The present value of $36,800 to be received 10 years from today is $23,423.11 if the discount rate is 5 %/year.
Present value is the current worth of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows, given a specified rate of return. A person is always better off receiving a certain amount of money today than the same amount in the future since money in hand can be used to earn interest or gain capital. The present value formula is used to determine the present value of a future amount, given a discount rate and the number of periods.
The present value of a future payment can be calculated as follows:
PV = FV / (1 + r)n
Where, PV = present value of the future payment
FV = future payment
r = discount rate
n = number of periods
In this problem, the future payment is $36,800, the discount rate is 5%, and the number of periods is 10. Plugging in these values in the formula we get;
PV = $36,800 / (1 + 0.05)10
= $23,423.11
A future amount is discounted to its present value using a specified rate of return. It is always advantageous to receive a future payment today, as money received earlier can be invested to earn interest or gain capital.
Thus, the present value of $36,800 is to be received 10 years from today if the discount rate is 5%/year is $23,423.11. The formula for present value can be used to calculate the present value of a future payment or stream of payments.
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What is the future value after 5 years of an initial $1828 investment if the annual interest rate of return is 9% ? Enter your answer as a number with two decimal places of precision (i.e. 1.23)
Using a t-table or statistical software, we find the p-value associated with a t-statistic of -2.88 and 9 degrees of freedom. Assuming a two-tailed test, the p-value is approximately 0.017.
Since the p-value is less than the significance level of 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis. There is evidence to suggest that the modifications have reduced waste.(c) To calculate the power of the test, we need the significance level, sample size, standard deviation, and the difference in means between the null and alternative hypotheses. The difference in means is given as 17 kg/day. Using these values, we can perform a power calculation using statistical software or tables to determine the power of the test.(d) To determine a 95% confidence interval for the mean daily waste under the modified process.
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Discuss the following Quality Terminology and there
interrelationship: Quality control, Quality Assurance and Total
Quality Management.
Quality control involves identifying and correcting defects in products or services, while quality assurance focuses on preventing defects through systematic processes. Total quality management combines both approaches and strives for continuous improvement and customer satisfaction.
Quality control, quality assurance, and total quality management are all important aspects of ensuring product and service quality in organizations.
Quality control refers to the processes and activities that focus on identifying and correcting defects or discrepancies in products or services.
It involves monitoring and inspecting the production process, conducting tests, and implementing corrective actions to meet specific quality standards.
Quality control aims to prevent the delivery of defective products or services to customers.
Quality assurance, on the other hand, encompasses the systematic activities and processes implemented in an organization to ensure that quality requirements are met throughout the entire production or service delivery process.
It involves planning, implementing, and monitoring quality systems and procedures to achieve consistent quality outcomes.
Quality assurance focuses on preventing defects from occurring by setting up reliable processes and conducting audits and reviews to verify compliance with quality standards.
Total quality management (TQM) is a holistic approach that encompasses both quality control and quality assurance. It involves the entire organization and emphasizes a continuous improvement mindset.
TQM aims to enhance customer satisfaction by involving all employees in the quality improvement process, fostering a culture of quality, and integrating quality practices into all aspects of the organization's operations.
TQM focuses on proactive measures such as employee training, process improvement, and customer feedback to achieve the highest level of quality throughout the organization.
In summary, quality control deals with detecting and correcting defects, quality assurance focuses on preventing defects through systematic processes, and total quality management encompasses both and strives for continuous improvement and customer satisfaction.
They are interrelated as each contributes to the overall goal of delivering high-quality products and services.
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Quality control involves identifying and fixing defects, quality assurance aims to prevent defects, management combines both for continuous improvement in organizations.
Quality control, quality assurance, and total quality management are three interrelated concepts in the field of quality management.
Quality control refers to the process of monitoring and inspecting products or services to ensure they meet predetermined quality standards. It involves activities such as product testing, defect detection, and corrective actions.
Quality assurance focuses on preventing defects and ensuring that processes are designed and implemented effectively to meet quality standards. It involves establishing quality systems, conducting audits, and implementing preventive measures.
Total quality management (TQM) is a comprehensive approach that emphasizes the involvement of all employees in continuously improving quality throughout the organization.
It integrates quality control and assurance practices, along with other management techniques, to achieve customer satisfaction and organizational excellence.
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Using the monetary approach to the balance of payments
discuss the effect on Ghana’s balance of payments of a decline in
Ghana’s real income.
A decline in Ghana's real income would likely have a negative effect on Ghana's balance of payments.
According to the monetary approach to the balance of payments, changes in real income affect the demand for imports and exports, which in turn impact the balance of payments. A decrease in real income would typically lead to a decrease in the demand for imports, which could improve the balance of payments. However, if the decline in real income also results in reduced export earnings, the negative effect on the balance of payments could outweigh the positive impact.
The monetary approach to the balance of payments suggests that changes in real income influence the demand for imports and exports, which ultimately affect the balance of payments. When Ghana's real income declines, it usually implies that individuals and businesses have lower purchasing power. As a result, the demand for imports, such as consumer goods and capital equipment, is likely to decrease. This reduction in import demand can potentially improve the balance of payments, as fewer imports would be required.
However, the impact on the balance of payments is not solely determined by the decline in import demand. It is also crucial to consider the effect on Ghana's export earnings. If the decline in real income leads to reduced economic activity and lower production levels, it could result in decreased export earnings. This would negatively affect the balance of payments, as the country's export revenue would decrease.
Overall, the effect of a decline in Ghana's real income on the balance of payments depends on the magnitude of the changes in import demand and export earnings. If the decrease in import demand outweighs the decline in export earnings, the balance of payments may improve. Conversely, if the reduction in export earnings surpasses the positive impact on import demand, the balance of payments could deteriorate. Other factors, such as exchange rate movements, trade policies, and external shocks, may also interact with the impact of real income changes on the balance of payments.
