Leucine and methionine are the amino acids formed using the n-phthalimido malonic ester synthesis.
The steps involved in phthalimido malonic ester synthesis:
Step 1: Deprotonation To Give An Enolate
In the first step, a base (CH3O– in this case) removes the most acidic proton from the ester (on C2 here, with a pKa of about 13) to give an enolate. The resulting enolate can be drawn as one of two resonance forms.
Step 2: SN2 Reaction Of The Enolate Nucleophile With An Alkyl Halide Electrophile.
Enolates are great nucleophiles. In the second step, the enolate acts as a nucleophile in an SN2 reaction to form a new C-C bond.
Step 3: Acidic Ester Hydrolysis
Acid and water are added to perform the aqueous hydrolysis of the ester to a carboxylic acid.
Step 4: Decarboxylation To Give An Enol
When carboxylic acids have a carbonyl group (C=O) two bonds away, they can readily lose carbon dioxide, because the carbonyl can act as an electron “sink” for the pair of electrons coming from the breaking C–C bond, forming an enol. This is called “decarboxylation”. Note how this is also the case for carboxylic acids with a ketone two bonds away, so-called “β-keto acids”.
Step 5: Tautomerization Of The Enol Back To The Carboxylic Acid
The enol that is formed is not a stable species. It can undergo transformation into its constitutional isomer: in this case, a carboxylic acid. These two constitutional isomers are in equilibrium with each other, although the “keto” form (with the carbonyl group) is greatly favoured. This process is called "tautomerism".
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The compound
is classified as a
Explanation:
secondary amine bro go leaen
0. 102 g of an unknown compound dissolved in 100. Ml of water has an osmotic pressure of 28. 1 mmhg at 20°c. Calculate the molar mass of the compound.
The molar mass of the compound is 68 g/mol.
What is the molar mass?The Osmotic pressure can be obtained from the relationship;
π= iCRT
π= osmotic pressure = 28.1 mmHg or 0.037 atm
i = Vant Hoff factor = 1
C = concentration = ?
R = gas constant = 0.082 atmLK-1Mol
T = temperature = 20°c + 273 = 293 K
C = π/iRT
C = 0.037/1 * 0.082 * 293
C = 0.0015 M
Now;
Number of moles = C/V = 0.0015/100 * 10^-3
= 0.015 moles
Number of moles = mass/molar mass
Molar mass = mass/Number of moles = 0. 102 g/ 0.015 moles = 68 g/mol
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What does the duct calculator tell a technician about static pressure and airflow?
Answer:
It displays the static pressure loss over a length of 100 feet for a specific duct size and airflow.
What is a ductulator?People who work in the HVAC and construction industries use ductulators to size the ductwork in mechanical systems. It enables you to select the volumetric flow rate after selecting the static pressure you wish to keep in the duct. The ductulator offers you a wide range of rectangular duct diameters that will create this when you enter those criteria. It also displays the required diameter for a circular duct. The actual instrument is constructed of sturdy, thick paper, and it contains a rotating piece that lets you select the two settings I previously indicated.
Unless otherwise instructed, you may use the periodic table in the Chemistry: Problems and Solutions
book for this test.
Which statement is true about elements in a period on the periodic table?
O They have different properties that show no pattern.
O They have different properties that repeat across the next period.
O They have similar names.
O They have similar properties.
Elements in a period on the periodic table have different properties that repeat across the next period.
Why do properties change across a period?
In a period, on moving from left to right across a period,number of valence electrons in the valence shell goes on increasing as electrons are added to the same shell.
Across a period as no new valence shell is added the elements in a period, have different valence electrons and hence different properties.
Elements belonging to the same group have same number of valence electrons because in a group in every successive element a new shell is added,valence electrons present in which remain the same and hence their properties are similar.
As the elements are arranged in a way such that their properties are repeated at regular intervals,elements in a period have different properties which repeat across the next period.
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A gas at constant volume has a pressure of 4. 50 atm at 200k. What will be the pressure of the gas at 250k?
