All chordates chare four structures. One of the is the tail. All vertebrate embryos have _a tail__ at some point during embryonic development, indicating a common evolutionary ancestor.
What is the relationship between chordates?The evolutionary relationship between species is reflected in the similarities or differences in the patterns of embryonic development.
All chordates belong to the Chordata phylum, and share four main characteristics,
Notochord, which is a precursor of the dorsal spine.Nerv cord, dorsally located and parallel to the notochord.Pharyngeal cleftsTail
All chordates express these structures at some point in their lives, especially in the early stages of embryogenesis. Many of them can be lost with animal development and become vestigial structures.
The tail is a vestigial structure in many vertebrates.
Vestigial structures are those body parts, genetically determined, that have been retained during the evolution of the taxonomic group but have lost or reduced their original function.
Such vestigial structures were plenty functional in the ancestors of new species, but now are typically degenerate, stunted, or rudimentary, and tend to be much more variable than homologous non-vestigial parts
All vertebrates develop a tail at some point in their embryonic life, even humans. However, this structure lost its original function in several species, so after a period of embryogenesis, this tail disappears, and its forming vertebras get fussed with each other composing the coccyx.
In many animals, the function of the tail is to stabilize, equilibrate and mobilize. But in humans, for instance, the coccyx has lost this function but is still an area of muscle insertion.
The correct option is Tail.
All vertebrate embryos have _a tail_ at some point during embryonic development, indicating a common evolutionary ancestor.
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How would spraying a yard with chemical pesticides to control insects be most likely to affect the diversity of insects found in it? there would be fewer species of insects and fewer insects in general in the yard. there would be more harmful insects and fewer beneficial insects in the yard. there would be fewer harmful insects and more beneficial insects in the yard. there would be more species of insects, but fewer insects in general in the yard.
There would be fewer species of insects and fewer insects in general in the yard.
What are the effects of pesticides on insects?Lower pesticides doses or concentrations in field crops typically appear after the initial treatment because they decay due to a number of abiotic factors such rainfall, temperature, and sunlight. Insects may be exposed to insecticides in this fashion, at sublethal dosages or concentrations, in the wild, and may suffer effects that are sublethal.
Sublethal effects are those on people or communities that persist after exposure to a toxin at a lethal or sublethal dose or concentration. They might be biological, physiological, demographic, or behavioral.
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What must happen in order for a chemical signal to change the membrane potential of a neuron?
A Final statement or concluding statement
The ion flux across the membrane must vary.The number of open ion channels must be altered.How does a neuron change its membrane potential?The membrane potential is altered by opening and shutting ion channels.
The resting membrane potential of a neuron is closer to the potassium equilibrium potential than to the sodium equilibrium potential. That's because the resting membrane is much more permeable to K+ to Na+. Changing the number of open ion channels allows you to alter the membrane potential of the cell and generate electrical signals.
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In a hardy-weinberg population, 16% of individuals display the homozygous recessive phenotype. What proportion of the population will be heterozygous carriers of the recessive allele?.
The proportion of the population will be heterozygous carriers of the recessive allele is 0.48.
What is Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Hardy-Weinberg principle says that the allele frequencies in a population are stable and is constant from generation to generation. The gene pool (total genes and their alleles in a population) remains a constant. This is called genetic equilibrium. Sum total of all the allelic frequencies is 1.Individual frequencies, for example, can be named p, q, etc. In a diploid, p and q represent the frequency of allele A and allele a.The frequency of AA individuals in a population is simply p². This is simply stated in other ways, i.e., the probability that an allele A with a frequency of p appear on both the chromosomes of a diploid individual is simply the product of the probabilities, i.e., p².Similarly. that of aa is q² and of Aa 2pq.Hence, p²+2pq+q²=1, is a binomial expansion of (p+q)².By given data;
[tex]q2=16[/tex]
[tex]q2=\frac{16}{100}=0.16[/tex]
[tex]q=0.4[/tex]
[tex]p=1-0.4=0.6[/tex]
[tex]2pq=2(0.6)(0.4)=0.48\\[/tex]
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What are the similarities between the adrenal hormone cortisone and the synthetic corticoid prednisone?
