To achieve a 14 percent multifactor productivity improvement by reducing materials costs only, one needs to reduce the materials cost by 5.91%. To achieve a 14 percent multifactor productivity improvement by reducing labor costs only, one needs to reduce the labor cost by 7.58%.
To calculate the percentage reduction in materials cost required to achieve a 14 percent multifactor productivity improvement, we need to consider the current standard cost of materials and the target improvement.
The current materials cost per unit is $67, which is 46.53% of the standard cost of $144 ($67/$144 × 100). To achieve a 14 percent improvement, we can set up the equation: (46.53 - x)/46.53 × 100 = 14, where x represents the percentage reduction in materials cost. Solving this equation, we find that x is approximately 5.91%. Therefore, to achieve a 14 percent multifactor productivity improvement by reducing materials costs only, one needs to reduce the materials cost by approximately 5.91%.
Similarly, to calculate the percentage reduction in labor cost required to achieve a 14 percent multifactor productivity improvement, we consider the current labor cost per unit, which is $29.
The labor cost is approximately 20.14% of the standard cost ($29/$144 × 100). Setting up the equation (20.14 - y)/20.14 × 100 = 14, where y represents the percentage reduction in labor cost, we can solve for y. Solving this equation, we find that y is approximately 7.58%.
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How do you currently describe the business climate globally? What are the implications for the companies in the same industry as your CLC group’s company (PepsiCo)? Explain why. Please explain and cite examples.
The global business climate is characterized by economic uncertainties, geopolitical tensions, technological advancements, and changing consumer preferences. These factors have implications for companies in the same industry as PepsiCo, necessitating strategic agility, adaptability, and a focus on sustainability and innovation to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving landscape.
The global business climate is currently characterized by a complex and dynamic landscape. Several key factors are shaping the environment in which companies operate, including economic conditions, geopolitical tensions, technological advancements, and shifting consumer preferences.
Economically, many countries are experiencing a mixed recovery from the global COVID-19 pandemic, with some regions rebounding faster than others. This disparity creates both challenges and opportunities for companies operating globally. For example, while emerging markets offer potential for growth due to rising consumer spending power, they may also pose risks due to volatile economic conditions and regulatory uncertainties.
Geopolitical tensions, such as trade disputes and sanctions, have introduced additional complexities for multinational companies. These factors can disrupt supply chains, increase operational costs, and create barriers to market entry. For instance, ongoing trade conflicts between major economies like the United States and China have resulted in tariffs on certain goods, impacting companies' profitability and expansion plans.
Technological advancements are transforming industries at an unprecedented pace. Companies must navigate the digital revolution, adapt to emerging technologies, and embrace innovation to remain competitive. The rise of e-commerce, automation, artificial intelligence, and data analytics are reshaping consumer expectations and business models. For instance, companies in the food and beverage industry, including PepsiCo, have had to invest in digital marketing strategies, enhance their e-commerce capabilities, and explore new distribution channels to reach tech-savvy consumers.
Shifting consumer preferences and social trends also have significant implications for companies. Consumers are increasingly demanding sustainable, ethical, and healthy products. This has prompted companies to invest in sustainability initiatives, reduce their environmental footprint, and develop healthier product offerings. For example, PepsiCo has responded to the growing demand for healthier beverages by introducing low-sugar and zero-calorie options, and actively promoting responsible water use in its operations.
In conclusion, the global business climate is characterized by economic uncertainties, geopolitical tensions, technological advancements, and changing consumer preferences. These factors have implications for companies in the same industry as PepsiCo, necessitating strategic agility, adaptability, and a focus on sustainability and innovation to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving landscape.
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How would the implementation of digital dashboards in a manufacturing organisation impact on the role of the management accountant?
The implementation of digital dashboards in a manufacturing organization would have a significant impact on the role of the management accountant. Here's how:
1. Access to Real-Time Data: Digital dashboards provide management accountants with real-time access to key financial and operational data. Instead of relying on static reports and manual data collection, accountants can now monitor and analyze information instantly. This allows them to make more timely and informed decisions, identify trends, and respond quickly to changes in the manufacturing process.
