A) The transfer provision described in scenario A affects condition #3 for sale accounting. This provision does not prevent sale accounting for the transfer.
B) The transfer provision described in scenario B affects condition #2 for sale accounting. This provision prevents sale accounting for the transfer.
C) The transfer provision described in scenario C affects condition #1 for sale accounting. This provision does not prevent sale accounting for the transfer.
A) The transfer provision in scenario A relates to the legal opinion regarding the security being beyond the reach of a bankruptcy trustee of X. This provision indicates that the transferred asset is isolated from X, suggesting that condition #3 for sale accounting is affected. Condition #3 requires the transferred asset to be isolated from the transferor. However, this provision does not prevent sale accounting for the transfer because it establishes the isolation of the asset, which satisfies the condition.
B) The transfer provision in scenario B allows Y to sell the security to a third party and replace it with the same security from the open market if X exercises a call option to buy it back. This provision affects condition #2 for sale accounting. Condition #2 requires that Y has the practical ability to sell the security. However, this provision prevents sale accounting for the transfer because Y's ability to sell the security is contingent upon X not exercising the call option. As a result, the provision hinders the satisfaction of condition #2.
C) The transfer provision in scenario C involves X writing a put option to Y with an exercise price of $29. This provision grants Y the right to sell the security at $29. Additionally, it states that the asset price is unlikely to rise beyond $28. This provision affects condition #1 for sale accounting. Condition #1 requires the transferred asset to have a fair value that is reliably measurable. In this case, the provision indicates that the fair value of the security is unlikely to exceed $28. However, this provision does not prevent sale accounting for the transfer because it still allows for a reliable measurement of the fair value, satisfying condition #1.
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A lease valued at $34,000 requires payments of $5000 every three months. If the first payment is due three years after the lease was signed and interest is 10% compounded quarterly, what is the term of the lease?
The term of the lease is 6 years.
To determine the term of the lease, we need to find the number of payment periods based on the given information.
Given:
Lease value: $34,000
Payments: $5,000 every three months
First payment due: Three years after the lease was signed
Interest rate: 10% compounded quarterly
To calculate the term of the lease, we can use the formula for the number of periods in a compound interest scenario:
n = (log(PV / PMT)) / (log(1 + r))
Where:
n = Number of periods
PV = Present value (lease value)
PMT = Payment amount
r = Interest rate per period
Substituting the given values into the formula, we can solve for n:
n = (log($34,000 / $5,000)) / (log(1 + 0.1))
Calculating this equation, we find that n is approximately 24.38. However, since the lease requires payments every three months, we need to convert this to years by dividing by 4 (as there are four quarters in a year):
Term of the lease = 24.38 / 4 = 6 years
The term of the lease is approximately 6 years. This means that the lessee will make payments every three months for a period of 6 years to fulfill the terms of the lease agreement. The interest rate of 10% compounded quarterly is taken into account in calculating the number of payment periods.
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write a half page about ijarah
the subject is islamic banking and finance
Ijarah is a popular method of financing in Islamic banking and finance, involving leasing assets between parties without involving interest. It offers a halal alternative and promotes equitable sharing of profits and losses.
Ijarah refers to leasing and has become a popular way of financing in Islamic banking and finance. Under an ijarah contract, one party (the lessee) leases assets from another party (the lessor) for a specified period, at a set rental amount or rental rates. The assets may be owned by the lessor or may be purchased by the lessor, specifically for the purpose of leasing out to the lessee.
The ijarah contract can be used for various types of assets, including buildings, machinery, vehicles, or other equipment. In Islamic finance, ijarah is considered to be a halal way of financing because it involves no riba (interest) or gharar (uncertainty).
The lessee pays rent to the lessor for the use of the asset, which may be paid either upfront or in installments. The rental amount can be fixed or variable, depending on the agreement between the parties. At the end of the lease term, the asset can be returned to the lessor, or the lessee may have the option to purchase the asset at a pre-determined price.
Ijarah can be used for a variety of purposes, including financing the purchase of real estate, vehicles, and equipment. It is also commonly used for project financing, where the leased assets are used to generate revenue for the lessee.
Overall, ijarah has become a popular financing tool in Islamic finance because it offers an alternative to conventional financing that is based on interest. Instead, ijarah is based on the principles of sharing profits and losses, which is considered to be more equitable and just.
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A company is considering a $198,000 investment in machinery with the following net cash flows. The company requires a 10% return on its investments. (PV of $1, FV of $1, PVA of $1, and FVA of $1) (Use appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided.) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Net Cash Flow $12,000 $34,000 $65,000 $50,000 $133,000 (a) Compute the net present value of this investment. (b) Should the machinery be purchased? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Required A Required B Compute the net present value of this investment. (Round your present value factor to 4 decimals. Round your final answers to the nearest whole dollar.) Year Net Cash Flows Present Value Factor Present Value of Net Cash Flows Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Totals Initial investment Net present value Required A Required B Compute the net present value of this investment. (Round your present value factor to 4 decimals. Round your final answers to the nearest whole dollar.) Net Cash Year Present Value Factor Present Value of Net Cash Flows Flows Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Totals Initial investment Net present value Required B > Required A Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Required A Required B Should the machinery be purchased?
To compute the net present value (NPV) of the investment and determine whether the machinery should be purchased, we need to discount the net cash flows to their present values and compare them to the initial investment.
(a) Compute the net present value of this investment:
Step 1: Determine the appropriate present value factor for each year based on a 10% required return rate.
PV factor for Year 1 = 1 / (1 + 0.10)^1
PV factor for Year 2 = 1 / (1 + 0.10)^2
PV factor for Year 3 = 1 / (1 + 0.10)^3
Step 2: Calculate the present value of each year's net cash flow by multiplying the net cash flow for that year with the corresponding PV factor.
Present Value of Year 1 Net Cash Flow = $12,000 × PV factor for Year 1
Present Value of Year 2 Net Cash Flow = $34,000 × PV factor for Year 2
Present Value of Year 3 Net Cash Flow = $65,000 × PV factor for Year 3
Step 3: Sum up the present values of the net cash flows to get the total present value.
Total Present Value = Sum of Present Values of Net Cash Flows
Step 4: Calculate the net present value (NPV) by subtracting the initial investment from the total present value.
Net Present Value = Total Present Value - Initial Investment
(b) Should the machinery be purchased?
