Apurinic sites in an intact double helix DNA molecule result from the loss of a nucleotide base.
What is an apurinic site?An apurinic/apyrimidinic/abasic site is a position in a molecule of DNA which lacks any purine or pyrimidine base. These sites are also found in RNA molecules but their frequency is more in DNA molecules.
DNA damage caused by a spontaneous depurination can result in the formation of an abasic site.
In the presence of an abasic site, DNA polymerases cannot function. Thus to maintain the integrity of the genome, these sites need to be repaired.
Two methods to repair are base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair.
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The tissue from which all other connective tissue eventually rises is called?
Answer:
Mesenchyme
Explanation:
All other connective tissues eventually arise from mesenchyme
hopefully this helps :)
The tissue from which all other connective tissue eventually rises is called mesenchyme.
Undifferentiated connective tissue includes mesenchyme, also known as mesenchymal connective tissue. Although it may come from other germ layers, such as mesenchyme made from neural crest cells, it is mostly formed from the embryonic mesoderm (ectoderm). Multipotent stem cells called mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are located in bone marrow and are crucial for the development and maintenance of skeletal tissues like cartilage, bone, and the fat that makes up bone marrow. While essential to morphogenesis during development, mesenchyme is typically a transitive tissue that is absent from mature animals.Mesenchymal stem cells are an exception; they can be found in trace amounts in bone marrow, lipids, muscles, and the dental pulp of infant teeth.
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During inspiration, the intrapulmonary pressure is the atmospheric pressure. At this point the intrapulmonary pressure is __________________ that intrapleural pressure.
During inspiration , the intrapulmonary pressure is the atmospheric pressure. At this point the intrapulmonary pressure is greater that intrapleural pressure.
Air flows into the lungs largely due to difference in pressure , atmospheric pressure is greater than infra-alveolar pressure . It is changes during the different phases of breathing because the alveolar which connected to atmosphere via tubing of airways.Due to certain characteristics of the lungs the intrapleural pressure is always lower than or negative to the intra-alveolar pressure.
Intrapleural pressure air within the pleura cavity , Intra- alveolar pressure, between the visceral and parietal pleurae, , intrapleural pressure which is also changes during the different phases of breathing and due to certain characteristics of the lungs, the intra-alveolar pressure .
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Please help ASAP!! Very confused
The three diagrams or images are pictures of female reproductive plant parts.
What is the first image?
The first diagram is an Ase.xual Spore. An ase.xual spore is Asexual spores can be shed outdoors or within a specific reproductive sac called a sporangium and are genetically identical to their parents.
Inhospitable environmental circumstances frequently lead to se.xual reproduction in fungus. When reproducing sexually, mycelium can either be homothallic or heterothallic.
What is the second image?The second diagram or Item B of the plant is called the Ovule.
What is the Ovule of a plant?Ovules are held or contained in the carpal, the bottom portion of the pistil (eggs). the region of the flower that develops into a fruit after fertilization of the ovarian ovules, or eggs.
In order words, the Ovule is the part of a flowering plant that produces female reproductive cells.
What is the Third Image?The third image is a juxtaposition of subfamilies
Campanuloideae and Lobelioideae.To the left is a cross section of a common ovary in the subfamily of the plant genus called Lobelioideae. It depict 2 locules and numerous axile ovules.
On the right is a common ovary of the Campanuloideae with locules that are five in number and numerous axile ovules. There is also traces of milky sap on the cut surface.
What is a locule?A locule is any of several tiny, distinct chambers, particularly in an ovary.
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Exothermic versus endothermic
An endothermic reaction is taking place in a test tube. what would you expect to feel when you touch the outside of the test tube?
If an endothermic reaction is taking place in a test tube, the temperature will decrease which can be felt when we touch the outside of the test tube.
An Exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction which involves the release of heat energy in the surroundings. The temperature of the surrounding resultantly increases.