The similarities between the adrenal hormone cortisone and the synthetic corticoid prednisone are they have steroid nucleus
The adrenal hormone cortisol and the synthetic corticoid prednisone are similar in that they both have a steroid nucleus. Both have three ketone groups. They both have two methyl groups.
Cortisone is a corticosteroid, which is type of drug. These medications are prescribed by doctors to treat inflammation (swelling) induced by injury or illness. Corticosteroid shots are another name for cortisone shots.
corticoid, any of more than 40 chemical substances in the steroid family found in the cortex of the adrenal glands. Six of these molecules are hormones, which are released into the bloodstream and transported to other organs to generate physiological reactions.
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The clear front surface of the eye that allows light in, which is also a major focusing element of the eye is known as the_______.
The clear front surface of the eye that allows light in, which is also a major focusing element of the eye is known as the Cornea.
What is cornea?When the cornea is touched, an automatic response to close the eyelid occurs because the cornea has unmyelinated nerve endings that are sensitive to touch, temperature, and chemicals. The healthy cornea has no need for or necessity of blood vessels since transparency is of utmost importance. Instead, oxygen diffuses throughout the cornea after dissolving in tears, preserving its health. Similar to how nutrients are carried, aqueous humour and tear fluid both use diffusion to move nutrients from one surface to the other. Additionally, neurotrophies sent by the corneal nerves serve as a source of nutrients. The cornea of an adult human measures 11.5 mm in diameter, with a thickness of 0.5-0.6 mm in the center and 0.6-0.8 mm at the edges. Avascularity, transparency, and the presence of young residents
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What is the probability that individual 1 is heterozygous? what is the probability that individual 3 is affected? what is the probability that individual 4 is affected?
The heterozygous probabilities will be 1/2; 1/4; 1/4
We can infer that since this is a rare characteristic, individual 1's mother is heterozygous and her father is homozygous for the wild type allele. The mother passed on an X to Individual 1, giving him or her a 50% chance of inheriting a mutant allele. Individual 3 has a 50% probability of inheriting the affected X chromosome from her mother if 1 is heterozygous, and a 100% chance of inheriting an affected X from her father. Individual 3 has a total probability of being impacted of 1/2, 1/2, and 1. There is a 50% possibility that the mother of person 4 carries an afflicted X and that she will pass it on to her son.The son receives only a Y chromosome from his father. The total probability in this case is 1/2 ×1/2.learn more about heterozygous here: https://brainly.com/question/3676361
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Research three branches of biology. for each branch of bilogy describe what is studies, what careers involve that branch and how much money you can expect to make with the career, level of education needed, and two famous people in the branch of biology
The three primary branches of biology are:
Medicine: A variety of plants used as medications are studied in the field of medicine.
Botany: This subject encompasses the study of plants.
Zoology: This field of study deals with animals.
What careers involve in these branches with educational requirement?Medicine:
Surgeon - 10 to 20 lakhs ,M.ch degree in in any specialization post MBBS and MD degree.
Dentists - 2 to 5 LPA, BDS degree
Gynecologist - 5 to 15 LPA, MD in gynecology
Optometrists - 3 to 4 LPA, BOPTM degree
Veterinarians - 4 to 5 LPA, BVSc degree
Physiotherapist - 2 to 3 LPA, BPT degree
Audiologist - 3 to 4 LPA, Ph.D in audiology or AUD degree
Botany:
Taxonomist - 2 to 3.5 LPA, Bachelor's degree in botony
Plant Biochemist - 1 to 2.75 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's or Ph.D in biochemistry, biological science or agriculture.
Ecologist - 3 to 4.5 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's degree in ecology
Plant Physiologist - 5 to 6 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's degree in biological science or botony.
Zoology:
Zookeeper - 1 to 2 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's degree in zoology or animal husbandry.
Researcher - 3 to 4 LPA, Ph.D in specialized branch in zoology
Teacher - 3 to 4 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's degree in zoology + B.Ed
Name two famous people in these branches?Medicine - Hippocrates and Alexander Fleming.