There will be 5.625 atm pressure of the gas at 250 K when a gas at constant volume has a pressure of 4. 50 atm at 200 K
According to gas law at constant volume the pressure of a given gas is directly proportional to the kelvin temperature .
[tex]P_{1} =T_{1}[/tex] (i)
[tex]P_{2} = T_{2}[/tex] (ii)
Where P and T is the pressure and temperature
Divide equation ( i ) by equation ( ii ) we get
[tex]P_{1}/P_{2}[/tex] = [tex]T_{1}/T_{2}[/tex]
Now putting the value of all given data in above final equation then we get.
4. 50 atm/[tex]P_{2}[/tex] = 200K/250K
[tex]P_{2}[/tex] = 4. 50 atm × 250K/ 200K = 5.625 atm
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Why do you add hydroxide to your hexanediamine solution? what would occur if you did not add it?.
In order to react with the hydrochloric acid (HCl) created when the hexanediamine combines with the adiptic acid, NaOH was added to the hexanediamine solution. By combining with the HCl to create NaCl and water, the NaOH preserves the pH of the solution. HCl is taken out of the solution and the reaction is pushed in the direction of the products.
Hexanediamine solutionA C6 alkane-alpha, omega-diamine is hexanediamine. It serves as a xenobiotic metabolite for humans. It comes from a hydride.
Weight in Formula: 116.21Indication: 1,6-NH2(CH2)6NH2Risk Information: CorrosiveDensity: 0.854 (g/mL).Heat of Boiling (°C): 205Temp. Freeze (°C): 39–42Water and Alcohol Are Both Slightly SolubilizedSynonyms include 1,6-diaminohexane and hexamethyleneediamine.Shelf Life: 36 monthsWhat is the purpose of hexanediamine?
Hexanediamine is mostly used to make adhesive resins, resins for paper manufacturing, resins for water treatment, and unaltered resins. Hexanediamine is only used in industrial products; it is unlikely that consumers will come into touch with it.learn more about hexanediamine solution here
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The burning characteristics of a gasoline can be improved by converting the octane it contains into isooctane. This conversion requires the use of expensive catalysts such as?
Gasoline is refined petroleum used in engines as a fuel. It contains octane that can be converted to isooctane by adding catalysts like platinum and palladium.
What are catalysts?Catalysts are substances that raise the reaction rate by decreasing the activation energy but do not get consumed themselves in a reaction.
Platinum and palladium metals can be used as a catalyst to convert the octane of the gasoline into isooctane as they are oxidation catalyst that converts the fuel components into water and carbon dioxide.
Therefore, platinum and palladium are used as catalysts in converting octane.
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What is the ph of a 2. 3 m solution of the weak acid h2s, with a ka of 1. 19×10−7? the equilibrium expression is: h2s(aq) h2o(l)⇋h3o (aq) hs−(aq)
The equilibrium expression is:
H2S (aq) + H2O (l) ⇋ H3O (aq) + HS (aq)
In order to calculate the pH of equation having aqueous solution of weak acid H2S, let’s assume that molar concentration of the products H3O and HS total released is ‘a’. Now as per given information concentration of weak acid H2S is 2.3 M. Thereby,
Ka = [H3O+] [HS] / [H2S]
1.19 x 10-7 = [a] * [a] / [2.3]
a2 = 1.19 x 10-7 x 2.3
a = 5.24 x 10-4
As per the calculation, the total concentration of the products released (HS) and (H3O) will be 5.24 x 10-4, on that basis, the pH of the weak acid (H2S) can be calculated as follows:
-log (0.000522494) = 3.28
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What is the electron configuration of a potassium ion when it has formed an ionic bond with a bromine ion?
[2.8.2] - exists the electron configuration of a potassium ion when it contains created an ionic bond with a bromine ion.
What is electron configuration simple definition?
electronic configuration, also called electronic structure or electron configuration, the arrangement of electrons in orbitals around an atomic nucleus.
