina after injection of a dye?
Fluorescein angiography is an eye test that uses a special dye and camera to look at blood flow in the retina and choroid.
A fluorescein angiogram looks at the blood vessels and the lining at the back of your eye (the retina). This test can pick up changes in the condition of your eyes. It can help the specialist make a diagnosis or tell them how well treatment is working.
Although commonly referred to as fluorescein, the dye used for fluorescein angiography is actually fluorescein sodium (C20 H10 Na2 O5). It is the water-soluble salt of fluorescein, also known as resorcinolphthalein sodium.
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True or false the consumption of irradiated food during pregnancy can cause birth defects
Consumption of irradiated food during pregnancy can cause birth defects is false.
What are birth defects?Birth defect in pregnancy are the structural or functional abnormalities occur during intrauterine stage. It can be detected either prenatally or in infancy state.
The primary causes are genetic, Socioeconomic, Environmental and other factors.
Chromosomal abnormalities and single gene defects are the major genetic abnormality based birth defects, such as Down syndrome and cystic fibrosis etc.
When parents are related by their blood group can also leads to high risk of rare genetic birth defects.
Hence, the statement is false
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What molecule(s) could diffuse across the plasma membrane? disaccharides fe2 tryptophan amino acid ch4
Methane CH4 molecule can diffuse across the plasma membrane . So the correct answer is CH4.
Passive diffusion is a nonselective mechanism that allows any molecule that can dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer to traverse the plasma membrane and establish equilibrium between the inside and outside of the cell. It's crucial to note that only tiny, mostly hydrophobic compounds can diffuse significantly through a phospholipid bilayer.
Gases (like O2 and CO2), hydrophobic substances (like benzene), and tiny polar but uncharged substances (like H2O and ethanol) can all diffuse across the plasma membrane as a result. However, some biological molecules cannot dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic interior.
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During the embryonic period, the endoderm is formed, which will develop into the?
Answer:
in the fetus
Explanation:
because the development of an emrory occurs in an oviduct when a man cooperate
What three key observations allowed darwin to deduce that natural selection is a primary driver of evolution?
What three key observations allowed darwin to deduce that natural selection is a primary driver of evolution?
Populations of organisms vary, more offspring are produced than can survive, and the relative frequency of favourable mutations rises with time.
What is natural selection?Natural selection is the variation in individual survival and procreation brought on by phenotypic variances. The evolution of a population's heritable features across generations is a fundamental mechanism of evolution. By contrasting it with artificial selection, which in his opinion is intentional and natural selection is not, Charles Darwin popularized the phrase "natural ."
Every population of organisms contains variation. This happens in part because an organism's genome might experience random mutations, which its descendants may inherit. Individuals' genetics and environments interact throughout their lifetimes to produce different phenotypes.
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What does each star become after the main sequence stage?
PERFECT QUESTION! SPACE IS WHERE ALL MY INTERESTS ARE!
Answer:
Once a star reaches the limit of it's current stage, which in this case, is the main sequence stage, it will expand and cool, resulting a Red Giant.
What are the stages in the life of a star and what happens in each?1. Nebula
A nebula is an out-of-this-world cloud of gas (hydrogen) and dust. The nebulae are where stars are born. Nebulae come in a variety of forms. A brilliant emission nebula, like the one in Orion, shines because the gas there is powered by the stars that have already formed there. Starlight reflects on the dust particles within a nebula to form a reflection nebula. The Pleiades Cluster's nebula is an example of a mirror nebula. There are also Dark Nebula. These are thick, hydrogen-filled clouds that either fully or partially block the light from the stars behind them, such as the Horsehead Nebula in Orion.
2. Star
A star is a glowing ball of gas that generates all of its own heat and light through nuclear processes (nuclear fusion). They are made primarily of hydrogen and helium gas and are created from nebulae. The colors that correlate to the surface temperatures, which vary from red to blue-white, span from 2000 C to above 30,000 C. With masses 100 times greater than the Sun's, the brightest stars produce as much light as millions of Suns. They have a lifespan of just a million years before becoming supernova. Red dwarfs, which are just a thousandth as luminous as the Sun, are the weakest stars. A star can have a minimum mass of around 8% of the mass of the Sun, or 80 times the mass of the planet Jupiter, for nuclear processes to occur. Brown dwarfs or big planets are objects that have less mass than the critical mass and glow very weakly. A star like the Sun swells out into a red giant as it nears death, loses its outer layers as a planetarian nebula, and then contracts to become a white dwarf.
