Cyclical unemployment refers to the temporary unemployment while structural unemployment is a long-term unemployment.
Cyclical unemployment is closely tied to the business cycle. It occurs when there is a downturn in the economy, leading to a decrease in overall demand for goods and services. During such periods, businesses may reduce their workforce or even shut down, resulting in workers losing their jobs. Cyclical unemployment is considered temporary because it tends to decrease as the economy recovers and expands. It reflects the ups and downs of the economy and is typically influenced by factors such as consumer spending, investment, and overall economic growth.
On the other hand, structural unemployment is a more persistent form of unemployment. It arises from fundamental shifts in the economy, such as changes in technology, globalization, or industry restructuring. Structural unemployment occurs when the skills and qualifications of the workforce no longer match the requirements of available jobs. For example, advancements in automation might render certain job positions obsolete, leaving workers with specialized skills unemployed. Unlike cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment is not directly tied to the business cycle and requires longer-term solutions such as retraining programs or adjustments in the labor market to address the skills gap.
In summary, cyclical unemployment is a temporary form of unemployment that arises due to fluctuations in the business cycle, whereas structural unemployment is a more long-term unemployment caused by a mismatch between the skills of workers and the available job opportunities. Understanding these distinctions can help policymakers and individuals develop appropriate strategies to mitigate unemployment and promote economic stability.
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what is the automated electronic securities market that links sales
The automated electronic securities market that links sales is known as a stock exchange. A stock exchange is a centralized marketplace where buyers and sellers come together to trade securities such as stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments.
It provides a platform for the efficient buying and selling of securities, offering liquidity and transparency to investors. Through the use of electronic systems and networks, stock exchanges facilitate the matching of buy and sell orders, allowing for seamless and automated trading. The linking of sales on a stock exchange ensures that transactions are executed in a fair and orderly manner, with prices determined by the forces of supply and demand.
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Question 1: What would a commercial bank’s balance sheet have looked like around 1973? What would an investment bank’s balance sheet have looked like? Considering Bear Stearns in 2007, was it a commercial bank or an investment bank?
(A lot has changed about the scope and functions of the U.S. financial institutions in the last several decades. The introduction section of Chapter 1 and the Appendix of the case quickly summarize the history and the changes. The first few sections of Chapter 4 should also help learn more about brokers/dealers).
In 1973, commercial banks held loans, deposits, and physical assets, while investment banks focused on securities. Bear Stearns, in 2007, faced financial trouble due to mortgage-backed securities.
Around 1973, a typical commercial bank's balance sheet would have consisted of various assets and liabilities. On the asset side, it would include loans and advances to customers, investment in securities, cash reserves, and physical assets like buildings.
On the liability side, it would comprise deposits from customers, borrowings from other financial institutions, and capital in the form of shareholders' equity.
An investment bank's balance sheet around 1973 would have looked different from a commercial bank's. Investment banks primarily engage in underwriting and trading securities, as well as providing advisory services.
Their balance sheets would reflect a higher proportion of securities holdings, including stocks, bonds, and derivatives.
They would also have capital from shareholders and borrowings, but the composition of their assets and liabilities would be more focused on investment-related activities.
Considering Bear Stearns in 2007, it was an investment bank. Bear Stearns was a prominent investment bank known for its involvement in trading securities, investment banking services, and asset management.
However, it also had exposure to mortgage-backed securities, which led to its significant financial distress during the 2008 financial crisis. As a result, it was eventually acquired by JPMorgan Chase with the assistance of the U.S. Federal Reserve.
In summary, a commercial bank's balance sheet around 1973 would have included a mix of loans, deposits, and physical assets, while an investment bank's balance sheet would have focused more on securities and investment-related activities.
Bear Stearns, in 2007, was an investment bank that faced severe challenges during the financial crisis.
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A stock has a beta of 116 and an expected return of 1118 percent. If the risk-free rate is 31 percent, what is the stock's reward-to-risk ratio? Multiple Choice 8.30% 964% 6976 6.096 6.43x
The stock's reward-to-risk ratio is approximately 9.64, indicating a return of 964% based on its beta and expected return.
The reward-to-risk ratio is a measure that helps assess the potential return relative to the risk of an investment. In this case, the stock has a beta of 116, indicating high volatility compared to the overall market. The expected return is 1118%, which represents the potential gain. The risk-free rate is 31%, representing the return of a risk-free investment. By subtracting the risk-free rate from the expected return and dividing it by the stock's beta, we calculate the reward-to-risk ratio of approximately 9.64, indicating a potential return of 964%.
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Which of these is not a criticism of conceptual framework projects?
a. The measurement of the elements of financial reporting is too highly specified
b. It is ambiguous and open to interpretation
C. It is too descriptive
d. Faithful representation and relevance conflict with each other
The criticism which is not a criticism of conceptual framework projects is that it is too descriptive. The other three options, namely; the measurement of the elements of financial reporting is too highly specified, it is ambiguous and open to interpretation, and faithful representation and relevance conflict with each other are criticisms of the conceptual framework projects.The correct answer is option (C).
A conceptual framework refers to the set of principles and guidelines used for financial reporting purposes. It provides a framework for developing accounting standards and guidelines that are based on consistent financial reporting standards. The framework provides guidance to companies and organizations on how to prepare and present their financial statements.
This criticism is leveled against the conceptual framework projects for being ambiguous and open to interpretation. The critics argue that the lack of clarity and precision in the framework can create difficulties in interpreting financial statements. It can lead to misunderstandings and confusion among users of financial statements.Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.
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A CEO who inspires and motivate others through their character and abilities is an example of a: Transformational leader Charismatic leader Participative leader Authoritarian leader
A CEO who inspires and motivates others through their character and abilities is an example of a transformational leader.
