The HIV genome transcribs and translats to produce new rna genomes and the proteins required for the construction of new virions once the viral RNA has been transcribed into host DNA and integrated into a chromosome.
Stages of HIV Life Cycle:
When surface of the host cell and HIV merge, the virus's genome and proteins are subsequently transported into the cell via a capsid. The HIV protein known as reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into DNA as the capsid shell breaks down. The viral DNA is carried across the nucleus, where it is incorporated into the host's DNA by the HIV protein. Multiple copies of fresh HIV RNA are created from multiple copies of HIV DNA by the host's regular transcription machinery. While the cell uses other copies of the RNA to create new HIV proteins, some of this RNA becomes the genome of a new virus. A new, immature HIV emerges when the fresh viral RNA and HIV proteins reach the cell's surface. The HIV protein known as protease cleaves freshly generated polyproteins to create a fully infectious virus after the virus is finally expelled from the cell.Learn more about the Viral replication with the help of the given link:
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When 15n-labeled aspartate is fed to animals, the 15n-label rapidly appears in many amino acids. What reactions are occurring to allow this to happen?
Aspartate + a- keto acid >> Oxaloacetate + a amino acid
This reaction is occur because the a- keto acid in the equation can come from any amino acid, the 15 N from aspartate is rapidly transferred to other amino acids.
15N is symbol use as the isotope of nitrogen with mass number 15. comprises of 0.4 % of stable nitrogen found, so the relative abundance of each in amino acid is simply a reflection of how much is found in nature in general.
This isotopes is enrichment of the labelled amino acids was determined following a previously developed procedure comprising by determination of the spectral purity of the selected natural abundance amino acids.
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The poisonous chemical carbon monoxide inhibits the electron transport chain of cellular respiration. as a result:____.
Carbon monoxide inhibits mitochondrial respiration by binding the ferrous heme a3 in the active site of COX, effectively shutting down oxidative phosphorylation .
Aerobic respiration is a process that utilizes the electron transport chain in order to oxidize glucose into energy. If a chemical were added that inhibited the electron transport chain, the cell would no longer be able to fully oxidize glucose. Carbon monoxide specifically inhibits cytochrome c oxidase of human mitochondrial respiratory chain.CO inactivates cytochrome oxidase. This leads to decreased ATP production, especially in tissues with high metabolic demands (brain, heart). The electron transport chain continues, generating superoxide radicals, leading to further damage.
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A. identify the organelle. mitochondria b. what process occurs in this organelle? cellular respiration c. what gas do the arrows represent? d. what is the relationship between oxygen and atp production
The identified organelle is mitochondria.
What is mitochondria?
Mitochondria was discovered by– Koll Iker (1880) in the muscle cells of insects, Altman called them as Bioplasts. Benda (1897), coined the term Mitochondria.Mitochondrion is a spherical or rod shaped cell organelle. It has two membranes. The outer membrane is smooth. The inner membrane produces finger like infoldings called cristae. The inner membrane has stalked particles called Recker's particles or F0 – F1 particles or Claude’s particle or ATP synthase complex. The mitochondrial cavity is filled with a homogenous granular mitochondrial matrix. The matrix has circular mitochondrial DNA, RNA, 70s ribosomes, proteins, enzymes and lipids. Mitochondria synthesise and store the energy rich molecules ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) during aerobic respiration. So, they are called “Power houses of the cell”.To learn more about mitochondria: https://brainly.com/question/15525799
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Most scientists use scientific methods in which of the following orders?
A. Conduct an experiment, collect the data, and analyze data
B. Conduct an experiment, draw conclusions, and form a hypothesis C. Conduct an experiment, analyze data, and state the question
D. Conduct an experiment, form a hypothesis, and state the question
What are the phagocytic specialists?
a. basophils and monocytes
b. basophils and erythrocytes
c. neutrophils and eosinophils
d. neutrophils and macrophages
e. eosinophils and macrophages
The Phagocytic specialists are neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages.
What is Phagocyte?A phagocyte is a special kind of cell that can take in and occasionally digest foreign substances like bacteria, carbon, dust, or dye. By producing vacuoles (cytoplasmic extensions that resemble feet) around the foreign particle, it engulfs foreign materials by extending its cytoplasm into pseudopods. While the bacteria are still inside the vacuole, where digestion occurs, phagocyte enzymes are produced, protecting the phagocyte from any poisons that may be present in the ingested bacteria.Monocytes (macrophages) and neutrophilic leukocytes (microphages), two different subtypes of white blood cells, are phagocytic. Small, granular leukocytes known as neutrophils soon appear at the site of a wound. About three days after infection, monocytes start to appear.They are bigger cells with a large, kidney-shaped nucleus that scavenge for bacteria.