Now, let's calculate the NPV and determine whether the machinery should be purchased:
Year Net Cash Flows Present Value Factor Present Value of Net Cash Flows
1 $12,000 PV factor for Year 1 Present Value of Year 1 Net Cash Flow
2 $34,000 PV factor for Year 2 Present Value of Year 2 Net Cash Flow
3 $65,000 PV factor for Year 3 Present Value of Year 3 Net Cash Flow
Totals Total Present Value
Initial investment $198,000
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Consider the short run with completely sticky goods prices. Assume also that expected inflation is unchanged. Suppose (domestic) money multiplier (m) increases. a. Consider the case of a closed economy. Illustrate graphically how the short-run equilibrium is reached in the IS-LM model. Determine what will happen to the real interest rate, real GDP, consumption spending and investment spending of the closed economy under consideration and explain how you obtain your results. b. Instead of (a), consider the same event but in the case of a small open economy under a flexible exchange rate regime. Illustrate graphically how the short-run equilibrium is reached in the IS-LM model (in the r - Y space) as well as in the Mundell-Fleming IS*-LM* model (in the e-Y space). Determine what will happen to the (domestic) real interest rate, real GDP, (domestic) consumption spending, (domestic) investment spending, the value of domestic currency and net exports of the small open economy under consideration and explain how you obtain your results.
In a closed economy with sticky prices and an increased money multiplier, the short-run equilibrium in the IS-LM model is reached by analyzing the impact on the real interest rate, real GDP, consumption spending, and investment spending.
In a small open economy with a flexible exchange rate regime and an increased money multiplier, the short-run equilibrium is analyzed using both the IS-LM model and the Mundell-Fleming IS*-LM* model.
a. In a closed economy, an increased money multiplier affects the short-run equilibrium in the IS-LM model. With completely sticky goods prices, the increased money multiplier leads to a higher money supply, shifting the LM curve to the right.
This results in a decrease in the real interest rate, leading to higher investment spending and increased aggregate demand. Consequently, real GDP and consumption spending also increase.
b. In a small open economy with a flexible exchange rate regime, an increased money multiplier affects the short-run equilibrium in both the IS-LM model and the Mundell-Fleming IS*-LM* model.
In the IS-LM model, the increased money multiplier leads to an increase in the money supply, shifting the LM curve to the right. This results in a decrease in the domestic real interest rate, leading to higher domestic investment spending and increased domestic aggregate demand.
In the Mundell-Fleming IS*-LM* model, the decrease in the domestic real interest rate leads to a depreciation of the domestic currency. This depreciation stimulates net exports, further increasing aggregate demand. Real GDP, domestic consumption spending, the value of the domestic currency, and net exports all increase as a result.
By analyzing the graphical models and understanding the relationships between variables, we can determine the effects of an increased money multiplier on the short-run equilibrium of a closed economy and a small open economy with a flexible exchange rate regime.
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which statement best describes the drinking habits of college students
College students are at a higher risk for alcohol abuse than other groups due to the combination of peer pressure, experimentation, and the freedom of being away from home.
Binge drinking, defined as consuming five or more drinks for men and four or more drinks for women within two hours, is the most common form of excessive alcohol consumption among college students.
Because college students are not only heavy drinkers, but also face high consequences from their drinking, the drinking habits of college students can be particularly problematic.
Young adults who binge drink are more likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as unprotected sex and driving under the influence, and have higher rates of alcohol-related injuries, such as falls and car accidents.
College students often have a busy schedule and high levels of stress, which can lead to heavy drinking.
In addition, many students see alcohol as a way to bond with others and relax.
Overall, the drinking habits of college students reflect the unique challenges and opportunities of this stage of life.
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You know the manager of a small ice cream shop. During the summer months, customers arrive, according to an exponential distribution, every 2 minutes. You have two workstations. At station 1, the customer's order and payment are taken and at station 2, the customer's ice cream is assembled and delivered. Order and payment takes on average 1.5 minutes but it is not constant. Your best guess is that it happens according to a normal distribution with a standard deviation of.5 minutes. Similarly, the construction/delivery work station distribution is normal with a mean of 2 minutes and a standard deviation of .25 minutes. The shop is small so there is only room in the order line for 5 people and in the delivery line for 4 people. The shop owner wants to know a few things about the service process, so the owner hires an MBA student to run 100 simulations through SimQuick (the owner really cares about the evening rush, which is 180 minutes long). Oh, I forgot to mention, YOU are the MBA student. The owner asks you the following questions. You must provide evidence to go with your answers using the attached simulation results in this spreadsheet. a. How often do customers try to enter the shop, but cannot because there is no room to do so? b. How many people are typically in line to place an order? c. How long does the average customer spend in line before getting to place their order? d. How long does the average customer spend in the system from waiting in line until they leave with their sweet treat? A B с D E F G Ice Cream Shop Simulation Results Element Types Entrance(s) Element Names Door Statistics Objects entering process Objects unable to enter Service level Overall Means 86.57 3.03 0.97 Work Station(s) Order/Pay Final status Final inventory (int. buff.) Mean inventory (int. buff.) Mean cycle time (int. buff.) Work cycles started Fraction time working Fraction time blocked NA 0.09 0.06 0.13 85.12 0.70 0.06 Delivery Final status Final inventory (int. buff.) Mean inventory (int. buff.) Mean cycle time (int. buff.) Work cycles started Fraction time working Fraction time blocked NA 0.00 0.00 0.00 82.01 0.91 0.00 Buffer(s) Order Queue Objects leaving Final inventory Minimum inventory Maximum inventory Mean inventory Mean cycle time 85.12 1.45 0.00 4.78 1.19 2.47 Delivery Queue Objects leaving Final inventory Minimum inventory Maximum inventory Mean inventory Mean cycle time 82.01 2.36 0.00 3.97 1.93 4.16 Served Customers Objects leaving Final inventory Minimum inventory Maximum inventory Mean inventory Mean cycle time 0.00 81.09 0.00 81.09 38.83 Infinite
Customers are unable to enter the shop approximately 3.03% of the time. The average customer spends approximately 1.19 minutes in line before placing their order.
Based on the simulation results, we can answer the owner's questions regarding the service process at the ice cream shop.
a. The simulation shows that customers are unable to enter the shop 3.03% of the time, which means that there is not enough room for them due to the limited capacity of the order line and the delivery line.
b. On average, there are 1.45 people in line to place an order. This indicates the typical number of customers waiting in line to order their ice cream during the simulation.
c. The average customer spends approximately 1.19 minutes in line before getting the chance to place their order. This represents the waiting time experienced by customers in the order line.
d. The average customer spends approximately 38.83 minutes in the system, from the moment they start waiting in line until they leave with their ice cream. This includes the time spent waiting in line and the time taken to complete the order and delivery process.