A transformational leader is a leadership style characterized by the ability to inspire and motivate others to achieve exceptional performance and personal growth. They have a strong vision, charisma, and the ability to articulate their goals in a compelling manner. Transformational leaders lead by example, demonstrating high ethical standards, integrity, and a genuine concern for the well-being and development of their followers.
In the given scenario, the CEO exhibits the qualities of a transformational leader by inspiring and motivating others through their character and abilities. They are likely to be influential, charismatic, and capable of creating a positive and engaging work environment. Their leadership style focuses on empowering and developing their team members, encouraging innovation and creativity, and fostering a sense of purpose and ownership among employees. This leadership approach often leads to higher levels of employee satisfaction, commitment, and overall organizational performance.
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You need a new car and the dealer has offered you a price of $20,000, with the following payment options: (a) pay cash and receive a $2,000 rebate, or (b) pay a $5,000 down payment and finance the rest with a 0% APR loan over 30 months. But having just quit your job and started an MBA program, you are in debt and you expect to be in debt for at least the next 21/2 years. You plan to use credit cards to pay your expenses; luckily you have one with a low (fixed) rate of 14.67%APR (monthly). Which payment option is best for you? Your monthly discount rate is %. (Round to four decimal places.)
The best payment option for you is option A of paying cash and receiving a $2,000 rebate, considering your current financial circumstances and the interest rate on your credit card.
Considering your financial situation, it's important to assess the cost of financing the car. Option (b) offers 0% APR financing, meaning you won't incur any additional interest charges on the financed amount.
On the other hand, with option (a), you will have to finance the entire $20,000 using your credit cards.
Given that you expect to be in debt for at least the next 2.5 years (30 months), it is crucial to consider the interest charges on your credit card. With a fixed rate of 14.67% APR, we can calculate the monthly interest rate by dividing it by 12, resulting in 1.2225% (0.012225) per month.
If you finance the entire $20,000 on your credit card, the total interest charges over 30 months would be:
$20,000 * (1 + 0.012225)^30 - $20,000 = $7,845.53
Comparing this to the $2,000 rebate from option (a), it is clear that option (a) is the more financially advantageous choice. By paying cash and receiving the rebate, you save $5,845.53 ($7,845.53 - $2,000) in interest charges compared to financing the car. Here option A is correct.
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Sandhill Company, a machinery dealer, leased a machine to Dexter Corporation on January 1, 2020. The fease is for an 8 -year period and requires equal annual payments of $31,903 at the beginning of each year. The first payment is received on January 1,2020. Sandhill had purchased the machine during 2019 for $127,000. Collectibility of lease payments by Sandhill is probable. Sandhill set the annual rental to ensure a 6% rate of return. The machine has an economic life of 10 years with no residual value and reverts to Sandhill at the termination of the lease. Click here to view factor tables. (a) Compute the amount of the lease receivable. (For calculotion purposes, use 5 decimal ploces as displayed in the foctor toble provided and round final answer to O decimal places e.g. 5.275.) Amount of the lease receivable
The amount of the lease receivable is approximately $651,208.08.
Given data:
Sandhill Company leased a machine to Dexter Corporation on January 1, 2020.The lease is for an 8-year period and requires equal annual payments of $31,903 at the beginning of each year.Sandhill had purchased the machine during 2019 for $127,000.The machine has an economic life of 10 years with no residual value and reverts to Sandhill at the termination of the lease.Sandhill set the annual rental to ensure a 6% rate of return.Solution, calculate the present value of an annuity due (PVAD) of $1 per year for eight years at a rate of 6% per year using the formula:
PVAD = $31,903 × (1 - 1 / (1 + 0.06) ^ 8) / 0.06 × 1PVAD = $31,903 × 5.328152PVAD = $169,981.23Calculate the present value (PV) of the machine for the lease term:
PV = $127,000 × 3.791275 (from the table)PV = $481,226.85The amount of the lease receivable is the sum of PVAD and PV:
Amount of the lease receivable = $169,981.23 + $481,226.85Amount of the lease receivable = $651,208.08Therefore, the amount of the lease receivable is $651,208.08.
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In Australia, which of the following tax incentives could result in taxable profit being less than accounting profit? I. Exempt income II. Accelerated depreciation rates III. Instant write-off for development costs IV. Concessional deduction of 125% for research costs a. I. and II. only. b. I., II. and III. only C. I., II., III. and IV. d. I., II. and IV. only
The tax incentives in Australia that could result in taxable profit being less than accounting profit are options I., II., and IV. This means that the correct answer is option d. I., II., and IV. only.
I. Exempt income: Exempt income refers to certain types of income that are not subject to tax. If a company earns exempt income, it will not be included in the taxable profit calculation, resulting in a lower taxable profit compared to the accounting profit.
II. Accelerated depreciation rates: Accelerated depreciation rates allow businesses to claim higher depreciation expenses in the earlier years of an asset's life. This reduces taxable profit by increasing the amount of deductions claimed, resulting in a lower taxable profit than the accounting profit.
III. Instant write-off for development costs: This option is not included in the correct answer. Instant write-off for development costs would not result in taxable profit being less than accounting profit as it would simply reduce both taxable profit and accounting profit by allowing immediate deduction of development costs.
IV. Concessional deduction of 125% for research costs: The concessional deduction of 125% for research costs allows businesses to claim a higher deduction for research expenses. This reduces taxable profit and results in a lower taxable profit compared to the accounting profit.
Therefore, the correct answer is d. I., II., and IV. only, as options I., II., and IV. are the tax incentives that can lead to taxable profit being less than accounting profit in Australia.