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If you were to add a starch solution into a dialysis bag to create a makeshift cell and then placed it in a beaker of pure water for an hour, what would happen?
Starch does not pass through the semipermeable membrane because starch molecules are too large to fit through the small pore of the dialysis bag membrane.
Dialysis bags or tubings are made as a mimic for the cellular membrane which acts as a semipermeable membrane. These membranes have pores to allow small molecules to permeate through them.
They mimic cellular membrane activities such as diffusion and osmosis. These dialyzing membranes are made up of nanoporous polymers such as cellulose, cellulose acetate, PES, etc.
In contrast to starch, glucose, iodine, and water molecules are small enough to pass through the membrane.
Diffusion and osmosis move substances from higher concentration to lower concentration.
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Does the ability of chiromantis frogs to resist water loss most likely represent acclimatization or adaptation?
The ability of chiromantis frogs to resist water loss most likely represent Adaptation.
Most frogs sweat at the same rate that water evaporates from a surface of free water. Despite this, there is a remarkable variety of terrestrial settings where frogs can be found, including deserts. Most frogs have not evolved a resistance to cutaneous water loss due to the significance of moist skin for respiration is adaptation.
The rate of water loss in arboreal species, such as the genus Chiromantis, is extremely low and comparable to that of desert reptiles. The "water-proof" frogs are a phrase used to describe this species. It even consists of specialized guanine-rich chromatophores.
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what is diffusion explain it
Answer:
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration . Diffusion occurs in liquids and gases when their particles collide randomly and spread out. Diffusion is an important process for living things - it is how substances move in and out of cells.
Explanation:
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration . Diffusion occurs in liquids and gases when their particles collide randomly and spread out. Diffusion is an important process for living things - it is how substances move in and out of cells.
Put the main steps of genetic engineering in the correct order. i. replicate the new organism ii. isolate the genes from the specialist cell iii. select the desired trait iv. insert the genes into the target organism a. ii, i, iv, iii b. iv, i, ii, iii c. iii, ii, iv, i d. i, ii, iv, iii
These are the five steps in genetic engineering.
locating and obtaining the DNA of an organism with a particular trait.cloning the gene responsible for the phenotype.creating a gene with a particular expression pattern.transformation, which involves introducing the gene into a crop plant's cells.Transgene into a background with affluence.In the process of genetic engineering, DNA extraction comes first. This is achieved by taking a sample of bacteria that contains the desired gene and subjecting it to a series of procedures that isolate DNA from other components of the cell.
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Type your response in the box.
Examine this US population map from 2000. Which population distribution pattern do US residents most closely resemble? Why do you think that is the case? Conduct research on the different geographic zones in the map to determine your answer.
Population distribution pattern do US residents most closely resemble is clumped dispersion.
Which population distribution pattern do US residents most closely resemble?Clumped dispersion is the population distribution pattern present in the US residents. Clumped dispersion is the most common pattern that occurs due to an uneven distribution of resources in the environment. That region where more resources are present, the population density is higher and vice versa.
So we can conclude that population distribution pattern do US residents most closely resemble is clumped dispersion.
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As a forest becomes fragmented into smaller and smaller patches, the effects of fragmentation on these patches.
As a forest becomes fragmented into smaller and smaller patches, the effects of fragmentation on these patches might result in the Edge effect.
What are the effects of Fragmentation?The fragmentation of habitat is a serious issue all across the planet. Even a small reduction in the total area of wild areas is unacceptable.However, it can compromise the integrity of entire ecosystems when fragmentation is present.The so-called "edge effect" can also result from fragmentation. Some species prefer moist, shaded environments, including some mosses and lichens. As a forest area gets smaller, it's possible that they'll become exposed to too much light or a drying wind and vanish.The species with the largest home ranges can survive in a healthy forest because it is big enough for them. They can be quite vulnerable to fragmentation because they are typically the top predators.Many species may be unable to travel if their natural habitat is fragmented, leading to their extinction.Hence, the Edge effect may occur as forest fragments into ever-tinier patches as a result of the impacts of fragmentation on these patches.