3. Red Giant
The surface of this big, brilliant star is chilly. It develops as a star like the Sun's core runs out of hydrogen fuel in its final phases of growth. The diameter of a red giant ranges from 10 to 100 times that of the sun. Despite having a surface temperature between 2000 and 3000C that is lower than that of the Sun, they are extraordinarily brilliant due to their size. Super Giants are a common name for red giants, very massive stars. These stars frequently exhibit luminosities one million times higher than the Sun and have dimensions up to 1000 times that of the Sun.
4. Red Dwarf
These are extremely tiny, dim, and cold stars that have a mass and diameter that is roughly equal to that of the Sun. They have an estimated lifespan of 100 billion years and burn very slowly. Proxima Centauri and Barnard's Star are red dwarfs.
5. White Dwarf
This tiny, blazing star is at the end of its life cycle as a star like the Sun. White dwarfs are stars that are similar in mass to the Sun but have a diameter that is just 1% as large as the Sun, or around the size of the Earth. Although a white dwarf is smaller than the Sun and has a surface temperature of 8000C or more, it has an overall brightness of little more than 1% of the Sun. The shriveled remnants of typical stars whose nuclear energy reserves have been depleted are known as white dwarfs. Due to gravitational processes, white dwarfs are composed of degenerate matter with an extremely high density; one tablespoon contains many tonnes of mass. Over a few billion years, white dwarfs cool and disappear.
6. Supernova
This is a star's cataclysmic demise, which frequently gives the star for a brief period the brilliance of 100 million suns. Supernovae often fall into two categories: - These are Type I explosions, which take place in binary star systems when gas from one star collides with a white dwarf, triggering an explosion. Type II These occur in stars that are 10 times as massive as the Sun or more, and near the conclusion of their lifetimes, they experience runaway internal nuclear reactions that result in an explosion. Black holes and neutron stars are what they leave behind. The primary source of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium is assumed to be supernovae.
Thank you,
Eddie
Photosynthesis and respiration include many ______ reactions, in which one compound loses one or more electrons and another gains it/them.
Photosynthesis and respiration include many Redox reactions, in which one compound loses one or more electrons and another gains it/them.
Photosynthesis is conversion of light energy into chemical energy. The electron transfer is a light driven and it is a redox reaction since it involves a path of chain of reactions involving electron transfer.
It uses energy to reduce CO₂ And to form glucose. When water molecules split, then sugar is formed due to the transfer of electrons from water to carbon dioxide i.e. electron lost by a compound is gained by other. It is an important phenomenon for the survival of life on the earth.
Respiration is also a redox reaction involving oxidation- reduction of a set of metabolic reactions. There lies a gain and loss of electrons simultaneously.
Glycolysis involved in Respiration is a ten-step process of Redox reactions that converts Glucose into Pyruvic acid. Also, Two NAD+ are reduced to become NADH.
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it is difficult for blood to clot in wound artery than in wounded vein
Explanation:
because the pressure exerted by artery is more than that of vein due to its narrow lumen and thick walls...causing it difficult to clot.
Which relatively rare type of neuron has two processes extending from opposite sides of the cell body?
Bipolar neuron has two processes extending from opposite sides of the cell body.
Typically, neurons consist of a cell body and one or more extensions. Dendrites (short extensions with ramifications) and axons are the two forms of extension (just one extension of varying length depending on the cells).
Two processes, oppositely extending from the cell body's ends, are present in bipolar cells. One is the dendrite, the other the axon. Bipolar neurons are not common. They are sensory neurons that can be found in the vestibulocochlear nerve's ganglia, olfactory epithelium, and retina.
Therefore, Bipolar neuron has two processes extending from opposite sides of the cell body.
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Aquaporins would be expected to _____ in numbers when _____ is present in the blood
Aquaporins would be expected to increase in numbers when there is an insufficient amount of water present in the blood.
Aquaporins are a type of proteins which are present in the integral membrane of the cells. They act as channels and help in the transport of water and small solutes across the membrane.