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Explain the difference between the following:
a. Money markets and capital markets
b. Primary markets and secondary markets
Money markets and capital markets:Difference between money markets and capital marketsThe difference between money markets and capital markets is that the former refers to short-term borrowing and lending and the latter refers to long-term investments or financing instruments.
Money markets deal with very liquid assets that are easily convertible into cash, while capital markets are concerned with long-term investments in stocks and bonds.There are a few other key differences between money markets and capital markets:Money marketsCapital marketsMaturity of instrumentsLess than a yearMore than a yearRiskLow to mediumHighType of instrumentsTreasury bills, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, etc.Stocks, bonds, and other long-term securitiesSizeSmallerLargerAs far as primary markets and secondary markets are concerned:Primary markets and secondary markets:Difference between primary markets and secondary marketsA primary market is where new securities are issued to investors for the first time. Primary markets are where initial public offerings (IPOs) and other equity and debt offerings occur, allowing companies to raise capital for growth and other initiatives. The secondary market is where securities that have already been issued are bought and sold. Trading in the secondary market doesn't affect the issuer of the securities, but rather it's the buyer and seller that are exchanging the assets between themselves. The secondary market is often referred to as the stock market or bond market, and it's where investors buy and sell securities after they've been issued.
There are a few other differences between primary markets and secondary markets: Primary markets Secondary marketsPurposeTo raise capital for growth and other initiatives To provide liquidity for investors Type of issuanceNew securities already issued securities Activities IPOs, other equity and debt offerings Trading in securities already issuedTiming of transactions Before securities are issued After securities are issued.
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A bond selling at a discount will have:
Group of answer choices
A coupon rate lower than the YTM, and a price lower than the face value.
A coupon rate lower than the YTM, and a price higher than the face value.
A coupon rate higher than the YTM, and a price lower than the face value.
A coupon rate higher than the YTM, and a price higher than the face value.
When a bond sells at a discount, it will have a coupon rate lower than the YTM, and a price lower than the face value.T
he bond is sold at a discount when the bond's coupon rate is lower than the market interest rate of the bond. The market interest rate is also referred to as the yield to maturity (YTM). This is because investors are willing to pay a lesser amount for the bond if the interest rate is lower than the market interest rate. Therefore, when a bond is sold at a discount, it has a coupon rate lower than the YTM, and a price lower than the face value.
The face value of a bond is the principal amount that the issuer of the bond has to pay the bondholder at the time of maturity. It is the amount that the bondholder will receive if the bond is held until maturity. In contrast, the coupon rate is the annual interest rate paid on the bond, and it is calculated as a percentage of the bond's face value.
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known deposits from which oil can be extracted profitably at current prices using current technology are called ____.
These known deposits of oil that can be extracted profitably at current prices and with current technology are commonly referred to as "proven reserves"
Proven reserves are the oil reserves that have been discovered and assessed with a high degree of certainty to be commercially recoverable. The assessment takes into account factors such as geological and engineering data, production technology, and prevailing market conditions. Proven reserves represent the portion of oil resources that can be economically extracted and are typically reported by oil companies and countries to provide an estimate of their available oil assets.
Proven reserves play a crucial role in the energy industry as they indicate the tangible assets that can be utilized for oil production. These reserves provide a level of certainty to investors, governments, and companies in planning future oil exploration, development, and production activities. The identification and estimation of proven reserves require detailed geological surveys, exploration drilling, and comprehensive assessment methodologies. It is important to note that proven reserves can change over time as new discoveries are made, existing reserves are depleted, and advancements in technology and market conditions impact their economic viability.
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Better Tires Corp. is planning to buy a new tire making machine for $50,000 that would save it $30,000 per year in production costs. The savings would be constant over the project's 3-year life. The machine is to be linearly depreciated to zero and will have no resale value after 3 years.
The appropriate cost of capital for this project is 10% and the tax rate is 21%.
The net present value of the project is calculated by summing the present values of cash inflows and outflows, considering the cost of capital.
To calculate the net present value (NPV), we discount the future cash flows (annual savings) to their present value using the appropriate discount rate (cost of capital). The NPV represents the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the initial investment (outflow). If the NPV is positive, it indicates that the project's present value of cash inflows exceeds the initial investment, suggesting it may be a profitable investment. If the NPV is negative, it implies that the project's cash outflows outweigh the present value of cash inflows, indicating a potential loss.
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There are three categories of income tax filers in the United States: those who never evade taxes, those who sometimes do it, and those who always do it. An examination of audited tax returns from one year to the next shows that of those who did not evade taxes last year, 95% continue in the same category this year, 4% move to the "sometimes" category, and the remainders move to the "always" category. For those who sometimes evade taxes, 6% move to "never," 90% stay the same, and 4% move to "always." As for the "always" evaders, 0% move to "never" category, 10% move to "sometimes" category, and 90% stay the same. a) Define the state space for the above process and show that it can be modeled as a Markov Chain. b) Construct the one step probability transition matrix. c) Identify the recurrent and transient states and determine the classes for the matrix you constructed in part (b) d) Is it possible to find limiting probabilities for this Markov Chain? Explain. e) Suppose that in 2019 a citizen is labeled in "always" category. Find the probability that she will be in "sometimes" category in 2021 .
Each state represents the category of income tax filers: Never (those who never evade taxes), Sometimes (those who sometimes evade taxes), and Always (those who always evade taxes).
This process can be modeled as a Markov Chain because the transition from one state to another only depends on the current state and not on the history of transitions. The probabilities of transitioning between states are fixed and do not change over time. The one-step probability transition matrix, P, can be constructed as follows:If a citizen is labeled in the "always" category in 2019, the probability that she will be in the "sometimes" category in 2021 can be found by multiplying the corresponding transition probabilities: and Always (those who always evade taxes).
