What are some ways in which the temperature of a substance can be measured

Mathematical order in atomic spectra was discovered by physics pioneers Balmer, Rydberg, and Ritz.

Atomic spectra are defined as the spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by an electron during transitions between different energy levels within an atom.

When an electron gets excited from one energy level to another, it either emits or absorbs light of a specific wavelength. The collection of all these specific wavelengths of the atom in a given set of conditions like pressure, temperature, etc. is the atomic spectra of atoms. There are three types of atomic spectra and they are :

Using the Rydberg formula, it becomes easy to calculate the spectral lines. Following is the formula:

[tex]\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{\lambda }=RZ^{2}(\frac{1}{{n}’^{2}}-\frac{1}{n^{2}})\end{array}[/tex]

Where,

R is the Rydberg constant (1.09737*107 m-1)

Z is the atomic number

n is the upper energy level

n’ is the lower energy level

λ is the wavelength of light

Spectral series of single-electron atoms like hydrogen have Z = 1.

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(a) The gravitational force received by each 1 kg mass is 8.66 N.

(b) The magnitude of gravitational acceleration is 8.66 m/s².

(c) The orbital speed of the ISS is  7,663.6 m/s.

(d) The time take  for the ISS to orbit round the Earth is 5,558.75 seconds which is equal to 1.54 hours.

The gravitational force received by each 1 kg mass is calculated as follows;

F = Gm₁m₂/r²

where;

F = (6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ x 5.97 x 10²⁴ x 1) / (6780,000)²

F = 8.66 N

mg = GMm/r²

g = GM/r²

where;

g = (6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ x 5.97 x 10²⁴ ) / (6780,000)²

g = 8.66 m/s²

v = √GM/r

v = √(6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ x 5.97 x 10²⁴  / 6780,000)

v = 7,663.6 m/s

T = 2πr/v

T = (2π x 6780,000) / (7663.6)

T = 5,558.75 seconds

1 hour = 3600 seconds

=  5,558.75/3600

= 1.54 hours

Thus, the gravitational force received by each 1 kg mass is 8.66 N.

The magnitude of gravitational acceleration is 8.66 m/s².

The orbital speed of the ISS is  7,663.6 m/s.

The time take  for the ISS to orbit round the Earth is 5,558.75 s = 1.54 hours.

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Answer: Wavelength is related to light and also related to energy. The shorter the wavelengths and the higher the frequency corresponds with greater energy. So the longer the wavelengths and lower the frequency results in lower energy. The energy equation is E = hν.

Betelgeuse is the 10th brightest star in the night sky comparing to other stars. And it is the second brightest in Orion's constellation.

Betelgeuse is the tenth brightest star in the night sky and, after Rigel, the second brightest in Orion's constellation. it is a distinctly reddish semiregular variable star with the widest apparent magnitude range of any first-magnitude star, ranging from +0.0 to +1.6. Betelgeuse is the brightest star in the night sky at near - infrared wavelengths. Its Bayer name is Orionis, which is Latinized to alpha Orionis and abbreviated alpha Ori or Ori

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Answer:

It took [tex]\bf 4.07 \space\ \mathrm{s}[/tex] to travel.

Explanation:

To calculate the time taken to travel a distance of 122 m at a speed of 30 m/s, we can use the formula for speed:

[tex]\boxed{speed = \frac{distance}{time}}[/tex].

We can substitute the known values, and then solve for time:

[tex]30 = \frac{122}{\mathrm {time}}[/tex]

⇒ [tex]\mathrm{time } = \frac{122}{30}[/tex]

⇒ [tex]\mathrm{time } \approx \bf 4.07 \space\ \mathrm{s}[/tex]

Charge appeared on the plates of a 6.0 μf capacitor when it is charged to 40V is 240μC.

Capacitance of the capacitor is determined by the area of the plate of Capacitor and distance between the plates of capacitor.

Capacitor is dependent on the area of the plates, distance between the plates and medium present between the plates.

It is not dependent of the charge and voltage across the capacitor.

We know that Q = CV, where Q is the charge on capacitor, C is the Capacitance and V is the voltage applied across the capacitor.

Q = 6 × 10⁻⁶ × 40

Q = 240× 10⁻⁶ C

Q = 240 μC

Hence the charge on the plates of the capacitor is 240 μC.