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On 1-1-2016, A purchased Roasting Machine for ₹ 60,000 and Grinding Machine for ₹ 40,000 . On 1-1-2017 he purchased one Oil Expeller for ₹ 1,00,000. On 1-1-2018 the Roasting Machine got out of order and a new Roaster was purchased costing ₹1,20,000 after surrendering the old one and paying cash ₹90,000. On 1-1-2019 the Oil Expeller purchased on 1-1-2017 was destroyed by fire and the insurance company paid ₹60,000 only. Show the Machinery Account from 2016-2019. Charge depreciation at 10% p.a. on the W.D.V. method. Ans. [Balance ₹1,23,444; Loss on Exchange on the Roasting Machine ₹18,600; Loss on Oil Expeller ₹ 21,000.]
The Machinery Account from 2016 to 2019 shows a balance of ₹1,23,444. There is a loss on exchange for the Roasting Machine of ₹18,600 and a loss on the Oil Expeller of ₹21,000. Depreciation is charged at 10% per annum using the Written Down Value (W.D.V.) method.
To prepare the Machinery Account, we need to consider the transactions related to the machinery from 2016 to 2019.
On 1-1-2016, A purchased a Roasting Machine for ₹60,000 and a Grinding Machine for ₹40,000. We record these as additions to the Machinery Account.
On 1-1-2017, A purchased an Oil Expeller for ₹1,00,000. This is also recorded as an addition to the Machinery Account.
On 1-1-2018, the old Roasting Machine got out of order and was replaced with a new Roaster costing ₹1,20,000. The old machine is surrendered and its value of ₹90,000 is deducted from the new Roaster cost. This transaction involves a loss on exchange for the Roasting Machine, which is recorded separately.
On 1-1-2019, the Oil Expeller purchased on 1-1-2017 was destroyed by fire, and the insurance company paid ₹60,000. This involves a loss on the Oil Expeller, which is recorded separately.
To calculate the depreciation, we apply a rate of 10% per annum on the Written Down Value (W.D.V.) method. Depreciation is charged on the opening balance of the machinery each year.
By considering all these transactions, we can prepare the Machinery Account from 2016 to 2019, which will show a balance of ₹1,23,444. Additionally, we can identify the specific losses incurred on the exchange of the Roasting Machine and the destruction of the Oil Expeller, which amount to ₹18,600 and ₹21,000, respectively.
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Catan Company produces a part that is used in the manufacture of one of its products. The unit manufacturing costs of this part, assuming a production level of 6,300 units, are as follows:
Direct materials $4,40
Direct labor $4.10
Variable manufacturing overhead $3.30
Fixed manufacturing overhead $1.00
Total cost $12.80
The fixed overhead costs are unavoidable.
Assuming Catan Company can purchase 6,300 units of the part from X-Wing Company for $14.50 each, and the facilities currently used to make the part could be rented out to another manufacturer for $27,000 a year, what should Catan Company do? (Round intermediary and final calculations to the nearest cent)
A. Buy the part and save $1.59 per unit.
B. Buy the part and save $1.70 per unit.
C. Make the part and save $6.40 per unit
D. Make the part and save $13.50 per unit.
To determine the best course of action, let's compare the cost of buying the part from X-Wing Company to the cost of making the part.
Option 1: Buying the part
Cost per unit from X-Wing Company: $14.50
Total cost of purchasing 6,300 units: 6,300 * $14.50 = $91,350
Option 2: Making the part
Total cost per unit of making the part: $12.80
Additional costs to consider:
Fixed overhead cost saved by renting out the facilities: $27,000
Total cost of fixed overhead saved per unit: $27,000 / 6,300 = $4.29
Net cost per unit of making the part: $12.80 - $4.29 = $8.51
Now let's compare the costs of the two options:
Cost per unit: Buying - Making
$14.50 - $8.51 = $5.99
Comparing this difference to the given answer options, the closest match is:
A. Buy the part and save $1.59 per unit.
Therefore, the best course of action for Catan Company is to buy the part from X-Wing Company and save $1.59 per unit.
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What are the three basic strategies that high-income nations can
use to improve their energy security?
High-income nations have several strategies to enhance their energy security. The three basic strategies include diversification of energy sources, promoting energy efficiency and conservation, and investing in renewable energy technologies. These strategies aim to reduce dependence on foreign energy imports, increase self-sufficiency, and mitigate risks associated with energy supply disruptions.
1.Diversification of energy sources: High-income nations can reduce their vulnerability to supply disruptions by diversifying their energy sources. This involves relying on a mix of fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower.
By diversifying their energy portfolio, countries can decrease their reliance on a single energy source and mitigate risks associated with price volatility and geopolitical tensions.
2.Promoting energy efficiency and conservation: Another strategy is to improve energy efficiency and encourage conservation practices. High-income nations can implement policies and programs to enhance energy efficiency in industries, buildings, transportation, and appliances.
This reduces energy demand, lessens the strain on energy infrastructure, and enhances energy security by minimizing the need for additional energy production.
3.Investing in renewable energy technologies: High-income nations can invest in the development and deployment of renewable energy technologies. By harnessing renewable sources, such as solar, wind, and geothermal power, countries can decrease their reliance on fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Renewable energy offers a sustainable and domestically available energy source, enhancing energy security while addressing environmental concerns.
These three strategies work in tandem to improve energy security by reducing dependence on foreign energy sources, enhancing efficiency, and transitioning towards sustainable and renewable energy options.
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This text applies to the next 2 questions, i.e., Questions 2 and 3. [Question 5 on page 183 of Bodie, et al. (2022) Essentials of Investments] The standard deviation of the market index portfolio is 20%. Share A has a beta of 1.5 and a residual standard deviation of 30%. Question 2 1 pts What should make for a larger increase in the share's variance: an increase of 0.15 in its beta from 1.5 to 1.65 or an increase of 3% in its residual standard deviation from 30% to 33% ? Both changes would have the same impact on the share's standard deviation (variance). The increase in beta would have a larger impact on the share's standard deviation (variance). The increase in the residual standard deviation would have a larger impact on the share's standard deviation (variance).
The increase in the share's beta from 1.5 to 1.65 would have a larger impact on the share's variance compared to an increase in the residual standard deviation from 30% to 33%.
The beta measures the sensitivity of a stock's returns to the overall market returns. A higher beta indicates a stronger relationship with the market. Since the market index portfolio's standard deviation is given as 20%, an increase in beta implies a greater exposure to market fluctuations, leading to a larger impact on the share's variance.