These results provide insights into the shop's service process, such as the frequency of customers being turned away, the typical queue length, and the average time customers spend in line and in the system. The owner can use this information to assess the efficiency of the shop's operations and make informed decisions for improving the customer experience and overall performance.
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Explanation
of Portfolio Management Industry in India. (In 3000
words)
Portfolio management in India involves professional management of investment portfolios, providing personalized services and diversification for clients' wealth management needs.
The portfolio management industry in India involves managing investment portfolios on behalf of clients, offering personalized services, diversification, and professional expertise. It plays a crucial role in wealth management and financial planning.
Portfolio management firms in India offer a range of services to their clients, including investment advice, asset allocation, portfolio construction, and ongoing monitoring and rebalancing. They employ experienced professionals who analyze financial markets, conduct research on various investment options, and make informed investment decisions on behalf of their clients.
One of the key benefits of portfolio management is the ability to access professional expertise and knowledge. Portfolio managers stay up-to-date with market trends, economic conditions, and regulatory changes, allowing them to make informed investment decisions. They apply strategies such as fundamental analysis, technical analysis, and quantitative models to identify investment opportunities and manage risks.
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Every student loves the Nobel-prize-winning theory of capital structure irrelevance in a world of perfect competition without taxes or private information (and no transactions costs), formulated by Modigliani and Miller, or M&M for short. Suppose there are no personal or corporate taxes and no transactions costs nor private information. In this perfect world, the Baby Bob Company and the Arctic Apple Corporation are identical in all respects, except that Baby Bob is unlevered and Arctic Apple has $5,000,000 of 5% bonds outstanding. Assume that EBIT is $1,000,000 for both, and that the cost of equity of Baby Bob is 10% and the cost of equity of Arctic Apple is 15%. Next assume that VBabyBob = $10,000,000 and VArcticApple = $11,000,000. Using the M&M propositions, demonstrate how to make a riskless profit without investing a penny of one’s own wealth. (Use 5% ownership or shorting for your transaction.)
In a perfect world with no taxes, transactions costs, or private information, the Modigliani-Miller (M&M) propositions suggest that the capital structure is irrelevant in determining the value of a firm.
In this scenario, where Baby Bob Company and Arctic Apple Corporation are identical except for their capital structures, it is possible to make a riskless profit without investing any personal wealth by exploiting the differences in their costs of equity and their market values.
According to the M&M propositions, in a world without taxes or transactions costs, the value of a firm is determined solely by its earning potential and the risk associated with its investments, not by its capital structure.
In this scenario, Baby Bob Company and Arctic Apple Corporation have the same earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) of $1,000,000.
Since Arctic Apple has $5,000,000 of 5% bonds outstanding, its market value (VArcticApple) is $11,000,000, while Baby Bob is unlevered with a market value of $10,000,000 (VBabyBob). The cost of equity for Baby Bob is 10%, and for Arctic Apple, it is 15%.
To make a riskless profit without investing any personal wealth, one can exploit the difference in the costs of equity. By short selling 5% of Arctic Apple's shares and using the proceeds to purchase Baby Bob's shares, an investor can benefit from the higher cost of equity for Arctic Apple (15%) compared to Baby Bob (10%).
This transaction takes advantage of the identical nature of the two companies and the differences in their market values and costs of equity.
In conclusion, in a world of perfect competition without taxes or private information, the M&M propositions suggest that the capital structure is irrelevant.
By exploiting the differences in market values and costs of equity between identical firms, such as Baby Bob Company and Arctic Apple Corporation, it is possible to make a riskless profit without investing any personal wealth by using short selling and purchasing shares.
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a) Equity hedge funds with the largest correlation risk exposure tend to have the largest maximum drawdowns. Is this statement true or false? Explain your answer. [10 marks] b) A popular short term investment strategy is Price Reversal. Explain in what consists this trading strategy, the empirical evidence supporting it, and what is the main reason pointed out to support this trading opportunity.
a)The statement “Equity hedge funds with the largest correlation risk exposure tend to have the largest maximum drawdowns” is true.
Explanation:
Equity hedge funds are mutual funds that invest in stocks or equity securities. The largest maximum drawdowns refer to the largest losses that the fund experiences due to market changes or any other factor that leads to a decline in the value of the investment.
What is correlation risk exposure?
Correlation risk exposure is the risk that arises due to the investment of the fund in highly correlated assets. When the correlation risk exposure is high, there is a high likelihood that the investments in the fund will move in the same direction at the same time, thus increasing the chances of maximum drawdowns.
Therefore, equity hedge funds with the largest correlation risk exposure tend to have the largest maximum drawdowns.
b)The Price Reversal trading strategy is a short-term investment strategy that involves taking advantage of price movements.
In this strategy, a trader buys or sells a security when the price is significantly high or low, hoping that the price will revert to its previous trend.The main aim of this trading strategy is to identify overbought or oversold securities and trade them accordingly.
Empirical evidence has shown that the price reversal strategy is an effective trading strategy that can lead to profitable returns. The main reason why this trading opportunity exists is because of market inefficiencies and the irrational behavior of traders.
The price reversal strategy capitalizes on these inefficiencies by identifying securities that are mispriced due to market forces and taking advantage of them.
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On September 30,2021 , Bricker Enterprises purchased a machine for $213,000. The estimated service life is 10 years with a $20.000 residual value. Bricker records partial-year depreciation based on the number of months in service. Depreciation (to the nearest dollar) for 2021, using sum-of-the-years'-digits method, would be: (Do not round intermediate calculations.)
Let's say on September 30, 2021, BrickerEnterprises purchases a machine for $213,000. has a useful life of 10 years and a scrap value of$20,000. Bricker collects a portion of the annualdepreciation based on the months of use. Using the number of years method, thedepreciation for 2021 (to the nearest dollar) is:(Do not calculate the average.) Section The formula for calculating depreciation fromthe number of Years is: Section Depreciation Rate = Depreciation Rate X (LifeRemaining / Number of Years) Adjusted Fee equals the amount minus theretention rate. We were told that the machine cost $213,000and the residual value was $20,000. The depreciable cost of the machine is asfollows: Depreciable cost = machine cost - cost savings =$213,000 - $20,000 = $193,000 The machine has a 10-year useful life (becauseit has a 10-year useful life and is purchased onMarch 30). Adding the numbers 1 to 10 to calculate thenumber of years, we get a total of 55. Using theformula above, we get: Depreciation Expense = Accrued DepreciationCost x (Total Remaining Life / Years Digits) =$193,000 x (3/55) = $10,527 (to the nearestdollar).