An endothermic reaction is a type of of chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed from the surrounding. This results in a decrease in the temperature of the surroundings. When an endothermic reaction takes place in test tube the temperature of the surrounding, which is the wall of the test tube, will decrease and this can be felt by touching the outside of the test tube.
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What is an example of a virulence factor that is related to immune system evasion?
Example: The following TLR recognition avoidance, adhesins that impact immune response, and resistance to host defenses peptides and polypeptides are examples of aureus virulence factors involved in immune evasion in the early stages of infection.
Given the issues with S. aureus antibiotic resistance, studies of innate immune responses and their role against S. aureus are crucial in human and veterinary health.
These data are also required to create effective S. aureus vaccines or compounds since the bacterium can control the immune response.
What are Virulence Factors?The virulence factors affect a pathogen's capacity to harm or infect its host tissues.
These are frequently chemicals produced by the bacterium or virus and encoded in their genome, but they can also be ingested from the environment through genetic elements that are transmittable.
Because bacteria and viruses obviously differ in their makeup, their virulence factors can also be very different.
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Mendel's laws relate to the specific behavior of chromosomes during meiosis. mendel's observation that alleles segregate during gamete formation is illustrated by the:____.
Alleles segregate during gamete formation is illustrated by the law of segregation given by Mendel.
What is law of segregation?According to law of segregation the alleles of an individual, separate during the formation of gametes.
This law is also known as law of purity of gametes.
Law of segregation helps to understand pattern of single-gene inheritance.
During gamete formation each allele of one parent segregates randomly into the gametes.
Thus,law of segregation suggests that alleles segregate during gamete formation.
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Select the correct answer. a cell has damaged dna. which checkpoint is responsible for checking this? a. m checkpoint b. g2 checkpoint c. g1 checkpoint
The answer is B: G2 checkpoint.
What is DNA?Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an organic chemical that includes genetic information and education for protein synthesis. It is found in most cells of every organism. DNA is a key part of repetition in which genetic heredity appears through the demise of DNA from parent or parents to children.DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material in humans and nearly all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person's body has the same DNA.DNA is made of chemical structure blocks called nucleotides. These building partnerships are made of three parts: a phosphate status, a sugar group, and one of four types of nitrogen bases. To form a strand of DNA, nucleotides are connected into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups rotating.To learn more about DNA, refer to:
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A body of underground water, usually comprised of water saturated regolith, is permeable, and replenishes lakes and streams, is known as a(n) __________
A body of underground water, usually comprised of water saturated regolith, is permeable, and replenishes lakes and streams, is known as a aquifer.
Groundwater to be able to get into a rock with good porosity it must also have good permeability. For a rock to be permeable and for water to move through it, the pore spaces between the grains in the rock must be connected. Permeability is therefore a measure of the ability of water to move through a rock.
An aquifer is a body of rock and/or sediment that holds groundwater. Groundwater is the word used to describe precipitation that has infiltrated the soil beyond the surface and collected in empty spaces underground. There are two general types of aquifers confined and unconfined.
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In a _____ mutation, the change occurs during the dna replication that precedes meiosis.
In a germline mutation, the change occurs during the dna replication that precedes meiosis.
A gene change in a body's reproductive cell (egg or sperm) that becomes integrated into the DNA of every cell in the body of the offspring. Germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Germline mutations are the cause of many diseases like, cystic fibrosis and cancer (eg, breast and ovarian cancer, melanoma). Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary genetic disorder that results in a thick, sticky buildup of mucus in the lungs, pancreas and other organs.
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Briefly explain why only chromosomes of a homologous pair can have their alleles referred toas homozygous or heterozygous
This is due to the fact that only homologous chromosomes would have identical genes located at identical sites on those chromosomes. Otherwise, there would be no connection between the alleles of various genes.
Although the genes and loci of the two members of the homologous pair are similar, the alleles may vary.For instance, both allele possess the genes responsible for the attribute of eye colour. While the one has alleles for the blue-eye trait, other has alleles for the brown-eye trait. The homologous chromosomes are said to be heterozygous in this instance since the alleles are different.
