Chemiosmotic coupling holds true to explain the synthesis of atp by energy released from electron transport chain.
Peter Mitchell suggested that it would be possible to produce ATP by using an electrochemical gradient of protons across a membrane. The process is known as chemiosmosis because he compared it to osmosis, which is the diffusion of water across a membrane. Only a membrane protein known as ATP synthase allows hydrogen ions in the matrix space to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane.
ADP is converted into ATP by ATP synthase as protons pass through. Oxidative phosphorylation describes the process by which ATP is produced in mitochondria by chemiosmosis. Proton gradient, ATP synthase, and proton pump are the essential elements required for the chemiosmosis process.
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In what direction, clockwise or counterclockwise, do the major circulation patterns rotate in the northern and southern hemispheres? why does each hemisphere have a different pattern?
The Coriolis effect makes storms swirl clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere. Because earth rotates on its axis circulating air is deflected towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere this effect called Coriolis effect.
Hurriances spin counterclockwise because the Coriolis effect. The equator rotates faster than other area of earth's surface and moving in a straight line on north to south axis will curve.
In southern hemisphere currents are deflected to the left. Storm system seem to rotate clockwise. This force is caused by the earth rotation and responsible for air being.
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What might explain the association between malignant tumors and chromosomal abnormalities?
Two prominent feature of cancer cells abnormal no of chromosomes and large scale structural rearrangements of chromosomes. The chromosome aberrations of chromosome and these are caused by genomic instabilities inherent to most cancers.
The chromosomal abnormalities which is change to child genetics material or DNA which the baby's development before birth. It is also causes miscarriage, disease or problems in development. It is known as aneuploidy, which is abnormal chromosome number due to an extra or missing chromosome.
Malignant tumors cells that can grow uncontrollably and spread locally. It is cancerous which is invade other sites. They also spread bloodstream and this is called metastasis.
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Crude oil is ________. a. composed of less than ten different hydrocarbon molecules b. usable in its raw form c. formed in a wide range of temperature and pressure circumstances
Crude oil is refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products.
In a distillation tower, the crude oil is separated by boiling point after being heated by a furnace. The material is then transformed into finished goods like fuels like gasoline and diesel, as well as specialty items like asphalt and solvents, by using heat, pressure, or a catalyst.Ethane, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), and naphtha are the three main petrochemical feedstocks generated from crude oil. These are mostly employed in the creation of synthetic fibers, plastic polymers, and other petrochemical intermediates. With increased global income, demand for these products will only continue to rise.learn more about Crude oil here:
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In the electron-transport chain in chloroplasts, _______energy electrons are taken from _______.
Answer:
In the electron-transport chain in chloroplasts, low energy electrons are taken from H20 (Water).
Which type of lipids are the most abundant in the plasma membrane?
a. phospholipids
b. glycolipids
c. sterols
d. triacylglycerides
Phospholipids type of lipids are the most abundant in the plasma membrane.
What is phospholipids?Phospholipids are a subclass of lipids that have two hydrophobic "tails" made of fatty acids connected by an alcohol residue, one of which is a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group. Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA are frequently incorporated into the phospholipid molecule of marine phospholipids.Phospholipids are compound lipids made of alcohol, fatty acids, nitrogen base, and phosphoric acids. These intricate lipids, which also give the membranes their fluidity, make up the majority of the cell membrane.A class of polar lipids known as phospholipids (PL) is made up of two fatty acids, a glycerol unit, and a phosphate group that is esterified to an organic molecule (X) like choline, ethanolamine, inositol, etc.Esters of glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and other alcohols make up phospholipids. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine are the four most prevalent phospholipids.Learn more about phospholipid here:
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Professor basco is lecturing about the nervous system. he tells the class that the role of the pituitary gland is to make and release _____ into ______.
Answer:
The pituitary gland makes, stores and releases
hormones. The pituitary gland is located at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus
The main function of your pituitary gland is to produce and
release several hormones that help carry out important
bodily functions, including: Growth. Metabolism (how your
body transforms and manages the energy from the food
you eat). Reproduction.