Botony - Carl Linnaeus and Gregor Mendel.
Zoology - Steve Irwin and Charles Darwin.
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In a hardy-weinberg population, 16% of individuals display the homozygous recessive phenotype. What proportion of the population will be heterozygous carriers of the recessive allele?.
The proportion of the population will be heterozygous carriers of the recessive allele is 0.48.
What is Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Hardy-Weinberg principle says that allele frequencies in a population are stable and is constant from generation to generation. The gene pool (total genes and their alleles in a population) remains a constant. This is called genetic equilibrium. Sum total of all the allelic frequencies is 1. Individual frequencies, for example, can be named p, q, etc. In a diploid, p and q represent the frequency of allele A and allele a. The frequency of AA individuals in a population is simply p². This is simply stated in other ways, i.e., the probability that an allele A with a frequency of p appear on both the chromosomes of a diploid individual is simply the product of the probabilities, i.e., p². Similarly. that of aa is q², of Aa 2pq. Hence, p²+2pq+q²=1, is a binomial expansion of (p+q)².By given data
[tex]q2=16%[/tex]%
[tex]q2=\frac{16}{100}=0.16[/tex]
[tex]q=0.4[/tex]
[tex]p=1-0.4=0.6[/tex]
[tex]2pq=2(0.6)(0.4)=0.48[/tex]
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When an individual's immune system responds to an appropriate antigenic stimulus during the course of daily activities, this is called:______.
When an individual's immune system responds to an appropriate antigenic stimulus during the course of daily activities, this is called: "naturally acquired active immunity."
What is immune system?A vast network of organ, white blood cell, protein (antibodies), and chemicals make up your immune system.
Together, these components of your body's defense system guard you against external intruders (bacteria, virus, parasites, and fungus) that can lead to illness, disease, and infection.
The features of properly working immune system are-
When your immune response is in optimal condition: Your immune system can distinguish between your own cells and chemicals that are external to your body when it is functioning properly. It energises, mobilizes, engages in combat with, and eradicates potentially harmful foreign invader microbes. After you've been exposed to pathogens, your immune system picks them up. Your body produces antibodies to defend you against certain particular pathogens. The process of receiving a vaccine is an illustration of this idea.To know more about main function of the immune system, here
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Muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of decline around the age of _____
What hormones does the body produce to prepare the body for quick physical action?
Adrenaline and noradrenaline hormones the body produce to prepare the body for quick physical action.The primary function of adrenaline also known as epinephrine and noradrenaline, two hormones secreted by the adrenal glands, is to get the body prepared for a "fight or flight" reaction under pressure.
The main effects of adrenaline include speeding up breathing, raising blood pressure, widening the pupil of the eye, lessening pain sensitivity, improving vision, hearing, and other senses, slowing digestion, rerouting blood to the muscles, and changing the body's metabolism to maximise oxygen and nutrients to the body and raise blood glucose levels (primarily for the brain).
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The average cardiac output at rest is: ____.
a. 1000 ml/min
b. 2500 ml/min
c. 5000 ml/min
d. 10,000 ml/min
The correct option is (C) 5000 ml/min.
The average cardiac output at rest is 5000 ml/min.
What is cardiac output?The cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps out per minute.
The cardiac output is measured by the product of Heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV).
It is measured in liters /min.
The number of times the heart beats per min is termed heart rate.
The volume of blood pumped out from the left ventricle of the heart at each systolic cardiac contraction is termed heart rate.
The normal cardiac output is 5L/min (72 beats per min, 70ml stroke volume).
This may vary from male to female by only 10% – 20%.
Esophageal doppler, pulse contour analysis, pulmonary artery catheter etc. can be utilized to calculate cardiac output.
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Areas on the tongue covered primarily with filiform papillae, which contain no taste buds, are similar to _____ in vision
Areas on the tongue covered primarily with filiform papillae, which contain no taste buds, are similar to Blind spot in vision.
Dorsal surface of the anterior tongue region is covered with many irregularities and mucosal bumps, known as tongue papillae, all the way to the sulcus terminalis. There are four different forms of papillae: foliated, circumvallate, fungiform, and filiform.