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Martin Corp permits any of its employees to buy thares duectly from the compary though payrol deduction. There are no btekeetage fees and shareb can be purchased at a 15% discount. During 2021, employees purchased 24 million shares, during this fame period, the shares had a market price of $10 per share at the end of the year Martin's 2021 pretax eamings will be reduced by?
Muluple Choice
[]$36 million
[]$204 milion.
[]$240 million.
[]$0
During 2021, employees purchased 24 million shares, shares had a market price of $10 per share at end of year Martin's 2021 pretax earnings will be reduced by $36 million. The correct answer is A.
Employees purchased 24 million shares of Martin Corp at a 15% discount. The market price of the shares at the end of the year was $10 per share. Therefore, the discounted purchase price per share for the employees would be $10 - 15% of $10 = $8.50.
To calculate the reduction in pretax earnings, we need to determine the difference between the market price and the discounted purchase price per share. The difference is $10 - $8.50 = $1.50 per share.
Since employees purchased 24 million shares, the total reduction in pretax earnings is $1.50 multiplied by 24 million shares, which equals $36 million.
This reduction in pretax earnings occurs because the company provided a discount to employees when they purchased shares. As a result, the company incurs an expense equal to the discount provided, which reduces its pretax earnings by the corresponding amount.
The correct answer is A.
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Ford has two different trucks. One with 3.3 L and the V6 version. There are two types of consumers, casual users and working professional users. Different types have different reservation prices. The table below contains information about these consumers’ reservation prices and the marginal costs for both versions.
3.3L (MC=200)
V6 (MC=250)
Casual Truck
$1,200
$1,500
Luxury Truck
$1,300
$1,900
Ford estimates there are 2 Casual buyers for every 1 Luxury buyer.
1) If Ford were to only offer the 3.3L version, are they better off targeting the Luxury segment alone, or trying to attract both types of consumer?
2) If Ford wants to offer both versions and have the types self-select into different versions of their truck, what are the best prices to charge for each version?
Price for 3.3L=
Price for V6=
Ford ensures that each consumer segment selects the version that aligns with their reservation price, maximizing consumer surplus while covering the production costs (marginal costs) for each version.
1) Ford is better off targeting both types of consumers rather than focusing solely on the Luxury segment if they were to offer only the 3.3L version. This is because the reservation price of the Casual buyers for the 3.3L version ($1,200) is higher than the marginal cost ($200) of producing that version. By attracting both types of consumers, Ford can capture additional market share and generate more revenue by catering to the Casual buyers who have a lower reservation price but still find value in the 3.3L version.
2) To determine the best prices to charge for each version if Ford wants self-selection, they need to consider the reservation prices of the consumers and the marginal costs of production. In this case, the reservation prices for the Casual and Luxury buyers are $1,200 and $1,300 respectively for the 3.3L version, and $1,500 and $1,900 respectively for the V6 version.
For self-selection to occur, the prices should not exceed the reservation prices of the respective consumer segments. Therefore, the best prices to charge for each version would be:
Price for 3.3L = $1,200 (matching the reservation price of Casual buyers)
Price for V6 = $1,300 (matching the reservation price of Luxury buyers)
By setting these prices, Ford ensures that each consumer segment selects the version that aligns with their reservation price, maximizing consumer surplus while covering the production costs (marginal costs) for each version.
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Case B: Similar to Case A, except that you only know what the company says about its ethical standards; however, you have for some time had high expectations that the company has high standards. How much would you pay for the bag of coffee if (a) you now find out with certainty the company has high ethical standards or (b) you now find out with certainty the company has low ethical standards? Case C: Same as Case B, except that you have for some time had low expectations that the company has high ethical standards. How much would you pay for the bag of coffee if (a) you now find out with certainty the company has high ethical standards or (b) you now find out with certainty the company has low ethical standards? Now suppose that with your cup of coffee you like to relax in a comfortable all-cotton shirt. You have the option to purchase a 100% organic cotton shirt, a 50% organic shirt, a 25% organic shirt, or a totally nonorganic shirt. Organic production is more environmentally safe, using no toxic dyes and no harmful cleaning or processing materials. Case D: What price would you pay for the cotton shirt, from a low of $15 to a high of $30 ? a. For the 100% organic shirt b. For the 50% organic shirt c. For the 25\% organic shirt d. For the nonorganic shirt e. How much would you pay if you had no idea how much organic content was in the shirt?
In Case B, if I now find out with certainty that the company has high ethical standards, I would be willing to pay a higher price for the bag of coffee due to my initial high expectations. In Case C, where I had low expectations of the company's ethical standards, the revelation of high ethical standards would likely not significantly impact the price I am willing to pay for the coffee.
In Case B, the revelation of the company having high ethical standards confirms my initial expectations. Since I already had high expectations, the certainty of the company's high ethical standards reinforces my positive perception. As a result, I would be willing to pay a higher price for the bag of coffee, considering the alignment with my values and the perceived quality of the product.
In Case C, where I had low expectations regarding the company's ethical standards, the revelation of high ethical standards may not significantly influence the price I am willing to pay for the coffee. The initial low expectations might have diminished the perceived value of the product, and although the new information is positive, it might not be sufficient to change my valuation drastically.
It is important to note that individual preferences and willingness to pay can vary. Factors such as personal values, trust in the company's claims, and perceived importance of ethical standards will influence the price one is willing to pay for a product.
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19) Your friend has $14,000 and wants it to grow to $37,000 in
11 years? What per annum rate, compounded monthly, would their
savings need to earn? A) 10.29 B) 10.82 C) 9.84 D) 11.26 E) 8.87 F)
9.31
Among the given options, the correct rate is B) 10.82%.
