What is the carbon nucleophile which attacks molecular bromine in the acid-catalyzed α-bromination of a ketone?

If the concentration of a dilute solution of nitric acid is 0. 0001 M. The pH of the solution is 4.

pH is used to measure whether the substance is acidic, basic or neutral and the range is 0 - 14.

To calculate the pH hydrogen ion it is expressed as:

pH = - log [H⁺]

So, concentration of hydrogen ion in HNO₃ is 0.0001 M.

pH = - log [0.0001]

     = [tex]-\log (\frac{1}{10000})[/tex]

     = - log (10)⁻⁴

     = -4 × - log (10)

     = - 4 × (-1)

     = 4

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The pH of the solution is 4.

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The Chlorine and fluorine atoms are  the most electronegative.

So, option D and E is correct one.

The atom of a given chemical elements having tendency to attract bonded pair of electron toward itself is called electronegativity. The electronegativity of atoms is affected by both its atomic number and distance at which its valence electrons resides from the charged nucleus.

The electronegativity of the elements is increases on moving left to right in the period of periodic table while decreasing on moving top to bottom in the group of periodic table .

Example:

The elctronegativity of fluorine atom = 3.98

The elctronegativity of chlorine atom =3.16

The elctronegativity of carbon atom = 2.25

The elctronegativity of phosphorus atom = 2.19

The elctronegativity of silicon atom = 2.58

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The concept of coupling reactions can be more understood knowing that Gibbs free energy is a state function. State function is a property that does not depend on the path taken to arrive to that value

What is Coupling reaction ?

A reaction where the the free energy of a thermodynamically favorable transformation, such as the hydrolysis of ATP, and a thermodynamically unfavorable one, are mechanistically joined into a new reaction (or may be envisaged to be so joined) is known as a coupled reaction.

How do you make an unfavorable reaction favorable?

Chemically unfavorable means non-spontaneous which means Gibbs' free energy change (ΔG) is positive, i.e. ΔG>0.

But we know that ΔG=ΔH−TΔS. Now ΔH and ΔS (enthalpy and entropy change, respectively) are state functions. So ΔG is also a state function.

Catalysts can only change the pathway of a reaction (in most of the cases, by lowering the activation energy of the reaction (Ea)) but after using the catalysts also, the energy states of the reactants and products don't alter. So ΔH and ΔS remain the same as uncatalysed reaction. So ΔG also doesn't change at all. So if the reaction is non-spontaneous, it remains like that.

That means, the thermodynamically unfavorable reaction can't be made favorable by introducing a catalyst.

But changing the temperature to a very high value can make ΔG<0, so the reaction can be made favorable by abruptly increasing temperature.

What are favorable and unfavorable reactions?

Reactions that release energy are energetically favorable. Conversely, reactions in which the products are higher in energy than the reactants require an input of energy to proceed; such reactions are energetically unfavorable

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Answer:

Molecule

Explanation:

The angle between the hydrogen atoms in water (h2o) is slightly less than expected for a tetrahedral shape. this is because of the extra electron repulsion from the lone pairs.

A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The three atoms make an angle; the H-O-H angle is approximately 104.5 degrees. The centre of each hydrogen atom is approximately 0.0957 nm from the centre of the oxygen atom.

In water, each hydrogen nucleus is covalently bound to the central oxygen atom by a pair of electrons that are shared between them. In H2O, only two of the six outer-shell electrons of oxygen are used for this purpose, leaving four electrons which are organized into two non-bonding pairs. The four electron pairs surrounding the oxygen tend to arrange themselves as far from each other as possible in order to minimize repulsions between these clouds of negative charge. This would ordinarily result in a tetrahedral geometry in which the angle between electron pairs (and therefore the H-O-H bond angle) is 109.5°. However, because the two non-bonding pairs remain closer to the oxygen atom, these exert a stronger repulsion against the two covalent bonding pairs, effectively pushing the two hydrogen atoms closer together. The result is a distorted tetrahedral arrangement in which the H—O—H angle is 104.5°.

About tetrahedral shape :

In geometry, a tetrahedron (plural: tetrahedra or tetrahedrons), also known as a triangular pyramid, is a polyhedron composed of four triangular faces, six straight edges, and four vertex corners. The tetrahedron is the simplest of all the ordinary convex polyhedra and the only one that has fewer than 5 faces.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Take a look at the balanced chemical equation for this synthesis reaction

N

2(g]

+

3

H

2(g]

→

2

NH

3(g]

Notice that you have a

1

:

3

mole ratio between nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. This means that, regardless of how many moles of nitrogen gas you have, the reaction will always consume twice as many moles of hydrogen gas.