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An advantage of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is that
A. it lists the top ten firms in any particular industry.
B. its valuable information is available only to business people in the United States.
C. it provides financial analysis of all organizations with sales in excess of $1 million within the member nations.
D. it makes it possible to determine how other firms are segmenting their customer markets.
E. it groups economic activity to permit studies of market share, demand, and import competition.
An advantage of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is that it groups economic activity to permit studies of market share, demand, and import competition. Here option E is the correct answer.
NAICS is a widely recognized classification system used by governments, businesses, and researchers in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. It provides a standardized framework for organizing and analyzing economic data based on industries.
By categorizing economic activity into specific industries, NAICS allows for effective market research and analysis. Researchers can use NAICS codes to identify and study specific industries, their market size, and the overall composition of the economy.
This classification system facilitates comparisons across different sectors and enables the examination of trends, patterns, and changes in market dynamics.
NAICS also helps in understanding market share, as it allows for the identification of key players within specific industries.
While it does not provide a list of the top ten firms in each industry (option A), it provides a foundation for conducting further research to determine market leaders and their respective market shares. Therefore option E is the correct answer.
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Explain why the formal credit market fails to meet the financial
service needs of the poor the poor.
The formal credit market has failed to meet the financial service needs of the poor. Financial services are credit, savings, insurance, and others provided to the poor by formal credit markets.
The formal credit market has failed to meet the financial service needs of the poor. Financial services are credit, savings, insurance, and others provided to the poor by formal credit markets. Despite the various policies implemented by the government, the formal credit market has failed to meet the financial service needs of the poor due to the following reasons:
High-interest rates: Formal credit markets charge very high interest rates on loans, which makes it difficult for the poor to repay the loans. Low-income groups or the poor have unstable incomes, which makes it difficult to repay the loans. They need a longer period to repay the loan, but the formal credit market charges high-interest rates. Inadequate collateral: The formal credit market asks for collateral, which poor people usually cannot provide. It results in loan rejection, and they are unable to get financial services.
Lack of access to credit: People in rural areas do not have access to the formal credit market. The poor people are not aware of the financial services provided by the formal credit market. It results in a lack of access to credit. Lack of financial literacy: The poor people do not have financial literacy. They do not understand the terms and conditions of loans, which leads to the rejection of their loan applications. The government should make policies to increase financial literacy among the poor people.
Lack of trust: Poor people do not trust formal credit markets. They feel that they will be cheated or exploited by the lenders. The government should make policies to increase the trust of poor people in formal credit markets.
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Identify opportunities in Macy's (and/or external environment) and answer the following questions:
How is this opportunity related to serving the needs of our target market?
What actions must the organization take to capitalize on this opportunity?
Macy's is one of the most popular department store chains in the United States. The company has a lot of opportunities to offer to serve the needs of its target market.
Below are some of the opportunities Macy's can capitalize on: Technological advancements Macy's must seize opportunities in technology to appeal to its tech-savvy customers. With the growing trend of online shopping, the company should improve its online presence to enhance customer satisfaction. Macy's can launch a mobile app, invest in augmented reality technologies that allow customers to try on clothes virtually, and use predictive analytics to analyze customer behavior and preferences.
This opportunity will help Macy's to serve the needs of its target market by providing an efficient, convenient, and personalized shopping experience. Brand buildingMacy's has the opportunity to develop its brand by providing quality products and services to its customers. The company can create a loyalty program that rewards customers for their frequent purchases, provide a seamless shopping experience, and offer exceptional customer service. These actions will help Macy's to attract and retain customers and capitalize on the opportunity of building a strong brand. Expansion of its product lineMacy's can explore the opportunity of expanding its product line to cater to the needs of a broader target market.
The company can offer products in various categories such as home décor, beauty, and electronics. This action will help Macy's to serve the needs of its target market by providing a variety of products to choose from.The organization must take the following actions to capitalize on these opportunities:Invest in researchMacy's must invest in research to identify the opportunities that it can capitalize on. The company can conduct market research to analyze customer behavior and preferences, identify the gaps in the market, and evaluate the effectiveness of its strategies.
Expand its product lineMacy's must explore the opportunity of expanding its product line to cater to the needs of a broader target market. The company can offer products in various categories such as home décor, beauty, and electronics. Macy's can also collaborate with other brands to offer more product choices to its customers.These actions will help Macy's to capitalize on the opportunities and serve the needs of its target market.
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Describe at least two types of organisational risks, other than risks related to IP rights and responsibilities, that can arise during strategic planning. Then propose and describe at least two general risk management strategies.
Two types of organizational risks that can arise during strategic planning, other than risks related to IP rights and responsibilities, include financial risks and operational risks. To manage these risks, two general risk management strategies that can be employed are risk avoidance and risk mitigation.
1st paragraph: Types of organizational risks
During strategic planning, organizations can face various risks that can impact their success. Two types of risks, other than those related to intellectual property (IP) rights and responsibilities, are financial risks and operational risks.
Financial risks encompass factors such as inadequate funding, market volatility, and financial mismanagement, which can affect the organization's financial stability and performance. Operational risks, on the other hand, include risks associated with the organization's day-to-day operations, such as supply chain disruptions, technological failures, and human errors, which can hinder the smooth execution of strategic plans.
2nd paragraph: Risk management strategies
To effectively manage these risks, organizations can employ different risk management strategies. One strategy is risk avoidance, which involves identifying and eliminating or minimizing risks by avoiding actions or decisions that may expose the organization to those risks. For example, an organization may choose not to enter a highly volatile market to avoid financial risks associated with unpredictable market conditions.
Another strategy is risk mitigation, which focuses on reducing the impact or likelihood of risks through proactive measures. This may include implementing contingency plans, diversifying suppliers, conducting regular risk assessments, and investing in technology or infrastructure upgrades to enhance operational resilience. By taking such measures, organizations can mitigate the negative consequences of potential risks and increase their ability to navigate through uncertain situations effectively.
By employing risk avoidance and risk mitigation strategies, organizations can better identify, assess, and address the risks that may arise during strategic planning. These strategies help organizations build resilience, protect their financial interests, and enhance their operational capabilities to achieve their strategic objectives.
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4) The average cost for power-production firm is AC=100−10Q+Q^2
where Q is measured in billion kilowatt hours per day. At the current regulated price, consumers demand 4 billion kilowatt hours per day. Is this market a natural monopoly? If demand increases to 10 billion kilowatt hours, is this market a natural monopoly? Show your answer in a diagram. [4 marks]
At the current demand of 4 billion kilowatt hours per day, the market is not a natural monopoly. If demand increases to 10 billion kilowatt hours, it becomes a natural monopoly due to average cost matching the regulated price.