The fungiform, foliated, and circumvallate papillae contain taste buds, which are visible as oval structures that appear pale in histology sections, but not the filiform. Filiform papillae, however, lack taste receptors. Instead, they serve as grips or ripples on your tongue that make it easier to chew, speak, and clean your mouth.
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Landfills are advantageous for waste
disposal for many reasons. Which of the
following is an advantage of landfills?
A. They have cheaper disposal fees.
B. They are very expensive.
C. They are high maintenance.
D. They produce little to no smell.
Answer:
The correct option is A.
They have cheaper disposal fees.
Calcium that enters the cell during smooth muscle excitation binds with
a. myosin
b. actin
c. troponin
d. inactive myosin kinase
e. calmodulin
Calcium that enters the cell during smooth muscle excitation binds with calmodulin.
What is calmodulin?All eukaryotic cells express calmodulin, a multifunctional intermediate messenger protein that binds calcium. Calmodulin is an intracellular target of the secondary messenger Ca2+, and Ca2+ binding is necessary for calmodulin activation.Various calcium-sensitive enzymes, ion channels, and other proteins get signals from calmodulin, a protein that functions as an intermediate protein that senses calcium levels. All eukaryotic cells have the calcium-binding protein calmodulin, also known as calcium-modulated protein, in their cytoplasm. It interacts with a large number of other proteins in the cell and performs a wide range of biological tasks as a regulator or effector molecule.Calmodulin binds calcium and magnesium. Different calcium-calmodulin complexes then bind to and activate enzymes that control cellular calcium or cyclic nucleotides as well as particular protein kinases that control target enzymes by ATP-dependent phosphorylation.
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6. what is the approximate weight in kd of the band that is unique to crab muscle protein and is not found in abundance in fish?
75Kda is the approximate weight of the band that is unique to crab muscle protein and is not found in abundance in fish.
An incredibly complex, naturally occurring molecule known as a protein is made up of amino acid residues connected by peptide bonds. All living things contain proteins, which are the building blocks of numerous vital biological substances like enzymes, hormones, and antibodies.
Lack of protein can result in muscle mass loss, which reduces strength, makes it more difficult to maintain balance, and slows metabolism. When your cells don't receive enough oxygen, it can also cause anemia, which makes you exhausted.
While an excess of amino acids is often eliminated, an excess of protein is typically retained as fat. Over time, this may result in weight gain, especially if you try to boost your protein consumption while consuming too many calories.
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Would needed to target a cytosolic protein (fully translated) to the exoplasmic face of the plasma membrane?
The protein that is initially modified by the addition of branching carbohydrate chains in the rough Endoplasmic reticulum. The protein in it final set of carbohydrates chains is then transported to plasma membrane in transport vesicle.
In cytosol that expect for a few protein made in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Protein do not have a signal peptide stay in cytosol for the rest of translation. They can lack other address labels, and stay in the cytosol permanently.
They have the rights labels, they can be sent the mitochondria , chloroplasts, peroxisomes after the translation. Protein that made in the cytosol that stay permanent.
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The arm bones of a whale, bat, bird, and human are all examples of _______________ structures.
Homologous structures
The limbs of humans, cats, whales, and bats are examples of homologous structures. All of these structures—arm, leg, flipper, and wing—are supported by the same type of bone structure. Divergent evolution leads to homologies.
What are Homologous structures ?Homologous structures are those that share a fundamental structure but serve distinct purposes.
Divergent evolution is an evolutionary trend in which species with similar ancestry gradually diverge over the course of an evolutionary time period as a result of differential selection pressure.Predation, food supplies, and competition for mates are a few examples of these stressors.Learn more about Homologous structures here:
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A diagnostic test in which the bile ducts are x-rayed after injection or ingestion of a contrast medium is called a(n):__________
Reproductive cloning results in __________ while therapeutic cloning results in ____________.
