The half-life of the substance is 3.106 years.
What is the formula for exponential decay?The exponential decline, which is a rapid reduction over time, can be calculated with the use of the exponential decay formula. The exponential decay formula is used to determine population decay, half-life, radioactivity decay, and other phenomena. The general form is F(x) = a.Here,
a = the initial amount of substance
1-r is the decay rate
x = time span
The equation is given in its correct form as follows:
a = [tex]a_{0}[/tex]×[tex](0.8)^{t}[/tex]
As this is an exponential decay of a first order reaction, t is an exponent of 0.8.
Now let's figure out the half life. Since the amount left is half of the initial amount at time t, that is when:
a = 0.5 a0
Substituting this into the equation:0.5[tex]a_{0}[/tex] = [tex]a_{0}[/tex]×[tex](0.8)^{t}[/tex]
0.5 = [tex](0.8)^{t}[/tex]
taking log on both sides
t log 0.8 = log 0.5
t = log 0.5/log 0.8
t = 3.106 years
The half-life of the substance is 3.106 years.
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Atoms and molecules are way too small to be seen even with a microscope so how can we count how many there are?
Atoms and molecules are way too small to be seen even with a microscope so it can be counted by mass.
According to the context, the term actually may or may not encompass ions that meet this requirement. A molecule would be a collection of more than two atoms held together through attractive forces described as chemical bonds.
Atoms are incredibly tiny, with a diameter of around 1 x [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] meters. They can't be seen with a light microscope due to their small size. The composition of atoms can be observed and studied using a variety of ways, even if a light microscope might not be able to see one atom.
Therefore, atoms and molecules are way too small to be seen even with a microscope so it can be counted by mass.
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In the molecular orbital model of cyclobutadiene, how many -antibonding molecular orbitals are there?
There are one antibonding molecular orbitals present in molecular orbital model of c.
The cyclobutadiene has a pi system comprised of four individual atomic p - orbital and thus should have a four pi molecular orbitals. The compound is the prototypical antiaromatic hydrocarbon with 4 [tex]\pi[/tex] - electrons . Its rectangular structure is the result of jahn teller reaction which disorder the molecule and lowers its symmetry , converting the triplet to a singlet ground state. It is a small annulene . The delocalisation energy of the [tex]\pi[/tex] electrons of the cyclobutene is predicted to be zero .
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Tritium, or 3h, has a half-life of 12. 32 years. imagine a sample of tritium is prepared. (a) what fraction of the sample will remain 3. 80 yr after its preparation?
(a) 0.807 fraction of the sample will remain 3. 80 yr after its preparation of tritium.
What is half life?Half life is the time taken for the radioactivity of a substance to fall to half its original value whereas mean life is average lifetime of all the nuclei of a particular unstable atomic species.
So if a radioactive element has a half life of one hour, this means that half of it will decay in one hour. After another hour, half of the remaining material will decay.
Example:
The radioactive isotope cobalt-60, which is used for radiotherapy, has, for example, a half-life of 5.26 years.
Tritium half life = 12.32 (T half)
Formula :
N/N₀ = (1/2) ^ t/T (N/N₀ = Fraction ratio)t = 3.84 T = 12.32N/N₀ = (1/2) ^ 0.308N/N₀ = 0.807(a) 0.807 fraction of the sample will remain 3. 80 yr after its preparation of tritium.
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Identify atleast 2 limitations of the simulation. how do these limitations influence the simulation
Which method is used for synthesis of ammonia?
The Haber-Bosch process
The dominant ammonia production process is the Haber-Bosch process invented in 1904 which requires high temperature (~500°C) and high pressure (150–300 bar), in addition to efficient catalysts3,4. Natural gas or coal is used as the energy source of the ammonia industry.Learn more about synthesis of ammonia
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calculate the weight of CO having the same number of oxygen atoms as are present in 22g of CO2.
The mass or the weight of the substance is given as the product of moles and molar mass. The weight of CO as the same oxygen atom in carbon dioxide is 28 gm.
What is mass?Mass of the substance has been given by the moles and the molar mass of the substance and also by the Avogadro's number (Na).