2. Improved Performance Monitoring: Digital dashboards offer visual representations of key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics relevant to the manufacturing process. Management accountants can track metrics such as production costs, inventory levels, quality control, and equipment utilization in real-time. They can identify areas of improvement or potential issues and take proactive measures to optimize efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance overall performance.
3. Enhanced Data Analysis and Forecasting: With digital dashboards, management accountants can perform advanced data analysis and forecasting more efficiently. They can identify patterns, correlations, and trends in the manufacturing data, enabling them to provide more accurate financial forecasts, cost projections, and budget planning. This helps the organization make better strategic decisions, optimize resource allocation, and mitigate risks.
4. Automation and Streamlined Processes: Digital dashboards automate data collection, aggregation, and visualization processes, reducing the manual effort required by management accountants. This frees up their time to focus on value-added activities such as data interpretation, analysis, and strategic planning. It also improves data accuracy, minimizes errors, and enhances data integrity across the organization.
5. Strategic Business Partner: With digital dashboards providing real-time insights, management accountants can play a more strategic role within the organization. They can collaborate with cross-functional teams, provide financial analysis and insights to support decision-making, and contribute to strategic initiatives. By leveraging the power of digital dashboards, management accountants can become trusted advisors to management, helping drive business growth and performance.
Overall, the implementation of digital dashboards empowers management accountants with timely access to relevant data, improved performance monitoring, advanced analytics capabilities, streamlined processes, and a more strategic role within the manufacturing organization. It enhances their ability to contribute to informed decision-making, optimize operations, and drive overall financial performance.
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If GDP measured in billions of current dollars is $5,465, consumption is $3,657, investment is $741, and government purchases are $1,098, then net exports are:
Select one:
A.$131.
B. -$131
C. $31
D. -$31
The correct answer is D. -$31 billion. This indicates that there is a trade deficit, meaning that the value of imports exceeds the value of exports by $31 billion.
The net exports can be calculated by subtracting the sum of consumption, investment, and government purchases from the GDP. In this case, the GDP is $5,465 billion, consumption is $3,657 billion, investment is $741 billion, and government purchases are $1,098 billion.
To calculate the net exports:
Net Exports = GDP - (Consumption + Investment + Government purchases)
Net Exports = $5,465 billion - ($3,657 billion + $741 billion + $1,098 billion)
Net Exports = $5,465 billion - $5,496 billion
Net Exports = -$31 billion
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1. Lakewood Laser SkinCare's ending cash balance as of January 31, 2018 (the end of its fiscal year 2017) was \$15,000. Its expected cash collections and payments for the next six months are given in the following table. a. Calculate the firm's expected ending cash balance for each month.
Expected ending cash balance: Feb 2018 - $18,000, Mar 2018 - $16,500, Apr 2018 - $14,000, May 2018 - $17,500, Jun 2018 - $20,000, Jul 2018 - $18,500.
The expected ending cash balance for each month, we start with the ending cash balance of $15,000 as of January 31, 2018. Then, we add the cash collections and subtract the cash payments for each month.
Month: February 2018
Ending Cash Balance = Previous Ending Cash Balance + Cash Collections - Cash Payments
= $15,000 + $25,000 - $23,000 = $18,000
Similarly, we can calculate the expected ending cash balance for the remaining months using the same formula.
Based on the provided cash collections and payments for the next six months, Lakewood Laser SkinCare's expected ending cash balance is projected to be $18,000 in February 2018, $16,500 in March 2018, $14,000 in April 2018, $17,500 in May 2018, $20,000 in June 2018, and $18,500 in July 2018. These estimates help in forecasting the company's cash position and ensuring appropriate financial management.
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Analyze one opportunity and one risk for businesses associated with the fourth industrial revolution."