On the other hand, when both alleles for a gene that codes for the blue-eye phenotype are present, it is said to be homozygous.
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The aymara indians, who live in the mountains of bolivia, have become biologically adapted to their environment by being:________
The Aymara Indians, who live in the mountains of Bolivia, have become biologically adapted to their environment by being: short-legged and barrel-chested and surviving on lower oxygen content.
Anthropologists have routinely characterized the Aymara of the altiplano (high Andean plateau) around Lake Titicaca in southern Peru as almost pathologically inflexible and fatalistic. Yet during the last few decades, these people, who live in a flood and drought-prone region at an altitude of 12,500 ft., have shown a remarkable ability to adapt to a challenging environment
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__________ will increase soil nitrates, while ___________ will decrease soil nitrates.
Animal manure will increase soil nitrates, while fast growing crops will decrease soil nitrates.
What will decrease soil nitrates?
Denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), two significant nitrate-reducing mechanisms in soil, are in charge of nitrate (NO 3 ) loss and the creation of nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas (N2O).
What increases nitrogen in soil?
Naturally occurring sources of nitrogen addition to soil include air deposition from rainfall and N fixation by soil bacteria and legumes. Usually, fertilizers, manure, or other organic sources provide the crop with extra N.What causes low nitrogen in soil?
N deficiency is associated with the type of soil and is typical in sandy, well-drained soils with rapid nitrogen loss. Overwatering owing to excessive irrigation and heavy rains results in nitrogen shortage. The ability of plant roots to absorb water-soluble nutrients is hampered by a lack of soil moisture.Learn more about soil nitrates
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Cell division is regulated by two major genes..
division.
A. proto-oncogenes, oncogenes
B. tumor suppressor genes, proto-oncogenes
C. proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
D. oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
stimulate cell division and
inhibits cell
Cell division is regulated by two major genes D. oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes, which stimulate cell division and, inhibit cells.
Cell division is the technique by the way which a parent cell divides, whilst a mother cell divides into or greater daughter cells. cellular department commonly takes vicinity as a part of a bigger cell cycle. In eukaryotes, there are distinct sorts of cell division that take place.
Cell division is the manner wherein a parent cell divides, giving a push to 2 or greater daughter cells. it is a crucial biological method in every lifestyle. cell division is fundamental to all residing organisms and required for increase and improvement. As a crucial approach to reproduction for all dwelling matters, the cell department allows organisms to switch their genetic fabric to their offspring.
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In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these secretions?.
Acinar cells
Yes, CCK would be activated in response to a heavy fat and protein meal, which would then drive a pancreatic secretion that is rich in enzymes.
What do Acinar cells do ?Nearly all of the digestive enzymes required for nutrition digestion that are active in the small intestinal lumen are synthesised and secreted by pancreatic acinar cells. To ensure a sufficient supply of digestive enzymes, both synthesis and secretion are tightly controlled over short and long time scales.
The exocrine pancreas's role. The centroacinar cells and intercalated duct cells release a biocarbonate-rich buffer solution, whereas the acinar cells create, store, and release digesting enzymes.Learn more about Acinar cells here:
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The immune system not only fights pathogens; it also fights foreign cells, such as those introduced during tissue transplantation. this type of immune reaction is called?
The immune system not only fights pathogens; it also fights foreign cells, such as those introduced during tissue transplantation. this type of immune reaction is called Graft rejection or transplant rejection .
The immune system of the person who gets an organ after transplant surgery may alert them to the foreign nature of the organ. This occurs when the immune system of the patient notices that the antigens on the organ's cells are "mismatched."
Blood transfusion reactions or transplant rejection can be caused by mismatched or imperfectly matched organs. Doctors match the organ recipient and donor in order to lessen the likelihood of this reaction.