It is known that the molar mass of carbon dioxide is 44, and 1 mole of it will contain 44 gm or 6.022 × 10²³ molecules.
In a carbon dioxide molecule oxygen has 2 atoms so,
6.022 x 10²³ molecules of CO₂ = 2 × 6.022 x 10²³ atoms of Oxygen
so, 44g of carbon dioxide = 2 × 6.022 × 10²³ atoms of Oxygen
22 gm of carbon dioxide will also have 6.022 × 10²³ atoms of Oxygen
1 mole of carbon monoxide = 28 gm
So, 28 gm will have 6.022 × 10²³ atoms of Oxygen and will weigh 28 gm.
Therefore, the mass of carbon monoxide is 28 gm.
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Explanation:
1 mol of CO2=12+32=44 g
Number of oxygen in 1 molecule of CO2=2
Therefore, 44 g CO2 contains 2 moles of oxygen
22 g CO2 contains =442×22=1 mole oxygen atom
1 mole of CO=12+16=28 g
∴ 28 g CO contains 1 mol oxygen atom.
[?] describes how small molecules can be selectively removed from a colloidal suspension while retaining large molecules.
A) Dialysis
B) The Tyndall effect
Answer:
using a centrifuge
Explanation:
Centrifugation will make the large molecules to settle at the bottom.
The Most suitable answer is tyndall effect
Malic dehydrogenase is added to the aspartate aminotransferase (ast) reaction to catalyze the conversion of?
Malic dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate to malate.
What is the mechanism of aspartate aminotransferase reaction?The transaminase enzyme known as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is responsible for converting aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate into oxaloacetate and glutamate.
Malate Dehydrogenase catalyzes Oxaloacetate to Malate Oxidation in the Coupled Reaction of AST Measurement.
What is the reaction of aspartate aminotransferase
I understand the question you are looking for is this:
Malic dehydrogenase is added to the aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) reaction to catalyze the conversion of:
a. alpha-ketoglutarate to aspartate
b. alpha-ketoglutarate to malate
c. aspartate to oxaloacetate
d. oxaloacetate to malate
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An ideal reversible heat pump is taking heat from the outside air at -14.0°c and discharging it into the house at 20.0°c. what is the coefficient of performance of this heat pump?
the coefficient of performance of this heat pump is 8.61.
What is Heat pump ?
The air source heat pump converts heat from the ambient air into a low-temperature liquid refrigerant. The pump compresses the liquid to raise its temperature using power. To release the heat it had been holding, it then condenses back into a liquid. Your underfloor heating system or radiators get heat.
coefficient of performance -The usable heating or cooling delivered to work (energy) needed ratio, also known as the coefficient of performance, or COP, of a heat pump, refrigerator, or air conditioning system. Higher efficiency, less energy (power) usage, and thus reduced operational costs are all related to higher COPs.
temperature of cold reservoir = -14.0°C
Tc = [ 273+ (-14.0)]K = 259K
temperature of hot reservoir = 20°C
Th = [ 273+ (20)]K = 293K
therefor, formula for coefficient of performance
Cop = Th/Th-Tc
Cop = 293/34
Cop = 8.61
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A cylindrical grain has a base radius of 5m. the surface area is 1099m^2. What is the height of the bin to the nearest metre?
The height of the bin is 29.9m.
The quantity of space enclosing a three-dimensional shape's exterior is its surface area.
The total surface area of the cylinder formula is simply the sum of the base surface area and the lateral surface area.
The radius of the cylinder, r = 5m
Surface area = 1099 m²
∴ A = 2πrh + 2πr²
[tex]h = \frac{A- 2\pi r^2}{2\pi r}[/tex]
[tex]h = \frac{1099- 2 (3.141) 5^2}{2 (3.141) 5}[/tex]
[tex]h = \frac{1099- 157.05}{31.41}[/tex]
[tex]h = \frac{941.95}{31.41}[/tex]
[tex]h = 29.9 m[/tex]
Therefore, the height of the bin is 29.9m.
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When the solute concentration in solution 1 is lower than the solute concentration in solution 2, solution 2 is:_____.