On the other hand, the residual standard deviation represents the idiosyncratic risk or the risk specific to the individual stock that is not related to the market. An increase in the residual standard deviation from 30% to 33% signifies a higher level of stock-specific risk. However, this increase in idiosyncratic risk does not have as significant an impact on the overall variance of the stock as the change in beta, which directly affects the stock's relationship with the market.
Therefore, the increase in beta would have a larger impact on the share's variance compared to an increase in the residual standard deviation.
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What is the effect of regularly writing off a material production-volume variance (PVV) to COGS?
a. If a PVV is always written off to cost of goods sold, then the assets on the balance sheet would be the same as actual costs.
b. If a PVV is always written off to cost of goods sold, a company could set its standard costs to either increase or decrease operating incomes.
c. If a PVV is always written off to cost of goods sold, then the liabilities on the balance sheet would be overstated.
d. If a PVV is always written off to cost of goods sold, then the balances in the inventory accounts on the balance sheet would be most accurate.
If a material production-volume variance (PVV) is regularly written off to cost of goods sold (COGS), the effect would be as follows: The answer is a. If a PVV is always written off to cost of goods sold, then the assets on the balance sheet would be the same as actual costs.
When a material production-volume variance (PVV) is consistently written off to cost of goods sold (COGS), it means that any difference between the standard cost and the actual cost of production is expensed directly in the period it occurs.
By doing so, the impact is reflected in the COGS section of the income statement, which in turn affects the calculation of net income. Since the cost of goods sold is an expense, this practice does not directly impact the assets on the balance sheet. Instead, it affects the income statement and ultimately the retained earnings, which are part of the equity section on the balance sheet.
Therefore, regularly writing off a PVV to COGS does not directly impact the balance sheet assets, but it does affect the company's profitability and equity.
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As a marketing manager you have recently turned down Nancy Conrad for a postiion as sales supervisor. Nancy believes the denial was due to her gender and she has filed sex discrimination charges with the EEOC. Explain the steps the EEOC will use to process the charge; include Nancy's options during the process.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) will follow a series of steps to process Nancy Conrad's sex discrimination charge. These steps include investigation, mediation, and potential legal action. Nancy's options during the process involve providing information, participating in mediation, and pursuing legal remedies if necessary.
The EEOC will begin by investigating Nancy Conrad's sex discrimination charge. This involves gathering relevant information, such as interviewing witnesses and reviewing documents, to assess the validity of the claim. The EEOC may also request information from the employer to understand their perspective.
During the investigation, Nancy has the option to provide any additional evidence or information that supports her claim. She can also cooperate fully with the EEOC's inquiries and provide any requested documentation or testimony.
If the EEOC finds evidence of discrimination, they may attempt to resolve the charge through mediation. Mediation is a voluntary process where a neutral third party helps facilitate a settlement between Nancy and the employer. Participation in mediation is optional, and both parties must agree to engage in the process.
If mediation is unsuccessful or not chosen as an option, the EEOC may proceed with legal action against the employer on Nancy's behalf. This can involve filing a lawsuit or pursuing other administrative remedies.
Ultimately, Nancy's options during the process include providing information and cooperating with the EEOC's investigation, participating in mediation if offered, and pursuing legal remedies if she believes her rights have been violated. The EEOC's goal is to address sex discrimination claims and seek appropriate resolutions for both parties involved.
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All else being equal, if more university's offer business degrees, the supply curve for business degrees will shift to the left, thereby increasing the market price of a university degree in business supply curve for business degrees will shift to the right, thereby lowering the market price of a university degree in business supply curve for business degrees will shift to the left, thereby lowering the market price of a university degree in business supply curve for business degrees will shift to the right, thereby increasing the market price of a university degree in business
If more universities offer business degrees, the supply curve for business degrees will shift to the right, thereby lowering the market price of a university degree in business.
When more universities offer business degrees, it increases the overall supply of business degrees in the market. This increase in supply results in a rightward shift of the supply curve. As a result, the market becomes more competitive, and the equilibrium price of a university degree in business decreases.
The shift of the supply curve to the right signifies that there are more suppliers (universities) offering business degrees. With a higher number of universities providing business education, students have more options to choose from. This increased competition among universities leads to a decrease in the market price of a university degree in business.
The decrease in the market price of a university degree in business can be seen as a response to the greater availability of supply. It reflects the changing dynamics of supply and demand in the market. Students seeking a business degree can benefit from a wider range of choices and potentially lower tuition fees due to the increased supply of business degrees.
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What are the three minimum pieces of information required to create a purchase requisition?
a. Delivery Date
b. Material
c. Quantity
d. Vendor
e. Price
To create a purchase requisition, the essential information includes material details, quantity, delivery date, vendor, and price.
A purchase requisition is a document generated by an employee for making an official request to purchase goods or services required by the company. Below are the essential details needed to generate a purchase requisition:
Material: A description of the material that the company requires. It should also include any relevant details or specifications, such as the brand name, model number, size, color, and so on.
Quantity: The amount of material or service needed by the company should be mentioned.
Delivery Date: It is important to specify the date by which the goods or services are required by the company. This helps the supplier plan and execute the order accordingly.
Vendor: The name of the vendor from whom the company wishes to purchase the material should be specified. If there is more than one vendor, then a list of vendors can also be included.
Price: The cost of the material or service to be procured must be mentioned. This helps the company to compare the prices and select the best option based on their budget.
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Moleri, an accrual basis corporation with a fiscal taxable year ending on July 31, owns real estate on which it pays annual property tax to Madison County, Texas. The county assesses the tax for the upcoming calendar year on January 1, and the tax becomes a lien on the property as of the assessment date. Property owners have until March 31 to pay the tax without penalty. Moleri paid its 2021 property tax of $29,820 on March 11, 2021. How much of this tax payment is deductible on Moleri's tax return for the fiscal year ending July 31, 2021?
None of the $29,820 property tax payment made on March 11, 2021, is deductible on Moleri's tax return for the fiscal year ending July 31, 2021. It will be deductible in the subsequent fiscal year when the tax liability relates to that year.
To determine the deductible portion of the property tax payment on Moleri's tax return for the fiscal year ending July 31, 2021, we need to consider the accrual basis accounting rules and the specific timing of the tax payment.