Whenever there is insufficient amount of water present in the blood, the antidiuretic hormone or the ADH responds. The aquaporins increase in number in the blood. They allow the transcellular reabsorption of water. Due to this fact, more water is able to escape from the collecting tubules and enter the blood.
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A common adage is that it only takes one sperm to fertilize an egg. As an anatomy student. What would be your response?.
While only one sperm head enters the egg, thousands are needed to break through the egg's defenses.
Yes it takes only one sperm to fertilize the egg but it does take many sperms to break through the defenses of the egg to reach the egg.
Where do we observe fertilization occurring?It occurs in the ampullary part(Upper 3rd) of the Uterine Tube.
What is fertilization?Fertilization is a multi-step, intricate process that takes 24 hours to complete. The beginning of pregnancy and the start of a female's 280-day journey begin when male sperm and female ovum combine to form a zygote. There are two ways to monitor this procedure, and they vary depending on the day the counting starts.What constitutes fertilization's four steps?
There are four distinct mechanisms that make up the stages of fertilization:
Sperm preparation comes first, followed by sperm-egg recognition and binding.sperm-egg fusion.fusion of the pronuclei of the sperm and the egg. activation of the zygote.To learn more about fertilization visit:
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Plasma proteins decrease in a person with liver failure. what effect does this have on capillary filtration/absorption?
The most significant factor contributing to widespread edema brought on by decreased plasma protein production in chronic liver disease is hypoalbuminemia, which manifests in end-stage liver disease. It leads to the increase on capillary filtration/absorption .
The osmotic pressure in blood arteries is maintained in large part by plasma proteins, which are also crucial carriers of several chemicals, including hormones. Blood pressure is the main factor influencing Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is countered by Bowman's capsule fluid pressure and colloid osmotic pressure brought on by plasma proteins.
The plasma has a lower than usual colloid osmotic pressure because there are less plasma proteins present. GFR rises when there is less colloid osmotic pressure working against it.
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Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as __________ on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane
Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as antigens/antibodies on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane.
You can determine what type of blood you have by blood typing. Blood typing ensures that you can safely give blood and receive blood transfusions. Additionally, it checks to see if the Rh factor, which is found on the surface of red blood cells, is present.The four primary blood types are:
Type A Type B Type ABType OBlood group A – has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Blood group B – has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Blood group O – has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Blood group AB – has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies
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Which type of selection acts to eliminate individuals which are intermediate on a phenotypic range?
Disruptive selection acts to eliminate individuals which are intermediate on a phenotypic range.
What is disruptive selection?Extreme values of a trait are preferred above intermediate values in population genetic alterations known as disruptive selection, also known as diversifying selection. In this situation, the trait's variation rises and the population is split into two clearly defined groups.A population that has two extreme variants of a trait as the dominant phenotype is the result of disruptive selection. For instance, disruptive selection would be in play if both short and tall species, but not medium-sized organisms, were favored.A type of natural selection in which traits with extreme values are preferred over those with moderate values.A type of natural selection known as stabilizing selection is one in which genetic diversity declines as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value.Natural selection that discriminates against the typical person in a population is known as disruptive selection. This kind of population would consist primarily of phenotypes (individuals having sets of features) at either extreme and very few individuals in the middle.Learn more about disruptive selection here:
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Some of the food in the protein group and dairy group are high in saturated fats and cholesterol. These raise which cholesterol in the blood?
The food in the protein group and dairy group are high in saturated fats and cholesterol, it raise LDL in blood.
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a waxy like substance synthesized from two sources such as liver and from animals like meat, poultry, diary product.
There are two types of cholesterol, one is bad called LDL cholesterol and second one is good called as HDL.
LDL narrow down the arteries by depositing fats in it, the condition known as atherosclerosis which leads to increase in risk for heart attack, stroke and peripheral artery disease.
On the other hand, HDL protect against heart attack and stroke
Third component called triglycerides are the common type of fat act as a reservoir of excess energy.
Hence, LDL is the correct answer.
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What monosaccharides are formed when the disaccharide is hydrolyzed?
Two units of glucose as monosaccharides are formed when the disaccharide is hydrolyzed.