When the solute concentration in solution 1 is lower than the solute concentration in solution 2, solution 2 is concentrated solution .
The dilute solution and concentrated solution is relative terms.
Now in any solution there are just solute and solvent.
If amount of solute is comparatively high as compare to amount of solvent in solution then solution is called concentrated solution. Similarly , If amount of solute is comparatively low as compare to amount of solvent in solution then solution is called dilute solution.
If the amount of solvent is more in a solution then the amount of solute would be less.Again if the amount of solvent is less in a solution then amount of solute is more.
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The energy levels of a quantum particle-in-a-box ______ as the quantum number increases.
Answer:
Explanation:
The energy of a particle in the box increases proportionally to n-squared. This means that the energy spacings increase at high values of n.
The energy levels of a quantum particle-in-a-box decreases as the quantum number increases.
What are Quantum Numbers?Quantum numbers can be used to describe the trajectory and the movement of an electron in an atom.
The set of numbers used to describe the position and energy of an electron in an atom is called quantum numbers.
These are the four quantum numbers, i.e., principal quantum number (n), magnetic quantum number (m), azimuthal quantum number (l), and spin quantum number (s).
As the energy levels of a quantum particle-in-a-box decreases as the quantum number increases.
Therefore, The energy levels of a quantum particle-in-a-box decreases as the quantum number increases.
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Draw the structures of the two monomers that react together to form this polyurethane polymer
The monomers that react together to form polyurethane polymer are diisocyanate and diol.
What are polymers?Polymers are a class of natural or synthetic substancesIt is made up of small units called monomers arranged in a repeated pattern to form large molecules called macromoleculesCellulose and resins are examples of natural polymersPolyethylene and polychloroprene are examples of synthetic polymers.Polyurethane polymer is made up of monomers diisocyanate and diol. It is mostly used in home furnishing in flexible form. The structures of monomers are as follows:
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What is the infusion of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, into the rectum?
Infusion of radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, into the rectum is technique used in barium enema.
What is barium enema?Barium enema is technique used for the detection of abnormalities or changes in the large intestine colon via X- rays. The exam is indicated for investigation of
megacolonchronic constigation bleeding in stools Inflammatory bowel diseases.Thus, from above we concluded that the silhouette of the colon. This type of diagnosis is used in the case of adnormal pain, rectal bleeding chronic diarrhea.
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What compound do you expect to be removed from the organic layer of the organic layer is extracted with 1 m naoh solution?
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and brine both compound expect to be removed from the organic layer extracted with 1 m NaOH solution.
What is extraction?Using a solvent, a component of interest is selectively removed from a mixture during extraction. The process has been utilized to form the phase separation with the solvent in one phase, and the solute to be present in another phase.
The extraction process can be differentiated based on the phase of the solute and solvent. For example, solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, solid-gas and others.
The extraction with the use of the NaOH forms the solute to lose an electron to the hydroxide of the NaOH and forms the layer of the negative acid. The use of Brine and HCl forms to bond with the organic layer and mediate the extraction process.
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A galvanic cell is set up with two cells containing a cadmium electrode in 0. 250 m cd(no3)2 solution and an iron electrode in 0. 050 m fe(no3)2 solution. what is the cell potential at 25 oc?
Cd2+(aq) + 2e- ---> Cd(s) , E° = -0.40 V Fe2+(aq) + 2e- ----> Fe(s) , E° = -0.44 V Since standard reduction potential.
Galvanic Cell: A chemical cell, also known as an electrochemical cell, is a device that transforms the chemical energy generated during a red-ox reaction into electrical energy. In honor of Luigi Galvanic and Alessandro Volta, who conducted the first experiments on the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy, these are also known as galvanic or voltaic cells.
A spontaneous red-ox reaction occurs in an electrochemical cell in an indirect manner, and the reduction in free energy that occurs during the chemical reaction manifests as electrical energy. In an indirect red-ox reaction, the reduction and oxidation processes take place in two different containers known as half-cells.
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The cell potential is 0.01934 V at 25°C.