What are the 4 types of electron configuration?
The four different types of orbitals (s,p,d, and f) have different shapes, and one orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. The p, d, and f orbitals have different sublevels, thus can hold more electrons. As stated, the electron configuration of each element is unique to its position on the periodic table.Learn more about electron configuration
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Which state of matter is being described below? it cannot be squashed easily, spreads out slowly, is of medium density
Answer:
The correct answer, I think it's liquid
Answer:
I believe that it's liquid
The discreteness of energy levels is best understood by considering the electrons to be?
The discreteness of energy levels is best understood by considering the electrons to be wave like.
This above can be explained on the basis of bohr model and wave mechanical theory.
According to bohr's atomic model, the angular momentum of electron orbiting around the nucleus is an integral multiple of h/2π.
The electron in the atom moving around the nucleus of an atom. The wave mechanical theory proposes that each electron revolving an atom's nucleus occupies a specific orbital and spins in a certain direction, but the orbitals is like a wave of energy.
The wave mechanical model proposed that the electron acts like particles as well as wave of energy. According to the field around, the electron changes there path and they start moving very fast act like wave of energy and hence they are not in place during any particular time.
Thus we concluded that electron revolve around central nucleus at such high speed that they act like wave of energy.
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What was the average molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution obtained from your two fine titrations?
Divide the number of moles of NaOH by the number of liters of NaOH solution needed to reach the titration's endpoint to determine the molarity of the NaOH solution.
"The process of calculating the quantity of a material A by adding measured increments of substance B, the titrant, with which it reacts until exact chemical equivalency is obtained (the equivalence point)" is the definition of titration.
Titration is a method of chemical analysis where the amount of a sample's ingredient is determined by adding an exact known amount of a different substance to the measured sample in which the desired constituent interacts in a specific, known proportion.
The equivalence point, or the point at which chemically equivalent amounts of the reactants have been combined, is to be detected by the titration. The stoichiometry of the reaction determines how many reactants have been combined at the equivalence point.
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What is the maximum number of moles of so3 that can be produced by the reaction of 2. 0 mol of s with of o2?
The maximum number of moles of SO₃ that can be produced by the reaction of 2.0 mol of S with of O₂ will be 2, two moles.
What are moles?Moles are the quantity of a material in per unit of solution. It is the SI unit of amount of a substance. The moles can be calculated by dividing the molecular weight of an object with the molecular mass of the substance.
The balanced reaction is
2SO₂ +O₂ →2SO₃
The ratio is 2:1
So if 2.0 mol of sulfur will reaction with 1 mole of oxygen there will be 2 moles of SO₃. The reaction clears the moles of SO₃ in the reaction.
Thus, maximum number of moles of SO₃ will be 2.
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The atmospheric layer in which gases do not maintain a uniform composition is the ________.
The layer of the earth's atmosphere in which gases do not maintain a uniform composition is the Heterosphere.
Heterosphere is simply the layer of an atmosphere in which the gases are split out according to molecular diffusion with an increase in altitude. Therefore, lighter species become more abundant than heavier species.The main components of the heterosphere are oxygen, helium, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
The lower layer is composed of nitrogen and oxygen.In the lower layers of the heterosphere, heavy molecules & atoms are present but lighter ones are present in the upper layer. According to Solar and temperature activities, the boundary between the molecules ranges. The heterosphere lies above the homosphere.
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A voltaic cell has a zinc anode and a copper cathode. They are connected by a wire but no salt bridge. What can you predict will happen? A. Without a salt bridge to slow it down the reaction will occur faster than normal. B. The electrons will flow to the zinc anode where a negative charge will build up and eventually halt the reaction. C. None of these D. The electrons will flow to the copper cathode where a negative charge will build up and eventually halt the reaction.
The prediction is that B. The electrons will flow to the zinc anode where a negative charge will build up and eventually halt the reaction.
What is zinc?This is known as a chemical element, of the periodic table, that is essential to life and is one of the most widely used metals. Zinc is of considerable commercial importance.