Given the parents aabbcc × aabbcc, assume simple dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent?.
The correct answer is 3/4.
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The atp required for continuous muscle contraction during endurance activities comes from?
The ATP required for continuous muscle contraction during endurance activities comes from anaerobic respiration and oxidative phosphorylation.
What is anaerobic respiration?The process of breakdown of substrate glucose in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. This process primarily takes in some unicellular organisms.
In humans, during endurance activities, a continuous supply of ATP is required. The ATP reserves in muscles are very small. Thus, there is a requirement for metabolic pathways to maintain continuous ATP supply and resynthesis.
These pathways are phosphocreatine breakdown and muscle glycogen breakdown which enable anaerobic substrate level phosphorylation and aerobic phosphorylation.
Therefore, the ATP required for continuous muscle contraction during endurance activities comes from anaerobic respiration and oxidative phosphorylation.
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When lions pick off the slowest members of a herd they are hunting why is it beneficial to the group as a whole?
A. The herd puts the least desirable members on the outside for the lions to eat.
B. It keeps the lions busy long enough for the rest to get away.
C. It keeps the herd stronger through natural selection.
D. It does not benefit the herd.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The one that got caught was the one that was most likely least essential to the herds' survival. It was either sick, young, elderly or injured.
When cells are exposed to sublethal doses of ionizing radiation, repair and recovery may occur because cells:______.
Answer:
Contain a repair mechanism inherent in their biochemistry (repair enzymes)
Explanation:
When cells are exposed to sublethal doses of ionizing radiation, repair and recovery may occur because cells: Contain a repair mechanism inherent in their biochemistry (repair enzymes).
The inner cellular layer of trophoblast that remains intact inside the blastocyst is termed the?
The inner cellular layer of trophoblast that remains intact inside the blastocyst is termed Cytotrophoblast.
Cytotrophoblast is the inner layer of the trophoblast.
It is found on the outer side of the Blastocyst and inner side of the Syncytiotrophoblast.
Cytotrophoblast remains intact inside the blastocyst and is present as a inner cellular layer of trophoblast.
Cytotrophoblast produces several hormones like:
GnRHProgesteroneHCGEstrogenCytotrophoblast attaches the fetus that is growing to the uterine wall of the mother's body.
It plays an important role in embyro's transplantation.
Cytotrophoblast releases Proteinaceous enzymes between the endometrial cells allowing many finger-like projections.
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What molecule is both the starting compound and end result of the citric acid cycle?
Oxaloacetate is the starting compound and end result of the citric acid cycle.
Citric acid cycle:The primary energy-yielding metabolic route in cells is the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which provides the majority of the reduced coenzymes that will be oxidized by the electron transport chain to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The pathway is occasionally referred to as the Krebs' cycle or the citric acid cycle after its discoverer, Sir Hans Krebs. Citric acid cycle occurs in the intracellular space or matrix of the mitochondria of eukaryotes.
The cycle serves as the primary mechanism for the interconversion of 4- and 5-carbon molecules in the cell, many of which originate from or are intermediates in the synthesis of amino acids, in addition to its function in energy-yielding metabolism and the oxidation of 2-carbon units. In the fasted state, the primary precursor for gluconeogenesis is oxaloacetate, a significant cycle intermediary.
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A virus life cycle that involves the incorporation of the viral dna into the host chromosome is.
A virus life cycle that involves the incorporation of the viral DNA into the host chromosome is lysogenic cycle.
What is Lysogenic cycle?For viral entry and replication within cells, the lysogenic cycle is a complement to the lytic cycle. While both bacterial phages and animal viruses share the lytic cycle, animal viruses are more likely to exhibit the lysogenic cycle.
The stages of the lysogenic cycle are as follows:
The viral genome invades the cell The viral genome merges with the host cell's genome. The host cell's DNA When a cell divides, virus chromosomes are passed on to the daughter cells by the polymerase. The viral genome separates from the host cell's DNA and enters stage 2 of the lytic cycle at any time the virus is "activated".Learn more about Lysogenic cycle here:
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__medium distinguishes different types of microorganisms based on an observable change in the colonies or in the medium.