The fourth industrial revolution offers businesses many opportunities and risks. Automation and Efficiency are the two primary opportunities that the Fourth Industrial Revolution provides. Insecurity is the main risk that the Fourth Industrial Revolution poses.
Let's discuss one opportunity and one risk for businesses associated with the fourth industrial revolution.
Opportunity: Automation and Efficiency are the two primary opportunities that the Fourth Industrial Revolution provides. Companies may use technology to simplify and streamline production, as well as expand into new areas.
Risk: Insecurity is the main risk that the Fourth Industrial Revolution poses. Because everything is linked and handled online, the risk of cyber attacks, hacking, and data loss rises. The Internet of Things (IoT) and other emerging technologies that allow physical objects to communicate and exchange data with one another are also a major source of security concerns.
Hopefully, this will assist you in better understanding the risks and opportunities associated with the fourth industrial revolution.
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Consider a development project which will convert forest land for residential housing. Given that the environmental damages (due to loss of preservation) are close to being permanent (at least very long-term), there is significant concern over the loss of preservation benefits. Suppose that the per-period net benefits (total benefits and costs in a given period, not including environmental damages) are given (in NZ\$) as follows:
NBt=200, for t=0,1,2,….
The development project initially costs around $3000 and the discount rate is set to r=4%. Using the cost-benefit analysis methods, answer the following questions:
(a) (5 points) If we do not take into account any environmental costs, should we undertake this project? Explain your reasoning.
(b) (10 points) It is estimated that the environmental costs ECt equal:
ECt=40, for t=0,1,2,…
Should we undertake the project, after accounting for the environmental costs? Explain your reasoning.
(c) (10 points) Following Krutilla and Fisher Mođel, suppose that the environmental costs are increasing exponentially over time. More specifically:
ECt+1=1−aECt,
where 0≤a≤1 denotes the growth rate of the environmental damages over time. Calculate the value of a so the net present value (NPV) equals 0 .
(d) (10 points) Using your answer for part (c). explain the relationship between the discount rate (r) and the growth rate (a) that sets NPV to 0 . [Hint: It would be useful to illustrate this relationship on a graph.]
In this development project, the per-period net benefits (NBt) are given as NZ$200 for each period. Without considering any environmental costs, the project's net benefits would be positive, indicating it is financially viable.
(a) Without considering environmental costs, the per-period net benefits (NBt) are positive (NBt=200), indicating that the project is financially viable in each period. Therefore, we should undertake the project.
(b) When environmental costs (ECt) are included, if the costs remain constant at ECt=40 for each period, the per-period net benefits (NBt) would be reduced by subtracting the environmental costs (NBt - ECt). If the resulting net benefits are still positive, then we should undertake the project. In this case, NBt - ECt = 200 - 40 = 160, which is still positive. Therefore, we should undertake the project even after accounting for the environmental costs.
(c) If the environmental costs increase exponentially over time according to the equation ECt+1 = 1 - aECt, we need to find the value of 'a' that sets the net present value (NPV) equal to zero. NPV is calculated by summing the discounted net benefits over time. By setting NPV to zero, we can solve for the value of 'a' that achieves this equilibrium.
(d) The relationship between the discount rate (r) and the growth rate (a) that sets NPV to zero can be graphically represented. When plotted on a graph, the discount rate (r) represents the slope of the NPV curve, while the growth rate (a) represents the curvature of the environmental costs curve. The intersection point of the two curves determines the value of 'a' at which NPV is zero. Different combinations of r and a can yield different NPV values.
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Jesse is married, but for 2021 , he will filed separarely from his wife.On January 29, 2021 he purchased 100 shares of KLM stock for $10,000. Shortly he made the purchase , the price of the stock declined sharply. Concerned that his investment would continued to lose value, Jesse decided to cut his losses, and he sold all of his shares of KLM stock for $5,000 on March 25, 2021.
Jesse did not have any other capital gains or losses that year, and his only other income consisted of $72,00 in wages. Jesse has not had good luck with his investments in recent years, and he also has a prior year carryover lossof $2,000. What amount of capital loss can Jesse use to offset his ordinary income?