Without the salt bridge, positive and negative charges will build up around the electrodes causing the reaction to stop.
Hence, we know that the purpose of the salt bridge is to keep the solutions electrically neutral and allow the free flow of ions from one cell to another.
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O.25 moles of SO₂ will contain
A.2.5055*10^23
B.1.5055*10^23
C.3.5055*10^23
D.4.5055*10^23
Explanation:
number of mole s of H
2
= 0.25 moles
number of molecules = moles * Avogadro’s Number
number of molecules = 0.25×(6.022×10
23
)
number of molecules = 1.505×10
23
single molecule of hydrogen contains two H-atoms. So,
number of atoms = 2×(1.505×10
23
) = 3.01×10
23
Which pair of aqueous solutions can create a buffer solution if present in the appropriate concentrations?.
HF and NaF - If the right concentrations of aqueous solutions are present, they can produce a buffer solution.
What are buffer solutions and how do they differ?The two main categories of buffers are acidic buffer solutions and alkaline buffer solutions. Acidic buffers are solutions that contain a weak acid and one of its salts and have a pH below 7. For instance, a buffer solution with a pH of roughly 4.75 is made of acetic acid and sodium acetate.Describe buffer solution via an example.When a weak acid or a weak base is applied in modest amounts, buffer solutions withstand the pH shift. A buffer made of a weak acid and its salt is an example. It is a solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate CH3COOH + CH3COONa.learn more about buffer solutions here
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How many photons will be required to raise the temperature of 2. 1 gg of water by 1. 7 kk ?
The photon which is required to raise the temperature of 2.1 gm of water by 1.7 kk is 2.16 x [tex]10^{20} photons[/tex]
Given the following data:
Mass of water = [tex]2.1 gm[/tex]
Change in temperature = [tex]1.7 Kelvin[/tex]
Wavelength of infrared = [tex]2.9[/tex] х [tex]10^{-4} cm[/tex]
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J/g°K.
Conversion:
100 cm = 1 m
[tex]2.9 X 10^{-4} cm = 2.9 X 10^{-6}[/tex]
To find the amount of photons required to raise the temperature of 2.1 g of water:
First of all, we would determine the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of water:
Mathematically, quantity of energy is given by the formula;
[tex]Q = mc[/tex]θ
Where:
Q represents the quantity of energy.
m represents the mass of an object.
c represents the specific heat capacity.
∅ represents the change in temperature.
Substituting the given parameters into the formula, we have;
[tex]Q = 2.1(4.18)(1.7)\\\\Q = 14.92 Joules[/tex]
Mathematically, the Planck-Einstein relation is given by the formula:
[tex]E = hf[/tex]
Where:
h is Planck constant.
f is photon frequency.
To find the photon frequency, we would use this formula:
[tex]Photon frequency = \frac{speed}{wavelength} \\\\Photon frequency = \frac{3(10^{8} )}{2.9(10^{-6} )}\\ \\Photon frequency = \frac{300000000}{0.0000029}\\ \\Photon frequency = 1.04 X 10^{14} Hz[/tex]
Applying Planck-Einstein's relation, we would determine the energy required by each of photon:
[tex]E = 6.626[/tex] х [tex]10^{-34}[/tex] х [tex]1.04[/tex] х [tex]10^{14}[/tex]
[tex]E= 6.89[/tex] х [tex]10^{-20} Joules[/tex]
Now, we can calculate the amount of photons required to raise the temperature of 2.1 g of water by using this expression:
[tex]Number of photons = \frac{Q}{E} \\\\Number of photons = \frac{14.92}{6.89(10^{-20} )}\\ \\Number of photons = 2.16 X 10^{20} photons[/tex]
Disclaimer: Given Question is incomplete, please find the correct question:
Water is exposed to infrared radiation of wavelength 2.9x10-4 cm. Assume that all the radiation is absorbed and converted to heat. How many photons will be required to raise the temperature of 2.1 g of water by 1.7 K? Express your answer using two significant figures.