Disaccharides are sugars made up of two monosaccharide units connected by a glycosidic linkage, a carbon-oxygen-carbon bond. The anomeric carbon of one cyclic monosaccharide reacts with the OH group of another monosaccharide to generate this bond. The monosaccharide components of the disaccharides and the particular kind of glycosidic bond tying them together are different from one another.
Most frequently, partial hydrolysis of starch and glycogen results in the formation of maltose. It is frequently called malt sugar. Compared to sucrose, maltose is around 30% sweeter. Maltose and other disaccharides cannot be metabolised by the human body directly from food because their molecules are too big to fit past the intestinal wall's cell membranes.
The reaction is shown below;
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Which types of animals must have access to environmental enrichment, as mandated by the animal welfare regulations?
Animals which have access to environmental enrichment are Non Human primates as mandated by Animal Welfare Regulations.
Environmental enrichment refers to the modificational changes to upgrade the level of social, physical and mental stimulation to the environment.
Environmental enrichment for laboratory animals is for improving animal well-being. It is used as a research tool to understand the effects of experience on the brain like in Ruminants.It comprises different boundaries of housing animals.It is achieved to make environment more complex and provide cognitive challengesLearn more about Non-Human primates here, https://brainly.com/question/17254525
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Animals which have access to environmental enrichment are Non Human primates as mandated by Animal Welfare Regulations.
Environmental enrichment refers to the modificational changes to upgrade the level of social, physical and mental stimulation to the environment.
Environmental enrichment for laboratory animals is for improving animal well-being.
It is used as a research tool to understand the effects of experience on the brain like in Ruminants which are Non Human primates.
It comprises different boundaries of housing animals.
It is achieved to make environment more complex and provide cognitive challenges.
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What extended schleiden's hypothesis by suggesting that animal tissue was made up of cells?
Theodore Schwann extended Schleiden's hypothesis by suggesting that animal tissue was made up of cells.
What is the cell theory?The cell theory is the theory that states living things are composed of basic units of life called cells.
The cell theory was first developed by Schleiden who observed animals through a microscope.
The cell theory was then further developed by Theodore Schwann based on Schleiden's hypothesis.
The cell theory developed by Theodore Schwann states that:
All organisms are made of cellsCells are the basic units of life.All cells come from preexisting cells that have multipliedThis cell theory has been used to develop the modern theories about cells.
In conclusion, the cell theory is the theory which states that all living things are made up of cells and that cells are the basic unit of life.
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1. write down a brief summary of the main steps you took in the procedure and what the purpose of each step was. be sure to include any adjustments you may have made to the procedure, what they were, and why you made them.
It is important to consider that some pollutants are taken up easily by plants whereas other pollutants are difficult. This is because of their water solubility criteria. If a pollutant can be taken up by plant directly, it can cause more damages to the plant as compared to the pollutant which interacts from outside.
What is Pollutants?Pollutants can affect the photosynthesis:Some pollutants are toxic to plant metabolic reactions such as photosynthesis. This is because of their oxidative nature that can damage the photosystems. This ultimately impairs the plant functioning, e.g. ozone in the air.
Pollutants can affect the plant-associated microbial communities:Some pollutants such as antibiotics can target plant-associated bacterial communities that are required for plant health. Just like the human gut, plants also have beneficial bacteria that live inside the plant tissues. These bacteria are called endophytes. The harmful nature of the compounds can affect those bacteria which decreases plant fitness.
Pollutants can compete with nutrients that act as limiting factors:Some pollutants are hydrophobic in nature and make the beneficial nutrients less available to the plants. Likewise, some pollutants reduce the bioavailability of plant necessary nutrients directly. This results in reduced growth and development in plants.
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What hormone helps to maintain extracellular fluid (ecf) osmolality when concentrations become too high?
Vasopressin, also known as Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps to maintain extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality when concentrations become too high.
When osmolality increases, it stimulates the body to produce Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This hormone instructs the kidneys to retain more water inside the blood vessels as a result, the urine becomes more concentrated.
Osmolality refers to the concentration of dissolved particles of chemicals and minerals like sodium and other electrolytes in the serum. Osmolality increases when the body is dehydrated whereas, it decreases when too much fluid in present in the blood.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin checks the amount of water reabsorbed from the nephrons. This regulates the water content of the blood which is termed as osmoregulation.