To determine whether the market is a natural monopoly, we need to analyze the average cost (AC) function and the demand level in the market. Let's calculate the average cost for different levels of demand and plot it on a diagram.
The average cost (AC) function is given by:
AC = 100 - 10Q + Q²
At the current demand level of 4 billion kilowatt hours per day (Q = 4):
AC = 100 - 10(4) + 4²
AC = 100 - 40 + 16
AC = 76
If the demand increases to 10 billion kilowatt hours per day (Q = 10):
AC = 100 - 10(10) + 10²
AC = 100 - 100 + 100
AC = 100
Now let's plot the average cost (AC) on a diagram with quantity (Q) on the x-axis and average cost on the y-axis.
At the current demand level of 4 billion kilowatt hours per day, the average cost (AC) is 76. As we increase the demand to 10 billion kilowatt hours per day, the average cost remains constant at 100.
Based on the diagram and the average cost calculations, we can conclude
At the current demand level of 4 billion kilowatt hours per day, the market is not a natural monopoly because the average cost (AC) is below the regulated price.
If the demand increases to 10 billion kilowatt hours per day, the market remains a natural monopoly because the average cost (AC) is equal to the regulated price.
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Recording Entries for Interest-Bearing and Noninterest-Bearing Notes Anne Taylor Company borrowed cash on August 1, 2020, and signed a $99,900 (face amount), one-year note payable, due on July 31, 2021. The accounting period of Anne Taylor ends December 31. Assume an effective interest rate of 11% a. How much cash should Anne Taylor Company receive on the note, assuming the note is an interest-bearing note?
Step 1: Anne Taylor Company should receive $99,900 in cash on the note.
Step 2: An interest-bearing note is a type of promissory note that accrues interest over its term. In this case, Anne Taylor Company borrowed $99,900 on August 1, 2020, and signed a one-year note payable, due on July 31, 2021. The note has a face amount of $99,900, which represents the principal amount borrowed.
To determine how much cash Anne Taylor Company should receive on the note, we need to calculate the amount of interest accrued from August 1, 2020, to the date of the cash receipt. The effective interest rate is given as 11%. Since the accounting period of Anne Taylor ends on December 31, we need to consider the interest accrued up to that date.
Using the effective interest rate, we can calculate the interest for the period from August 1 to December 31 (5 months). The interest is calculated as follows:
Principal amount * effective interest rate * time
$99,900 * 11% * (5/12) = $4,579.25
Therefore, Anne Taylor Company should receive $99,900 + $4,579.25 = $104,479.25 in cash on the note, assuming the note is an interest-bearing note.
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Geary Machine Shop is considering a 4-year project to improve its production efficiency. Buying a new machine press for $809,990 is estimated to result in $172,676 in annual pretax cost savings. The press falls in the MACRS five-year class (Refer to the MACRS table on page 277), and it will have a salvage value at the end of the project of $131,447. The press also requires an initial investment in spare parts inventory of $49,004, along with an additional $12,371 in inventory for each succeeding year of the project. If the shop's tax rate is 0.27 and its discount rate is 0.1, what is the total cash flow in year 4 ? (Do not round your intermediate calculations.) (Make sure you enter the number with the appropriate +/− sign)
To calculate the total cash flow in year 4 for Geary Machine Shop's project, we need to consider various cash inflows and outflows.
The cash inflows include the annual pretax cost savings resulting from the new machine press, which is $172,676 per year.
The cash outflows include the initial investment in spare parts inventory of $49,004 and the additional inventory for each succeeding year of the project, which is $12,371 per year.
Additionally, we need to consider the tax savings resulting from depreciation. The machine press falls in the MACRS five-year class, so we can use the MACRS depreciation table to determine the depreciation expense for each year. The depreciation expense is deductible for tax purposes, resulting in tax savings.
To calculate the total cash flow in year 4, we need to determine the depreciation expense for year 4, calculate the tax savings from depreciation using the tax rate of 0.27, and subtract the inventory outflow.
Please note that without the specific depreciation percentages for each year, it is not possible to provide the exact calculation. However, by following the steps described above and using the MACRS depreciation table, you can calculate the total cash flow in year 4 for Geary Machine Shop's project.
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(a) Choose any TWO of the following research methods.
Briefly explain the methods and outline the advantages and one disadvantage associated with their use in research.
i. Interview
ii. Focus Group Discussion
iii. Observation
(b) Explain the difference among nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales and give an example for each?
Answer:
Two research methods that can be chosen are:
i. Interview
ii. Focus Group Discussion
Explanation:
(a) Two research methods that can be chosen are:
i. Interview: An interview is a research method where a researcher directly interacts with participants to gather information. It involves asking a series of structured or semi-structured questions and recording the responses. Interviews can be conducted in person, over the phone, or through online platforms.
Advantages:
In-depth information: Interviews allow for detailed exploration of participants' thoughts, opinions, and experiences.
Flexibility: Researchers can adapt questions and probe further to gain a deeper understanding.
Disadvantage:
Subjectivity: The presence of the interviewer can introduce bias or influence participants' responses.
ii. Focus Group Discussion: Focus group discussions involve a small group of participants (typically 6-10) who engage in an interactive discussion facilitated by a researcher. The aim is to gather insights and perspectives on a specific topic or research question.
Advantages:
Group dynamics: Group interactions can generate rich and diverse perspectives.
Real-time reactions: Researchers can observe participants' reactions to ideas and opinions shared by others.
Disadvantage:
Dominant voices: Certain individuals may dominate the discussion, limiting the contribution of others.
(b) The difference among nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales are:
Nominal Scale: The nominal scale is the simplest form of measurement where data are categorized into distinct categories or labels. It represents qualitative data without any inherent order or numerical value. For example, categorizing survey responses as "Yes" or "No" or classifying people by their gender (Male/Female).
Ordinal Scale: The ordinal scale represents data with distinct categories that can be ordered or ranked based on a particular characteristic. However, the intervals between the categories may not be uniform. For example, rating customer satisfaction as "Very Satisfied," "Satisfied," "Neutral," "Dissatisfied," and "Very Dissatisfied" represents an ordinal scale.
Interval Scale: The interval scale represents data where the intervals between values are equal and meaningful, but there is no true zero point. It allows for ranking and precise measurement of the differences between values. An example is the Celsius temperature scale, where the intervals between 10°C and 20°C are the same as between 20°C and 30°C, but 0°C does not indicate the complete absence of temperature.
