Answer:
Nucleus Pulposus
Explanation:
The intervertebral discs are the shock-absorbing cushions between each pair of vertebrae in your spine. Each disc has a strong outer ring of fibers, called the annulus, and a soft, gelatinous center, called the nucleus pulposus.
New techniques to produce cells with the characteristics of embryonic stem cells include?
New techniques to produce cells with the characteristics of embryonic stem cells include Parthenogenesis, retroviral transduction of transcription factor genes into adult skin cells (iPS), and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
What is embryonic stem cells?Pluripotent stem cells called embryonic stem cells are produced from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, a preimplantation embryo in its early stages. Four to five days after fertilization, human embryos reach the blastocyst stage, consisting of 50 to 150 cells.Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are stem cells that come from an embryo's core mass of undifferentiated cells.In laboratories, typically fertility clinics, 4- to 6-day-old embryos are used to produce human embryonic stem cells. The core embryonic cells are taken out and put in a dish with the nutrients they require to thrive.Theoretically, embryonic stem cells are capable of mass-producing any kind of tissue. These cells are used by researchers to investigate disease and development in the hopes of developing therapies. A single embryo's two or three dozen cells can produce millions of embryonic stem cells in about six months.Learn more about embryonic stem cell here:
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What was the main goal of the human genome project (hgp)? see concept 21.1 (page)
The main goal of the human genome project(hgp) is to identify the nucleotide sequence of the whole human genome and map all of the human genes.
To identify the DNA sequence of the entire human genome, researchers from around the world collaborated on the Human Genome Project (hgp).
Sequencing the entire genome. Identification of the complete human genome are some other goals for human genome project.
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international, cooperative research initiative with the aim of completely mapping and comprehending every human gene. Our "genome" is the collective name for all of our genes.
The Human Genome Project located the entire human gene pool, sequenced them all, and identified some alleles, notably those that, in the event of a mutation, are capable of causing disease.
Genes may be mapped in relation to other genes or to the physical characteristics of the chromosome.
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The endothelial cells of the blood vessel produce two important chemicals involved in hemostasis: prostacyclin and ________________.
The endothelial cells of the blood vessel produce two important chemicals involved in hemostasis: prostacyclin and von Willebrand factor.
What is endothelial cell?The primary cell type in the inner lining of the heart, lymph veins, and blood vessels.The interior of the heart and blood vessels are lined with a thin membrane called the endothelium. In addition to enzymes that regulate blood clotting, immunological response, and platelet adhesion, endothelial cells also release chemicals that regulate vascular relaxation and contraction.The majority of the arteries, veins, and capillaries in the brain, skin, lung, heart, and muscle are made of continuous endothelium. Tight connections hold endothelial cells together and keep them attached to a continuous basal membrane.Epithelial cells with particular functions are known as endothelial cells. The fundamental distinction between epithelial and endothelial cells is that while endothelial cells line the internal surfaces of the circulatory system's components, epithelial cells only line the body's internal surfaces.
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When more water is needed in the bloodstream, the __________ releases antidiuretic hormone.
The pituitary gland releases the antidiuretic hormone when more water is needed in the bloodstream.
Pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland which is located at the base of the brain and is vital for the development, growth as well as the functioning of the endocrine glands of the body.
Whenever, more water is needed in the bloodstream, the pituitary glands releases the antidiuretic hormone or the ADH. This hormone is produced naturally in the hypothalamus and helps in the constriction of the blood vessels and also helps the kidneys to regulate the amount of water as well as salts in the body.
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When is the genome of hiv transcribed and translated to produce new rna genomes, as well as proteins necessary for the assembly of new virions?
The HIV genome transcribs and translats to produce new rna genomes and the proteins required for the construction of new virions once the viral RNA has been transcribed into host DNA and integrated into a chromosome.