So, if you have

2

moles of nitrogen taking part in the reaction, you will need

2

moles N

2

⋅

3

moles H

2

1

mole N

2

=

6 moles H

2

The total pressure of the gases in the vessel is found out by using the partial pressures of individual gases and adding them up. The total pressure of the gases in the vessel is 1.72 atm.

The Partial pressure of the gases is the individual pressure of the gases present in a vessel containing a mixture of gases. The total pressure can be found out by adding partial pressure of all gases.

Given:

Volume of vessel, V= 32.5L

Mass of Nitrogen gas = 2.8g

Mass of Hydrogen gas = 0.403g

Mass of Argon gas = 79.9g

We know that:

             Molar Mass of Nitrogen gas = 28g

             Molar Mass of Hydrogen gas = 2g

             Molar Mass of Argon gas = 40g

∴ Moles of gas = Given mass / Molar mass

∴ Using the Ideal Gas Equation:

PV = nRT

where, P is the Pressure of gas

V is the volume of gas

n is the moles of gas

R is the Universal Gas constant

T is the temperature

Applying the above equation of all three gases indivudually,

∴ For Nitrogen,

P₁V = n₁RT                    

⇒ P₁ × 32.5 = 2.8/28 × 0.082 × 298

⇒ P₁ = 0.07atm

∴ For Hydrogen,

P₂V = n₂RT                    

⇒ P₂ × 32.5 = 0.4/2 × 0.082 × 298

⇒ P₂ = 0.15 atm

∴ For Argon,

P₃V = n₃RT                    

⇒ P₃ × 32.5 = 79.9/40 × 0.082 × 298

⇒ P₃ = 1.5 atm

∴ Total pressure of vessel, P = P₁ + P₂ + P₃

                                         P = 1.72 atm

The total pressure of the gases in the vessel is 1.72 atm.

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193 grams of NaCl are needed to make 1.50 L of a 2.20-M NaCl solution.

Calculation of the mass of NaCl required:

The only thing we need to know is that a solution's molarity informs us of the exact amount of moles of solute that are contained in 1 L of a solution.

In this situation, a NaCl (sodium chloride) solution with a 2.20-M concentration will have 2.20 moles of the solute (sodium chloride) in every 1 L of the solution.

The solution's molarity of 2.20 M requires that every 1 L of this solution include 2.20 moles of sodium chloride, which implies that every 1.50 L of this solution needs to contain

[tex]1.5 L solution .\frac{2.20 moles NaCl}{1L solution} = 3.30 moles NaCl[/tex]

Utilize the compound's molar mass to translate the amount of NaCl (sodium chloride) in moles to grams.

[tex]3.30 moles NaCl . \frac{58.4 gm}{1 mole NaCl} = 192.7 gm[/tex] ≈ 193 gm

Therefore it is concluded that the final answer is 193 gm.

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Answer:

Explanation:

to put this plainly after putting strong electrolytes in water they dissolve to nothing but ions they give you an example and definition of a strong electrolyte I suggest you read those and see if you come up with what I gave you they also tell you that not all strong electrolytes dissolve as strongly as others that are in the example.

The pH of the solution is used to estimate the acidic and the alkaline condition. The pH paper can be used to determine the conditions. The compound with pH 13.3 is basic.

The concentration of the hydrogen or the hydroxide ion in the water gives the estimate of the pH. The potential and the amount of hydrogen decide the acidic and the basic compound.

The pH scale ranges from 0-14 where the scale of 0-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral and 8-14 is basic. If the substance shows a pH of 13.3 then it will lie in the basic range.

Therefore, the compound with a pH of 13.3 is basic.

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The vapour pressure of the solvent is 28.25 torr.

Raoult's law is a physical chemistry relationship with consequences for thermodynamics. The theory, put out by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in 1887, asserts that the partial pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component (liquid or solid) multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture. As a result, the mole fraction of the solute in the solution is equal to the relative decrease in vapor pressure of a diluted solution of a nonvolatile solute.