The formula for compound interest is given by:
A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
Where:
A = the future value (target amount) of the savings
P = the initial amount (present value) of the savings
r = the interest rate per annum (required rate of return)
n = the number of times interest is compounded per year
t = the number of years
In this case, P = $14,000, A = $37,000, n = 12 (since interest is compounded monthly), and t = 11. We need to solve for r. Rearranging the formula, we have:
r = (A/P)^(1/(n*t)) - 1
Plugging in the values, we get:
r = (37,000/14,000)^(1/(12*11)) - 1
≈ 0.01082 (approximately 0.01082)
Converting this to a percentage, we find that the required per annum rate of return, compounded monthly, is approximately 10.82%. Among the given options, the closest value is option B, which is 10.82%.
In conclusion, your friend's savings would need to earn a per annum rate of return of approximately 10.82%, compounded monthly, in order to grow from $14,000 to $37,000 in 11 years. This calculation takes into account the compounding frequency and the desired future value.
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Jessie bought a 30% partnership share by giving $300,000 cash plus a tract of land (Jessie’s basis = $500,000; FMV of land is $1,500,000). Jessie was relieved, by the partnership, of $300,000 of debt on the land. Immediately prior to Jessie joining, the partnership had debt of $700,000. What is Jessie’s initial basis?
$0
$200,000
$700,000
$800,000
Jessie bought a 30% partnership share by giving $300,000 cash plus a tract of land (Jessie’s basis = $500,000; FMV of land is $1,500,000).Jessie's initial basis is $800,000.
To calculate Jessie's initial basis, we need to consider the cash contribution, the fair market value (FMV) of the land, and the relief of debt.
Cash Contribution
Jessie contributed $300,000 in cash to the partnership. This amount is part of Jessie's initial basis.
Contribution of Land
The land contributed by Jessie has a fair market value (FMV) of $1,500,000. However, the basis of the land is $500,000. When contributing property to a partnership, the basis used for calculating the partner's initial basis is the lower of the basis or the FMV. Therefore, Jessie's basis for the land is $500,000.
Relief of Debt
Before Jessie joined the partnership, there was a debt of $700,000. Jessie was relieved of $300,000 of this debt by the partnership. The relief of debt increases the partner's basis by the amount relieved. Therefore, Jessie's basis is increased by $300,000.
Calculating the total initial basis:
Cash contribution: $300,000
Basis of land: $500,000
Relief of debt: $300,000
Total initial basis: $300,000 + $500,000 + $300,000 = $800,000
Therefore, Jessie's initial basis is $800,000.
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Which of the following is true of the relationship between price and quantity supplied?
A) there is always an inverse relationship.
B) more is supplied at lower prices.
C) there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied.
D) producers work harder and sell more when the price decreases.
E) it is always true that a higher price leads to a decrease in quantity supplied.
C) There is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied.
While other factors may also impact the quantity supplied, the basic principle of supply holds that an increase in price leads to an increase in quantity supplied.
The relationship between price and quantity supplied can be described by the law of supply, which states that as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity supplied by producers also increases, ceteris paribus (all else being equal). This implies a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied.
Producers are generally motivated by profits, and when the price of a good or service increases, it becomes more attractive for them to supply more. Higher prices often lead to increased revenue and potential profits, incentivizing producers to allocate more resources and effort toward production in order to take advantage of the higher prices.
However, it is important to note that the relationship between price and quantity supplied is not always a simple linear one. Other factors can influence the quantity supplied, such as production costs, availability of inputs, technological constraints, and market conditions. Nevertheless, the general trend is that higher prices tend to lead to an increase in the quantity supplied.
In conclusion, there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied. As prices increase, producers are generally willing to supply larger quantities of goods or services to the market in order to maximize their profits. While other factors may also impact the quantity supplied, the basic principle of supply holds that an increase in price leads to an increase in quantity supplied.
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RECOMMENDED ADJUSTING JOURNAL ENTRIES
Consider each of the below two (2) separate and un-related situations, for a company with a fiscal year end of December 31.
REQUIRED for each of the two situations:
(a) briefly identify the nature of the accounting misstatement for the year ended December 31.
(b) state which accounts are OVER or UNDER stated as at December 31, and
(c) provide a recommendation for an adjusting entry to correct the misstatement for the audit year ended December 31.
Write your journal entry in the form of:
Debit: Account Name $xxx
Credit: Account Name $xxx
SITUATION 1:
On December 1, the company purchased a new piece of equipment for $950,000, the cost of which was debited to a new Fixed Asset "Equipment" and credited to "Accounts Payable". In order to bring this asset into a state of readiness for its intended use, the company paid $70,000 in labour costs. The company debited an operating expense, "Labour Expense" and credited "Cash" when it paid the $70,000 in cash on December 30.
SITUATION 2:
The company's accountant went on vacation from December 23 to January 3. The company experienced some water damage on December 27 and hired Brenda the Plumber to fix the problem on December 28. The entire job was completed the same day. Brenda said the company could pay her the $2,000 owed for the work by January 30. When the company's accountant returned to the office on January 4, she was so busy she never made any accounting entries related to this event.
In Situation 1, the nature of the accounting misstatement is the incorrect classification of labor costs as an operating expense instead of capitalizing them as part of the equipment's cost. As a result, the Equipment account is understated, and the Labor Expense account is overstated. To correct this misstatement, an adjusting entry is needed.
Debit: Equipment $70,000
Credit: Labor Expense $70,000
In Situation 2, the accounting misstatement is the failure to record the water damage repair and the related payable to Brenda the Plumber. As a result, the repair expense and accounts payable are understated. To correct this misstatement, an adjusting entry is required.
