The visible radiation produced by new stars within a molecular cloud get absorbed by dust grains and heats up the cloud
A molecular cloud is an interstellar cloud of gas and dust in which molecules can form, the most common of which is hydrogen .
The formation of stars occurs exclusively within molecular clouds because of their low temperatures and high densities, because the gravitational force acting to collapse the cloud must exceed the internal pressures that are acting "outward" to prevent a collapse.
Visible radiation are absorbed by dust grains and heats up the cloud as it cannot penetrate through the cloud instead get absorbed by the cloud . Newly formed stars are visible nearby, their images reddened by blue light which got scattered by the pervasive dust.
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What was discovered in atomic spectra by physics pioneers balmer, rydberg, and ritz?
Mathematical order in atomic spectra was discovered by physics pioneers Balmer, Rydberg, and Ritz.
Atomic spectra are defined as the spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by an electron during transitions between different energy levels within an atom.
When an electron gets excited from one energy level to another, it either emits or absorbs light of a specific wavelength. The collection of all these specific wavelengths of the atom in a given set of conditions like pressure, temperature, etc. is the atomic spectra of atoms. There are three types of atomic spectra and they are :
Emission spectraAbsorption spectraContinuous spectra.Using the Rydberg formula, it becomes easy to calculate the spectral lines. Following is the formula:
[tex]\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{\lambda }=RZ^{2}(\frac{1}{{n}’^{2}}-\frac{1}{n^{2}})\end{array}[/tex]
Where,
R is the Rydberg constant (1.09737*107 m-1)
Z is the atomic number
n is the upper energy level
n’ is the lower energy level
λ is the wavelength of light
Spectral series of single-electron atoms like hydrogen have Z = 1.
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A light wave moves from diamond (n= 2.4) into water (n= 1.33) at an angleof 24°. what angle does it have in water?
Answer:
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 Snell's Law (θ1 is the angle of incidence)
sin θ2 = n1 / n2 * sin θ1
sin θ2 = 2.4 / 1.33 * sin θ1
sin θ2 = 1.80 * .407 = .734
θ2 = 47.2 deg
The annual variation in the amount of solar radiation received varies with latitude because the ______.
The annual variation in the amount of solar radiation received varies with latitude because the direction of Earth's tilt changes with respect to the Sun during the year.
How does solar radiation vary with latitude ?
Despite the fact that high latitude regions receive more solar radiation than low latitude regions do, heat is nevertheless transported throughout the planet by the ocean and the atmosphere.
How does the amount of solar radiation received vary on Earth?
As a result of reduced radiation protection, areas closer to the equator typically experience higher levels of solar radiation exposure. However, because to the angle of the sun and the tilt of the Earth's axis, areas farther north or south receive more solar energy.What is the relationship between the annual solar radiation cycle and the annual temperature cycle?
The coldest day of the year occurs after the winter solstice, and the warmest day of the year occurs (on average, so many days) after the summer solstice, because the annual temperature cycle lags the annual radiation cycle.
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List three examples of real science that you find on the internet or in real life
for example
1. drinking water at least after 1 hour beacuse if we immediately drink water just after meal it dilutes the HCL produced in our stomach which hinders the digestion process
2.picking up tomatoes for salads which contains oxalic acid
3.Cutting apples which contains malic acid with knife then after sometimes it will trun into brown due to oxidation of iron present in a apple.
A few examples of real science that demonstrate how scientific research and exploration contribute to our understanding of the world around us are the Human genome project, Mars exploration, and Climate Change Studies.
Human Genome Project:
The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a real scientific endeavor that aimed to map and sequence all the genes in the human genome. It involved an international collaboration of scientists and researchers to understand the genetic makeup of humans.
Mars Exploration:
Various space agencies, such as NASA and ESA, have conducted real scientific missions to explore Mars. Rovers like Curiosity and Perseverance have been sent to the Martian surface to study its geology, and atmosphere, and search for signs of past life.