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What is the biological growth process that explains why most children begin walking by about 12 to 15 months?
Maturation is the biological growth process that explains why most children begin walking by about 12 to 15 months.
Development of walking signifies maturation of neuromuscular areas exemplifying Flexibility and Fluency. Maturation of a children walking into an adult is important.
Children usually start to walk from 8 months to 18 months before this they usually crawl. Most children cannot make independent steps upto 12 months.
Children start making mature steps holding their hands and try moving with keeping their foot together. During the initial years the child is developing coordination and muscle strength in every part of the body.
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Excitation of the quadriceps femoris group and inhibition of the hamstring group is termed _______ innervation.
Excitation of the quadriceps femoris group and inhibition of the hamstring group is termed reciprocal innervation.
Reciprocal inhibition describes the relaxation of muscles on one side of a joint to accommodate contraction on the other side. Quadriceps femoris muscle are large fleshy muscle group covering the front and sides of the thigh. It has four parts namely rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermediate. Quadriceps femoris consists of the rectus femoris and the three vastus muscles. These muscles work together to extend the knee and stabilize the patella, or kneecap.
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why are silkworm economically importance?
Answer:
The silkworm litter is used for bio-gas production and used as a fuel for cooking in the rural area. Thus sericulture not only provides silk for fashionable clothings, it also provides several very useful bye products to the human society.
The condition resulting in muscle spasms due to an abnormally low concentration of calcium in the blood is:________
The condition resulting in muscle spasms due to an abnormally low concentration of calcium in the blood is tetany.
What is tetany?Tetany is a condition marked by muscle spasms at irregular intervals. It is an involuntary muscle contraction.This is caused due to the defect in parathyroid glands resulting in deficiency of calcium in the blood.Muscle spasms are caused due to poor communication between neurons. As calcium is released as a neurotransmitter at the point of contact between two neurons (synapse), its deficiency prevents the transfer of signal from one neuron to the other resulting in muscle spasms.Tetany may lead to seizures, painful muscle cramps, numbness in feet and hands, heart problems, spasms of voice box.Learn about hyponatremia here:
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Cellulose is an example of a ________. polypeptide polysaccharide monosaccharide steroid
Cellulose is an example of a polysaccharide.
Plants produce a polysaccharide known as cellulose. It makes up a part of the cell walls. This substance is a polymer made up of many glucose monomers connected by glycosidic connections. They consist of a linear chain of β 1,4-linked d-glucose units that have been polymerized to varying degrees (from a few hundred to over ten thousand).
Compared to starch or glycogen, cellulose has a distinct structure and consequently different properties because of how the glucose molecules are bonded together. On cellulose, the hydrolyzing enzymes for starch do not function.
The majority of species cannot digest cellulose. Therefore it bypasses them (roughage). Termites and goats have microbes that help them digest cellulose; they don't actually do it themselves.
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The air masses that have the greatest influence on weather conditions in the central united states are?
The air masses that have the greatest influence on weather conditions in the central United States are Continental polar and Maritime Tropical air masses.
What are air masses?A large volume of air in the atmosphere with uniform temperature and moisture is called an air mass.
These air masses can extend horizontally for thousands of kilometres. Vertically, they can extend from ground level to the stratosphere which is up to 16 kilometres into the atmosphere. Air masses formed on land are called continental air masses and those formed over water are called maritime air masses.
When strong winds blow, air masses are moved as a whole and when they move, they carry the weather conditions of their original source with them. This influences the weather in their new location.
If the air mass clashes with an already present air mass at the new location, it can give rise to a severe storm.
Therefore two air masses affecting weather conditions in the United States are Continental polar and Maritime Tropical air masses.
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The _____________ did not believe in the afterlife or the resurrection of the body.
The Sadducees did not believe in the afterlife or the resurrection of the body.
The Sadducees did not believe in resurrection of the dead, but believed (contrary to the claim of Josephus) in the traditional Jewish concept of Sheol for those who had died. Resurrection is the belief that after death one's departed soul will be restored, or resurrected, to a bodily life in heaven. Whereas the Sadducees denied the existence or influence of angels. In relation to salvation, only the Temple rituals were of benefit.
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