Debit: Repair Expense $2,000
Credit: Accounts Payable $2,000
Situation 1:
(a) The accounting misstatement in Situation 1 is the incorrect classification of labor costs as an operating expense instead of capitalizing them as part of the equipment's cost. Labor costs incurred to bring an asset into a state of readiness should be capitalized as part of the asset's cost, not expensed.
(b) The accounts that are misstated as of December 31 are as follows:
Equipment is understated because the labor costs associated with its preparation were mistakenly expensed.
Labor Expense is overstated because the labor costs were incorrectly recognized as an expense.
(c) To correct the misstatement, an adjusting entry is needed:
Debit: Equipment $70,000
Credit: Labor Expense $70,000
This adjusting entry recognizes the labor costs as part of the Equipment's cost, thereby increasing the Equipment account and reducing the Labor Expense account.
Situation 2:
(a) The accounting misstatement in Situation 2 is the failure to record the water damage repair and the related payable to Brenda the Plumber. The accountant's absence and subsequent oversight led to the omission of these transactions.
(b) The accounts that are misstated as of December 31 are as follows:
Repair Expense is understated because the cost of the repair was not recorded.
Accounts Payable is understated because the company owes Brenda the Plumber $2,000, but it has not been recognized as a liability.
(c) To correct the misstatement, an adjusting entry is required:
Debit: Repair Expense $2,000
Credit: Accounts Payable $2,000
This adjusting entry recognizes the repair expense and establishes the corresponding payable to Brenda the Plumber, thereby increasing both the Repair Expense and Accounts Payable accounts.
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Harvey Ltd commences operations on 1 July 2018 and presents its first statement of profit and
loss and other comprehensive income for the year ending 30 June 2019 and first statement of
financial position as at 30 June 2019. The statements are prepared before considering taxation.
Harvey Ltd
Statement of Profit and Loss and Other Comprehensive Income
for the year ending 30 June 2019
$ $
Gross Profit 122 640
Less Expenses Incurred
Administration 13 440
Salaries 33 600
Long Service Leave 3 360
Warranty 5 040
Depreciation Expense - Plant 13 440
Insurance 3 360 72 240
Accounting Profit Before Tax 50 400
Harvey Ltd
Assets and Liabilities as disclosed in the Statement of Financial Position
as at 30 June 2015
Assets $
Cash 2 360
Accounts Receivable 17 800
Inventory 16 800
Prepaid Insurance 1 680
Equipment– Cost 67 200
Less Accumulated Depreciation 13 440 53 760
TOTAL ASSETS 92 400
Liabilities
Accounts Payable 6 720
Salaries Payable 2 520
Accrued Administration Expenses 4 200
Provision for Long Service Leave 1 000
Provision for Warranty Expenses 3 360
Loan Payable 31 600
TOTAL LIABILITIES 49 400
NET ASSETS 43 000
continued next page
QUESTION (cont.)
Additional Information
• Long service leave expense was owing as at year end with actual payments amounting to $2
360 (leaving an accrued balance of $1 000).
• Salaries expense was owing as at year end with actual payments amounting to a total of $31
080 (leaving an accrued balance of $2 520).
• Warranty expenses were accrued and as at year end. Actual payments amounting to $1 680
had been paid (leaving an accrued balance of $3 360).
• Administration expenses were owing at year end. Actual payments during the year
amounted to $9 240 (leaving an accrued balance of $4 200).
• Insurance was initially prepaid to the amount of $5 040. At year end, the unused component
of the prepaid insurance amounted to $1 680.
• Deductions allowed for taxation purposes are available only when expenses have been paid
and not as they are accrued.
• Amounts received from sales (including those on credit terms) are taxed at the time the sale
is made.
• The equipment is depreciated over five years for accounting purposes but over four years
for taxation purposes.
• The tax rate is 30%.
Required
(i) Calculate the taxable income for the year ending 30 June 2019 showing all calculations.
(ii) Prepare the relevant journal entry to account for current tax consequences for the year
ending 30 June 2019 (show workings).
(iii) Using the appropriate formulas, for each of the following assets and liabilities:
1. equipment
2. provision for long service leave
3. prepaid insurance
(a) calculate the tax base
(b) prepare the journal entry to account for any future tax consequences
(c) explain the rationale as to why the temporary difference is treated as either a
deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability.
The taxable income for the year ending 30 June 2019 for Harvey Ltd is $44,320. The journal entry to account for the current tax consequences includes a debit to the Income Tax Expense account for $13,296 and a credit to the Current Tax Payable account for $13,296.
To calculate the taxable income, we start with the accounting profit before tax of $50,400 and make adjustments for the following items:
- Add back the long service leave expense of $1,000, as it was not yet paid but is deductible for tax purposes.
- Add back the warranty expense of $3,360, as it was accrued but not yet paid and is deductible for tax purposes.
- Subtract the accrued administration expenses of $4,200, as they were incurred but not yet paid and are not deductible for tax purposes.
- Subtract the accrued salaries expense of $2,520, as it was incurred but not yet paid and is not deductible for tax purposes.
The tax base of an asset or liability is the amount that will be deductible for tax purposes or will result in taxable amounts in the future.
1. For the equipment, the tax base is $53,760 ($67,200 - $13,440) because the depreciation expense is deducted over four years for tax purposes.
2. For the provision for long service leave, the tax base is $1,000 because the actual payment made is deductible for tax purposes.
3. For prepaid insurance, the tax base is $1,680 because the unused component at year-end is not deductible until it is used.
To account for future tax consequences, a deferred tax liability is recognized for the temporary difference between the carrying amount and the tax base of an asset or liability that will result in taxable amounts in the future. A deferred tax asset is recognized if the temporary difference will result in deductible amounts in the future. The journal entries would involve debiting/crediting the Deferred Tax Liability/Deferred Tax Asset account and crediting/debiting the Deferred Tax Expense/Deferred Tax Benefit account.