A differential medium is a type of media that distinguishes different types of microorganisms based on an observable change in the media.
What is a differential medium?A differential medium is any medium for bacterial growth that contains selective agents used to discriminate between different microorganisms present in such medium.
A differential medium can be, for example, a blood agar medium that has bovine blood cells which is selective to Streptococcus bacteria.
In conclusion, a differential medium is a type of media that distinguishes different types of microorganisms based on an observable change in the media.
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What features are used to distinguish between true land plants and their algal ancestors?
Land plants are evolved from green algae.
Green algae called charophytes are coolest relatives of land plants.
It is believed that land plants are the most closely related to green algae, more specifically, a group of green algae referred to as charophyceans. Not only do both land plants and green algae produce chlorophyll a and b, but other evidence suggests that there is a relationship as well.
4 key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes.
-Diploid embryos
- The ability to photosynthesize
-Apical meristem
-Walled spores produced in sporangia.
- Multicellular haploid and diploid generations
-Multicellular gametangia
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The correct sequence of sperm-transporting tubules that transport spermatozoa to the epididymis is the?
Correct sequence of sperm-transporting tubules that transport spermatozoa to the epididymis is Seminiferous Tubules---> Rete Testis---> Vasa Efferentia----> Epididymis
Spermatozoa is the sperm that is formed from a spermatid after Spermiogenesis. It is released into the lumen of seminiferous tubules.
Seminiferous Tubules is present in the testis of human body.
Sperm transporting tubules are:
Seminiferous TubulesRete testisVasa EfferentiaEpididymisThe sperm passes through the seminiferous tubule into Rete testis.
Rete testis is a network of tubules that form a link between seminiferous tubule and Vasa Efferentia.
Vasa Efferentia connects Rete testis to Epididymis. It makes a pathway for the sperm transportation.
Epididymis is the region where the transported sperm from Vasa Efferentia reach. It stores the sperm until they are functionally matured enough to carry out the fertilisation in the human female body.
Hence, the pathway is Seminiferous Tubules---> Rete Testis---> Vasa Efferentia----> Epididymis
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Part B
Many rain forest plants are prone to developing fungal infections on their leaves. Fungi can grow rapidly in moist environments, and a serious infection can kill plants. One rain forest plant species has a genetic variation that affects its leaf structure. The traits and the descriptions of the plant’s leaves are listed in the chart.
Description
Trait A: medium-tip leaves Leaves are narrower toward the tips, but don't come to a full point. Most of the water drains from the leaves.
Trait B: drip-tip leaves Leaves come to a sharp point, leading to thorough water drainage from the leaves.
Trait C: wide-tip leaves Water runs onto the leaves and tends to pool in pockets at the tips.
During natural selection, organisms with harmful traits are less likely to successfully reproduce than organisms with beneficial traits. Neutral traits don’t improve or hurt an organism’s chances for survival. So, they tend to persist in populations when environmental conditions are stable. If the environment changes, neutral traits could become harmful or beneficial depending on the situation.
In year 1, a population of rain forest plants has the following distribution: 50% have medium-tip leaves, 25% have wide-tip leaves, and 25% have drip-tip leaves. You will simulate three years of this population: year 1, year 5, and year 10. How will the trait distribution most likely change over this time?
The trait distribution most likely change over this time such that the plants with favorable traits, medium-tip leaves and drip-tip leaves will survive due to natural selection.
What is natural selection?Natural selection is the process by which organisms which are better suited to their environment survive whereas those not suited die off.
The organisms that are suited to their environment possess special features which enable them to adapt to changes in their environment.
Considering the plants in the rainforest with different leaf tips:
Trait A: medium-tip leavesTrait B: drip-tip leavesTrait C: wide-tip leavesSince fungi grow in moist environments, it can be seen that plants with Trait C will be least favored to survive, while plants with Trait B will be most favored to survive by natural selection.