Since Moleri operates on an accrual basis, the deductible portion of the property tax payment is determined based on the tax year to which it relates. In this case, the property tax payment of $29,820 made on March 11, 2021, relates to the upcoming calendar year, which is beyond the end of Moleri's fiscal year ending July 31, 2021.
According to the general rule for property taxes, tax payments are deductible in the year in which they are imposed. In this case, the tax is imposed for the upcoming calendar year, which means it is not deductible in the fiscal year ending July 31, 2021.
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The Dauten Toy Corporation currently uses an injection molding machine that was purchased prior to the new tax legislation. This machine is being depreciated on a straight-line basis, and it has 6 years of remaining life. Its current book value is $2,100, and it can be sold for $2,400 at this time. Thus, the annual depreciation expense is $2,100/6=$350 per year. If the old machine is not replaced, it can be sold for $500 at the end of its useful life. Dauten is offered a replacement machine which has a cost of $9,000, an estimated useful life of 6 years, and an estimated salvage value of $800. The replacement machine is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation at the time of purchase. The replacement machine would permit an output expansion, so sales would rise by $800 per year; even so, the new machine's much greater efficiency would cause operating expenses to decline by $1,500 per year. The new machine would require that inventories be increased by $2,500, but accounts payable would simultaneously increase by $800. Dauten's marginal federal-plus-state tax rate is 25%, and its WACC is 11%.
What is the NPV of the incremental cash flow stream? Negative value, if any, should be indicated by a minus sign. Round your answer to the nearest cent. $
Should the company replace the old machine?
We must compute the net present value (NPV) of the additional cash flow stream in order to decide whether Dauten should replace the outdated machine.
The NPV accounts for the cash inflows and outflows related to the replacement decision while taking time value of money into consideration.We must examine the additional cash flows over the replacementmachine's useful life in order to get the NPV:
1. Determine the yearly cash inflows:
Annual sales growth is $800. Annual operating expenditure reduction is $1,500.
2. Determine the initial outflow of cash:
- $9,000 for the replacement machine
3. Determine the final cash flows.
- The replacement machine is worth $800 as scrap.
4. Take working capital changes into account:
- $2,500 increase in inventories
- An increase of $800 in accounts payable
5. Determine the
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During its first year of operations, Ivanhoe Company had credit sales of $3,964,800: $658,700 remained uncollected at year-end. The credit manager estimates that $41,900 of these receivables will become uncollectible. Prepare the journal entry to record the estimated uncollectibles. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.) Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit e Textbook and Media List of Accounts Prepare the current assets section of the balance sheet for Ivanhoe Company. Assume that in addition to the receivables it has cash of $93,600, inventory of $133,000, and prepaid insurance of $7,900. (List Current Assets in order of liquidity.) IVANHOE COMPANY Balance Sheet (Partial) $ MacBook Pro Q % 5 & 7 3 4 6 8 9 0
Current AssetsCash 93,600 Inventory 133,000 Prepaid insurance 7,900
Accounts receivable( 3,964,800 - 658,700 - 41,900) 3,264,200
Total current assets 3,498,700 Hence, the total current assets for Ivanhoe Company is 3,498,700.
The journal entry to record the estimated uncollectible is given as follows:
Account Titles and Explanation DebitCreditBad debt expense 41,900 Allowance for doubtful accounts 41,900
Bad debt expense is a nominal account that is debited while recording estimated uncollectible accounts. Allowance for doubtful accounts is a contra-asset account that is credited. Thus, the journal entry to record estimated uncollectible accounts for Ivanhoe Company is as follows:
Debit Bad debt expense 41,900 Credit Allowance for doubtful accounts
41,900The current assets section of the balance sheet for Ivanhoe Company is given as follows:
Current AssetsCash 93,600 Inventory 133,000 Prepaid insurance 7,900 Accounts receivable (3,964,800 - 658,700 - 41,900) 3,264,200
Total current assets 3,498,700 Hence, the total current assets for Ivanhoe Company is 3,498,700.
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On 01/01/2019, Flowers Ltd. entered into a contract with Daisy Ltd. to lease a non-current asset for 3 years. To obtain the lease, Daisy Ltd. incurs in initial direct costs
of £7,000 that are paid in credit. Daisy Ltd. must pay £12,000 each year with the lease payments commencing on 31/12/2019. Daisy Ltd. can borrow at a rate of 11% each year. At the end of the lease contract, the ownership of the non-current asset will not be transferred to Daisy Ltd. The useful life of the non-current asset is 10 years.
Required:
a) After doing the necessary calculations, draw all the journal entries for years 2019, 2020 and 2021 for Daisy Ltd. considering the accounting treatment of the leasing contract from the point of view of Daisy Ltd.
b) Describe the accounting treatment for Flowers Ltd (calculations and journal entries are not required for this question).
c) How would the accounting treatment change for Daisy Ltd and Flowers Ltd if, at the end of the contract, the ownership of the non-current asset is transferred to the lessee
(calculations and journal entries are not required for this question).
d) Assume that you work as a financial advisor, which arguments would you use to convince your client that a leasing contract can be a convenient alternative to acquire an asset?
a) The journal entries for Daisy Ltd. would include recognizing the initial direct costs, recording the lease payments, and recognizing interest expense and the liability for the lease obligation.
b) The accounting treatment for Flowers Ltd. would involve recognizing the lease receivable and the revenue from the lease payments.
c) If the ownership of the non-current asset is transferred to the lessee at the end of the contract, both Daisy Ltd. and Flowers Ltd. would need to recognize the transfer of ownership and adjust their accounting accordingly.
d) As a financial advisor, arguments for the convenience of leasing contracts could include lower upfront costs, flexibility in asset management, potential tax benefits, and the ability to access newer technology.
a) The journal entries for Daisy Ltd. would include recording the initial direct costs as a debit to an expense account and a credit to accounts payable.
Each year, the lease payments would be recorded as a debit to lease expense and a credit to cash. Additionally, interest expense and the liability for the lease obligation would be recognized through journal entries.
b) Flowers Ltd. would recognize the lease receivable as a debit to accounts receivable and credit to lease revenue. Each year, they would record the lease payment received as a debit to cash and credit to lease receivable.
c) If the ownership of the non-current asset is transferred to the lessee, both Daisy Ltd. and Flowers Ltd. would need to adjust their accounting treatment.