Climate Change Studies:
Climate change research is an ongoing scientific field that investigates the causes and effects of global climate change. Scientists collect and analyze data from various sources, including satellite observations, weather stations, and ice core samples, to study trends and changes in Earth's climate over time.
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Diagram A shows two laser beams, one blue and one red, that are incident on a mirrored surface. Diagram B shows two laser beams, one blue and one red, that are incident on a transparent block of glass.
Which statement about the situation shown in these diagrams is CORRECT when light is refracted through the glass and reflected from the mirror?
A
The blue and red laser beams reflect at different angles, and they refract at different angles.
B
The blue and red laser beams reflect at the same angle, and they refract at the same angle.
C
The blue and red laser beams reflect at different angles, and they refract at the same angle.
D
The blue and red laser beams reflect at the same angle, and they refract at different angles.
Diagram A shows two laser beams, one blue and one red, that are incident on a mirrored surface. Diagram B shows two laser beams, one blue and one red, that are incident on a transparent block of glass then The blue and red laser beams reflect at the same angle, and they refract at different angles.
A laser emits a very focused beam of light that can be used in a variety of equipment and technologies. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation is what the letters in the term laser stand for. The word "laser" is an acronym for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation." In a laser beam, the light waves are "coherent," which means they are all traveling at the same speed and wavelength. To do this, excited electrons are passed through an optical "gain medium," which could be a solid substance like glass or a gas.
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The ________ explains how our solar system probably formed from a giant cloud of gases and dispersed solid particles.
The nebular hypothesis explains how our solar system probably formed from a giant cloud of gases and dispersed solid particles.
The nebular hypothesis has the sun and planets forming at the same time. According to this model, our solar system began as a gigantic, disc-shaped interstellar cloud of gases and dust about 5 or 6 billion years ago .What hypothesis explains how our solar system probably formed?
The nebular hypothesis is the theory of planetary creation that is most widely accepted. According to this theory, the Solar System was created 4.6 billion years ago as a result of the gravitational collapse of a massive molecular cloud that stretched across several light-years.What is the nebular theory ?
4.6 billion years ago, the solar nebula, a cloud of gas and dust, gave rise to the Sun and the planets. The collapse of the solar nebula was most likely brought on by a shock wave from a nearby supernova explosion. The planets formed in a thin disk around the Sun, which formed in the center of the solar system.Learn more about nebular hypothesis
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How would you expect people from two different cultures to differ in their sense and perception of smell
Consider states with angular momentum quantum number l = 2. in units of ħ, what is the value of l?
With angular momentum quantum number l = 2. in units of ħ, the value of l will be 2.4494 h.
What is the angular momentum quantum number?The total angular momentum quantum number in quantum mechanics parametrizes the total angular momentum of a particular particle by combining its orbital angular momentum and intrinsic angular momentum.
Given the angular momentum quantum number l = 2. in units of ħ. Therefore, the value of L can be written as,
L = √[l (l + 1)]
L = √[2 (2 + 1)]
L = √[2 (3)]
L = √6
L = 2.4494 h
Hence, With angular momentum quantum number l = 2. in units of ħ, the value of l will be 2.4494 h.
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When a substance changes from one type of matter into another, such as two or more substances combining to form compounds, the substance undergoes a:_________
When a substance changes from one type of matter into another, such as two or more substances combining to form compounds, the substance undergoes a: chemical reaction
Chemical reaction, a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products.
Chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, called chemical synthesis or, alternatively, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances. These processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions.
Whereas , When matter undergoes physical change, it doesn't become a different substance. Therefore, physical changes are often easy to reverse.
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Help on this physics question
By using the equations for parabolic motion, we proceed to present the answers for the paragraph seen in the picture: a) t ≈ 0.553 s, b) s = 2.212 m, c) s = 11.060 m.
How to analyze a system on parabolic motion
A system is on parabolic motion if such system can be represented as a particle, that is, a system whose geometry is negligible, and its motion is a combination of horizontal movement at constant velocity and vertical uniformly accelerated movement due to gravity and all viscous and rotational effects are negligible.