According to Raoult's law, p = p⁰ × x

Where,

p = partial vapour pressure of the solvent

p⁰ = vapour pressure of the solvent

x = mole fraction of solvent

The mole fraction of the pure solvent = 15 .8 /19.3

                                                               = 0.81

Substitute values in the above expression,

p = p⁰ × x

22.6 = p⁰ × 0.8

p⁰ = 28.25 torr

Therefore, the vapour pressure of the solvent is 28.25 torr.

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"Transition metal elements" are the type of element which have atomic radii which remain relatively constant across a period.

Periods refer to the horizontal lines of the periodic table. Each period represents the sequential occupation of an atom's valence shell orbitals, also with longer periods representing the employment of an atom's d subshell orbitals.

As the atomic number rises, more electrons, as well as protons,  are present, increasing attraction over time, which drives the atomic radius to shrink over time.

Therefore, "Transition metal elements" are the type of element which have atomic radii which remain relatively constant across a period.

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[tex]{ \qquad\qquad\huge\underline{{\sf Answer}}} [/tex]

Let's solve ~

Initial concentration of weak acid HA = 0.200 M

and dissociation constant ([tex]{ \alpha} [/tex]) is :

[tex]\qquad \sf  \dashrightarrow \: \alpha = \frac{dissociation \: \: percentage}{100} [/tex]

[tex]\qquad \sf  \dashrightarrow \: \alpha = \frac{9.4}{100} = 0.094[/tex]

Now, at initial stage :

At equilibrium :

Now, we know :

[tex]\qquad \sf  \dashrightarrow \: { K_a = \dfrac{[H+] [A-]}{[HA]}} [/tex]

( big brackets represents concentration )

[tex]\qquad \sf  \dashrightarrow \: { K_a = \dfrac{0.0188×0.0188}{0.1812}} [/tex]

[tex]\qquad \sf  \dashrightarrow \: { K_a = \dfrac{0.00035344}{0.1812}} [/tex]

[tex]\qquad \sf  \dashrightarrow \: { K_a \approx 0.00195 } [/tex]

[tex]\qquad \sf  \dashrightarrow \: {K_a \approx 1.9 × {10}^{-3} } [/tex]

According to the problem, we have a 0.200 M solution of a weak acid HA that is 9.4% ionized. To find the Ka (acid dissociation constant) for HA, we can use the percent ionization formula:

From this formula, we know that [H+] (the concentration of hydrogen ions) is equal to 9.4% of [HA]initial, and [HA]initial is equal to the initial concentration of the weak acid, which is 0.200 M. Solving for [H+], we get:

Now we can use the equation for Ka:

We don't know the concentration of the conjugate base (A-) at this point, but we can assume that it is equal to [H+] because the weak acid is only slightly ionized. Therefore, we can substitute [A-] = [H+] = 0.0188 M into the equation and solve for Ka:

[tex]\sf Ka = \dfrac{(0.0188)^2}{(0.200 - 0.0188)} = \bold{1.8 \times 10^{-3}}[/tex]

So the answer is [tex]\bold{ B.\: 1.8 \times 10^{-3}}[/tex].

I hope this helps!

Yes, because magnets strongly deflect beta radiation, you wouldn't have been affected.

Guidelines for conduct in the science lab

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According to Coulomb's law of  electrostatic forces, as the charge of a body  increases, the force exerted also increases. Hence, The electric force between A and  B increases as the charge of A increases.

Coulomb's law states that, the electrostatic force between two charges is directly proportional to the magnitude of their charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them.

The mathematical expression for Coulomb's law is written as follows:

F = k q1 q2/r²

where, q1 and q2 be the charges r be the distance between them, k is the proportionality constant.

Therefore, as the charge of A increases, irrespective whether the force is attractive or repelling, the electric force between them A and B increases.

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In a titration experiment, 31. 4 ml of 1. 120 M HCOOH is neutralized by 16. 3 ml of [tex]Ba(OH)_{2}[/tex]. So, the concentration of the [tex]Ba(OH)_{2}[/tex]  solution is 23.16 M

Calculation,

The formula for the dilution of a solution is given as:

[tex]M_{1} V_{1}[/tex] = [tex]M_{2} V_{2}[/tex]

Where M is molarity and V is the volume of the solution in liters ( L ).

Given data,

[tex]M_{1}[/tex] =  120  M

[tex]V_{1}[/tex] =31. 4 ml

[tex]M_{2}[/tex] = ?