Thus the concluded that number of photon is 2.16 x [tex]10^{20}[/tex] photons.
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Sodium and bromine form an ionic bond. The resulting compound, sodium bromide, is held together because...
Select one:
a. oppositely charged ions attract.
b. electrons are shared.
c. protons stay in the nucleus.
d. positively charged ions attract.
[tex] {\qquad\qquad\huge\underline{{\sf Answer}}} [/tex]
Sodium is a highly reactive alkali metal and it looses an electron to gain a positive charge on it and bromine is a halogen that is highly resctive as well and it gains a negative charge by doing so.
And hence they form ionic bond, and the compound is held together by the attraction between the two charged ions.
So, correct choice is : A. oppositely charged ion attract.
A spherical balloon is inflating with helium at a rate of 48π ft3 min. How fast is the balloon's radius increasing at the instant the radius is 2 ft?
Answer:
Explanation:.
Explain why a glucose test strip may be used to determine the enzymatic activity of lactase
The glucose test strip may be used in the determination of the enzymatic activity of lactase
Since measuring the amount of generated glucose shows that the enzymes are actually converting the disaccharide into galactose and glucose, the glucose test strip can be used to determine the enzymatic activity of lactase.
As a byproduct of lactase hydrolysis, glucose serves as a direct indicator of the amount of lactase that has been reacted. Utilizing test strips that gauge the amount of glucose present in the reaction mixture, you can keep an eye on the enzyme activity.
An artificial substrate for lactase is hydrolyzed to extract lactase from dietary supplement tablets, which is then measured using a colorimetric assay (ortho-nitrophenol-beta-D-galactopyranoside, ONPG)
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What is the molar solubility of agcl in 0. 30 m nacl at 25°C. ksp for agcl is 1. 77 × 10^-10.
Molar solubility of AgCl will be 0.59 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] M.
The amount of a chemical that can dissolve in one liter of a solution before reaching saturation is known as its molar solubility. This implies that the quantity of a substance it can disintegrate in a solution even before the solution becomes saturated with that particular substance is determined by its molar solubility.
A compound's molar solubility would be the measure of how many moles of such a compound must dissolve to produce one liter of saturated solution. The molar solubility unit will be mol L-1.
Calculation of molar solubility:
Given data:
M = 0.30 M
[tex]K_{sp}[/tex] = 1.77 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex]
The reaction can be written as:
AgCl ⇔ [tex]Ag^{+} + Cl^{-}[/tex]
s s (s+0.30)
[tex]K_{sp}[/tex] = [[tex]Ag^{+}[/tex] ]+ [[tex]Cl^{-}[/tex]]
1.77 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] = s (0.30)
s = 1.77 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] / 0.3
s = 0.59 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] M
Therefore, molar solubility of AgCl will be 0.59 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] M.
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Is it possible for the entropy of both a closed system and its surroundings to decrease during the process?
Only when heat is transferred from the system to its surroundings does a closed system suffer a decrease in entropy.
Only when heat is transferred from the system to its surroundings does a closed system suffer a decrease in entropy. Every internally reversible operation in a closed system generates entropy. Entropy remains constant in an adiabatic and internally reversible process of a closed system. Isolated systems' entropy cannot diminish.
When a system is not isolated but is in contact with its surroundings, the entropy of the open system may drop, requiring a balancing rise in the entropy of the surroundings. During a process, the entropy of an isolated system constantly increases, or in the case of a reversible process, remains constant (it never decreases).
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Dosage calculation order: 3 mg available: 2 mg per 6 ml how many ml will be given?