The time required for the droplet to reach the ground is:
1.5 m = (1 / 2) · (9.807 m / s²) · t²
t = √[2 · (1.5 m) / (9.807 m / s²)]
t ≈ 0.553 s
And the horizontal distance traveled by the droplet is:
s = (4 m / s) · (0.553 s)
s = 2.212 m
Now, we apply the same procedure for the case of sneezing person:
1.5 m = (1 / 2) · (9.807 m / s²) · t²
t = √[2 · (1.5 m) / (9.807 m / s²)]
t ≈ 0.553 s
s = (20 m / s) · (0.553 s)
s = 11.060 m
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This layer of the Earth is made of solid rock, it is hot and made of peridotite.
1. Continental crust
2. Kimberlite pipe
3. Oceanic crust
4. Mantle
the answer is the mantle.
What would be the greatest effect of the finite size of molecules on the ideal gas law?
At high density of the molecules tends to be greater pressure that of molecules and at low density of the molecules tends to be less pressure that of molecules.
It is given that the molecules are in the ideal gas.
It is required to find the greatest effect of the finite size of molecules on the ideal gas law.
What would be the greatest effect of the finite size of molecules on the ideal gas law?According to ideal gas law, at high density of the molecules tends to be greater pressure that of molecules and at low density of the molecules tends to be less pressure that of molecules.
From ideal gas equation,
PV = nRT
Where,
P - Pressure of the molecules
V - Volume of the molecules
n - Total amount of substance
R - Gas constant
T - Temperature of the molecules
As shown from above equation, both the quantities are directly proportional to each other and also ideal gas law follows the kinetic molecular theory where it suggests that the volume of the molecules have negligible point.
Thus, at high density of the molecules tends to be greater pressure that of molecules and at low density of the molecules tends to be less pressure that of molecules.
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A car goes 122m at 30m/s How long did it travel?
Answer:
It took [tex]\bf 4.07 \space\ \mathrm{s}[/tex] to travel.
Explanation:
To calculate the time taken to travel a distance of 122 m at a speed of 30 m/s, we can use the formula for speed:
[tex]\boxed{speed = \frac{distance}{time}}[/tex].
We can substitute the known values, and then solve for time:
[tex]30 = \frac{122}{\mathrm {time}}[/tex]
⇒ [tex]\mathrm{time } = \frac{122}{30}[/tex]
⇒ [tex]\mathrm{time } \approx \bf 4.07 \space\ \mathrm{s}[/tex]
The air pressure within a container is inversely related to the volume of the container. thus, as the volume of the container ______, the pressure of the air within it _
Decreases, increases
As the volume of the container decreases, the pressure of the air within it increases.
When the temperature is held constant, pressure decreases as volume increases and vice versa.
What is the relation between pressure and volume ?The amount of force delivered perpendicularly to an object's surface in relation to its area is known as pressure. Its abbreviation is "p" or "P."
Volume is a three-dimensional measurement that's used to gauge a solid shape's capacity. It implies that the volume of a closed form determines how much space it can occupy in three dimensions.When T and n are constants, the relationship between a gas's pressure and volume is inverse. The volume V decreases as the pressure P rises. As long as T and n stay constant, the product P x V is constant.Learn more about Pressure and Volume here:
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An object is thrown upwards with a speed of 16 m/s. how long does it take it to reach a height of 7.0 m on the way up? neglect air resistance.
Given:
initial velocity,u=16m/s
final velocity,v=0m/s
acceleration due to gravity,a=9.8 m/s²
height,h=7m
To find:
time taken,t
we can find the time taken by using second equation of motion as well as first equation of motion,so we use first equation of motion.
v=u+at
substitute the values,we get
0=16+(-9.8)×t
-16=-9.8×t
t=-16/-9.8
t=16/9.8
t=1.63s
Therefore,the time to reach the height of 7m is 1.63s
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What is the mathematical relationship between wavelength and energy transmission?.
Answer: Wavelength is related to light and also related to energy. The shorter the wavelengths and the higher the frequency corresponds with greater energy. So the longer the wavelengths and lower the frequency results in lower energy. The energy equation is E = hν.