In summary, the taxable income for the year ending 30 June 2019 is $44,320.
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The standard cost of product 2525 includes 4.10 hours of direct labour at $14.40 per hour. The predetermined overhead rate is $21.60 per direct labour hour. During July, the company incurred 11,170 hours of direct labour at an average rate of $14.80 per hour and $237,012 of manufacturing overhead costs. It produced 2,700 units.
Calculate the total overhead variance.
The total overhead variance for the given scenario is $5,094.40. This variance indicates the difference between the actual overhead costs incurred and the overhead costs that were expected based on the predetermined overhead rate and the actual hours of direct labor.
To calculate the total overhead variance, we first need to determine the standard overhead cost for the production of 2,700 units. The standard cost of direct labor for 2,700 units is calculated as follows: 2,700 units x 4.10 hours per unit x $14.40 per hour = $156,744.
Next, we calculate the standard overhead cost based on the predetermined overhead rate. The standard overhead cost is calculated as follows: 4.10 hours per unit x $21.60 per hour x 2,700 units = $237,816.
The difference between the actual overhead cost incurred ($237,012) and the standard overhead cost based on the predetermined rate ($237,816) gives us the total overhead variance: $237,816 - $237,012 = $804.
The negative value indicates that the actual overhead cost was lower than the expected overhead cost. Therefore, the total overhead variance is $804 (favorable).
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2) A company purchased a piece of equipment by paying $5,000cash. Shipping cost of $400 to get the equipment to its factory was also incurred. The fair value of this equipment is $7,000. For what amount should the company report the equipment? A) $5,000 B) $5,400 C) $7,000 D) $7,400
The company should report the equipment at the fair value, which is $7,000.
When recording the acquisition of an asset, the cost of the asset includes not only the purchase price but also any additional costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to its desired location and condition for use. In this case, the shipping cost of $400 is directly related to getting the equipment to the company's factory. Therefore, it should be added to the purchase price of $5,000. $5,000 (purchase price) + $400 (shipping cost) = $5,400 However, the fair value of the equipment is $7,000. When the fair value of an asset is readily determinable and differs from the cost, the asset should be recorded at its fair value. Therefore, the company should report the equipment at $7,000, option C.
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It seems like everybody in your firm is frustrated. On the one hand, top executives complain about the number of lower-level employees who want promotions but just don't seem to "get it" when it comes to dealing with customers and the public, recognizing when to speak out and when to be quiet, knowing how to push new ideas through the appropriate channels, and performing other essential but difficult-to-teach tasks.
On the other hand, ambitious employees who'd like to learn more feel that they have nowhere to turn for career advice from people who've been there. In between, a variety of managers and mid-level executives are overwhelmed by the growing number of mentoring requests they're getting, sometimes from employees they don't even know.
You've been assigned the challenge of proposing a formal mentoring program--and a considerable challenge it is.
The number of employees who want mentoring relationships far exceeds the number of managers and executives willing and able to be mentors. How will you select people for the program?
The people most in demand for mentoring also tend to be some of the busiest people in the organization.
After several years of belt tightening and staff reductions, the entire company feels overworked; few people can imagine adding another recurring task to their seemingly endless to-do lists.
What's in it for the mentors? Why would they be motivated to help lower-level employees?
How will you measure the success or failure of the mentoring effort?
To address the challenge of proposing a formal mentoring program in a situation where there is a high demand for mentoring but a limited number of available mentors, careful consideration and planning are necessary. Here are some approaches to tackle the various concerns:
Selecting Mentors: When selecting mentors for the program, it is crucial to identify individuals who possess the desired skills, knowledge, and experience sought by the mentees. This can be done through a combination of self-nominations, recommendations from managers, and assessments of performance and expertise. Prioritizing mentors who have a genuine interest in helping others and a willingness to commit their time and energy to mentoring relationships is also important.
Managing Busy Schedules: Recognizing that mentors are often busy individuals, it is essential to structure the mentoring program in a way that minimizes disruption to their existing responsibilities. This can include setting clear expectations on the time commitment involved, establishing flexible scheduling options, and providing resources and support to help mentors effectively manage their mentoring relationships.
Incentives for Mentors: To motivate mentors to participate, it is crucial to highlight the benefits they can derive from the mentoring experience. Mentoring can provide mentors with opportunities for personal and professional growth, as well as the satisfaction of making a positive impact on others' development. Recognizing and acknowledging the mentors' contributions through formal appreciation, rewards, or professional development opportunities can also enhance their motivation.
Measuring Success: Success in the mentoring effort can be measured through various indicators, including mentee satisfaction, skill development, career progression, and retention rates. Regular feedback surveys and assessments can help evaluate the effectiveness of the mentoring relationships and identify areas for improvement. Additionally, tracking the achievement of mentees' goals and their contributions to the organization can serve as tangible measures of success.
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which general trend is demonstrated by the group 17 elements
The general trend demonstrated by the group 17 elements is that their reactivity decreases as you go down the group.
The elements in group 17, also known as the halogens, have a general electron configuration of ns2np5 where n is the principal quantum number.
The atomic size of the halogens increases as you move down the group because the principal quantum number n increases from top to bottom, resulting in an increase in the number of electron shells.
As you go down the group, the electronegativity decreases, and the reactivity decreases. The reason for this trend is that the size of the halogen atoms grows as the number of electron shells increases, resulting in a weaker attraction for an additional electron.
Halogens are extremely reactive, and they have a high tendency to gain electrons because they are one electron away from filling their valence shells. When a halogen gains an electron, it becomes a negatively charged ion (anion), which is stable since it now has a full valence shell.