Stages of HIV Life Cycle:
When surface of the host cell and HIV merge, the virus's genome and proteins are subsequently transported into the cell via a capsid. The HIV protein known as reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into DNA as the capsid shell breaks down. The viral DNA is carried across the nucleus, where it is incorporated into the host's DNA by the HIV protein. Multiple copies of fresh HIV RNA are created from multiple copies of HIV DNA by the host's regular transcription machinery. While the cell uses other copies of the RNA to create new HIV proteins, some of this RNA becomes the genome of a new virus. A new, immature HIV emerges when the fresh viral RNA and HIV proteins reach the cell's surface. The HIV protein known as protease cleaves freshly generated polyproteins to create a fully infectious virus after the virus is finally expelled from the cell.Learn more about the Viral replication with the help of the given link:
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What mechanism of evolution would tend to favor adaptations that reduce competition between species living in the same place?.
Natural selection mechanism of evolution would tend to favor adaptations that reduce competition between species living in the same place.
According to the theory of natural selection, features that may be passed down enable animals to adapt to their environment more effectively than other members of their own species. As a result, the species evolves because it can survive and reproduce better than other members of the species. One of the mechanisms or causes of evolution is natural selection. Physical or behavioral characteristics that help an organism fit in with its surroundings are called adaptations. Random mutations result in heritable variation.Natural selection may result in speciation, the process by which one species gives rise to another that is utterly separate. It is one of the mechanisms that propels evolution and contributes to the understanding of the variety of life on Earth.learn more about Natural selection here: https://brainly.com/question/524043
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Bacteria and archaea that reduce nitrate or sulfate so that they can incorporate the nitrogen or sulfur atom into an organic molecule are performing _________ reduction. By contrast, when nitrate or sulfate are used as terminal electron acceptors, bacteria and archaea are performing _________ reduction.
Bacteria and archaea that reduce nitrate or sulfate so that they can incorporate the nitrogen or sulfur atom into an organic molecule are performing sulfur reduction. On the other hand, when nitrate or sulfate are used as terminal electron acceptors, bacteria and archaea are performing a nitrate reduction.
What is Anaerobic respiration?Anaerobic respiration is the formation of ATP without oxygen. This method still incorporates the respiratory electron transport chain, but without using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Instead, molecules such as sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3–), or sulfur (S) are used as electron acceptors.
With this information, we can conclude that Nitrate is a better electron acceptor than sulfate
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Most lipids are ; this property causes lipids to be in the bloodstream. lipoproteins form complexes for transport through the bloodstream by surrounding lipids with phospholipids and proteins
Most lipids are nonpolar. This property causes lipids to be water-insoluble in the bloodstream. Lipoproteins form water-soluble complexes for transport through the bloodstream by surrounding nonpolar lipids with polar phospholipids and proteins .
A central hydrophobic core of non-polar lipids, predominantly cholesterol esters and triglycerides, makes up the complex particles known as lipoproteins. Since lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides are not soluble in water, they must be carried in the bloodstream along with proteins called lipoproteins.
These lipoproteins are essential for the small intestine to absorb and transport dietary lipids, for lipids to travel from the liver to peripheral tissues, and for lipids to travel from peripheral tissues to the liver and intestine.
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Which ones of these depict conditioning:?
A frequent heroin user experiences euphoria upon injecting any liquid
A faint buzzing becomes more annoying and apparent as it continues
Becoming less scared of bees after a colony builds a hive on your house
The unpleasantness of smelling durian fruit for the first time
Learning to duck after you get slapped in the face
The correct option for conditioning is (e) Learning to duck after you get slapped in the face
A conditioning occurs with increasing regularity in a clearly defined and stable environment, or a given stimulus (or signal) becomes increasingly effective at evoking the desired response. The result will depend on the kind of reinforcement applied.
Human responses can be conditioned by objects and situations, just as Ivan Pavlov discovered that animals can learn through classical conditioning. Imagine hearing a whistle in addition to the aroma of your favourite food. Even though the whistle has nothing to do with the smell of the food, if it were repeatedly coupled with the smell, the whistling sound would eventually cause the conditioned reaction.