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What qualities of a chemical reaction are affected by enzymes?
Enzyme lowers the chemical reaction's activation energy, is made up of proteins, and acts as biocatalysts. Enzymes are a part of all living things. Some compounds are created, while others are broken down by their reaction. Enzymes are produced by our bodies spontaneously. However, food and manufactured goods both contain enzymes.
An enzyme's four primary properties are;
They are very catalytic and can efficiently catalyse a chemical reaction with a slight amount. They expedite reactions while staying constant throughout. The effectiveness and function of enzymes can quickly be impacted by temperature, pH, and inhibitors. Enzymes typically catalyse only one type of substrate and have a relatively narrow range of applications.To learn more about Enzymes click here
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The most commonly used microscope, which uses visible light to view cells, is called a?
The most commonly used microscope, which uses visible light to view cells, is called a Light microscope.
Basically, a Light microscope contains two subsystems: an illumination system for illuminating the sample as well as an imaging system which produces a magnified image of the sample after its interaction with light. The image thus formed can be viewed by the eye or through a camera.
Light from a source is focused onto the sample or object using a mirror and condenser lens. The light after passing through the sample is collected by an objective lens, forming an intermediate image which is finally imaged by the eyepiece lens and transmitted to the eye in the form of a magnified image of the sample.
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Look at the ocean system below.
plankton - shrimp - salmon - humans
What will most likely happen if the plankton population decreases in this
ocean system?
• A. Humans will have more available food.
• B. The atmosphere will have more oxygen.
• C. More shrimp will move into the area.
D. It will be more difficult for salmon to find food.
Answer:
D. It will be more difficult for salmon to find food.
Explanation:
Due to the plankton population decreasing, the shrimp would have less food. When the shrimp have less food to eat, their population would also decrease.
Since the shrimp population decreased, the salmon would have less shrimp to eat, making it more difficult for them to find food.
When one thing offsets the food chain, it begins to collapse. The smallest change could have a major consequence.
Why do some species employ both mitosis and meiosis, whereas other species use only mitosis? see concept 13.2 (page)
Some species employ both mitosis and meiosis, whereas other species use only mitosis because they need both if they are producing animal gametes.
Sex cells divides through meiosis and non sex cell divide through mitosis in animals while in plants sex cell divide through both mitosis and meiosis.
In human and all other animals species , the non sex cells such as skin cell, muscles cells , blood cells etc. divided by mitosis. It is so because these cells deplete at a fast rate and hence their retrieval also needs to be fast. Sex cells like male and female gametes are haploid cells an hence their divide through meiosis. In plants gamete formation requires both mitosis and meiosis cell division.
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Answer:
Explanation:
They need both if they are producing plant (or animal) gametes.
List the four main types of carbon-based molecules found in living things.
Answer:
ProteinsLipidsCarbohydratesNucleic AcidsExplanation:
they are the densest things to break down, and store in the body since they are very much carbon based.
Atp is thermodynamically suited as a carrier of phosphoryl groups in animal cells because of all except?
ATP is thermodynamically suited as a carrier of phosphoryl groups in animal cells because of all except it is hydrolyzed in cells without enzyme action.
Why is ATP used as energy source?The energy currency of the cell is ATP as it releases a large amount of energy on the release of second and third phosphate group. To be hydrolyzed, ATP requires enzyme action. The structure of ATP consists of adenosine backbone, ribose sugar bound to three phosphate groups.It is stable inside the cells and also functions as a signaling molecule, helps in synthesis of DNA and RNA.Most of the ATP is synthesized in the mitochondria through aerobic respiration.ATP serves as a carrier of phosphoryl group because it is stable and used as an intermediate for group transfer reactions.Learn more about ATP here:
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The biomedical model focuses on ___________; the biopsychosocial model focuses on _____________
The biomedical model focuses on Microlevel influence on health (chemical imbalances); the bio-psychosocial model focuses on micro and macrolevel effects and their interactions with one another in impacting health and illness.
The biomedical model is centred on the treatment and eradication of symptoms. According to this model, diseases were understood to have physiological etiologies that were detected through specific biochemical markers and were to have ministered through physical interventions.
A person's perspective of their symptoms and how they and their families react to them are the main topics of the bio-psychosocial model, in contrast. The biological, psychological, and social aspects of life all have a role in defining one's health, according to the bio-psychosocial model.