[tex]V_{2}[/tex] = 16. 3 ml

120  M ×31. 4 ml  =  [tex]M_{2}[/tex]  ×  16. 3 ml

[tex]M_{2}[/tex]  = 120  M ×31. 4 ml / 16. 3 ml =23.16 M

In a titration experiment, the concentration of the [tex]Ba(OH)_{2}[/tex]  solution is 23.16 M

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Two equivalents of NaOH are needed to fully neutralize the solution.

A neutralization reaction involves the reaction of an acid and a base to form salt and water. The reaction is exothermic in nature.

For example,

[tex]HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq)\rightarrow NaCl(aq) + H_2O (l)[/tex]

During the titration of [tex]H_2PO_4^-[/tex] it gives [tex]2H^+[/tex].

[tex]H_2PO_4^- \rightarrow 2H^+ +PO_4^3^-[/tex]

To neutralize these [tex]2H^+[/tex], 2 [tex]OH^-[/tex] is needed which come from 2 equivalents of NaOH

[tex]2NaOH \rightarrow2 Na^+ +2OH^-[/tex]

Therefore, 2 equivalents of NaOH are needed

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Intermolecular hydrogen force must be overcome to convert liquid NH3 to NH3 vapour.

Sublimation is the phase transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gaseous phase without passing through the liquid phase.

There are the 3 forces that exist between the 2 molecules of NH3

1. Dispersion force: these forces exist between any 2 molecules regardless of anything else.

2. Hydrogen bonding: H is directly bonded to the extremely electronegative atom N, O and F, hence is nearly stripped off electron due to the large electronegativity difference. Hydrogen being small atom further reduces in size even allowing it to approach other molecules very closely. Here, N, O, and F gathers more partial negative charge.

Due to the closure approach between the molecule and strong partial charge, hydrogen bonding is generally more important than dipole bond.

3. dipole dipole interaction: NH3 is a polar molecule with a permanent separation of charge. Each molecules behaves like a tiny magnet and has positive and negative poles so 2 NH3 molecules attract each other. Dipole dipole interactions are stronger than dispersion force in the small molecules.

Thus we concluded that the hydrogen bond should overcome to convert NH3 to vapours.

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log1.429V=3.20  volume (to the nearest 0. 1 ml) of 4. 70-m NaOH must be added to 0. 700 l of 0. 250-m HNO2 to prepare a ph = 3. 20 buffer

pH= pKa +log {[ NaOH ] / [ HNO2 ]​}

3.20=3.80+log{(V×4.70)/ ( 0.700×0.250)}

3.20=log1.429V

Volume will be 3.20=log1.429V

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Double bonds found in unsaturated fats form structures that stop tightly bound formations.

The arrangement of the phospholipids in the bilayer cell membrane depends on features of the phospholipid head and tails.

Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain while saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms. Unsaturated fats are typically liquid and come from plant sources, whereas saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature

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Answer:

2.34 molality

Explanation:

Mole weight of KOH ( using periodic table ...rounded to 3 s.f.) =

              56.1 gm/mole

Number of moles in 43.2 g

  43.2 g  /  56.1 gm / mole =.770 mole

molality = .770 mole / .329 kg = 2.34 m

An aerosol mixture of particulates and sulfur compounds form a grayish-colored substance that is called industrial smog.

Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a composite of several chemical species rather than a single contaminant. It consists of a complex mixture of solids and aerosols, including dry solid particles, liquid-coated solid cores, and minute liquid droplets. Particles can contain inorganic ions, metallic compounds, elemental carbon, organic compounds, and chemicals from the earth's crust. They can vary greatly in size, shape, and chemical makeup. For the goal of regulating air quality, the particle diameter is used.

Those that have a diameter of 10 microns or below (PM10) are inhalable and can have a negative impact on health. Particles with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less are considered to be fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Consequently, a percentage of PM10 is made up of PM2.5.

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The coefficient 2 should appear in front of [tex]LiNO_{3}[/tex] in the balanced equation

The chemical equation in which number of atoms in reactant side is equal to the number of atom in product side is called balanced chemical equation. The example of balanced equation is given as,

[tex]Pb(NO_{3} )_{2} (aq) + Li_{2} SO_{4} (aq)[/tex] →  [tex]2Li(NO_{3} ) (aq) + Pb SO_{4} (aq)[/tex]

In the above equation, 2 is appear in front of [tex]LiNO_{3}[/tex] in the balanced equation which is known as the coefficient.