What is a galvanic cell?A galvanic cell, also known as a voltaic cell, is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy generated by spontaneous redox reactions into electrical energy.
The main components of a galvanic cell are
Anode – Oxidation occurs at the anode
Cathode – Reduction occurs at the cathode
Salt bridge – consists of electrolytes that are needed to complete the circuit in a galvanic cell.
Half-cells – It is important as reduction and oxidation reactions are separated into compartments.
External circuit – it helps in Conducting the flow of electrons between electrodes
At cathode,
[tex]Cd^{2+}(aq) + 2e^-\rightarrow Cd(s)[/tex]
At anode,
[tex]Fe(s)+2e^-\rightarrow Fe^{2+}(aq)[/tex]
Overall cell reaction
[tex]Fe(s)+Cd^{2+}(aq)\rightarrow Fe^{2+}(aq) + Cd(s)[/tex]
[tex]E^o_{cell} = E^o_{cathode} - E^o_{anode}[/tex]
= -0.40 -(0.44) = 0.04 V
Nernst equation is given by
[tex]E_{cell} = E^o_{cell} - \frac{2.303RT}{nF} logQ[/tex]
At 25°C
[tex]E_{cell} = E^o_{cell} - \frac{0.0592V}{n} logQ[/tex]
Here, n = 2 and log Q = log [tex]\frac{0.250}{0.050}[/tex] = 0.699
[tex]E_{cell}[/tex] = 0.01934 V
The cell potential is 0.01934 V at 25°C
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In an sn2 reaction between bromomethane and hydroxide ion, the concentration of bromoethane is doubled and the concentration of hydroxide ion doubles the rate of reaction?
The rate of reaction in SN2 reaction becomes four times when the the concentration of bromoethane is doubled and the concentration of hydroxide ion doubles.
In SN2 reaction, the rate of reaction is depend on the concentration of both reactant.
For SN2 reaction,
r = k[bromoethane] [hydroxide ion]
r = k [CH3CH2Br] [OH]
When the concentration of bromoethane is doubled and the concentration of hydroxide ion doubles then,
r = k 2×[CH3CH2Br] × 2[OH]
r = 4k[CH3CH2Br] [OH]
Thus, we concluded that the rate of reaction in SN2 reaction becomes four times.
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Identify oxidation. increase in oxidation number. loss of electrons. decrease in oxidation number. gain of electrons
Oxidation is "increase in oxidation number".
A growth in oxidation number results from the losing of negatively charged electrons, whereas a reduction in oxidation number results from the gain of electrons. The result is just a rise in the oxidation number of the oxidized element and ion.
The elements in molecules and compounds were rearranged to create the products when there is a chemical reaction at the molecular level, which is where chemical changes take place. One type of chemical change is called oxidation.
Therefore, Oxidation is increase in oxidation number.
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The bluish color that makes the atmosphere of neptune so beautiful to the human eye is caused by the interaction of sunlight with what gas?
The bluish color that makes the atmosphere of neptune so beautiful to the human eye is caused by the interaction of sunlight with methane gas.
The compositions of Uranus but also Neptune are fairly similar at high altitudes. The existence of methane in both ice giants' upper atmospheres may be responsible for their blue hue. The majority of the red light that strikes the planets is absorbed by methane, giving the planets their blue appearance.
The blue marble occurrence of the faraway planet is actually a result of methane gas clouds. Methane is a gas that, despite making up a very small fraction of Neptune's atmosphere, absorbing red light's wavelengths while reflecting blue light outward.
Therefore, the bluish color that makes the atmosphere of neptune so beautiful to the human eye is caused by the interaction of sunlight with methane gas.
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For the reaction c 2h₂ ---> ch₄, how many moles of hydrogen are required to produce 10 mol of methane, ch₄
The number of moles of hydrogen required will be 20 moles.
Stoichiometric mole ratioFirst, let us look at the balanced equation of the reaction:
[tex]C + 2H_2 --- > CH_4[/tex]
From the above equation, it is obvious that 1 mole of carbon requires 2 moles of hydrogen in order to produce a mole of methane.
In other words, the mole ratio of hydrogen to methane is 2:1. For every 1 mole of methane produced, 2 moles of hydrogen are consumed.
