An important tool of genetic engineering is recombinant DNA, which is DNA altered by the incorporation of genes from a different organism.
The modification and manipulation of an organism's genes through technology are known as genetic engineering, often referred to as genetic modification or genetic manipulation. It is a collection of technologies used to alter cells' genetic make-up, including the movement of genes between and within species to create better or entirely new organisms.
Recombinant DNA techniques are used to isolate and copy the genetic material of interest, while artificial DNA synthesis is used to create new DNA. Paul Berg combined DNA from the lambda virus and the SV40 monkey virus in 1972 to create the first recombinant DNA molecule.
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The incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates without the use of oxygen is a process referred to as?
Fermentation is the process in which incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrate without the use of oxygen takes place.
What is fermentation?The chemical process in which molecules such as glucose are broken down without oxygen or in anaerobic condition.
Incomplete oxidation of glucose in the process of fermentation takes place under anaerobic condition as there is no use of oxygen.
During the process of fermentation pyruvic acid is formed and two molecules of ATP are synthesized.
Therefore,fermentation is the process in which incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrate without use of oxygen takes place.
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Both adult and embryonic stem cells have the potential to be used for medical treatment. Evaluate the potential use of adult and embryonic stem cells as medical treatments. You must contain a justified conclusion
Stem cells are the body's raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated. Under the right conditions in the body or a laboratory, stem cells divide to form more cells called daughter cells.Research carried out with the use of these cells has demonstrated their effectiveness in the treatment of various diseases, such as leukemia, heart disease and hematological diseases. Embryonic stem cells, in turn, have the ability to form any tissue in the body.
How are embryonic stem cells used?Stem cells have the ability to differentiate and self-renew. For this reason, they can be used in the treatment of degenerative diseases. Stem cells stand out for their ability to transform into different cell types, that is, they are cells with a great capacity for differentiation.
What diseases could be treated with the use of Embryonic Stem Cells?Diseases that can be treated with stem cellsleukemias. Leukemia is a generic term used to describe the “cancer” of leukocytes, the white blood cells. Thalassemias. Neuroblastoma.Primary immunodeficiencies.Sideroblastic anemia. Metabolic diseases. Sickle cell anemia.With this information, we can conclude that Scientists are also working on ways to develop stem cells from other cells, using genetic “reprogramming” techniques.
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Both adult and embryonic stem cells have the potential to be used for medical treatment because adult stem cells are also found in a undifferentiated state.
What are embryonic stem cells?The embryonic stem cells are specific non-specialized cells found in the blastocyst (embryo state) which can be stimulated to generate virtually any tissue.
Moreover, adult stem cells are nonspecialized cells found after the postnatal period which can be stimulated to divide and produce any tissue (similarly to embryonic stem cells).
In conclusion, both adult and embryonic stem cells have the potential to be used for medical treatment because adult stem cells are also found in a undifferentiated state.
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The meselon-stahl experiment demonstrated that dna replication produces two dna molecules each composed of
The meselson-stahl experiment demonstrated that DNA replication produces two DNA molecules each composed of nitrogen isotopes.
Matthew Stanley Meselson and Franklin William Stahl in the US demonstrated semi-conservative DNA replication in the 1950s, showing that each daughter DNA molecule contains one new daughter subunit and one subunit conserved from the mother DNA molecule. This work was later named after them. Meselson and Stahl came to the conclusion that DNA molecules can reflect semi-conservatively based on their observations and experimental findings. The study of the semi-conservative character of DNA replication or the copying of cells did not end there.
The DNA replication process was examined in a 1958 experiment by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl using the fast-dividing E. coli bacterium. By centrifuging nitrogen isotopes in calcium chloride, 15N (heavy) and 14N (normal) can be distinguished from one another based solely on their densities (CsCl).
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Hormone released by the duodenum in response to acids and lipids in the duodenum.
Cholecystokinin is perspired by cells of the upper little intestine. Its secretion is stimulated by the introduction of hydrochloric acid, amino acids, or fatty acids into the stomach or duodenum.
What is Cholecystokinin?Cholecystokinin is a hormone produced in your little intestine. It recreates a fundamental role in digestive function. When fats and proteins enter your small intestine, cholecystokinin activates your gallbladder and pancreas to contract.The most recognized positions of this hormone are in digestion and appetite. It improves digestion by delaying the emptying of food from the stomach and promoting the production of bile in the liver as well as its departure from the gall bladder.CCK peptides stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion and growth, gallbladder compaction, gut motility, and satiety, and deter acid secretion from the stomach. Moreover, they are major neurotransmitters in the brainiac and the periphery.To learn more Cholecystokinin, refer to:
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Old dirty csf is dumped into the large vein (superior sagittal sinus) through which structure?
Old dirty CSF is dumped into the large vein (superior sagittal sinus) through the arachnoid villus.