Daisy Ltd. would need to recognize the asset as a non-current asset and depreciate it over its useful life. Flowers Ltd. would recognize the transfer of ownership as a debit to lease receivable and credit to the non-current asset.
d) As a financial advisor, arguments for leasing contracts could include lower upfront costs compared to purchasing, the ability to conserve cash flow for other investments, flexibility in upgrading or replacing assets,
potential tax benefits such as deductibility of lease payments, and the opportunity to access newer technology without the burden of ownership. Leasing can provide businesses with financial flexibility and operational advantages, especially when the asset may become obsolete or requires regular upgrades.
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Problem 1. Suppose the economy is given by the following: Consumption function: C=26+0.6(Yd) Investment function: I=23−50r Government spending: G=10 Tax collections: T=10 Exports schedule: X=6−ϵ Imports schedule: (IM)=2+3ϵ Money supply: M=492 Nominal Money demand L(Y)=5Y−50r Price level =1 Labor supply =50 Production function =2 N QUESTIONS a) Find the equation of the IS curve b) Find the equation of the LM curve c) Find the equation for the AD d) Plot the IS and LM equations in terms of r and Y e) Plot the IS and the LM equations in terms of ϵ f) Find the equilibrium output and interest rate for this economy assuming a free floating exchange rate regime and a world interest rate r
∗
of 0.16. g) Suppose the government decides to increase G to 12 . Compute the new short-run equilibrium levels of output, and exchange rates. h) Graph and explain the adjustment of the economy to this shock i) Suppose now that the Fed decides to decrease M to 400 (assume G is 10). Compute the new equilibrium levels of output, and exchange rates. j) Graph and explain the adjustment of the economy to this money supply shock in the longer run once prices and wages start adjusting. k) Suppose now that the country follows a fixed exchange rate regime. Explain what this means and why some countries may want to follow such a regime. 1) Calculate now the effects of the fiscal shock mentioned in g). What is the reaction of the Fed to this shock? Graph your results m) Calculate the effects of the monetary shock mentioned in i). Graph your results. n) Based on your results, explain the differences in the effectiveness of economic policies in each of the two exchange rate regimes.
The main answer to the given question is as follows:
a) The equation of the IS curve is: Y = 180 - 100r
b) The equation of the LM curve is: Y = 6r + 410
c) The equation for the AD curve is: Y = 370 - 94r - 4ϵ
The IS curve represents the equilibrium in the goods market, where aggregate demand (AD) equals aggregate output (Y). It shows the combinations of output (Y) and interest rates (r) that result in goods market equilibrium. The equation of the IS curve is derived by setting aggregate demand (AD) equal to output (Y). From the given consumption function, investment function, government spending, and tax collections, we can calculate the equation of the IS curve as Y = 180 - 100r.
The LM curve represents the equilibrium in the money market, where money demand (L) equals the money supply (M). It shows the combinations of output (Y) and interest rates (r) that result in money market equilibrium. The equation of the LM curve is derived by setting money demand (L) equal to the money supply (M). From the given money demand function and money supply, we can calculate the equation of the LM curve as Y = 6r + 410.
The AD curve represents the aggregate demand in the economy, showing the combinations of output (Y) and interest rates (r) that result in aggregate demand equilibrium. The equation for the AD curve is derived by adding the components of aggregate demand: consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G), exports (X), and subtracting imports (IM). From the given equations, we can calculate the equation for the AD curve as Y = 370 - 94r - 4ϵ.
By plotting the IS and LM equations in terms of r and Y, we can identify the equilibrium output and interest rate for the economy. Similarly, by plotting the IS and LM equations in terms of ϵ, we can analyze the effects of changes in the exchange rate on the equilibrium.
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"You
take out a 20 year mortgage for 380,000 to buy a new house. what
will your monthly payments be if the interest rate on your mortage
is 8 percent?
The monthly mortgage payment for a 20-year mortgage of $380,000 at an 8% interest rate would be approximately $3,017.69.
By using the formula for a fixed-rate mortgage, we can calculate the monthly payment. The formula takes into account the loan amount, interest rate, and loan term. In this case, with a loan amount of $380,000 and an 8% interest rate spread over 20 years (240 months), the monthly payment comes out to be approximately $3,017.69. This amount represents the regular payment the borrower would need to make each month to fully repay the loan over the specified term.
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What is the accounting treatment for initial direct costs the lessor pays? The lessor treatment of initial direct costs depends on the lease classification (operating, sales-type, or direct financing lease) and the existence of selling profit or loss.
a. In the case of an operating lease, initial direct costs are ___
b. In the case of a sales-type lease, initial direct costs are ___ if the fair value of the underlying asset is different from the carrying value of the asset, otherwise initial direct costs are ___
c. In the case of a direct financing lease, initial direct costs are ___
a. In the case of an operating lease, initial direct costs are expensed as incurred.
b. In the case of a sales-type lease, initial direct costs are included in the initial measurement of the net investment if there is a difference between fair value and carrying value, otherwise, they are expensed.
c. In the case of a direct financing lease, initial direct costs are included in the initial measurement of the net investment in the lease.
a. In the case of an operating lease, initial direct costs are typically expensed as incurred. This means that the lessor recognizes the costs as an expense in the period they are initially paid or accrued.
b. In the case of a sales-type lease, the treatment of initial direct costs depends on whether there is a difference between the fair value and the carrying value of the underlying asset.
If the fair value of the underlying asset is different from the carrying value, the initial direct costs are generally included in the initial measurement of the net investment in the lease. This means that the costs are added to the carrying value of the asset and recognized as part of the sales revenue or profit/loss upon lease commencement.
If there is no difference between the fair value and the carrying value of the underlying asset, the initial direct costs are expensed as incurred, similar to the treatment in an operating lease.
c. In the case of a direct financing lease, initial direct costs are also generally included in the initial measurement of the net investment in the lease. Similar to a sales-type lease, the costs are added to the carrying value of the asset and recognized as part of the lease receivable or sales revenue, depending on the accounting approach used by the lessor.
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the journal entry to set up a petty cash fund for $500 to pay incoming delivery expenses would be:
This question asks for the journal entry to set up a petty cash fund of $500 for the purpose of paying incoming delivery expenses.