Jesse can use a capital loss of $3,000 to offset his ordinary income when his only other income consisted of $72,00 in wages .
Jesse incurred a capital loss of $5,000 from the sale of his KLM stock. However, the maximum amount of capital loss that an individual can use to offset their ordinary income in a given tax year is $3,000. Since Jesse does not have any other capital gains or losses for the year, he can utilize the full $3,000 capital loss to offset his ordinary income of $72,000 from wages.
This means that Jesse's taxable income would be reduced by $3,000, resulting in a lower tax liability. Any remaining capital loss amount beyond $3,000 can be carried forward to future years and used to offset future capital gains or ordinary income.
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Planalto, Inc. sold a machine to a machine dealer for $51,300. Planalto bought the machine for $53,700 several years ago and has claimed $11,850 of depreciation expense on the machine. What is the amount and character of Planalto’s gain or loss?
The amount of Planalto's loss on the sale of the machine is $9,450.
In this scenario, Planalto, Inc. sold a machine to a machine dealer for $51,300. To determine the gain or loss, we need to consider the adjusted basis of the machine. The adjusted basis is calculated by subtracting the accumulated depreciation from the original purchase price. In this case, the original purchase price was $53,700, and the accumulated depreciation was $11,850. Therefore, the adjusted basis is $53,700 - $11,850 = $41,850.
By subtracting the adjusted basis from the selling price, we find that Planalto, Inc. incurred a loss of $9,450 ($51,300 - $41,850). This means that the selling price was lower than the adjusted basis, resulting in a loss on the sale of the machine. The loss amount represents the difference between the amount received from the sale and the net value of the machine after accounting for depreciation.
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Question 49 Industry analysis is primarily concerned with a corporation's
(A) societal environment.
(B) task environment.
(C) sociocultural environment.
(D) economic environment.
(E) internal environment.
Question 50
An agency problem can occur when
(A) the desires and objectives of the owners and agents conflict.
(B) it is difficult or expensive for the owners to verify what the agent is actually doing.
(C) the owners and managers have different attitudes toward risk.
(D) executives do not select risky (and potentially profitable) strategies because they fear losing their jobs if the strategy fails.
(E) All of the above.
The correct answer is (B) task environment. Industry analysis primarily focuses on examining a corporation's task environment, which includes factors such as competitors, suppliers, customers, and other external forces that directly affect the company's operations and performance.
The task environment refers to the specific external forces that have a direct impact on a corporation's operations, strategies, and competitiveness. This includes factors such as industry competitors, suppliers, customers, regulatory agencies, and other stakeholders involved in the company's immediate environment. Industry analysis aims to understand and assess these external forces to gain insights into the opportunities and threats present within the industry, enabling the corporation to formulate effective strategies.
Industry analysis primarily revolves around assessing a corporation's task environment, which consists of external forces directly influencing the company's operations. By understanding the competitive landscape, customer dynamics, supplier relationships, and other relevant factors, a corporation can make informed decisions and develop strategies that align with the external environment, leading to sustainable business success.
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Consider the following Balance Sheet related data for Kairful Finance Corp. (KFC), a Canadian schedule B bank. Required (3 parts): If interest rates are currently 2% but increase to 4%, how much will KFC's equity change by (approximately)? Use the duıation ralrulatione th rompun with unır answar 12 markel KFC is considering managing its interest rate risk and achieving a duration neutral position. Assume it has the ability to buy or sell 10 year zero coupon bonds. What dollar value of these bonds should it buy or sell to achieve its desired duration neutral position? (2 marks)
Without the duration of KFC's assets and liabilities, it is not possible to determine the approximate change in equity or the dollar value of zero coupon bonds needed for a duration neutral position.
To determine the change in KFC's equity due to an interest rate increase, we need the duration of its assets and liabilities. Without this information, we cannot calculate the precise impact on equity.
Similarly, to achieve a duration-neutral position, we need the current duration of KFC's assets and liabilities. This information is crucial for determining the amount of zero coupon bonds KFC should buy or sell.