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The immune system not only fights pathogens; it also fights foreign cells, such as those introduced during tissue transplantation. This type of immune reaction is called Transplant or Graft rejection.
Rejection occurs when the recipient’s immune system recognizes the donor tissue as foreign or non-self, thereby, triggering an immune response. The major histocompatibility complex markers MHC I and MHC II which are more specifically known as Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs), play an important role in transplant rejection.
The immune response linked with a transplanted organ consists of both cellular (lymphocyte mediated) and humoral (antibody mediated) mechanisms. Although other cell types are also involved, the T cells are central in the rejection of grafts.
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When dealing with ____________ it is important to educate consumers so that they do not fall victim to greenwashing/marketing schemes.
When dealing with Ecolabelling , it is important to educate consumers so that they do not fall victim to green washing/marketing schemes.
Ecolabelling (also "Eco-Labels") and Green Stickers are labelling systems for food and consumer products. The use of Eco labels is voluntary, whereas green stickers are mandated by law.
Some labels quantify pollution or energy consumption by way of index scores or units of measurement, while others assert compliance with a set of practices or minimum requirements for sustainability or reduction of harm to the environment. Many ecolabels are focused on minimising the negative ecological impacts of primary production or resource extraction in a given sector or commodity through a set of good practices that are captured in a sustainability standard. Through a verification process, usually referred to as "certification", a farm, forest, fishery, or mine can show that it complies with a standard and earn the right to sell its products as certified through the supply chain, often resulting in a consumer-facing ecolabel.
Ecolabelling systems exist for both food and consumer products. Both systems were started by non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
At least for food, the ecolabel is nearly identical with the common NGO definition of the rules for ecolabelling. Label trust is an issue for consumers because some manufacturers and manufacturing associations have set up "rubber stamp" labels to greenwash their products with fake ecolabels. High trust levels can be created when ecolabels apply for governmental recognition as formal Certification Marks (recognized by logos or names with 'CTM', CM or 'CertTM'). Typically this means schemes approved as a Certification Mark have had the government department responsible declare that the scheme has a standard and certifies that they are 'Competent to Certify'.
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If you were looking to change your work on stomata to suit your awake-at-night personality, with which plants would you choose to work?
Why are microbial etcs so diverse? relate to anaerobic respiration, alternative energy sources, chemoautotrophs, phototrophs? hint: do all cells use have cytochrome oxidase?
There are different kinds of microbes and distinguished by their differing characteristics of cellular metabolism , physiology and morphology by their various ecological distribution and activities that distinct genomic structure and expressions.
The electron transport system that energy production for aerobic organism found in mitochondria of cells.Its final stage in cellar respiration,which process by which the cell produces.Bacteria with different shapes are present different physical feature to outside world.
Cytochrome oxidase that conserves energy released when oxygen is reduced by pumping protons across the membrane .It locates in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and in the cellular space of aerobic prokaryotes .Human cytochrome oxide is composed of 13 sub-units.
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suggest a stimulus to the hand that could start a reflex response
Answer: The nerve pathway followed by a reflex action is called a reflex arc
Explanation: For example, a simple reflex arc happens if we accidentally touch something hot. Receptor in the skin detects a stimulus (the change in temperature).
An analogy of the hypothalamus would be?
Answer choices:
Police force of a country
Major cities of a country
Citizens of a country
The Michael Jackson of a country
Legislative body of a country
An analogy of the hypothalamus would be the police force of a country.
What is the hypothalamus?The hypothalamus is one of the major regions of the brain. It functions as the smart control center of the body.
The hypothalamus controls body physiology and ensures that the normal range of operation of physiological processes is not exceeded. In other words, it keeps orderliness in physiological processes.
For example, the normal range of human body temperature is 36.5 to 37 degrees celsius. Once this range is breached, the hypothalamus activates the body system to return it back to normal.
This is comparable to the work of the police force of a country. They keep law and order. They ensure that laws are not broken and when they are, they ensure swift action to restore normalcy.