Reproductive cloning results in implanting the stem cells into the uterus while therapeutic cloning results in growing the stem cells in lab dishes.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer is used in reproductive cloning to produce an animal that is genetically identical to a donor animal. In therapeutic cloning, an embryo is produced in a similar manner, but the "cloned" cells that are produced do not enter a female's uterus. Instead, they are left in a dish in the laboratory.By using somatic cell nuclear transfer, reproductive cloning produces an animal that is genetically identical to a donor animal. The freshly produced embryo is returned to the uterine environment during reproductive cloning so it can implant and develop. Perhaps the most famous example is Dolly the sheep.Producing a cloned embryo solely for the goal of making embryonic stem cells with the same DNA as the donor cell is known as therapeutic cloning.learn more about cloning here:
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Water has a characteristically ___________ specific heat, making it an important vector (or mechanism) for redistributing heat around the globe
Water has a characteristically high specific heat, making it an important vector (or mechanism) for redistributing heat around the globe.
Specific heat can be defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. The units of specific heat are usually calories or joules per gram per degree Celsius.
The specific heat of water is 1 calorie (or 4.186 joules) per gram per degree Celsius. The incoming radiation from the sun is responsible for warming up the Earth. Water in particular, has a high heat capacity at 4.18 J/g*C, which indicates that more heat is needed to warm a gram of water. This is the reason that throughout a warm summer day, the water in the ocean does not experience a significant change.
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What is the net production of atp molecules per glucose molecule in the muscles if glycogen is the source of the glucose?.
3 mol
The net production of ATP molecules per glucose molecule in the muscles if glycogen is the source of the glucose is 3 mol.
NADH is converted to NAD+ via the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, which is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase, in order to maintain the oxidation of glucose and the net yield of 2 ATP per mol of glucose oxidized (or 3 mol of ATP if the source is muscle glycogen).ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphateThe following reaction occurs in the muscles when glycogen is broken down:
(Glucose)n + Pi → Glucose-1-phosphate + (Glucose)n-1
How much ATP is produced when glucose is converted to glycogen?2 ATP is produced when glucose is converted to glycogenFor every glucose molecule to be converted into a molecule of glycogen, two ATP are needed.How is ATP produced from glycogen?Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules are needed for muscle contraction, and they are produced by the oxidation of glucose by the muscle cells during anaerobic and aerobic processes. Muscle glycogen particles are broken down during intense, intermittent exercise and throughout prolonged physical activity.To learn more about glycogen breakdown visit:
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In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at exhibits protostome or deuterostome development?
In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, from the first development of mouth or anus, one can determine its protostome or deuterostome.
The oral end of the majority of coelomate invertebrates emerges from the blastopore, the first developmental opening, and is referred to as a protostome (Latin for "first mouth").
The oral end of the animal originates from the second aperture on the dorsal surface of the animal in the deuterostomes ("second mouth"), which include Echinodermata and the ancestors of the Chordata; the blastopore becomes the anus. The deuterostomes also exhibit indeterminate development, meaning that even if the eight cells of the embryo are split, each one would still be able to develop into a complete organism.
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9. Technology can bring both good and bad things. Building a vertical farm can increase food
supplies in cities (good), but it may cause unemployment in rural areas (bad). Give another
example of both the good and bad sides of a technological advancement
Positive effects of Technology. Less expense, better efficiency, contact channels, increase in networks, etc. Negative effects of Technology. Social isolation, job loss, adverse health effects, scams, etc.
What are the positive effects of technological advancement?In addition to enhancing business strategy, technology has also made trade easier, more effective, and more cost-efficient. In the days before the Internet, businesses were limited to running ads in newspapers and magazines. If they had the funding, they could run ads on TV or radio as well.
Examples of such new technologies contain carbon capture and storage systems, more efficient irrigation techniques, essential medicines, household water purification machines, and manufacturing processes that minimize destruction and corruption
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Sperm cells get energy to power their movement from ________, which is contributed by the ________. sperm cells get energy to power their movement from ________, which is contributed by the ________
Answer:
a) fructose
b) seminal vesicles
Were all ascospores of the same color _____________________ if not, how did the colors become mixed.
No, all ascospores are not of the same color.