Thus;
In year 1: the composition of plants is 50% have medium-tip leaves, 25% have wide-tip leaves, and 25% have drip-tip leaves.In year 5: the composition of plants is 50% have medium-tip leaves, 25% have wide-tip leaves, and 0 % have drip-tip leavesIn year 10: the composition of plants is 25% have medium-tip leaves, 75% have wide-tip leaves, and 0% have drip-tip leaves.In conclusion, plants with favorable traits will survive due to natural selection.
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The ________ duct empties into the vestibule at the level of the second upper molar.
The parotid duct empties into the vestibule at the level of the second upper molar.
Around the back of your lower jaw is where the parotid gland is located. Saliva then passes via a tube known as the parotid duct. The duct's opening is where the saliva spills into your mouth. Different factors might cause the parotid duct to become clogged. The region may swell up as a result of this.
Each gland's front faces a lengthy excretory channel called the parotid duct, which emerges just beneath the masseter muscle. The duct enters the mouth by the buccinator muscle and opens on the inner cheek surface, typically next to the maxillary second tooth
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If the water potential of a cell is -800kpa and solute potential of the same cell is 600 kpa then the water potential of that cell at equilibrium is?
The water potential of that cell at equilibrium is -200kpa.
Solution:
given that
Water potential [tex]\psi = -800kpa[/tex]
solute potential [tex]\psi _s = 600kpa[/tex]
we need to find water potential at equilibrium [tex]\psi _ w = ?[/tex]
We know that water potential = [tex]\psi = -\psi_s + \psi_w[/tex]
-800 = -600 + [tex]\psi _w[/tex]
[tex]\psi _w[/tex] = -200kpa
What is Water Potential?The potential energy of water per unit volume in comparison to pure water under reference conditions is known as water potential. The tendency of water to migrate from one place to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure, and matrix effects like capillary action is measured by water potential (which is caused by surface tension).Understanding and computing water movement inside plants, animals, and soil have proven to be made easier by the concept of water potential. Greek letter is frequently used to symbolize water potential, which is normally stated in terms of potential energy per unit volume.Water potential combines a number of various water movement-related potential forces that may work in parallel or in opposition to one another. Numerous possible elements may be active at once in complicated biological systems.To learn more about water potential with the given link
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Which statement best summarizes the process represented by the model?
Chloroplast
Intermembrane B
A Space
Outer Membrane
Granum
(Stack of Thylakoids)
Thylakoid
Light
Dependent
Reactions
C
F
ENT
Calvin
Cycle
D
G
Inner Membrane
Stroma
(Fluid)
OA. Energy from sunlight moves through trophic levels.
B. Solar enerav is converted and stored in chemical bonds.
Answer: solar energy is converted and stored in chemical bonds.
Explanation:
In our bodies, glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, much like a combustion reaction. How many grams of o2 are needed to fully react with 150g glucose?
160g of O₂ will be required to fully react with 150g of glucose when glucose is broken down in our bodies to produce carbon dioxide and water.
The breakdown of glucose in our bodies can be represented by the following reaction:
C₆H₁₂O₆(s) + 6O₂(g) → 6CO₂(g) + 6H₂O(g)
As shown in the reaction, a mole of glucose reacts with 6 moles of oxygen.
To calculate the molecular mass:
1 mole of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) = (6x12) + (12x1) + (6x16) = 180g
6 moles of oxygen= 6x (2x16) = 192g
180g of glucose reacts with 192g of oxygen. So, to calculate the amount of oxygen required to fully react with 150g of glucose=
150 x 192/180 = 160g of oxygen.
Therefore, 160g of oxygen is required to fully react with 150g of glucose.
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To believe that humans are ______ is to believe that humans act on the basis of reason.
To believe that humans are rational is to believe that humans act on the basis of reason.
Why are human beings rational?Because it has intelligence that gives it the ability to communicate through a structured language based on speech, increasing its power to communicate, to issue judgments and to develop methodologies capable of increasing the quality of life.
Rationality is a characteristic that differentiates humans from animals, being this focus for social development, for the development of technology and science, which impacts our lives so much through engineering, medicine, mathematics, etc.