Now, what we want to produce is 10 moles of methane. The amount, in moles of hydrogen required, is calculated by:
10 moles x 2 = 20 moles.
Thus, 20 moles of hydrogen would be required to produce 10 moles of methane.
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Calcium oxide, cao, also known as quick lime, may react with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate, caco3. which acts as a lewis acid in the reaction?
When calcium oxide react with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate then carbon dioxide would react as a Lewis acid in the reaction.
A chemical species known as a Lewis acid has an empty orbital that can accept a pair of electrons from a Lewis base to produce a Lewis adduct.
In the reaction, orbital of carbon dioxide will be vacant orbital that's why it can be considered as Lewis acid.
Its reaction can be written as:
[tex]CaCO_{3}[/tex] → CaO +[tex]CO_{2}[/tex]
It is kind of decomposition reaction.
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If 20. 3 grams of an aqueous solution of iron(ii) chloride, fecl2, contains 2. 71 grams of iron(ii) chloride, what is the percentage by mass of iron(ii) chloride in the solution?
If 20. 3 grams of an aqueous solution of iron(ii) chloride contains 2. 71 grams of iron(ii) chloride, then percentage by mass of iron(ii) chloride in the solution is 13.34%
Calculation,
Given:
mass of an aqueous solution of iron(ii) chloride = 20. 3 grams
mass of iron(ii) chloride = 2. 71 grams
The percentage by Mass is equal to percentage of mass of solute present in total mass of solution. It is also known as Mass percentage.
percentage by Mass = 100× 2. 71 grams/20. 3 grams = 13.34%
Hence, the percentage by mass of iron(ii) chloride in the solution is 13.34% .
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You're going on a plane from Alaska to Florida and you're taking your bike. It's the middle of the winter. You fill up your tires before you leave to a pressure of 2.72
atm on a day that is -7.50°C. When you arrive in FL at 38°C, you check the pressure in your tires before you ride, what do you find the pressure to be?
Type your answer with the proper number of significant figures and proper units in the space below.
Answer:
2.3 atm
Explanation:
-7.50°C = 265.5 K
38°C = 315 K
(2.72)(265.5)=(pressure)(315)
pressure = 2.3 atm
Select true or false: if 2mg(s) o2(g) → 2mgo(s), δh° = –1203. 6 kj/mol, then formg(s) (1/2)o2(g) → mgo(s), the enthalpy change is δh = –601. 8 kj/mol
According to the given equation ,if 2Mg(s) O2(g) → 2MgO(s), δh° = –1203. 6
k j/m o l, then form g(s) (1/2)O2(g) → Mg O(s), the enthalpy change is δh = –601. 8 k j /m o l, hence the given statement is true.
What do you mean by enthalpy change?An enthalpy change is roughly equivalent to the energy gained through the production of new chemical bonds in a reaction minus the energy required to break existing chemical bonds.
It describes how a system changes in terms of energy while pressure is constant.
The symbol ΔH stands for enthalpy change. At constant pressure, ΔH is equal to the sum of the system's internal energy and the pressure-volume work it performs on its surroundings.
It is expressed in units of joules per mole.
If 2Mg(s) O2(g) → 2MgO(s), δh° = –1203. 6
k j/m o l, then form g(s) (1/2)O2(g) → Mg O(s), the enthalpy change is δh = –601. 8 k j /m o l, therefore the above given statement is true.
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What do the electron configurations for all the group 18 noble gases have in common?
Electron configurations for all the group 18 noble gases have eight electrons in their valence shell in common.
Noble gases are the gases that contain Eight electrons in their valence shells and are placed in Group 18 of the periodic table. The octet of Noble gases is complete. They are inert in nature since they have complete valence shells. They are not much abundant in nature due to their inert behaviour.
They are stable and realtively unreactive as compared to other members of the peiodic table.
Some other factors that remain common for noble gases:
High Ionisation energyNegligible ELectronegativityLow boiling pointsPsitive Elevtron gain enthalpyGases at Room temperatureLearn more about Noble gases here,
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Which 5-carbon intermediate of the citric acid cycle is converted to a 4-carbon molecule with the release of carbon dioxide?