It is produces in black spores and has a mutant variety that is tan colored.
The wild type (+), which creates a dark spore, is the one that is most frequently observed in nature.
Which alleles in Sordaria result in the color black in their spores?Melanin formation is the cause of the color black. Several genes contribute to the creation of black color, however the two most prevalent ones are the tan spore gene and the gray spore gene. One gene determines the color of the spores.Why do we split the events of the Sordaria cross over by two? Each crossover results in the production of two spores that are identical to the parents' spores and two additional spores. As only half of the spores in each ascus result from crossing across, you must divide the number of asci counted by two to get the number of crossovers.To learn more about ascospores visit:
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Santa sabina is an excellent example of a(n) __________ or columned hall, based on the form of public buildings in ancient rome.
Santa Sabina is an excellent example of a basilica or columned hall, based on the form of public buildings in ancient Rome.
What is Santa Sabina?Santa Sabina is the oldest Roman basilica in Rome which still preserves its colonnaded rectangular plan and its original architectural style. Its current decor is a restoration to the original austere design. Other basilicas, such as Santa Maria Maggiore, are much more decorated. For its simplicity, Santa Sabina represents the passage from a covered Roman forum to the first churches of Christianity.
What does a basilica mean?The basilica is even more important. According to Houaiss, it is a “catholic church that enjoys, according to canon law, certain privileges: having an altar reserved for the pope, cardinal or patriarch, and not being subject to local ecclesiastical jurisdiction, which gives it international status”.
With this information, we can conclude that Santa Sabina (Basilica Sanctae Sabinae, Basilica di Santa Sabina all'Aventino) is a historic church located on Monte Aventino (rione Ripa) in Rome, Italy
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Luminous objects such as flashlights emit light that we can see. how do we see an object that isn’t luminous?
The correct option is Light reflects off the object and reaches our eyes.
What is Luminous?The definition of luminous is giving off a very bright light or an individual or trait considered brilliant. An example of luminous is the sun. An illustration of luminous is the smile of a beautiful girl. adjective.Some common synonyms of luminous are bright, brilliant, lustrous, and radiant. While all these phrases mean "shining or glowing with light," shining indicates the emission of steady, suffused, glowing light by consideration or in the surrounding evening.Objects like the sun that give out or emit light of their own are named luminous entities.Other examples: Electric bulbs, torches, etc. Non-luminous entities are entities that don't have their own light but are perceptible only when light from a luminous source remembers from them. For illustration: Moon, chair, a painting, etc.To learn more about Luminous, refer to:
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A silver coin rubs vigorously against a wool cloth. the cloth becomes positively charged. which statements are true?
The silver coin gained electrons.
The wool cloth lost electrons.
How does the transfer of electrons take place?
It is a given that woolen material becomes positively charged when a silver coin is rubbed against it. Since electrons are negatively charged particles, when a piece of clothing becomes positively charged, it has lost electrons.
However, because static electricity is created during rubbing, and if one substance becomes positively charged, the other will become negatively charged, a silver coin will absorb this negatively charged electron from the wool fabric and thus become negatively charged.
As a result, both choices B and C are accurate.
I understand the question you are looking for is this:
A silver coin rubs vigorously against a wool cloth. The cloth becomes positively charged. Which statements are true?
The silver coin lost electrons.The silver coin gained electrons.The wool cloth lost electrons.The wool cloth gained protons.The wool cloth lost protons.Learn more about transfer of charge here:
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A toxic condition in which urea and othe waste products normally sereted in the urine are retained in the bloodstream is known as?
A toxic condition in which urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the bloodstream is known as uremia.
What is uremia?Uremia is a condition in which toxic wastes products that are normally removed from the body through the urine are retained in the body.
The waste products retained in the body include:
ureaions such as potassium and sodiumas well as other metabolic wastesUremia occurs when the kidneys are damaged and are not able to perform their function of removing waste products from the blood.
Uremia is a dangerous condition ad would result in death if left untreated.
The treatment options for uremia include:
blood dailysiskidney transplant.In conclusion, uremia occurs due to impaired kidney function.
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