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What is the heating value of a number 2 heating oil?
a) 80,000 btu/gallon
b) 100,000 btu/gallon
c) 140,000 btu/gallon
d) 180,000 btu/gallon
Correct option is C. The heating value of a number 2 heating oil is 140,000 btu/gallon.
The amount of heat released by combusting a specific quantity of fuel (at first at 25°C) and raising the temperature of the combustion products to 150°C is known as the lower heating value (also known as net calorific value) of a fuel. This definition assumes that the latent heat of vaporization of water in the reaction products is not recovered.When a fuel is burned and the combustion products have returned to a temperature of 25°C, the higher heating value of the fuel—also known as the gross calorific value or gross energy—is calculated, taking into account the latent heat of vaporization of water in the fuel and the amount of heat released by a specified quantity (which was initially at 25°C).British thermal units are BTUs, while standard cubic feet are SCFs.To learn more about heating value from the given link
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Catabolism of food molecules involves ________. group of answer choices glycogenesis dehydration reactions synthesis reactions hydrolysis reactions
Catabolism of food molecules involves Hydrolysis reaction. It is the chemical bonds,its water breaks one or more chemical bonds.The cleavage of bio-molecules where a water molecule is consumed into component parts.
Hydrolysis reaction break the covalent bonds by consuming a water molecules and dividing its atoms between separate molecules these reactions are catabolic . It gives out energy and its exergonic. In this reaction large molecules are broken down into smaller ones.
There are some examples such as reverse of the condensation reactions described above. The process that dissolve a piece of bread into simple nutrients your body can use like glucose.
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Our blood vessels are lined with muscles that allow for automatic dilation and constriction based on environmental situations. what kind of muscle tissue lines the blood vessels?
Smooth muscle, a type of tissue that allows for constriction or dilation, makes up the blood vessel walls. The absence of striations (stripes), which are present in both skeletal and cardiac muscles, gives smooth muscle its name.
Only smooth muscle cells are found in blood arteries. The tunica media houses these muscle cells, elastic fibres, and connective tissue. Even though vessels only have smooth muscles, skeletal muscle contractions are crucial for the venous system's ability to transport blood from the periphery to the heart.
The autonomic nervous system regulates the smooth muscle found in the walls of hollow internal organs like blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract, the bladder, and the uterus. Since smooth muscle cannot be consciously controlled, it behaves spontaneously.
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Which are examples of how the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity?
Two hormones are produced and kept in the posterior pituitary gland. generating control chemicals that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland. encourages the release of essential hormones from the adrenal cortex.
By releasing particular regulatory hormones, the hypothalamus regulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland's ability to produce hormones. Hypothalamic neurons produce regulatory substances into the interstitial fluids around the median eminence, swelling close to the infundibulum's connection. The pituitary gland, which produces and distributes additional critical hormones throughout the body, collaborates with the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland jointly regulate a large number of the body's hormone-producing glands, collectively known as the endocrine system. The thyroid, gonads, and adrenal cortex.
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What is a religious custom
When a custom contains a religious component and includes the communal expression of religious life outside of the Church's formal liturgy, it is referred to as a religious custom.
A custom is an action that is typically repeated in the same way on related occasions and is influenced by local tradition.
When it contains religious meaning and includes the community expression of religious life outside of the Church's formal liturgy, it is referred to as a religious custom.
It demonstrates how the objective salvific event permeates peoples' subjective experiences in various ways according to their age, country, and region.
Subjective piety is produced by those who have mystical religious tendencies.
Sermons, remembering a god or gods' deeds, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, rituals, liturgies, ceremonies, worship, initiations, funerals, marriages, mediation, invocation, mediumship, music, art, dance, community service, or other aspects of human culture can all be included in a religion's practice.
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The arrangement of homeotic genes along chromosomes of vertebrate and invertebrate animals corresponds to the expression pattern of the genes along the __________ axis of the developing embryo
The arrangement of homeotic genes along chromosomes of vertebrate and invertebrate animals corresponds to the expression pattern of the genes along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing embryo.