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differentiate between natural resources and water resources
Answer:
Explanation:
Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful for humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply or irrigation water. 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps where as Natural resources are resources that are drawn from nature and used with few modifications. This includes the sources of valued characteristics such as commercial and industrial use, aesthetic value, scientific interest and cultural value
What did researchers discover about the genetic mutation causing lactase persistence?
Researchers discover about the genetic mutation causing lactase persistence is that they are located next to the lactase gene in a non-coding regulatory region (a "switch").
The lactase enzyme's continuous activity as an adult is known as lactase persistence.
The LCT gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called lactase. This enzyme helps to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products.
Since lactase's sole purpose is to digest lactose in milk, most mammal species see a significant decline in the enzyme's activity after weaning.
The genetic selection of those who can digest lactose results in the lactase persistence trait, which is more prevalent in populations that keep cattle and raise dairy products.
Hence, researchers discover about the genetic mutation causing lactase persistence is that they are located next to the lactase gene in a non-coding regulatory region (a "switch").
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Proteins may be classified according to their three-dimensional shapes. Determine whether the following examples and descriptions refer to fibrous proteins, globular proteins, or both fibrous and globular proteins. True or false?.
Often function as enzymes or transport proteins → globular proteins
peptide chains arranged in long strands, or fibers → fibrous proteins
peptide chains highly folded into spherical shapes → globular proteins
keratins → fibrous proteins
hemoglobin → globular proteins
water-soluble → globular proteins
collagens → fibrous proteins
insoluble in water → fibrous proteins
What is Fibrous protein ?Polypeptide chains in fibrous proteins are arranged almost parallel along a single axis, resulting in long fibres or broad sheets. These proteins frequently exhibit mechanical strength and resistance to water solubilization. In nature, fibrous proteins frequently perform a structural role.
What is Globular proteins ?Soluble in water solutions, globular proteins are often. The wide range of activities carried out by globular proteins, including binding, catalysis, regulation, transport, immunity, and cellular signalling, is reflected in the diversity of protein shapes.
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What if the light intensity was 1000, what do you predict the ATP production percentage would be?
Main Answer:
ATP Production will not change as change in wavelength because it depends on no. of photons striking the surface means intensity of light.
Explanation:
ATP Production is depend upon intensity of light and not on wavelength of light.
No. of electrons involved in ATP Production depends on intensity of light.
If the light intensity is about 1000, then it will not positively affect ATP synthesis. Because enzymes do not function properly, it may harm photosynthesis.
What Role Does Light Play in Photosynthesis?The sunlight acts as a catalyst for the photosynthesis process and promotes the production of ATP (energy), glucose, and oxygen. The sunlight breaks the water molecule and forms the electron. This process is called photolysis of water and takes place in the thylakoid membrane. This occurs in the thylakoid membrane's Photosystem II (PS II).
Electrons move from photosystem II to photosystem I. The movement of the electron generates the proton gradient across the membrane. Due to the higher protons inside the lumen of the thylakoid, these move to the outer side, and as a result, ATP synthase makes ATP. If such a bright light shines on these complexes, the enzymes will stop working and ATP synthesis will suffer.
Hence, an increase in light intensity would have a negative impact on ATP production.
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What is most likely to happen to an abandoned strip mine over time? a. the strip mine is likely to completely recover over time. b. the strip mine is likely to remain exactly as it is left when abandoned. c. the strip is likely to partly recover, but never return to its original state. d. the strip mine is likely to become a lake. please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
The strip is likely to partly recover, but never return to it's original state
The site can be partly recovered but cannot return to the original state in strip mining.
What do you mean by Mining ?The abandoned strip mining is a mining practice a seam of mineral is removed by the long strip of the overlying soil and rock.
This process is used for the mining purpose of the coal.After the mining procedure the soil will loose its fertility because only the parent rock will be left at the bottom and organic matter will be lost.As a result the soil will become loose and soil erosion will take place.Learn more about Mining here:
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A particular ________ carry the information for making a particular protein, but ________ can be used to make any protein.
A particular gene and mRNA carry the information for making a particular protein, but a ribosome and a tRNA can be used to make any protein
The information contained in a gene's DNA is transferred to an analogous molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus during transcription. Because it transports the information, or message, from the DNA outside of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, the type of RNA that includes the instructions for building a protein is known as messenger RNA (mRNA).