Therefore, The correct option for conditioning is (e) Learning to duck after you get slapped in the face
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As plasma co2 levels increase, the o2-hb dissociation curve shifts to the ________ indicating a _________ o2 affinity. group of answer choices
As Plasma CO₂ levels increase, the O₂ Hb Dissociation curve shifts to the Right indicating a Decrease in O₂ affinity.
According to the Oxygen- Dissociation curve, the graph shifts to the right which indicates that the CO₂ level in the plasma has increased which leads to O₂ dissociation i.e. decrease in Oxygen affinity. Some other factors that affect O₂ dissociation cure are as follows:
High temperatureHigh CO₂Low O₂High H+ concentrationAccording to the Oxygen- Association curve, the graph shifts to the left which indicates that the CO₂ level in the plasma has decreased which leads to O₂ association. Some other factors that affect O₂ association cure are as follows:
Low temperatureLow CO₂High O₂Low H+ concentrationThese are called as Bohr's Shift Curves for Oxygen.
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Assuming dragon genetics follows the same rules as fruit flies, what ratio of genotypes would you expect if the genes were not linked? (remember you are crossing ffbb x ffbb)
Assuming dragon genetics follow the same rules as fruit flies, we would get the same possible genotype for all 16 offspring provided that the genes are not linked.
Considering dragon genetics, flame eyes (F) are dominant to blue eyes (f) and burbling (B) is dominant to whistling (b).
Now, a dihybrid cross between two homozygous blue-eyed, whistling dragons will yield 16 offspring all with the same possible genotype .i.e. homozygous blue-eyed, whistling type.
Morgan through experiments on fruit flies observed that when the two genes in a dihybrid cross were situated on the same chromosome, the proportion of parental gene combination were much higher than the non-parental type.
He attributed this due to the physical association or linkage of the two genes and coined the term 'linkage' to describe the physical association of genes on a chromosome. The term 'recombination' is to describe the generation of non-parental gene combination.
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In photosynthesis, the plant uses energy from the sun, plus water and carbon dioxide, to synthesize ____.
In photosynthesis, the plant uses energy from the sun, plus water and carbon dioxide, to synthesize Glucose.
The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and sunshine into oxygen and sugar-based energy is known as photosynthesis.
The main purpose of photosynthesis is to transform solar energy into chemical energy, which is then stored for later use. The majority of the time, this mechanism powers the planet's life systems.
The products of photosynthesis are glucose (sugar), oxygen, and water, while the reactants are light energy, water, carbon dioxide, and chlorophyll. The photosynthetic cell uses these sugar molecules as the building blocks to create more intricate molecules like glucose.
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Which condition would most likely lead to an increase in the frequency of an altruistic behavior in a population?.
Explanation:
The beneficiaries of the behavior are related to the individual performing it. Groups that differ in terms of altruistic and selfish genotypes have differential reproduction or survival.
6. what structural modification of certain tubule cells enhances their ability to reabsorb substances from filtrate?
The presence of dense microvilli in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule enhances their ability to reabsorb substances from the filtrate. This structure is also called brush border epithelium.
What is tubular reabsorption?The movement of water and solutes from the proximal convoluted tubule back into the bloodstream is called tubular reabsorption.
Water and solutes from the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) are transported to the bloodstream in bulk and thus most of the reabsorption occurs via the PCT.
These tubules reabsorb about 60% of water and 90% of bicarbonate. They also reabsorb almost 100% of the glucose and amino acids.
This reabsorption takes place by two routes. First is the paracellular route in which solutes move between cells via the intracellular route. Second is the transcellular route in which solutes move through the cells.
Therefore, the structural modification helping the proximal convoluted tubule cells to enhance their ability to reabsorb substances from filtrate is the presence of microvilli.
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The nariokotome boy discovered at lake turkana (homo erectus) has modern human traits such as?
The nariokotome boy discovered at lake turkana (homo erectus) has modern human traits such as shorter arms and longer legs than those of earlier hominids.