What are homeotic genes?Homeotic genes are a group of body pattern forming genes which control the development along the anterior- posterior axis of the developing embryo.These encode transcription factors which control and specify the genes involved in body patterning. These provide identity to the segments during embryo formation.Genes located in the 5’ end act on posterior side whereas the genes on 3’ end act on anterior region.Homeotic genes are evolutionary conserved and control body specification, patterning and differentiation.The loss of function of any of the gene changes the body pattern and affects the development.Learn more about homeotic genes here:
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In the context of protein digestion, protein breakdown into its amino acid constituents is completed by?
In the context of protein digestion, protein breakdown into its amino acid constituents is completed by proteases produced in the small intestine
Protein-degrading enzymes are referred to as proteases. These enzymes are produced by bacteria, fungus, plants, and mammals.Proteins in the body or on the skin are broken down by proteolytic enzymes. This may aid in digestion or the breakdown of proteins that contribute to inflammation and pain. The small intestine, pancreas, and stomach all manufacture protease. The stomach and small intestine are where the majority of chemical reactions take place. Pepsin is the primary digestive enzyme that targets proteins in the stomach. Proteases are released by the pancreas into the proximal small intestine, where they combine with proteins that have already been altered by gastric secretions and break them down into amino acids, which are then absorbed and utilized by the body as necessary.learn more about proteases here:
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A scientist samples a population of butterflies and finds that 56% are heterozygous at a particular locus. If the population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium, what should be the frequency of the homozygous individuals in this population?.
0.44 the frequency of the homozygous individuals in this population.
What is Hardy-Weinberg principle ?
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors.
From the Hardy Weinberg Law of Population and Genetics,
We have
x²+2xy+y²=1 and
x+y=1
where
x = frequency of the dominant allele in the population
y = frequency of the recessive allele in the population
x2 = percentage of homozygous dominant individuals
y2 = percentage of homozygous recessive individuals
2xy = percentage of heterozygous individuals
Given 2xy = 0.56
from here, y=0.28/x, (the frequency of the recessive allele ) can be obtained
we need to find 'x'
recall, x+y=1, x=1-y
substituting this gives us
y=0.28/(1-y), which becomes,
y(1-y)=0.28
y²- y + 0.28 (quadratic equation)
Solving this to find 'y' gives two imaginary values of y = 0.44 but ,
There is no imaginary solution .
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How can you use word components to relate medical terms to the structure and function?
Word components are used as word roots, prefixes and suffixes to relate medical terms to structure and function.
What is medical terminology?Medical terminology is a standard set of words used by medical professionals for efficient communication among themselves and for efficient documentation.
It reduces errors that can be caused by poor communication ensuring that the entire staff can study a patient's previous documentation for early diagnosis and treatment.
Medical terminology can therefore be broken down into roots, prefixes and suffixes to avoid any error in treatment. In simple words, any mistake or misunderstanding by medical professionals can result in the loss of lives. That is why medical terminology is important.
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Nature, allolactose serves as the inducer in the wild-type lac operon. for this experiment, you used iptg as the inducer. why is it so important to our experiment that iptg is not metabolized?
Nature, allolactose serves as the inducer in the wild-type lac operon. for this experiment, you used IPTG as the inducer. It is so important to our experiment that iptg is not metabolized the bacterial cells can't process IPTG since it is not the right substrate for the lactose metabolic pathways.
what is allolactose ?
A disaccharide like lactose is allolactose. Instead of the 1-4 linkage of lactose, it consists of the monosaccharides D-galactose and D-glucose joined through a 1-6 glycosidic linkage.
what is IPTG ?
A molecular biology tool is isopropyl d-1-thiogalactopyranoside. This substance is utilized to promote protein expression in situations where the lac operator controls the gene because it is a chemical mimic of allolactose.
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