The symbolic representation of the chemical reaction is called chemical equation.

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Answer: 2

Explanation:

body structure: the shape of specific organs/attributes of an organism. This includes cells, tissues, organs, and systems.

function: the action or purpose an organ or attribute has.

Body structure

Function

What is a body structure of the Spiny Katydid?

Spines on the body

What is the function of this structure?

The spines on the Spiny Katydid's body prevent predators from having an easy time eating them

Further Notes:

Without the spines on their body, Spiny katydids would be more vulnerable to being eaten. The spines help them survive

What is a body structure of the Longhorn Cowfish?

puckered mouth

What is the function of this structure?

The puckered mouth allows the Longhorn Cowfish to blow jets of water.

Further Notes:

The jets of water the Longhorn Cowfish blows move the sand, exposing the organisms it eats. Without the puckered mouth, the Longhorn Cowfish would have difficulty finding food.

What is the body structure of the Tarsier?

Huge eyes

What is the function of this structure?

The Tarsier's huge eyes allow it to see well.

Further Notes:

It's excellent vision helps it see and hunt for prey

body structure

function

Answer:

18.0 g H₂O

Explanation:

To find the mass of water (H₂O), you need to (1) convert grams O₂ to moles O₂ (via the molar mass), then (2) convert moles O₂ to moles H₂O (via mole-to-mole ratio from equation coefficients), and then (3) convert moles H₂O to grams H₂O (via the molar mass). It is important to arrange the conversions in a way that allows for the cancellation of units. The final answer should have 3 sig figs to match the sig figs of the given value.

Molar Mass (O₂): 2(15.998 g/mol)

Molar Mass (O₂): 31.996 g/mol

Molar Mass (H₂O): 2(1.008 g/mol) + 15.998 g/mol

Molar Mass (H₂O): 18.014 g/mol

2 H₂ + 1 O₂ -----> 2 H₂O

16.0 g O₂          1 mole            2 moles H₂O         18.014 g
---------------  x  ----------------  x  ---------------------  x  -----------------  = 18.0 g H₂O
                        31.996 g             1 mole O₂             1 mole

Answer:

7.44 grams CaCl2 will produce 10.0 grams KCl.

Explanation:

The equation is balanced:

I've repeated it here, with the elements corrected for their initial capital letter.

CaCl2( aq) K2CO3( aq) → 2KCl( aq) CaCO3( aq)

This equation tells us that 1 mole of CaCl2 will produce 2 moles of KCl.

If we want 10.0g of KCl, we need to convert that mass into moles KCl by dividing by the molar mass of KCl, which is 74.55 grams/mole.

 (10.0 grams KCl)/(74.55 grams/mole) = 0.1341 moles of KCl.

We know that we'll need half that amount of moles CaCl2, since the balanced equation says we'll get twice the moles KCl for every one mole CaCl2.

So we'll need (0.1341 moles KCl)*(1 mole CaCl2/2moles KCl) = 0.0671 moles CaCl2.

The molar mass of CaCl2 is 110.98 grams/mole.

(0.0671 moles CaCl2)*(110.98 grams/mole) = 7.44 grams CaCl2

7.44 grams CaCl2 will produce 10.0 grams KCl.

If both ovaries are removed, then the individual is unable to produce ovules and experiences menopause.

The ovaries are two reproductive organs in women which act to generate germinal female cells known as ovules.

The absence of these organs (ovaries) leads to a stage known as menopause and the individual cannot produce sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

In conclusion, if both ovaries are removed, then the individual is unable to produce ovules and experiences menopause.

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The value of r is 0.0868 and the error percentage is 5.78%.

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Formic acid, Sodium formiate will generate a buffer solution with pH around 3. 5.

It must consider the acid whose pKa = pH in order to choose the base or acid that can produce a buffer solution with such a pH of about 3.5.

However, it also need to consider buffer capacity, which is a factor that can alter the pH of a solution by one unit in a liter.

The connection between the components' concentrations and their concentrations themselves affects buffer capacity in addition to their individual concentrations.

Therefore, Formic acid, Sodium formiate will generate a buffer solution with pH around 3. 5.

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