(Repost) I need help with this physics question. Thanks in advance! Answer ASAP.
(a) The gravitational force received by each 1 kg mass is 8.66 N.
(b) The magnitude of gravitational acceleration is 8.66 m/s².
(c) The orbital speed of the ISS is 7,663.6 m/s.
(d) The time take for the ISS to orbit round the Earth is 5,558.75 seconds which is equal to 1.54 hours.
Gravitational force received by each 1 kg massThe gravitational force received by each 1 kg mass is calculated as follows;
F = Gm₁m₂/r²
where;
m₁ is mass of Earthm₂ is mass of ISSr is the distance between the ISS and center of EarthF = (6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ x 5.97 x 10²⁴ x 1) / (6780,000)²
F = 8.66 N
Magnitude of gravitational accelerationmg = GMm/r²
g = GM/r²
where;
M is mass of Earthg = (6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ x 5.97 x 10²⁴ ) / (6780,000)²
g = 8.66 m/s²
Orbital Speed of the ISSv = √GM/r
v = √(6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ x 5.97 x 10²⁴ / 6780,000)
v = 7,663.6 m/s
Time of motion of the ISS round the EarthT = 2πr/v
T = (2π x 6780,000) / (7663.6)
T = 5,558.75 seconds
1 hour = 3600 seconds
= 5,558.75/3600
= 1.54 hours
Thus, the gravitational force received by each 1 kg mass is 8.66 N.
The magnitude of gravitational acceleration is 8.66 m/s².
The orbital speed of the ISS is 7,663.6 m/s.
The time take for the ISS to orbit round the Earth is 5,558.75 s = 1.54 hours.
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Two wires meet at a junction, merging into one wire, and 6 a and 4 a flow into the junction. How much current flows out of the junction?
The current flows out of the junction will be Ten Ampere.
To find the answer, we have to know about the Kirchoff's Current Law (KCL).
What is Kirchoff's Current Law (KCL)?KCL states that, in any electrical network, the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a junction will be equal to zero.We can say that the incoming current flow will be equal to the outgoing current flow.In the question it is given that two wires meet at a junction with 4A and 6A currents, merging into one wire and going out.Thus, the total incoming current will be 4+6=10A, and as per KCL which is same as the outgoing current.Thus, we can conclude that the current flows out of the junction will be Ten Ampere.
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The thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine that rejects heat at a rate of 20 mw when heat is supplied to it at a rate of 60 mw is:_____.
The thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine that rejects heat at a rate of 20 mw when heat is supplied to it at a rate of 60 mw is 66.67%.
It is given that,
Rejected heat at the rate of 20 mw and supplied heat a rate of 60 mw.
It is required to find the thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine.
What is the thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine that rejects heat at a rate of 20 mw when heat is supplied to it at a rate of 60 mw?As we know that
Work Done = Heat Supplied - Heat Rejected
Work Done = 60 mw - 20 mw
Work Done = 40 mw
So the efficiency of heat engine will be:
[tex]\eta=\frac{Work done}{Heat energy supply}[/tex]
[tex]\eta=\frac{40}{60}[/tex]×[tex]100\\[/tex]
η = [tex]\frac{2}{3}[/tex]×[tex]100\\[/tex]
η = 66.67%
Thus, thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine that rejects heat at a rate of 20 mw when heat is supplied to it at a rate of 60 mw is 66.67%.
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What charge appears on the plates of a 6. 0-μf capacitor when it is charged to 40 v?
Charge appeared on the plates of a 6.0 μf capacitor when it is charged to 40V is 240μC.
Capacitance of the capacitor is determined by the area of the plate of Capacitor and distance between the plates of capacitor.
Capacitor is dependent on the area of the plates, distance between the plates and medium present between the plates.
It is not dependent of the charge and voltage across the capacitor.
We know that Q = CV, where Q is the charge on capacitor, C is the Capacitance and V is the voltage applied across the capacitor.