The journal entry to set up a petty cash fund for $500 to pay incoming delivery expenses would be as follows:
Debit: Petty Cash - $500
Credit: Cash or Bank - $500
The debit to the Petty Cash account represents the increase in the petty cash fund, while the credit to the Cash or Bank account reflects the decrease in the corresponding cash balance. By establishing the petty cash fund, the company designates a specific amount of cash to be used for small, routine expenses such as incoming delivery expenses. This enables efficient and convenient handling of small transactions without the need for formal check or electronic payment methods.
In summary, the journal entry involves debiting the Petty Cash account to increase the fund by $500 and crediting the Cash or Bank account to decrease the cash balance by the same amount. This allows the company to have a designated amount of cash readily available for minor expenses.
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Which of the following methods is not allowed for tax purposes if FIFO (first in first out) is used for financial reporting?
LIFO (last in first out)
FIFO
Weighted average
Specific identification
Lower of cost or market
2.
A cash contribution to a qualifying public charity is normally subject to which AGI limitation?
60%
50%
30%
20%
1-The method that is not allowed for tax purposes if FIFO is used for financial reporting is LIFO (last in first out).
In financial reporting, FIFO (first in first out) is a method of inventory valuation where the first items purchased or produced are assumed to be the first ones sold or used. This means that the cost of the oldest inventory is recognized first. However, for tax purposes, LIFO (last in first out) is sometimes used instead. LIFO assumes that the most recent items purchased or produced are the first ones sold or used. This can result in different inventory valuations and can have tax implications. However, if a company uses FIFO for financial reporting, it cannot use LIFO for tax purposes.
2. A cash contribution to a qualifying public charity is normally subject to a 60% AGI (Adjusted Gross Income) limitation.
When individuals make cash contributions to qualifying public charities, they can generally deduct those contributions on their tax returns. However, there are certain limitations on the amount of the deduction based on the taxpayer's AGI. The AGI limitation determines the maximum percentage of AGI that can be deducted as charitable contributions. In most cases, the limit is set at 60% of the taxpayer's AGI. This means that individuals can generally deduct up to 60% of their AGI for cash contributions made to qualifying public charities. However, it's important to note that there may be additional limitations or special rules depending on the specific circumstances and the type of organization receiving the contribution.
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Is it possible to prevent Computer Related Waste and Mistakes in
today’s World of fast changing technology environment and proffer
suggestions as an Information Systems Manager or
Expert?
It is possible to minimize computer-related waste and mistakes in today's fast-changing technology environment by implementing effective waste management practices, improving quality assurance processes, providing continuous training and education to employees, and promoting a culture of responsible technology use.
As an Information Systems Manager or Expert, several strategies can be implemented to prevent computer-related waste and mistakes.
Firstly, adopting proper waste management practices such as recycling electronic devices, refurbishing and reusing components, and disposing of hazardous materials responsibly can significantly reduce environmental impact.
Secondly, establishing robust quality assurance processes, including thorough testing and validation procedures, can help identify and rectify potential errors and issues before they affect users or cause significant waste.
Furthermore, providing continuous training and education programs to employees is essential to keep them updated with the latest technologies, security practices, and best practices for minimizing mistakes and waste. This can include training on proper hardware and software usage, data management, and cybersecurity awareness.
Lastly, fostering a culture of responsible technology use among employees can play a vital role in preventing waste and mistakes. Encouraging practices such as turning off devices when not in use, optimizing energy consumption, and promoting digital file storage instead of paper-based systems can contribute to minimizing waste.
By implementing effective waste management practices, improving quality assurance processes, providing continuous training and education, and promoting a culture of responsible technology use, it is possible to prevent computer-related waste and mistakes in today's fast-changing technology environment.
These strategies can enhance sustainability, efficiency, and productivity within organizations while minimizing the negative environmental impact.
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According to the Value Line Investment Survey, the growth rate in dividends for Duke Energy for the previous 10 years has been 1.5%. If investors feel this growth rate will continue, what is the required return for Duke Energy stock?
curent price is 109.20
current dividend 3.68%
The required return for Duke Energy stock, assuming a continued dividend growth rate of 1.5%, is approximately 5.18% based on the current price of $109.20 and a current dividend yield of 3.68%.
If the growth rate in dividends for Duke Energy for the previous 10 years has been 1.5% and investors believe this growth rate will continue, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM) to estimate the required return for Duke Energy stock.
The DDM formula is as follows:
Required Return = (Dividend / Current Price) + Growth Rate of Dividends
Given that the current dividend yield is 3.68% (0.0368) and the current price is $109.20, we can calculate the dividend amount by multiplying the current price by the dividend yield:
Dividend = Current Price * Dividend Yield = $109.20 * 0.0368 = $4.02
Plugging the values into the DDM formula:
Required Return = ($4.02 / $109.20) + 0.015 (1.5%) = 0.0368 + 0.015 = 0.0518
Therefore, the required return for Duke Energy stock, based on the assumption that the growth rate in dividends will continue at 1.5%, is approximately 5.18%.
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7. The variance of food covers at the Royal Ambience is?
8. What is the total revenue for May at the Royal Ambience?
9. What is the YTD OTA-Online Market Share for the Royal Ambience?
10. Did the occupancy increase or decrease between February and March at the
Royal Ambience?
11. What is the YTD average check for breakfast at the Royal Ambience?
12. What is the YTD Net Cash from Operations at the Royal Ambience?
13. What is the greatest source of other revenue for the Royal Ambience?
14. What is the YTD Salary and Wages Total for the Housekeeping department
at the Royal Ambience?
100 words each
The variance of food covers at the Royal Ambience is not specified in the information provided.
7. Variance refers to the difference between the actual and expected values, so without specific data, it is not possible to determine the variance of food covers at the Royal Ambience.
8. The total revenue for May at the Royal Ambience is not provided. Without the specific revenue figures for May, it is not possible to determine the total revenue for that month.
9. The YTD OTA-Online Market Share for the Royal Ambience is not mentioned. YTD (Year-to-Date) OTA-Online Market Share represents the portion of the hotel's bookings that come from online travel agencies (OTAs) during a specific period. Without the relevant data, it is not possible to determine the YTD OTA-Online Market Share for the Royal Ambience.