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The change in Potential energy is =  662,292.459  J.

Here, to calculate the potential energy change we use the formula,

[tex]W= F \times d \times cos\theta[/tex]

Or, [tex]W= m\times g \times d \times cos\theta[/tex]

Here we are given,

d= Distance the car makes = 62. 2 m.

[tex]\theta[/tex] = Angle that the car make along the hill =  28. 3°

F= The amount of force affect on the car = [tex]m\times g[/tex] .

m= Mass of the car = 1234 kg.

g= Acceleration of gravity = 9.8 [tex]m/s^2[/tex]

Now we substitute the known values in the above equation,

[tex]W= m\times g \times d \times cos\theta[/tex]

Or, [tex]W= 1234 \times 9.8 \times 62.2 \times cos(28.3)[/tex]

Or, [tex]W= 662,292.459 J[/tex]

From the above calculation we can conclude that the amount of work done on the car is, 662,292.459 J.

We know, from the work energy theorem that,

The change in Potential energy = The work done on the mass.

So, From the above theorem the change in potential energy is 662,292.459 J.

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a) U =  0 J

k = 0.383 J

E = 0.383 J

b) U = 0.0228 J

k = 0.155 J

E = 0.383 J

c) U = 0.1104 J

k = 0.272 J

E = 0.383 J

d) U = 0.248 J

k = 0.177 J

E = 0.383 J

The equations for kinetic energy is:

k= 1/2*m*[tex]v^{2}[/tex]

The equation for elastic potential energy is:

U= 1/2*ks*[tex]x^{2}[/tex]

Where,

m= mass of the block

v= velocity

ks= spring constant

x= displacement of the spring

U= 1/2*ks*[tex]x^{2}[/tex]

U= 1/2*552*[tex](0)^{2}[/tex]

  = 0 J

Kinetic energy:

k= 1/2*m*[tex]v^{2}[/tex]

k= 1/2*(1.05)*[tex](0.855)^{2}[/tex]

k= 0.383 J

Mechanical energy:

E= k + U

E= 0.383+0

E= 0.383 J

There will be no work done by friction or any other dissipative force, hence this energy will be conserved, or it will remain constant (like air resistance). This indicates that only spring potential energy will be created from the kinetic energy (there is no thermal energy due to friction, for example).

(b) spring potential = ?

U= 1/2* 457 N/m*[tex](0.01)^{2}[/tex]

U= 0.0228 J

Since the mechanical energy must remain constant, we may calculate the kinetic energy using the mechanical energy equation:

E= k + U

0.383= k + 0.0228

k= 0.383 - 0.228

k= 0.155

(c)spring constant when x= 0.02

U= 1/2*552*[tex](0.02)^{2}[/tex]

U= 0.1104 J

Using the equation of mechanical energy:

E= k +U

0.383= k+ 0.1104

k= 0.383 - 0.1104

k= 0.272 J

(d) U= 1/2*552*[tex](0.03)^{2}[/tex]

U= 0.2484 J

E= 0.383 J

k = E - U

k= 0.383- 0.206

k= 0.177

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The current flows out of the junction will be Ten Ampere.

To find the answer, we have to know about the Kirchoff's Current Law (KCL).

Thus, we can conclude that the current flows out of the junction will be Ten Ampere.

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Answer:

It's called, "Cytopathic effects."

Decreases, increases

As the volume of the container decreases, the pressure of the air within it increases.

When the temperature is held constant, pressure decreases as volume increases and vice versa.

The amount of force delivered perpendicularly to an object's surface in relation to its area is known as pressure. Its abbreviation is "p" or "P."

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The nebular hypothesis explains how our solar system probably formed from a giant cloud of gases and dispersed solid particles.

What hypothesis explains how our solar system probably formed?

What is the nebular theory ?

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Answer:

Geothermal energy is heat that is generated within the Earth. It is a renewable resource that can be harvested for human use.

the location of the following countries are very near to sea level giving them easy access to the energy.

This is what I think is the answer.

pls tell me if any mistakes..

I hope it was helpful..

When a substance changes from one type of matter into another, such as two or more substances combining to form compounds, the substance undergoes a: chemical reaction

Chemical reaction, a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products.

Chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, called chemical synthesis or, alternatively, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances. These processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions.

Whereas , When matter undergoes physical change, it doesn't become a different substance. Therefore, physical changes are often easy to reverse.

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At high density of the molecules tends to be greater pressure that of molecules and at low density of the molecules tends to be less pressure that of molecules.

It is given that the molecules are in the ideal gas.

It is required to find the greatest effect of the finite size of molecules on the ideal gas law.

According to ideal gas law, at high density of the molecules tends to be greater pressure that of molecules and at low density of the molecules tends to be less pressure that of molecules.

From ideal gas equation,

PV = nRT

Where,

P - Pressure of the molecules

V - Volume of the molecules

n - Total amount of substance

R - Gas constant

T - Temperature of the molecules

As shown from above equation, both the quantities are directly proportional to each other and also ideal gas law follows the kinetic molecular theory  where it suggests that the volume of the molecules have negligible point.

Thus, at high density of the molecules tends to be greater pressure that of molecules and at low density of the molecules tends to be less pressure that of molecules.

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A string with mass density equal to 0. 0025 kg/m is fixed at both ends and at a tension of 290 n. Resonant frequencies are found at 558 Hz and the next one at 744 Hz. The length of the wire will be L = 0.91 m

A resonant frequency of a string is its natural frequency of a standing wave that is produced in it. The standing waves in the string are called harmonics. A string of a fixed length can have many standing waves. The frequencies of these standing waves are called resonant frequencies.

frequency = 1 / 2L ([tex]\sqrt{\frac{T}{mu} }[/tex])

L = length of the spring

T = Tension

fundamental frequency = 744 - 558 = 186  Hz

186 = 1/2(L) ([tex]\sqrt{\frac{290}{0. 0025 } }[/tex])

L = 340 / (186 * 2)

L = 0.91 m

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Answer:

v = λ f      wavelength * frequency

v = λ / P

v = 4.5 n / .007 sec = 643 m/s

the answer is the mantle.

Magnetic Flux is the magnetic force acting on a unit positive charge moving perpendicular to the magnetic field with a unit velocity

The magnetic flux or field lines linking a coil depends on;

According to the question, the Magnetic force acting on a unit positive charge moving perpendicular to the magnetic field with a unit velocity is called magnetic flux

To obtain a large induced electromotive force, we cause a coil of many turns to move at a high speed across a strong magnetic field.

According to Faraday's law, which state that whenever there is a change in the magnetic lines of force, an electromotive force is induced, the strength of which is proportional to the rate of change of the flux linked with the circuit.

Therefore, Magnetic Flux is the magnetic force acting on a unit positive charge moving perpendicular to the magnetic field with a unit velocity

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By using the equations for parabolic motion, we proceed to present the answers for the paragraph seen in the picture: a) t ≈ 0.553 s, b) s = 2.212 m, c) s = 11.060 m.

A system is on parabolic motion if such system can be represented as a particle, that is, a system whose geometry is negligible, and its motion is a combination of horizontal movement at constant velocity and vertical uniformly accelerated movement due to gravity and all viscous and rotational effects are negligible.

The time required for the droplet to reach the ground is:

1.5 m = (1 / 2) · (9.807 m / s²) · t²

t = √[2 · (1.5 m) / (9.807 m / s²)]

t ≈ 0.553 s

And the horizontal distance traveled by the droplet is:

s = (4 m / s) · (0.553 s)

s = 2.212 m

Now, we apply the same procedure for the case of sneezing person:

1.5 m = (1 / 2) · (9.807 m / s²) · t²

t = √[2 · (1.5 m) / (9.807 m / s²)]

t ≈ 0.553 s

s = (20 m / s) · (0.553 s)

s = 11.060 m

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Answer:

n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2      Snell's Law       (θ1 is the angle of incidence)

sin θ2 = n1 / n2 * sin θ1

sin θ2 = 2.4 / 1.33 * sin θ1

sin θ2 = 1.80 * .407 = .734

θ2 = 47.2 deg

A Final statement or concluding statement

When inspecting a transmission case for defects, measure seal surface openings by using a(n) dial caliper

For taking precise measures, a dial caliper is a calibrated precision measuring device. Normally, minor amounts of movement and material thickness are measured with dial calipers.