What is hominid?The Hominidae, which includes eight living species in four genera Pongo, Gorilla, Pan, and Homo of which only modern humans are still living are classified as big apes or hominids in taxonomy.Any member of the family (Hominidae) of erect bipedal primate mammals, which also includes extinct ancestors and related species as well as modern humans and, in some classifications, big apes.The family that includes all living and extinct great apes.The primary distinction between hominid and hominin is that the former refers to the family to which humans belong while the latter refers to the level of the tribe to which humans belong. In between the subfamily and genus is the tribe level.Bipedal and with large brains, hominids. In order to walk upright, they have developed a number of skeletal adaptations, including curved vertebrae and inclined femurs.
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Good sources of riboflavin include:______
a) milk, meats, and green vegetables.
b) refined grains and pork.
c) citrus fruits and berries.
d) potatoes, carrots, and bananas.
Good sources of riboflavin includes is milk , meats, and green vegetables.Riboflavin is a dietary supplement which is also called as vitamin B2, found in food.
It is essential for proper development of the skin, lining of digestive tract, blood cells, and brain function. Its involved in many function in human body. Riboflavin used to prevent deficiency for migraine and high levels of homo-cysteine in the blood.
Deficiency Riboflavin caused fatigue, swollen,throat,blurred vision, and depression. It can be affect skin which caused skin crack , itching and around the mouth dermatitis.Vitamin B2 helps human body to build red blood cells and supportive functions which gives energy.
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What class of mutations do you think would be less likely to lead to cf? explain your reasoning
Class IV and Class V mutations would be less likely to lead to Cystic Fibrosis (CF).
Class IV mutation or Conduction mutation involves reduced chloride conductance. It changes the shape of the protein channel so that chloride cannot move easily in and out of the cells. Less than 3% of people with cystic fibrosis in Europe have this type of mutation.
Class V or Insufficient Protein mutation is associated with reduced protein levels. It results in a reduction in the amount of CFTR protein produced by the cells. Less than 3% of people with cystic fibrosis in Europe have this type of mutation.
These two classes of mutations cause a milder reduction in CFTR function.
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When a newborn takes its first breath, what physical changes occur in the heart to increase oxygenation of the infant’s blood?
action occurs when the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream. a. Local b. Remote c. Systemic d. Antagonist
Answer:
absorption
Explanation:
drug absorption
The action that occurs when the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream is Antagonist. The correct option is d.
What is Antagonist action?A substance or chemical known as an antagonist lessens the effects of an agonist. Competitive antagonists prevent the effects of agonists by attaching to the same location on a receptor as the agonist but without activating it.
A drug used in medicine that blocks the effects or actions of another medication. For instance, an oestrogen receptor antagonist is a medication that prevents oestrogen from activating tumour cells.
A chemical that can attach to and functionally activate a target is called an agonist. Usually, a metabotropic and/or ionotropic receptor is the target.
A chemical known as an antagonist binds to a target and blocks the binding of other compounds. The action of receptors is unaffected by antagonists.
Thus, the correct option is D.
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If the silicate to carbonate conversion process was to increase over a period of millions of years, how would this affect volcanism? why?
The silicate and carbonate geochemical cycle which is also known z inorganic carbon cycle.That describe the long-term transformation of silicon rocks to carbonate rocks by weather and sedimentation over a period of time.
This transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicate rocks by the process of metamorphosis and volcanism. Carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere during burial of weather minerals and which return to the atmosphere through volcanism.
After one millions of years , the silicate and carbonate cyclic process is controlling the earth's climate because it regulating the carbon-dioxide levels and global temperature. The rate of silicate weathering shows the climate is cool, causing CO2 to increase and warming the surface through the greenhouse effect.
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explain the
consequences of allowing a scientist to withhold
information from other scientists and the public.
Earth is a closed system for matter. This
means that the amount of matter on Earth is
A. constant.
C. depleting at a rapid rate.
B. constantly changing.
D. dynamic.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The correct answer is A. constant since it's not gaining or losing matter.