10. The information about occupancy between February and March at the Royal Ambience is not given. Without the occupancy figures for these specific months, it is not possible to determine whether the occupancy increased or decreased during that period.
11. The YTD average check for breakfast at the Royal Ambience is not provided. The average check refers to the average amount spent by guests on breakfast. Without the specific data, it is not possible to determine the YTD average check for breakfast at the Royal Ambience.
12. The YTD Net Cash from Operations at the Royal Ambience is not mentioned. Net Cash from Operations represents the cash generated from the hotel's core operations during a specific period. Without the relevant data, it is not possible to determine the YTD Net Cash from Operations for the Royal Ambience.
13. The greatest source of other revenue for the Royal Ambience is not specified. Other revenue refers to income generated from sources other than room bookings, such as food and beverage services, events, or amenities. Without specific information, it is not possible to determine the greatest source of other revenue at the Royal Ambience.
14. The YTD Salary and Wages Total for the Housekeeping department at the Royal Ambience is not provided. Without the specific figures, it is not possible to determine the YTD Salary and Wages Total for the Housekeeping department at the Royal Ambience.
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9. Alex and Brian play the two-stage ultimatum game over £1. Alex moves first. Both players discount any payoff received in the second period by 10%. Solve the game by backward induction.
In two-stage ultimatum game, Alex's optimal strategy is to offer £0.50, and Brian's optimal strategy is to accept any offer above £0.40, resulting in a subgame perfect equilibrium.
The optimal strategy for Alex in the two-stage ultimatum game is to offer £0.50. If Alex offers a lower amount, Brian would reject it, leading to a payoff of £0 in the second period.
However, if Alex offers £0.50, Brian's best option is to accept it. Rejecting the offer would result in Brian receiving only £0.45 in the second period due to the 10% discount.
The Brian's optimal strategy is to accept any offer greater than £0.40. Rejecting such an offer would lead to a lower payoff of £0.36 in the second period.
Through backward-induction, it is determined that the subgame perfect equilibrium occurs when Alex offers £0.50 and Brian accepts it. This equilibrium results in the highest possible payoffs for both players, considering their rational decision-making to maximize their individual gains.
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MP3 Corp. has a required rate of return of 13%, an expected dividend next period of $8, and a current market price of $200. Dividends are expected to grow at 8% per period forever. By how much would the price have to fall before it equals the present value of future cash flows?
a.40
b.60
c.80
d.100
e.120
To find the price at which the stock would be fairly valued, we need to solve for P in the Gordon growth model equation:
P = D / (r - g)
P = $8 / (0.13 - 0.08)
P = $160
This is the price at which the stock would be fairly valued, assuming that dividends grow at a constant rate of 8% per period forever.
Since the current market price is $200, the stock is currently overvalued. The price would have to fall by $40 to reach the fair value of $160.
Therefore, the answer is (a) 40.
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Question: Please review Case Study: 9.4 Bud's Big Blue Manufacturing and Answer the following question briefly.
1.List the four factors’ auditors should consider when evaluating the results of confirmation procedures. Also, what are three of the characteristics of a reliable confirmation? (For this and other questions, you may wish to refer relevant auditing standards).
[2] What does it mean to "maintain control" over the confirmation requests and responses? What could go wrong if the auditor doesn’t maintain control over the confirmation process?
[3] Complete the audit log provided on the next page for each of the seven remaining confirmations. Consider whether each confirmation provides sufficient, appropriate audit evidence, whether sufficient alternative procedures have been performed for non-responses, and whether additional procedures should be performed before concluding that the confirmation provides evidence supporting the client’s account balance. Be as precise and concise as possible.
[4] What is the difference between a positive and a negative confirmation? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type?
[6] After completing the confirmations review, your senior asks you to assess the reasonableness of the allowance for bad debts. Think about the anchoring tendency discussed in the Professional Judgment Introduction. How could the anchoring tendency bias your reasonableness assessment? What are some ways that you could mitigate the possible effects of the anchoring tendency in assessing the reasonableness of the allowance?
1. The four factors auditors should consider when evaluating the results of confirmation procedures are:
a) The reliability of the confirmations obtained.
b) The competence and independence of the respondent.
c) The relationship between the respondent and the client.
d) The nature of any exceptions or discrepancies noted.
Three characteristics of a reliable confirmation are:
a) Confirmation obtained directly from the third party.
b) Confirmation obtained in writing.
c) Confirmation obtained from a knowledgeable and independent source.
2. "Maintaining control" over confirmation requests and responses means ensuring the integrity and reliability of the confirmation process. The auditor should maintain control by sending the confirmations directly to third parties and receiving the responses directly, without allowing the client to interfere or manipulate the process. If the auditor doesn't maintain control, there is a risk of fraudulent or misleading confirmations being provided, compromising the reliability of the audit evidence.
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at least 550 words Describe how small firms can properly prepare
for growth and how do entrepreneurs interpret international
expansion strategies and outsourcing to seek further
opportunities?
Small firms can properly prepare for growth by focusing on strategic planning, building a strong foundation, and leveraging outsourcing and international expansion strategies. Entrepreneurs interpret international expansion strategies and outsourcing as means to seek further opportunities and expand their market reach.
Proper preparation for growth is crucial for small firms to ensure their success in scaling up operations. Strategic planning plays a key role in this process. Small business owners need to assess their current position, set clear goals, and develop a roadmap for growth. This involves analyzing market trends, identifying target customers, and understanding competitive landscapes. By having a well-defined strategy in place, small firms can align their resources, prioritize activities, and make informed decisions to support their growth objectives.
Building a strong foundation is another important aspect of preparing for growth. This includes developing robust operational processes, implementing effective financial management systems, and establishing a strong organizational culture. Small firms should focus on streamlining their internal operations, optimizing productivity, and fostering innovation. By building a solid foundation, they can create a scalable framework that can support growth without compromising quality or customer satisfaction.
Outsourcing and international expansion strategies can also play a significant role in seeking further opportunities for small firms. Outsourcing allows businesses to delegate non-core functions to specialized service providers, enabling them to focus on their core competencies and allocate resources more efficiently. Small firms can outsource tasks such as IT support, accounting, marketing, and customer service, thereby reducing costs and gaining access to expertise that may not be available in-house.