They are particularly well-liked for machining and automotive applications.

Most dial calipers have a measuring range of 150mm (6 inches), however there are other calipers with measuring ranges of 100mm (4 inches) and 300mm (12 inches). Dial calipers do not require batteries because they use a rack and pinion  mechanism.

As a result, they are both environmentally and economically  friendly.

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We can conclude that The star is moving toward us; shift to a shorter wavelength.

The transfer of an electron to a higher energy level, such as n = 1 or n = 2, occurs when a hydrogen atom absorbs a photon. The Balmer series refers to this group of hydrogen emission spectra.

The phrase "blueshift" describes how light waves change as an object approaches toward us in space, shifting wavelengths toward the blue end of the spectrum. Change to a shorter wavelength when the star approaches us. A shorter wavelength indicates a blueshift (shift to the blue end of the spectrum), which indicates that the object is travelling in our direction.

Therefore, We can conclude that The star is moving toward us; shift to a shorter wavelength.

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Given:

initial velocity,u=16m/s

final velocity,v=0m/s

acceleration due to gravity,a=9.8 m/s²

height,h=7m

To find:

time taken,t

we can find the time taken by using second equation of motion as well as first equation of motion,so we use first equation of motion.

v=u+at

substitute the values,we get

0=16+(-9.8)×t

-16=-9.8×t

t=-16/-9.8

t=16/9.8

t=1.63s

Therefore,the time to reach the height of 7m is 1.63s

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Diagram A shows two laser beams, one blue and one red, that are incident on a mirrored surface. Diagram B shows two laser beams, one blue and one red, that are incident on a transparent block of glass then The blue and red laser beams reflect at the same angle, and they refract at different angles.

A laser emits a very focused beam of light that can be used in a variety of equipment and technologies. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation is what the letters in the term laser stand for. The word "laser" is an acronym for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation." In a laser beam, the light waves are "coherent," which means they are all traveling at the same speed and wavelength. To do this, excited electrons are passed through an optical "gain medium," which could be a solid substance like glass or a gas.

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A person is submerged of about 97.9%.

The average density of the human body is given as 979 kg/ m³.

    Law of floatation can be defined as the volume of the liquid displaced when a body floats on the liquid surface is equal to the body submerged in the water.

As body has the stable equilibrium state, the buoyancy of the fluid will be equal to the weight.

Weight of the body floating = Weight of the body immersed in fluid

  Law of floatation = Density of the floating object / density of fluid

 As fluid is the freshwater here, the density of fluid will be 1000 kg/ m³.

                               = (979 kg/ m³) / ( 1000 kg/ m³)

                               = 97.9 %

A person is submerged when floating gently in fresh water about 97.9%.

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The thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine that rejects heat at a rate of 20 mw when heat is supplied to it at a rate of 60 mw is 66.67%.

It is given that,

Rejected heat at the rate of 20 mw and supplied heat a rate of 60 mw.

It is required to find the thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine.

As we know that

Work Done = Heat Supplied - Heat Rejected

Work Done = 60 mw - 20 mw

Work Done = 40 mw

So the efficiency of heat engine will be:

[tex]\eta=\frac{Work done}{Heat energy supply}[/tex]

[tex]\eta=\frac{40}{60}[/tex]×[tex]100\\[/tex]

η = [tex]\frac{2}{3}[/tex]×[tex]100\\[/tex]

η = 66.67%

Thus, thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine that rejects heat at a rate of 20 mw when heat is supplied to it at a rate of 60 mw is 66.67%.

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Modem enables digital computers to communicate across different media, including telephone wires, cable lines, and radio waves.

A modulator-demodulator or modem is a computer hardware device that converts data from a digital format into a format suitable for an analog transmission medium such as telephone or radio. Modems converts or modulates the analog signals coming from telephone wire into digital form for example in form of 0 s and 1 s.

To transmit digital data, the sending modem must first modulate, or encode, a computer's digital signal into an analog signal that can travel over the phone line. The receiving modem must then demodulate, or decode, the analog signal back into a digital signal recognizable to a computer.

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If the observer and source are moving toward each other, then the frequency increases and the wavelength decreases.

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