What is the term for the period of growth and development from fertilization of the ovum until birth
Answer:
the term is (Gestation)
The increased osmolarity of the blood stimulates the hypothalamus to stimulate the ____________ pituitary to release adh
The increased osmolarity of the blood stimulates the hypothalamus to stimulate the posterior pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) directs the kidneys to reabsorb water into the bloodstream. A negative feedback system works until the blood volume and osmolarity is restored to normal levels.
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus through a stalk of blood vessels and nerves. The hypothalamus corresponds with the anterior pituitary by releasing hormones and with the posterior pituitary using nerve impulses.
The hormones made by the posterior pituitary gland include vasopressin and oxytocin. Vasopressin is also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which acts on the kidneys to conserve water. It is also significant for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.
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In the electron transport chain, protons are pumped from where to where in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells?
In the electron transport chain, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, and oxygen is reduced to form water.
The energy derived from the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain is used to pump protons, as a result, an electrochemical gradient is generated, consisting of a proton gradient and a membrane potential.
The energy created by the formation of this gradient is then harnessed to form ATP as the protons travel down their gradient into the matrix through the ATP synthase channel.
The electron transport and ATP production occur simultaneously and are tightly coupled.
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You have a vial that contains 1000 bacteria. after boiling for 3 minutes, there are only 500 living bacteria remaining in the sample. what is the decimal reduction time for boiling this organism?
The decimal reduction time for boiling this organism is 5.4 minutes.
The number of minutes exposure to a specified temperature required to reduce viable bacteria by 90% is known as the D-value (decimal reduction time). Thirdly, the concept of decimal reduction time (DRT or D value) is connected to bacterial heat resistance. DRT is the amount of time, in minutes, That it takes for 90% of a population of bacteria to be destroyed at a particular temperature.In terms of usefulness, this measurement is crucial for determining how well bacteria are inactivated by heat under various settings, particularly when preparing and preserving food.Total bacteria = 1000
500 bacteria die in 3 minutes
1000 bacteria will die in 6 minutes
90% of 1000 = 900
900 bacteria will die in = 900 X 3/500
= 27/5
= 5.4 minutes
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The sugar also known as dextrose, and blood sugar is ________. glucose galactose fructose lactose sucrose
The sugar is also known as dextrose, and blood sugar is glucose. glucose galactose fructose lactose sucrose.
Dextrose is the name of a simple sugar made from corn or wheat it's chemically identical to glucose, or blood sugar.Dextrose injection is a sterile solution used to provide your body with extra water and carbohydrates.
Dextrose works with the aid of speedy increasing the quantity of glucose in your blood. Glucose is found in ingredients wealthy in carbohydrates, together with bread, potatoes, fruit, pasta, and rice. Glucose is a supply of power, and all the cells and organs in your body want glucose to feature properly.
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The formation of the contractile rings during cytokinesis are a function of: select one: a. microtubules b. microfilaments c. intermediate filaments d. myosins
Microfilaments forms when the contractile rings during cytokinesis are functioning .
Microfilaments are formed during cytokinesis, the last step of cell division, the contractile ring is composed of filamentous actin (F-actin) and the motor protein myosin-2, along with additional structural and regulatory proteins.
The contractile ring is responsible for cytokinesis in many eukaryotic cell types, and is thought to contribute to cell division by 'squeezing' the cell into two. The contractile ring forms under the surface of the plasma membrane and is linked to the plasma membrane such that, when it constricts, it creates a cleavage furrow that partitions the cell in two.
Hence ,B is correct option
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In most cases, the relationship between roots and fungi in mycorrhizae can best be described as:_____.
Answer:
The associations between roots and fungi are called mycorrhizae.
These symbiotic arrangements have been found in about 90% of
all land plants, and have been around for approximately 400
million years. ,
Which nutrients provide energy in the form of calories? which nutrients regulate body processes and promote growth, development and maintenance of body tissues?
Answer:
The nutrients in form of calories are fats and oils. The nutrients that regulate body processes and promote growth, development and maintenance of body tissues are Proteins.