Therefore, acting based on reason is a characteristic of human beings, which is based on their intelligence and ability to think analytically to adapt and improve society.
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A site where pathogens can survive, multiply and serve as a continual source of infection is called a(n):_____.
A site where pathogens can survive , multiply and serve as a continual source of infection is called the reservoir. It is site where the infectious agent survives.
Reservoir is a host which allows the pathogen to live, and possibly grow and multiply. Humans , animals and environment can be reservior for microorganisms. Principal habitat that which pathogen lives , flourishes and able to multiply.
There are some examples such as humans are the reservior for the measles virus because it does not infect the other organisms. The place where microorganism, resides, thrives and reproduces. A carrier is a person with in-apparent infection who are capable of transmitting the pathogen to others.
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Which procedure involves the direct visualization of the cervical canal and the uterine cavity and is performed to examine the endometrium?.
The placenta is formed by endometrial tissue of the uterine lining and the ________
The placenta is formed by endometrial tissue of the uterine lining and the chorion, which is a membrane that surrounds the embryo and helps to form the placenta.
What is the placenta?The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy and connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow for nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply.
The placenta also produces hormones that are important for pregnancy, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and progesterone. It acts as a barrier, preventing the mother's immune system from attacking the developing fetus. The placenta is usually expelled from the mother's body after the baby is born.
Thus, the placenta is formed by endometrial tissue of the uterine lining and the chorion.
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An example of sliding a joint is…
A Elbow joint
B Neck joint
C Knee Joint
D Wrist joint
An example of sliding joint is Wrist joint. Therefore, option (D) is correct.
Wrist joint is an example. The wrist joint allows sliding or gliding actions because the wrist bones move smoothly. Sliding improves hand dexterity, making it easier to do tasks like keyboard typing and managing tiny objects.
The radius, ulna, and hand carpals form the wrist joint, a complex articulation. The wrist joint's fluid gliding movement aids the hand's flexibility and nimbleness, making it important for many ordinary activities. Therefore, option (D) an example of sliding joint is Wrist joint.
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Which substance can be found in the bloodstream of a nonsmoker five hours after exposure to environmental tobacco smoke?
Nicotine found in the bloodstream of a nonsmoker five hours after exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
Chewing tobacco and other tobacco products contain the chemical nicotine. The most accurate approach to assess nicotine exposure in smokers and non-smokers exposed to ambient tobacco smoke is to measure cotinine in people's blood.
Within seconds after inhaling nicotine, it reaches the brain. Nicotine enhances the release of neurotransmitters, brain chemicals that help control mood and behavior.
Nicotine is a toxic and very addicting substance. It may result in an increase in heart rate, blood flow to the heart, blood pressure, and artery constriction (vessels that carry blood). In addition to contributing to artery wall hardening, nicotine may also increase the risk of a heart attack.
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A trait such as eye color, which shows extensive variation within a population is the result of __________ .
Answer:
probably natural selection but it could also be discontinous variation.
Explanation:
depends on what context is??
Biology: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letters only.
(It’s abt the respiratory system btw)
(I’ve answered some, but I’m not sure, so can someone do?, ASAP!!)
Answer:
Greetings !
2. B, Lungs
3. B, Alveoli
4. C, Trachea
5. C, sinuses
6. A, Adenoids and tonsils
7. C, Pharynx
8. C, Larynx
9. B, Larynx
10. A, Bronchi and Bronchiole tubes
Hope it helps !
In the apple maggot fly, rhagoletis pomonella, the frequency of certain alleles increases steadily as one goes from north to south. this is an example of:_______
In the apple maggot fly, the frequency of certain alleles increases steadily as one goes from North to South. This is an example of: Sympatric speciation.
Sympatric speciation is observed when there are no physical barriers which prevent any members of a species from mating with another, and all members are in close contact to one another. A new species, possibly established on a distinct food source or trait seems to develop instinctively.
The example of apple maggot fly supports a model for sympatric speciation in progress. Hawthorn is the native host for the apple maggot fly in North America. However, in the mid-1800s, a new population developed on introduced, domesticated apple.
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