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Which of the following is a risk mitigation technique for banks' risks?
a. Use of guarantees and collaterals
b. Reduction of the interest rates charged on loans
c. Screening of the borrowers
d. None of the others
The use of guarantees and collaterals is a risk mitigation technique for banks' risks.
Risk mitigation is an essential aspect of managing risks in the banking sector. Among the options provided, the use of guarantees and collaterals is a widely recognized technique for mitigating risks faced by banks. When providing loans or credit, banks can require borrowers to provide guarantees or collateral as a form of security. Guarantees involve a third party assuming responsibility for the borrower's obligations, while collateral refers to assets pledged by the borrower to secure the loan. These measures provide a layer of protection for the bank, as they can be used to recover losses in the event of default or non-payment by the borrower. By using guarantees and collaterals, banks can reduce their exposure to credit risk and enhance the likelihood of loan repayment, thereby mitigating potential losses. Therefore, option a) Use of guarantees and collaterals is the correct answer.
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Which of the following options will give you the greatest future value?
a. $300 that you invest for eight years at a 3% annual rate
b. $350 that you invest for five yoars at a 4% annual rate
c. $400 that you invest for three years at a 6% annual rate
d. $450 that you invest for one year at a 5% annual rate
To determine which option will give the greatest future value, we can calculate the future value using the compound interest formula:Future Value = Present Value * (1 + Interest Rate)^Time
Let's calculate the future value for each option: a. Future Value = $300 * (1 + 0.03)^8 = $359.85b. Future Value = $350 * (1 + 0.04)^5 = $410.14c. Future Value = $400 * (1 + 0.06)^3 = $486.96d. Future Value = $450 * (1 + 0.05)^1 = $472.50Comparing the future values, we can see that option (c) gives the greatest future value of $486.96. Therefore, investing $400 for three years at a 6% annual rate will result in the highest future value among the given options. we can calculate the future value using the compound interest formula: Future Value = Present Value * (1 + Interest Rate)^Time
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On 31-Oct-16 Wheat Inc. borrowed $300,000 with an annual rate of 6% and the promise to repay the money together with the interest in 120 days.
What amount of interest has accrued as of 31-Dec-16?
A. $3,000
B. $18,000
C. $6,000
D. Zero. The interest is accrued at the end of the 120 day period.
Note: Option A is correct, please explain
39 This question involves calculating the amount of interest accrued on a loan borrowed by Wheat Inc. with a repayment period of 120 days and an annual interest rate of 6%.
The correct answer is Option A: $3,000. The reason for this is that the interest is accrued at the end of the 120-day period. Since the loan was borrowed on 31-Oct-16 and the interest is accrued at the end of the 120-day period, the interest accrual period ends on 28-Feb-17. Therefore, as of 31-Dec-16, which is within the accrual period, the interest accrued will be a portion of the total interest that will be calculated at the end of the period.
To calculate the interest accrued, we can use the simple interest formula: Interest = Principal × Rate × Time. In this case, the principal is $300,000, the rate is 6% (or 0.06 as a decimal), and the time is the fraction of the 120-day period that has passed. From 31-Oct-16 to 31-Dec-16, 61 days have passed (including the start and end dates). Thus, the time fraction is 61/120. Plugging in these values into the formula, we get Interest = $300,000 × 0.06 × (61/120) = $3,000. Therefore, the interest accrued as of 31-Dec-16 is $3,000.
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At Symtecks, the output of a process is valued at $110 per unit. The cost of labor is $50 per hour including benefits. The accounting department provided the following information about the process for the past four weeks: a. The multifactor productivity ratio for week 1 is (Enter your response rounded to two decimal places.)
The multifactor productivity ratio for week 1 at Symtecks is 6.6. This ratio is calculated by dividing the value of output ($110 per unit) by the labor cost per unit ($16.67).
The multifactor productivity ratio is a measurement of the productivity of an organization or process that uses more than one input to generate an output. Symtecks values the output of a process at $110 per unit, and the cost of labor is $50 per hour, including benefits. The formula for calculating the multifactor productivity ratio is Output/Input.
The Input in this scenario is the labor cost, which is calculated by multiplying the number of hours worked by the labor rate of $50 per hour, including benefits. It's crucial to note that the total labor cost is divided by the number of units produced to determine the labor cost per unit.
The accounting department provided the following information about the process for the past four weeks:
Week 1:
Output = 600 units;
Labor hours = 200 hours;
Total labor cost = 200 × $50 = $10,000.
The multifactor productivity ratio for week 1 is calculated as follows:
Output/Input
Output = 600 units
Input = Total labor cost per unit = $10,000 / 600 = $16.67
Multiplying the output by the input results in a multifactor productivity ratio of $110 / $16.67 = 6.6, rounded to two decimal places. Therefore, the multifactor productivity ratio for week 1 is 6.6.
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In this competitive market, the price and quantity will settle at
a. $15 and 1,600 units.
b.$20 and 900 units.
c.$10 and 2,000 units.
d.$25 and 1,200 units.
The answer to this question is option A. $15 and 1,600 units.
A competitive market is one in which there are several producers who are competing for consumer demand.
Because no one firm has a significant portion of the market share, each firm must try to set prices that are attractive to consumers in order to win market share from rivals.
In this situation, companies strive to reduce the cost of their goods in order to attract more consumers.
In a competitive market, prices and quantities are determined by supply and demand.
The price is determined by the amount of supply available and the level of demand.
In a competitive market, the market is said to be in equilibrium when the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.
At this point, there is no pressure on prices to rise or fall because there is no shortage or surplus.
The equilibrium price and quantity are determined by the intersection of the supply and demand curves.
The equilibrium point is where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.
The equilibrium price is the price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.
Thus, in this competitive market, the price and quantity will settle at $15 and 1,600 units.
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