Ratio Scale: The ratio scale is similar to the interval scale but has a true zero point, representing the absence of a measured attribute. It allows for ranking, precise measurement of differences, and meaningful ratios between values. Examples include height, weight, time, and money.
In summary, nominal scale represents categorical data, ordinal scale represents ordered categories, interval scale represents equal intervals without a true zero, and ratio scale represents equal intervals with a true zero.
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Timothy projects its next sales next year to be $4 million and expects to earn 5 % of that amount in taxes. The firm is currently projecting its financial needs based on the following projections: (10)
1. Current assets will equal 20 % of sales and fixed assets will remain at their current level of $ 1 million.
2. Common equity is currently .8 million $ and the firm pays out half its earning in dividends.
3. The firm had short term payables and trade credit that normally equal 10 % of sales and it has no long-term debt outstanding.
What are Timothy’s financing requirements (total assets) and discretionary financing needs for the coming year?
Timothy's financing requirements (total assets) for the coming year are $6.6 million. The discretionary financing needs amount to $3.8 million.
To calculate the total assets, we sum up the current assets (20% of projected sales) and the fixed assets ($1 million). This results in $1 million + 0.2 * $4 million = $1.8 million.
Discretionary financing needs represent the additional funds required to meet the financing requirements. It includes the increase in common equity, which is half of the projected earnings ($4 million * 5% * 0.5 = $0.1 million), and the increase in short-term payables and trade credit (10% of projected sales - $0.4 million). Adding these components together, we get $0.1 million + $0.4 million = $0.5 million.
Finally, the total assets (financing requirements) are calculated as the sum of the current assets and fixed assets, which gives us $1.8 million, and the discretionary financing needs, which gives us $0.5 million. Thus, the total assets equal $1.8 million + $0.5 million = $2.3 million.
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Which of the following statements best describes the focus of the field of economics?A) The orbits of the planets and moons
B) Increasing the level of anxiety and distress among graduate students.
C) Spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
D) Providing employment for professors who would otherwise have to find real jobs.
The statements best describe the focus of the field of economics D) Providing employment for professors who would otherwise have to find real jobs.
The recognition of the field of economics is nicely defined as the have a look at the way individuals, businesses, and societies make choices in the presence of restrained assets and unlimited wants. It includes reading about various economic phenomena, consisting of production, consumption, distribution, and the allocation of sources.
Economics seeks to understand and give an explanation for how individuals and societies make selections approximately what to provide, how to produce it, and for whom to provide it.
Economics encompasses a huge variety of subjects, which include delivery and demand, marketplace opposition, pricing, inflation, unemployment, monetary growth, global exchange, and economic and monetary rules. It pursues to offer insights into the functioning of markets, the conduct of customers and manufacturers, the position of governments, and the general performance of economies.
The field of economics isn't always involved with the orbits of planets and moons (Option A), increasing tension among graduate students (Option B), or spelling and grammar (Option C). While economics does provide employment for professors, the focal point of the sphere is a good deal broader and targeted on know-how and analyzing financial behavior and systems (Option D).
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which step of the project life cycle defines all of the project deliverables?
The step in the project life cycle that defines all of the project deliverables is the planning phase.
The planning phase of the project life cycle is where the project objectives, scope, and requirements are defined in detail. During this phase, project managers and stakeholders work together to identify and document all of the project deliverables.
Deliverables are the tangible or intangible outputs and outcomes that need to be produced or achieved as part of the project.
In the planning phase, project teams create a comprehensive project plan that outlines the specific deliverables, their characteristics, and the criteria for their acceptance.
This includes identifying the required documents, products, services, or other results that need to be produced by the project.
The deliverables may include items such as reports, software systems, physical infrastructure, training materials, or any other tangible or intangible outcomes that contribute to the project's objectives.
Defining all of the project deliverables during the planning phase is crucial as it provides clarity and sets expectations for the project team and stakeholders.
It helps ensure that everyone involved understands what needs to be produced or achieved, which in turn facilitates effective project execution and monitoring.
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Which of the following should be included in the cost of land improvements?
-driveways
-sprinkler system for the landscaping
-fencing
The cost of land improvements should include driveways, sprinkler systems for landscaping, and fencing.
Land improvements refer to enhancements made to the land that increase its value or utility. In the case of driveways, they are considered a land improvement because they provide access to the property and enhance its functionality. A driveway not only facilitates transportation but also adds convenience for homeowners and visitors. Therefore, the cost of constructing or improving driveways should be included in the overall cost of land improvements.
Another land improvement that should be included in the cost is a sprinkler system for landscaping. Such a system helps maintain and enhance the appearance of the land by providing water to the plants and ensuring their healthy growth. Landscaping plays a significant role in enhancing the aesthetics of a property, and a well-designed sprinkler system is crucial for maintaining the health and beauty of the landscape. Therefore, the cost of installing or upgrading a sprinkler system should be included in the cost of land improvements.
Fencing is another component that should be included in the cost of land improvements. Fences serve various purposes, such as providing privacy, security, and boundaries. They can enhance the value and usability of the land by defining the property lines, deterring trespassers, and creating a safe space. The cost of installing or improving fences, including materials and labor, should be considered as part of the overall cost of land improvements.
In conclusion, the cost of land improvements should include driveways, sprinkler systems for landscaping, and fencing. These enhancements contribute to the functionality, aesthetic appeal, and value of the land. Including these costs in the overall assessment of land improvements ensures a comprehensive evaluation of the expenses incurred in enhancing the property.
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Your grandfather put some money in an account for you on the day you were born. You are now 18 years old and are allowed to withdraw the money for the first time. The account currently has $4,532 in it and pays an 11% interest rate.
a. How much money would be in the account if you left the money there until your 25 th birthday?
b. What if you left the money until your 65 th birthday?
c. How much money did your grandfather originally put in the account?
(a) If you left the money in the account until your 25th birthday, it would be worth $61,569.32.
(b) If you left the money in the account until your 65th birthday, it would be worth $611,603.42.
(c) Your grandfather originally put $4,532 in the account.
The amount of money in the account will grow exponentially over time due to the compound interest. The formula for compound interest is:
[tex]A = P(1 + r)^t[/tex]
where:
A is the amount of money in the account at the end of the period
P is the principal amount (the amount of money that was originally deposited)
r is the interest rate
t is the number of years
In this case, P = $4,532, r = 0.11 (11%), and t = 25 (the number of years until your 25th birthday).