Small protrusions of the arachnoid barrier layer into the venous sinus and its principal tributaries are known as arachnoid villi or granulations. They are generally acknowledged to be the cause of human meningiomas and are intimately associated with the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid. Arachnoid villi, which are structures, are used in the superior sagittal sinus to absorb CSF into the bloodstream.
The bulk of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is created by the choroid plexus, travels through the ventricles, cisterns, and subarachnoid space, and then is absorbed into the blood by the arachnoid villi, according to the conventional concept of CSF physiology.
Arachnoid granulations or villi are arachnoid membrane growths in the dural sinuses, where the CSF exits the subarachnoid space and enters the venous system. Arachnoid granulations, which are visible to the unaided eye and indicate enlarged arachnoid villi, are minute.
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Detective controls strengthen the system against incidents by reducing or eliminating certain vulnerabilities.
a. true
b. false
True. Detective controls strengthen the system against incidents by reducing or eliminating certain vulnerabilities.
What about detective control?Detective controls are intended to identify mistakes or issues after the transaction has taken place. Detective controls are crucial because they give proof that preventative controls are working as planned and give an opportunity to find abnormalities after the fact.A detective control is made to find issues after they have already happened. After an issue is identified, management can take action to reduce the likelihood that it will happen again in the future, typically by changing the underlying process.Designed to identify mistakes and anomalies that have already happened and to ensure that they are corrected as soon as possible. These safeguards are frequently expensive but essential operating expenses.Audits, performance evaluations, and reconciliations. Preventive and investigative efforts are the two main categories of control.Learn more about detective control here:
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A point mutation that does not result in a change to the amino acid coded for is said to be a _______ mutation. a. spontaneous c. selective b. synonymous d. stabilizing
A point mutation that does not result in a change to the amino acid coded for is said to be a synonymous mutation.
What is synonymous mutation?
A synonymous mutation is a change in a protein's amino acid sequence that occurs in the DNA sequence that codes for that amino acid but does not affect the encoded amino acid. These alterations typically take place in the third position of a codon because of the genetic code's redundancy (several codons encode the same amino acid).
For instance, the codes for glycine are GGT, GGA, GGC, and GGG. The identical amino acid will be integrated into the protein sequence with any modification in the codon's third position (for example, A is replaced by G).
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Which event is not a likely outcome of glucagon binding to its receptor? increase in:
An increase in GDP binding to the Gα subunit of the G protein is NOT a likely outcome of glucagon binding to its receptor. the correct answer is option(a).
Glucagon causes conformational changes in its receptor, which is mostly found in the liver and kidney when it attaches to it. This results in the activation of heterotrimeric G proteins, particularly the Gs alpha subunit, which then begins signaling the activation of adenylyl cyclase enzymes.
Adenylate cyclase is activated by the Gs protein, which then catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), thereby raising intracellular cAMP levels. The glucagon signaling pathway is started by binding to specific receptors on the target cell membrane.
In addition to controlling the metabolism of carbohydrates, insulin and glucagon also have a number of physiologic functions. The binding of each hormone to receptors on the target cells starts the physiological effects of insulin and glucagon on the cell.
Therefore, the correct answer is option(a) because adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A activities as well as the level of cAMP are all enhanced once glucagon binds to its receptor and activates its associated G protein. In contrast, G protein activation encourages bound GDP dissociation and its exchange for GTP on the subunit.
The complete question is:
Which event is NOT a likely outcome of glucagon binding to its receptor? Increase in:
GDP binding to Gα subunit of the G protein
adenylate cyclase activity
protein kinase A activity
cAMP generation
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What are the major sources of energy utilized during a 100 meter race, a 1000 meter race, and a marathon? How do runners transition from one energy source to another during the course of a marathon?
Glucose is the major sources of energy which utilized during the 100 m race , 1000 m race . Glucose is formed from the breakdown of carbohydrate and stored as a glycogen in muscles and liver.
Carbohydrates and fat are the primary sources of energy with protein contributing a minimal amount under normal conditions.ATP is body's usable from of energy. Body uses three type of different system of metabolism to transfer stored energy to form ATP.
Runner wants to sustain high intensity energy for marathon , must obtain sufficient glycogen stores. High carbohydrate foods are good for runner so that they quickly get energy.
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Studies on identical twins have found that differences in genes explain ________ of the variability in personality traits.
Studies on identical twins have found that differences in genes explain 50% of the variability in personality traits.
According to twin studies on personality, genetic influences account for around half of personality variation, with environmental factors causing individuals from the same family to have different personalities accounting for the remaining half. However, these conclusions are supported by quantitative models of human individual differences that calculate genetic and environmental contributions as constants across entire populations.
According to genetic studies, there are 5.2 genetic mutations that separate identical twins on average. Although the same set of genes are used to create identical twins, human development is not entirely genetic. Another factor is the surroundings. The degree to which genetic variation contributes to variation in a specific characteristic can be ascertained by contrasting concordance rates of identical twins and concordance rates of fraternal twins.
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