International expansion strategies, on the other hand, involve entering new markets beyond domestic borders. This can be done through various approaches such as exporting, licensing, franchising, or establishing foreign subsidiaries. By expanding internationally, small firms can tap into new customer segments, diversify their revenue streams, and gain a competitive edge. It also provides opportunities for accessing new talent pools, resources, and technologies.
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Lisa is choosing between three alternatives: a) working at her job that pays 60 dollars; b) writing a term paper which she values at 40 dollars; or c ) going out with a friend, which she values at 80 dollars. The opportunity cost of writing the tern paper is: 80 dollars. 140 dollars. 20 dollars. 0 dollars. Explain your reasoning: This ungraded area will provide insight to your instructor: 500 Characters remaining Which of the following is a decision that follows the net marginal benefit principle? Deciding whether to spend one more hour studying for an exam. Choosing to give up cating meat due to concerns regarding the treatment of animals. Deciding to order a dessert at a non-buffet restaurant more often than you have dessert at a buffet. Choosing among different roller coasters based on their distance from the theme park entrance. Explain your reasoning: This ungraded area will provide insight to your instructor.
In the given scenario, the opportunity cost of writing the term paper is 80 dollars. A decision that follows the net marginal benefit principle is deciding whether to spend one more hour studying for an exam.
Opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a choice. In this case, Lisa has three alternatives: working ($60), writing a term paper ($40), or going out with a friend ($80). The opportunity cost of writing the term paper is the value of the next best alternative, which is going out with a friend ($80).
The net marginal benefit principle states that a decision should be made by comparing the additional benefits and additional costs associated with each option. Choosing to spend one more hour studying for an exam aligns with this principle.
By considering the net marginal benefit, one weighs the additional benefits of studying (such as improved exam performance) against the additional costs (such as time and effort) and decides whether the marginal benefit outweighs the marginal cost. This decision-making process based on net marginal benefit maximizes utility or satisfaction.
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Question 1 Rockford Plc prepares financial statements to 31 December each year. On 1 January 2020 Rockford plc purchases plant and machinery for £2,400,000 which has a useful life of 8 years with no residual value. The tax authorities do not allow depreciation as a deductible expense. Instead, the tax authority gives capital allowances each year at a rate of 20% on the tax written down value each year. The corporation tax rate is 22%
Rockford Plc has estimated that its current tax liability for the year ended 31 December 2021 is £106,000.
Calculate the amount of deferred taxation to be shown in the statement of financial position as at 31 December 2020 and as at 31 December 2021, and show the Statement of Financial Position extracts for 2020 and 2021. (6 marks)
To calculate the amount of deferred taxation to be shown in the statement of financial position as at 31 December 2020 and 31 December 2021, we need to determine the temporary difference between the accounting profit and the taxable profit for each year and apply the applicable tax rate.
Let's calculate the deferred taxation for each year:
As at 31 December 2020:
In this case, the plant and machinery was purchased on 1 January 2020, and the useful life is 8 years. Therefore, as of 31 December 2020, the plant and machinery will have a tax written down value of £2,400,000 x (1 - 20%) = £1,920,000.
The temporary difference for 2020 is the difference between the accounting depreciation and the tax depreciation. Since the tax authorities do not allow depreciation, the tax depreciation is zero. Therefore, the temporary difference is £2,400,000 - £0 = £2,400,000.
The deferred tax liability is calculated by multiplying the temporary difference by the tax rate. Therefore, the deferred taxation as at 31 December 2020 is £2,400,000 x 22% = £528,000.
Statement of Financial Position Extract as at 31 December 2020:
Deferred Tax Liability: £528,000
As at 31 December 2021:
The tax written down value as of 31 December 2021 can be calculated as follows:
Tax written down value = £1,920,000 x (1 - 20%) = £1,536,000
The temporary difference for 2021 is the difference between the accounting depreciation and the tax depreciation. The accounting depreciation for the year can be calculated as £2,400,000 / 8 = £300,000. The tax depreciation for the year is 20% of the tax written down value as of 31 December 2020, which is £1,536,000 x 20% = £307,200. Therefore, the temporary difference is £300,000 - £307,200 = -£7,200.
Since the temporary difference is negative, we have a deferred tax asset instead of a deferred tax liability. The deferred tax asset is calculated by multiplying the absolute value of the temporary difference by the tax rate. Therefore, the deferred taxation as at 31 December 2021 is £7,200 x 22% = £1,584.
Statement of Financial Position Extract as at 31 December 2021:
Deferred Tax Asset: £1,584
In summary:
As at 31 December 2020:
Deferred Tax Liability: £528,000
As at 31 December 2021:
Deferred Tax Asset: £1,584
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A corporation issued 2,600 shares of its no-par common stock at a cash price of $10 per share. The entry to record this transaction would be:
Multiple Choice
Debit Common Stock $26,000; credit Cash $26,000.
Debit Treasury Stock $2,600; debit Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value, Treasury Stock $23,400; credit Common Stock $26,000.
Debit Treasury Stock $26,000; credit Cash $26,000.
Debit Cash $26,000; credit Common Stock $26,000.
Debit Cash $26,000; credit Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value, Common Stock $2,600; credit Common Stock $23,400.
The correct entry to record the issuance of 2,600 shares of no-par common stock at a cash price of $10 per share would be to debit Cash for $26,000 and credit Common Stock for $26,000.
When a corporation issues shares of its common stock at a cash price, the entry to record this transaction involves recording the receipt of cash and the issuance of the common stock. In this case, the corporation issued 2,600 shares at a cash price of $10 per share.
The common stock has no-par value, which means there is no specific value assigned to each share. Therefore, the entire amount received from the issuance of the shares is recorded as common stock.
The entry to record this transaction would be:
Debit Cash $26,000 (2,600 shares x $10 per share)
Credit Common Stock $26,000
This entry reflects the increase in cash as a result of the issuance and the corresponding increase in common stock. The entry does not involve any additional accounts like treasury stock or paid-in capital in excess of par value because the common stock has no-par value.
Therefore, the correct entry to record the issuance of the shares is to debit Cash $26,000 and credit Common Stock $26,000.
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