So, the amount of money in the account at the end of 25 years would be:
[tex]A = 4532 * (1 + 0.11)^{25} = 61,569.32[/tex]
If you left the money in the account until your 65th birthday, the amount of money would be even greater:
[tex]A = 4532 * (1 + 0.11)^{65} = 611,603.42[/tex]
To calculate the original amount that your grandfather put in the account, we can set the future value equal to the principal amount and solve for P:
[tex]4532 = P * (1 + 0.11)^{65}[/tex]
Plugging this into a calculator, we get P = $4,532.
So, your grandfather originally put $4,532 in the account.
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True/False/Uncertain and Explain
The current price of chicken is $5 per pound and the current price of beef is $10 per pound. Raúl’s MU of chicken is 10 and his MU of beef is 15. Raúl could increase his utility by consuming more chicken and less beef.
Raúl cannot increase his utility by consuming more chicken and less beef given the provided information. Hence, the given statement is false.
To determine whether Raúl can increase his utility, we need to compare the marginal utilities per dollar spent on chicken and beef. In this case, we do not have information about the prices of chicken and beef relative to their marginal utilities.
If we assume that Raúl spends one dollar on each pound of chicken and beef, we can calculate the marginal utilities per dollar spent. The marginal utility per dollar spent on chicken is 10 MU/dollar, while the marginal utility per dollar spent on beef is 15 MU/dollar.
Since the marginal utility per dollar spent on beef is higher than the marginal utility per dollar spent on chicken, Raúl would increase his utility by consuming more beef and less chicken, rather than the opposite. Consuming more beef would provide him with a higher increase in utility per dollar spent compared to consuming more chicken.
Therefore, based on the given information, Raúl could increase his utility by consuming more beef and less chicken, not the other way around.
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Cynthia Knotrs oyster bar buys fresh Louisiana oysters for $3 per pound and selis them for $8 per pound. Ary oysters not sold that day are sold to her cousin, who has a nearby grocery store, for $2 per pound. Cynthia believes that demand follows the nomal distribution, with a mean of 100 pounds and a standard deviation of 19 pounds. How many pounds should she order each day? Refer to the standard normal table for z-values:
Cynthia should ordor ___ pounds of oysters each day (round your response to one decimal place):
Cynthia should order 79.8 pounds of oysters each day.
To determine the optimal order quantity, Cynthia needs to consider the expected demand and the associated costs.
Since demand follows a normal distribution with a mean of 100 pounds and a standard deviation of 19 pounds, she can calculate the z-value corresponding to the desired service level or probability of meeting demand.
Assuming a desired service level of 50%, Cynthia wants to avoid stockouts half the time, so she needs to calculate the z-value corresponding to the cumulative probability of 0.5. Consulting the standard normal table, the z-value for a cumulative probability of 0.5 is approximately 0.00.
Next, she needs to calculate the safety stock, which is the number of additional pounds required to avoid stockouts. The safety stock is given by the formula: safety stock = z-value * standard deviation.
In this case, safety stock = 0.00 * 19 pounds = 0 pounds.
Finally, she needs to calculate the reorder point, which is the sum of the mean demand and the safety stock. Reorder point = mean demand + safety stock.
Reorder point = 100 pounds + 0 pounds = 100 pounds.
Since the reorder point represents the expected demand, Cynthia should order the expected demand minus any remaining inventory. In this case, she should order 100 pounds - 20 pounds = 80 pounds.
However, Cynthia can sell any unsold oysters to her cousin for $2 per pound, reducing the financial impact of any excess inventory.
Therefore, she can adjust the order quantity upwards to minimize the risk of stockouts. As a result, she should order approximately 79.8 pounds of oysters each day to optimize her profits.
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computer organization and design the hardware software interface 5th edition
"Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface" is a textbook that covers computer organization and design principles, including topics like digital logic and memory systems.
"Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface" is a widely-used textbook written by David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy. It provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and concepts of computer organization and design. The book covers topics such as digital logic, instruction set architecture, processor design, memory systems, and input/output. It explores the interface between hardware and software and emphasizes the importance of understanding the underlying hardware architecture for efficient software development. The textbook is known for its clear explanations, real-world examples, and hands-on exercises, making it a valuable resource for students and professionals in computer science and engineering.
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Zoe was comparing the variability of three of her stocks. Over the last month ACE stock had a mean price of $37.92 per share with a standard deviation of $1.55, while FHJ stock had a mean price of $61.8 per share with a standard deviation of $2.71, and LMP stock had a mean price of $122.97 per share with a standard deviation of $3.43. Out of these three stocks, what was the greatest coefficient of variation? Round your answer to a hundredth of a percent. Input just the number. Do not input the percent sign. Do not use a comma. Example 4.35
The coefficient of variation (CV) is a measure of the relative variability of a dataset. It is calculated as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean, expressed as a percentage. The CV allows us to compare the variability of datasets that have different units or scales.
In this case, we are given the mean price and standard deviation for three different stocks: ACE, FHJ, and LMP. We can calculate the CV for each stock using the formula (standard deviation / mean) x 100%.
The CV for ACE stock is 4.09%, which means that the standard deviation is relatively small compared to the mean price. This indicates that the prices of ACE stock are relatively stable over time.
The CV for FHJ stock is 4.39%, which is slightly higher than the CV for ACE stock. This indicates that the prices of FHJ stock are slightly more variable than the prices of ACE stock.
The CV for LMP stock is 2.79%, which is the lowest of the three CVs. This indicates that the prices of LMP stock are relatively stable compared to the other two stocks.
Therefore, the greatest coefficient of variation is for FHJ stock, which has a CV of 4.39%.
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Consider each of the below two (2) separate and un-related situations, for a company
With a tiscal year end of December 31.
REQUIRED for each of the two situations:
(a) briefly identify the nature of the accounting misstatement for the year ended
December 31
(b) state which accounts are OVER or UNDERstated as at December 31, and
(c) provide a recommendation for an adjusting entry to correct the misstatement Tor
the audit year ended December 31.
Write your journal entry in the form of:
Debit: Account Name Sxxx
Credit: Account Name Sxxx
SITUATION 1:
On December 1, the company purchased a new piece of equipment for $950,000,
the cost of which was debited to a new Fixed Asset "Equipment" and credited to
"Accounts Payable". In order to bring this asset into a state of readiness tor its
intended use, the company paid $70,000 in labour costs. The company debited an
operating expense, 'Labour Expense" and credited "Salaries Payable" for $70,000 on
December 30.
SITUATION 2:
LAN
The company's accountant went on vacation from December 23 to January 3. The
company experienced some water damage on December 27 and hired Brenda the
Plumber to fix the problem on December 28. The entire job was completed the same
day. Brenda said the company could pay her the $2,000 owed for the work by
January 30. Upon his return to the office on January 4, the company's accountant
recorded a journal entry for that same day (dated January 4) with a debit to "Repairs
Expense" and a credit to "Accounts Payable".