The alpha- ketoglutarate is the 5-carbon intermediate of the citric acid cycle which converted to a 4-carbon molecule with the release of carbon dioxide
The first decarboxylation reaction in Krebs cycle ( known as citric acid cycle ) is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase in which one six carbon atoms compound isocitrate is decarboxylated to yield five carbon atom containing alpha ketoglutaric acid.
The alpha- ketoglutarate is the 5-carbon intermediate of the citric acid cycle which is salt of alpha ketoglutaric acid. The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle.
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Explain how a redox reaction involves electrons in the same way that a neutralization reaction involves protons.
An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species.In oxidation loss of electrons takes place and in reduction gain of electrons is takes place whereas nuetralization reaction is a reaction in which an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and involves the combination of [tex]H^{+}[/tex] (proton) and [tex]OH^{-}[/tex] to generate water.
The neutralization reaction is not a redox reaction is because in nuetralization reaction there is no transfer of electron takes place where as in redox reaction there is no exchange of electrons between atoms. Moat bond forming and breaking redox reaction requires the concomitant transfer of protons.
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In a kitchen, during preparation of food or tea, salt and sugar are
mixed. What methods for separation of this mixture would you
suggest to your mother?
Answer:
A mixture of salt and sugar can be separated by the process of filtration.
What is the percent yield when 68. 5 kg of carbon monoxide is reacted with 8. 60 kg of hydrogen gas to produce methanol (ch3oh)? the actual yield of methanol was 3. 57 x 104 g
Hence the percent yield of methanol is 51.45%
Step 1: Convert Kg into g
68.5 Kg CO = 68500 g CO
8.60 Kg H₂ = 8600 g
Step 2: Find out the Limiting reactant;
The Balance Chemical Equation is as follows;
CO + 2 H₂ → CH₃OH
According to Equation,
28 g (1 mol) CO reacts with = 4 g (2 mol) of H₂
So,
68500 g CO will react with = X g of H₂
Solving for X,
X = (68500 g × 4 g) ÷ 28 g
X = 9785 g of H₂
It shows that 9785 g H₂ is required to react with 68500 g of CO but we are provided with 8600 g of H₂ which is less than required. Therefore, H₂ is provided in less amount hence, it is a Limiting reagent and will control the yield of products.
Step 3: Calculate Theoretical Yield
According to the equation,
4 g (2 mol) H₂ reacts to produce = 32 g (1 mol) Methanol
So,
8600 g H₂ will produce = X g of CH₃OH
Solving for X,
X = (8600 g × 32 g) ÷ 4 g
X = 68800 g of CH₃OH
Step 4: Calculate %age Yield
%age Yield = Actual Yield ÷ Theoretical Yield × 100
Putting Values,
%age Yield = 3.54 × 10⁴ g ÷ 68800 g × 100 = 51.45 %
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When a 0. 1 m aqueous solution of hydrocyanic acid, hcn, reaches equilibrium, the ph is measured to be 5. 20. using this information, calculate ka for hydrocyanic acid
When a 0. 1 m aqueous solution of hydrocyanic acid, HCN, reaches equilibrium, the ka for hydrocyanic acid is 3.969 x 10⁻¹⁰.
What is ka value?It's the value of equilibrium constant for the dissociation of ions into a solution. The more the Ka value the more will be dissociation.
Ka = [H₃O⁺]² / [HCN] [H₃O⁺]
The pH is 5.20
-log [H₃O⁺] = 5.20
Putting antitlog both side.
The value will be 6.30 x 10⁻⁶
Ka = (6.30 x 10⁻⁶)² / 0.1 - 6.30 x 10⁻⁶
0.1 - 6.30 x 10⁻⁶ = 0.1
Ka = 3.969 x 10⁻¹⁰
Thus, the Ka value for hydrocyanic acid is 3.969 x 10⁻¹⁰.
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Calcium Oxide at mass 14.0g react with water. Determine the mass at which the calcium hydroxide formed. [ Ca=40, O=16, H=1]