Q = 6 × 10⁻⁶ × 40
Q = 240× 10⁻⁶ C
Q = 240 μC
Hence the charge on the plates of the capacitor is 240 μC.
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A string with mass density equal to 0. 0025 kg/m is fixed at both ends and at a tension of 290 n. resonant frequencies are found at 558 hz and the next one at 744 hz. what is the length of the wire?
A string with mass density equal to 0. 0025 kg/m is fixed at both ends and at a tension of 290 n. Resonant frequencies are found at 558 Hz and the next one at 744 Hz. The length of the wire will be L = 0.91 m
A resonant frequency of a string is its natural frequency of a standing wave that is produced in it. The standing waves in the string are called harmonics. A string of a fixed length can have many standing waves. The frequencies of these standing waves are called resonant frequencies.
frequency = 1 / 2L ([tex]\sqrt{\frac{T}{mu} }[/tex])
L = length of the spring
T = Tension
fundamental frequency = 744 - 558 = 186 Hz
186 = 1/2(L) ([tex]\sqrt{\frac{290}{0. 0025 } }[/tex])
L = 340 / (186 * 2)
L = 0.91 m
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The area along the retina that is highest in acuity and the most dense in cones is the ....
The area along the retina that is highest in acuity and the most dense in cones is the "fovea".
What is fovea?Macula lutea, a tiny, flat patch situated precisely in the middle of the posterior region of the retina, contains the fovea centralis. The fovea is heavily saturated in cone photoreceptors since it is accountable for high-acuity vision.
Some characteristics of fovea are-
The parafovea belt and also the perifovea outermost region encircle the fovea. The ganglion cell layers in the perifovea, the outermost zone, has two to four lines of cells and is where eye sight is below the ideal.The parafovea is indeed the intermediary belt, where it comprises and over five rows of cells and has the maximum density of cones. In comparison to the most central fovea, which has 50 cones per 100 micrometers, the perifovea has 12 cones per 100 micrometers.Sharp center vision, also known as foveal vision, is produced by the fovea and is essential for humans to engage in activities such as reading, driving, and other activities that place a high priority on visual detail.To know more about fovea, here
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______ enables digital computers to communicate across different media, including telephone wires, cable lines, and radio waves.
Modem enables digital computers to communicate across different media, including telephone wires, cable lines, and radio waves.
A modulator-demodulator or modem is a computer hardware device that converts data from a digital format into a format suitable for an analog transmission medium such as telephone or radio. Modems converts or modulates the analog signals coming from telephone wire into digital form for example in form of 0 s and 1 s.
To transmit digital data, the sending modem must first modulate, or encode, a computer's digital signal into an analog signal that can travel over the phone line. The receiving modem must then demodulate, or decode, the analog signal back into a digital signal recognizable to a computer.
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An object travels 12 m in the 1st second of travel, 12 m again during the 2nd second of travel, and 12 m again during the 3rd second. Its acceleration is therefore ___ m/s2.
0 m/s^2.
An object travels 12 m in the 1st second of travel, 12 m again during the 2nd second of travel, and 12 m again during the 3rd second. Its acceleration is therefore 0 m/s2.
Given
In First second object travels 12 m
in second second it travels 12 m
In 3rd second it travels 12 m
After observation, the object travels the same distance in the same amount of time, indicating constant velocity motion in a straight line with no acceleration.
Therefore acceleration = 0 m/s^2
What is acceleration?Rate of change of velocity with time, both in terms of speed and direction is known as acceleration. A point or object going straight ahead is accelerated when it accelerates or decelerates.To learn more about acceleration visit:
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What happens to the observed wavelength if the source of a wave travels toward an observer?
If the observer and source are moving toward each other, then the frequency increases and the wavelength decreases.