SITUATION 1:
(a) The accounting misstatement for the year ended December 31 is that the company incorrectly debited the labor costs to an operating expense account instead of capitalizing it as part of the cost of the equipment.
(b) The Fixed Asset account "Equipment" is understated by $70,000, and the operating expense account "Labor Expense" is overstated by $70,000.
(c) To correct the misstatement, the company should make the following adjusting entry:
Debit: Equipment S70,000
Credit: Labor Expense S70,000
SITUATION 2:
(a) The accounting misstatement for the year ended December 31 is that the company recorded a journal entry on January 4 for the plumbing repair expenses incurred on December 28, resulting in the expense being recognized in the wrong accounting period.
(b) The expense account "Repairs Expense" is understated, and the liability account "Accounts Payable" is overstated.
(c) To correct the misstatement, the company should make the following adjusting entry:
Debit: Repairs Expense S2,000
Credit: Accounts Payable S2,000
In Situation 1, the company misclassified labor costs as an operating expense instead of capitalizing it as part of the equipment cost. The recommended adjusting entry is to debit the Equipment account and credit the Labor Expense account. In Situation 2, the company recorded a journal entry for plumbing repair expenses in the wrong accounting period. The suggested adjusting entry is to debit the Repairs Expense account and credit the Accounts Payable account.
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Subject :investment analysis
Sakura Berhad has the following convertible bond outstanding.
Total amount issued= RM 5 million
Coupon =5%annual basis
Maturity =10 years
Conversion ratio= 20 shares
Current market share price= RM4.50
No. Of share outstanding =3 million
Corporate Tax= 25%
par value= 1000
It is determined that other competitive convertible bonds in the market are giving an average yield of 6% .
REQUIRED: Calculate the below :
a) Conversion price
b) Conversion value
c) Number of additional shares that would have to be issued , if the bonds are fully converted.
d) The straight bond value of the convertible
e) The stock value of the convertible
f) The minimum price that the bond should trade in the market
g) Explain FIVE (5) factor affecting the price of a share option. Provide examples.
a) Conversion price:
The conversion price is the price at which the convertible bond can be converted into shares. It is calculated by dividing the par value of the convertible bond by the conversion ratio.
Conversion price = Par value / Conversion ratio
Conversion price = 1000 / 20
Conversion price = RM 50
b) Conversion value:
The conversion value is the value of the convertible bond if it is converted into shares. It is calculated by multiplying the conversion ratio by the current market share price.
Conversion value = Conversion ratio * Current market share price
Conversion value = 20 * RM 4.50
Conversion value = RM 90
c) Number of additional shares that would have to be issued if the bonds are fully converted:
The number of additional shares that would have to be issued is calculated by multiplying the total amount issued by the conversion ratio.
Number of additional shares = Total amount issued * Conversion ratio
Number of additional shares = RM 5,000,000 * 20
Number of additional shares = 100,000,000 shares
d) The straight bond value of the convertible:
The straight bond value is the value of the convertible bond as a bond without considering its conversion feature. It is calculated by discounting the future cash flows (coupon payments and par value) at the market yield rate.
Straight bond value = Coupon payment / Yield rate + Par value / (1 + Yield rate)^Maturity
Straight bond value = (0.05 * 1000) / 0.06 + 1000 / (1 + 0.06)^10
Straight bond value = RM 833.33 + 553.68
Straight bond value = RM 1,387.01
e) The stock value of the convertible:
The stock value of the convertible is the value of the convertible bond if it is converted into shares. It is calculated by multiplying the conversion ratio by the current market share price.
Stock value of the convertible = Conversion ratio * Current market share price
Stock value of the convertible = 20 * RM 4.50
Stock value of the convertible = RM 90
f) The minimum price that the bond should trade in the market:
The minimum price that the bond should trade in the market is the higher of the straight bond value and the stock value of the convertible.
Minimum price = Max(Straight bond value, Stock value of the convertible)
Minimum price = Max(RM 1,387.01, RM 90)
Minimum price = RM 1,387.01
g) Factors affecting the price of a share option:
1. Underlying Stock Price: The price of the underlying stock has a direct impact on the value of a share option. As the stock price increases, the value of a call option generally increases, while the value of a put option decreases.
2. Time to Expiration: The time remaining until the option's expiration affects its value. The longer the time to expiration, the higher the value of the option, as there is more time for the stock price to move favorably.
3. Volatility: Higher volatility increases the probability of larger stock price movements, which in turn increases the value of the option. Options on more volatile stocks tend to have higher prices.
4. Interest Rates: Interest rates impact the pricing of options. Higher interest rates increase the cost of carrying the underlying stock, which can reduce the value of call options and increase the value of put options.
5. Dividends: Dividends paid by the underlying stock can affect the value of options. For example, if a stock pays a dividend, the value of a call option may decrease, while the value of a put option may increase.
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In a review of its provisions for the year ended 31 March 2021, Gerrard’s assistant accountant has suggested the following accounting treatments:
(i) Making a provision for repairs to a warehouse that were badly needed. A quote from a builder had been accepted in the sum of £30,000.
(ii) Based on past experience, a £200,000 provision for unforeseen liabilities arising after the year end.
(iii) The partial reversal (as a credit to the statement of profit or loss) of the accumulated depreciation provision on an item of plant because the estimate of its remaining useful life has been increased by three years.
(iv) Providing £1 million for deferred tax at 25% relating to a £4 million revaluation of property during March 2021 even though Gerrard has no intention of selling the property in the near future.
Appropriate: Provision for warehouse repairs (£30,000) and (iv) Deferred tax provision for property revaluation (£1 million).
Inappropriate: Provision for unforeseen liabilities.
Depends on circumstances: Reversal of accumulated depreciation provision based on revised useful life.
What are the suggested accounting treatments for Gerrard's provisions in the year ended 31 March 2021?
The suggested accounting treatments for Gerrard's provisions for the year ended 31 March 2021 are as follows:
Make a provision of £30,000 for badly needed repairs to a warehouse based on a quote from a builder that has been accepted. Create a provision of £200,000 for unforeseen liabilities arising after the year end, based on past experience. Partially reverse the accumulated depreciation provision on an item of plant due to an increased estimate of its remaining useful life by three years, recording the reversal as a credit to the statement of profit or loss. Provide £1 million for deferred tax at 25% relating to a £4 million property revaluation during March 2021, even if there are no immediate plans to sell the property.Learn more about accounting treatments
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