9ml will be given for the case of dosage calculation order: 3 mg available: 2 mg per 6 ml
Conversion factors are necessary for dosage calculation, such as when translating from pounds to kilograms or liters to milliliters. This approach, which is straightforward in design, enables physicians to deal with different units of measurement and convert factors to arrive at the solution.
dosage calculation techniques serve as a second or third check on the accuracy of the previous computation techniques. Dimensional Analysis, Ratio Proportion, and Formula or Desired Over Have Method are the three main approaches for dosage calculation. dosage calculations are frequently prescribed and labeled based on their weight or, for solutions, their strength, which is the amount of weight dissolved or suspended in a given volume.
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What type of bond will typically form between boron and hydrogen based on their electronegativity?
The type of bond will typically form between boron and hydrogen based is boron-hydrogen-boron bridge bond also known as 3 centered two electron bond on the basis of their electronegativity.
What is electronegativity?Electronegativity is a tendency or chances of an element to accepts the single electron from any atom not only the lone pair of electrons.
Fluorine is smallest and the highly electronegative element of the periodic table after that oxygen is also an electronegative element after that nitrogen.
Therefore, it is known as 3 centered two electron bond on the basis of their electronegativity.
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Small, non-polar molecules exhibit a higher rate of diffusion than large, charged ones.
a. true
b. false
In addition to the use of complex metal hydrides, what other reaction can be used to reduce aldehydes and ketones to alcohols?
The reaction with H₂ & Raney Ni (Catalytic Hydrogenation) can be used to reduce aldehydes and ketones to alcohols.
What is Aldehyde ?An Aldehyde is a functional group which contains the carbonyl group that is -C = O. The structural formula for aldehyde is RCHO.
Reaction of Aldehyde with H₂ & Raney Ni gives Primary alcohol
RCHO + H₂ & Raney Ni → RCH₂OH
What is Ketone ?A Ketone is a functional group which contains the carbonyl group that is -C = O. The structural formula for ketone is RCOR.
Reaction of Ketone with H₂ & Raney Ni gives Secondary alcohol
RCOR + H₂ & Raney Ni → RCH(OH)R
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The reaction with H₂ , Raney Ni can be used to reduce aldehydes and ketones to alcohols.
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As filtrate moves down the loop of henle, the surrounding interstitial fluid becomes _____ concentrated than the filtrate, so _____ leaves the filtrate.
As filtrate moves down the loop of Henle, the surrounding interstitial fluid becomes more concentrated than the filtrate, so water leaves the filtrate.
Using 1h nmr spectroscopy, how can you tell the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?.
Using 1h nmr spectroscopy, the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone is predicted as an aldehyde contains two C-H stretches ranging between 2700-2850 cm⁻¹.
What is spectroscopy?Spectroscopy is the study of how light as well as other radiation are absorbed and emitted by materials, and how this depends just on wavelength of that radiation.
Some characteristics of spectroscopy are-
The study of interactions between particles like electrons, protons, and ions as well as their interactions with some other elements as a result of their collision energy has been added to the term more recently.The most fundamental physics theories, such as quantum theory, both special and general theories of relativity, including quantum electrodynamics, have all benefited greatly by spectroscopic analysis. Scientific comprehension of the electromagnetic force together with the strong and weak nuclear forces has been greatly aided by the use of spectroscopy in high-energy collisions.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a medical procedure, uses radio-frequency spectroscopy on nuclei in a magnetic field to produce images of the inside soft tissues of the body with unparalleled resolution.To know more about the spectroscopy, here
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An element with the general electron configuration for its outermost electrons of ns2np1 would be in which element group?
Electron configuration is the electron distribution in the molecular and atomic orbital. An element with configuration ns²np¹ will be in the 3A group. Thus, option B is correct.
What is electronic configuration?The electronic configuration has been the arrangement and distribution of the sub-atomic particle, an electron in the atomic shells.
The electronic configuration given is, ns²np¹. Here, there are three valence electrons in the outermost orbit. As it has been known that the number of the valence electron gives the number of the group.
Therefore, option B. 3A group or 13 group is the correct option.
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Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was, An element with the general electron configuration for its outermost electrons of ns2np1 would be in which group?
a. 2a
b. 3a
c. 4a
d. 5a
e. 8a