What is dopper effect?The Doppler effect defines the shift in frequency of a wave sound caused by movement of the wave source and/or receiver. We'll talk about it in terms of sound waves, but the Doppler effect applies to any type of wave. The Doppler effect, like ultrasound, has a wide range of uses, from medical (with sound) to police radar and astronomy (with electromagnetic waves).The Doppler effect happens when there is relative motion between the observer and the source, not just for sound. Doppler shifts, for example, occur in the frequency of sound, light, and water waves. When ultrasonography is reflected from blood in a medical diagnosis, Doppler shifts can be utilized to assess velocity.To learn more about dopper effect from the given link
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Why does the resistance of a conductor rise with temperature?
The resistance of a conductor rise with temperature because high temperature cause vibration which make difficult the flow of electron.
Why does the resistance of a conductor rise with temperature?
When electrons move through a conductor, it collide with atoms, electrons or other substances. These collisions cause resistance which leads to generate heat. Heating the metal conductor leads to more vibration of an atoms which in turn makes it more difficult for the electrons to flow through a conductor that leads to increasing resistance.
So we can conclude that the resistance of a conductor rise with temperature because high temperature cause vibration which make difficult the flow of electron.
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How does betelgeuse compare to the other stars in the amount of light it is giving off?
Betelgeuse is the 10th brightest star in the night sky comparing to other stars. And it is the second brightest in Orion's constellation.
Betelgeuse is the tenth brightest star in the night sky and, after Rigel, the second brightest in Orion's constellation. it is a distinctly reddish semiregular variable star with the widest apparent magnitude range of any first-magnitude star, ranging from +0.0 to +1.6. Betelgeuse is the brightest star in the night sky at near - infrared wavelengths. Its Bayer name is Orionis, which is Latinized to alpha Orionis and abbreviated alpha Ori or Ori
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A particular star's spectrum shows the same hydrogen line at a wavelength of 486.0 nm. what can we conclude?
We can conclude that The star is moving toward us; shift to a shorter wavelength.
The transfer of an electron to a higher energy level, such as n = 1 or n = 2, occurs when a hydrogen atom absorbs a photon. The Balmer series refers to this group of hydrogen emission spectra.
The phrase "blueshift" describes how light waves change as an object approaches toward us in space, shifting wavelengths toward the blue end of the spectrum. Change to a shorter wavelength when the star approaches us. A shorter wavelength indicates a blueshift (shift to the blue end of the spectrum), which indicates that the object is travelling in our direction.
Therefore, We can conclude that The star is moving toward us; shift to a shorter wavelength.
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1. Magnetic force acting on a unit positive charge moving perpendicular to the magnetic field with a unit velocity is called
a. magnetic flux
b. magnetic field intensity
c. magnetic induction
d. self-inductance
Magnetic Flux is the magnetic force acting on a unit positive charge moving perpendicular to the magnetic field with a unit velocity
What does magnetic flux depend on ?The magnetic flux or field lines linking a coil depends on;
The magnetic field strengthThe number of turns of the coilThe area of each turnAccording to the question, the Magnetic force acting on a unit positive charge moving perpendicular to the magnetic field with a unit velocity is called magnetic flux
To obtain a large induced electromotive force, we cause a coil of many turns to move at a high speed across a strong magnetic field.
According to Faraday's law, which state that whenever there is a change in the magnetic lines of force, an electromotive force is induced, the strength of which is proportional to the rate of change of the flux linked with the circuit.
Therefore, Magnetic Flux is the magnetic force acting on a unit positive charge moving perpendicular to the magnetic field with a unit velocity
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By using a compass to measure the magnetic field direction at various points adjacent to a long straight wire, you can show that the wire's magnetic field lines are:____.
The wire's magnetic field lines are circles that are perpendicular to the wire and have their centers on the wire.
What is Right hand rule?According to Fleming's Right Hand Rule, if the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger are arranged in a straight line on the right hand.The thumb will point in the direction of the conductor's motion in relation to the magnetic field.The forefinger will point in the direction of the magnetic field. And the middle finger will point in the direction of the induced current.What is magnetic field?The magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials is described by a magnetic field which is a vector field. A force perpendicular to the charge's own velocity and the magnetic field acts on it when the charge is travelling through a magnetic field.Learn more about magnetic field here:
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