The cytoplasm is where translation, the second step in converting a gene into a protein, takes place. The ribosome is a specific complex that the mRNA interacts with, The protein is put together one amino acid at a time by a form of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA).
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What is a refractive error involving an abnormally shaped cornea and irregularly focused light rays called?
A cornea with an irregular shape causes astigmatism, which causes blurry vision. The cornea is less spherical and more shaped like a football or an egg in patients with astigmatism.
When light enters an astigmatic eye, it is bent and refracted to several focus sites inside the eye as opposed to only one focus point on the retina. The two different types of astigmatism.
Regular astigmatism, in which the eyeball is not spherical but is symmetrical.Irregular astigmatism, in which the eyeball is not spherical and not symmetrical.Astigmatism that is regular as opposed to irregular is far more prevalent.
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Scutellosaurus is a primitive ornithischian that is grouped in with the thyreophoran clade becuase?
Scutellosaurus is a primitive ornithischian that is grouped in with the thyreophoran clade because it has small armored plates on along its back.
Small scutes on the back and sides of the body are a distinguishing feature of the Early Jurassic Period (approximately 200 million to 176 million years ago) genus of small ornithischian dinosaurs known as Scutellosaurus. Although some experts contend that Scutellosaurus' forearms were strong enough to permit quadrupedal mobility, it possessed short forelimbs and robust hind limbs, which are indicative of a bipedal position. Scutellosaurus grew to be 1.5 to 2 meters long (about 5 to 6.5 feet). Its skull lengthened to approximately 9 cm (about 3.5 inches), and it featured a row of fluted cheek teeth in the shape of leaves and many large incisors that appeared to be specialized for feeding on plants.learn more about ornithischian here: https://brainly.com/question/13326704
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The vertebrate group called ______ includes horses, wolves, cats, humans, cows, mice, deer, pigs, and bats.
Answer:
mammals
Explanation:
Answer: Mammals
Explanation: Mammals have hair or fur, are warm-blooded, most are born alive, the young are fed milk produced by the mother's mammary glands, and they have a more complex brain than other animals.
Which of the following are not advantages of active or depleted oil and gas reservoirs for CO2 storage?
1. Proven storage integrity
2. Available in all regions
3. Enhanced hydrocarbon recovery
4. Established infrastructure
The following which is not an advantage of active or depleted oil and gas reservoirs for CO2 storage is it being available in all regions and is denoted as option 2.
What is Reservoir?These are structures which are man made and used for the purpose of storage of different types of substances.
Reservoirs made for CO2 storage ensures easier recovery of hydrocarbons etc but aren't available in all regions thereby making it the most appropriate choice.
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Citrate can react asymmetrically in the citric acid cycle because the enzyme aconitase?
The asymmetric binding of citrate by the enzyme aconitase allows for asymmetric reactions of citrate in the citric acid cycle(TCA).
How does citrate behave during the TCA cycle?
Citrate synthase uses oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA to create citrate in the Krebs cycle (CS). Citrate carrier allows for its export from the mitochondria (CIC). ACLY converts cytosolic citrate to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. Fatty acid production can employ acetyl-CoA as a substrate.
What does the aconitase enzyme do?
Aconitase, also known as aconitate hydratase (EC 4.2.1.3), is an enzyme that catalyzes the non-redox-active process of stereo-specific conversion of citric acid(citrate) to isocitrate in the acid ( TCA ) cycle using cis-aconitate.
Therefore, option A is the correct choice.
Original question:
Citrate can react asymmetrically in the citric acid cycle because the enzyme aconitase
A) binds citrate asymmetrically.
B) binds either form of citrate.
C) binds both forms of isocitrate.
D) does not distinguish the -CH2COO- group.
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Living in a tropical environment where one learns to orient oneself through a vertical landscape of tall trees and speckled light is part of:_______.
Living in a tropical environment where one learns to orient oneself through a vertical landscape of tall trees and speckled light is part of spatial orientation.
What is the rain forest zone?The tropical rain forest zone is the zone that is known to have a very high amount of rainfall for most of the year. The rain forest zone often has a lot of luxuriant trees that blossom all year round and serve as a breeding ground for many insects such as mosquitoes.
Most of the trees in the tropical rain forest zone are arranged in strata where the tallest trees often form a sort of canopy in the area thereby reducing the light that gets to the pants that are found below and keeping the area cool.
Hence, living in a tropical environment where one learns to orient oneself through a vertical landscape of tall trees and speckled light is part of spatial orientation.
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