Unfortunately, since the durations are not provided in the question, we cannot calculate the approximate change in equity or the necessary dollar value of zero coupon bonds for achieving a duration-neutral position.
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If a firm experiences diseconomies of scope, then it:
(A) experiences constant returns to scale for all outputs.
(B) experiences economies of scale for one of the outputs.
(C) can experience either economies of scale or diseconomies of scale for all outputs.
(D) experiences diseconomies of scale for at least one output.
(E) experiences decreasing returns to scale for at least one output.
If a firm experiences diseconomies of scope, then the correct answer is (C) it can experience either economies of scale or diseconomies of scale for all outputs.
Diseconomies of scope occur when a firm's cost per unit of output increases as it produces a wider range of products or services. This means that the firm may face inefficiencies and increased costs when it expands its product lines or diversifies its operations.
However, diseconomies of scope do not necessarily mean that the firm will always experience diseconomies of scale for all outputs. Economies of scale refer to the situation where the firm experiences cost savings and increased efficiency as it increases the scale of production. In the context of this question, it means that the firm may still have some outputs that benefit from economies of scale, even if it experiences diseconomies of scope overall.
Therefore, option (C) is the correct answer, as the firm can experience either economies of scale or diseconomies of scale for all outputs.
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A firm experiencing diseconomies of scope means the cost of producing two goods together exceeds the cost of producing them separately, which indicates that there is an experience of diseconomies of scale for at least one output.
Explanation:If a firm experiences diseconomies of scope, it means that the cost of producing two goods together is higher than the cost of producing them separately. In other words, the firm does not benefit from any synergies of joint production, which results in increased joint production costs.
Reviewing the options provided, the right answer is:
(D) experiences diseconomies of scale for at least one output.
While this may seem a bit confusing, diseconomies of scope are actually a type of diseconomies of scale. Diseconomies of scale occur when the long-run average total cost of producing a product increases as the firm's output increases. If at least one output experiences this, the firm is suffering from diseconomies of scope.
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EXERCISE 6.9
Zimba Hats received a statement dated 25 July 2021 from their supplier, Headgear Wholesalers. The balance of Headgear Wholesalers' account in the Accounts payable ledger at 31 July 2021 amounted to R8 052 compared to R8 482 per the statement received. When comparing the statement with the supplier's account in the Accounts payable subsidiary ledger, the accountant discovered the following:
1. Invoice No. 185, dated 15 July 2021, for R1 200 had been incorrectly entered on the statement as R2 100.
2. Invoice No. 210, dated 20 July 2021, which was subject to a 25% trade discount had been incorrectly entered on the creditor's statement at its gross amount. The invoice had been correctly recorded in Zimba Hats' purchases journal at the net amount of R900.
3.
Credit note No. 010, dated 10 July 2021, for R260 was correctly shown on the statement and in
the purchases returns journal. The credit note had been correctly recorded in the general ledger of Zimba Hats, but had been posted to the supplier's account in the subsidiary ledger as an invoice. Invoice No. 212 for R250, dated 29 July 2021, does not appear on the statement of Headgear
Wholesalers.
4.
REQUIRED:
Prepare the Remittance advice to be sent to Headgear Wholesalers on 1 August 2021 together with the payment for July purchases.
Remittance Advice
1 August 2021
Headgear Wholesalers
[Supplier's Address]
[City, State, ZIP]
Dear Headgear Wholesalers,
We hope this letter finds you well. Please find enclosed the payment for our July purchases along with this remittance advice detailing the adjustments required to reconcile the statement received with our accounts payable subsidiary ledger.
1. Invoice No. 185, dated 15 July 2021: The correct amount should be R1,200 instead of the incorrectly stated R2,100. We apologize for any confusion caused.
2. Invoice No. 210, dated 20 July 2021: This invoice, subject to a 25% trade discount, was incorrectly entered on the statement at its gross amount. However, it was recorded correctly in our purchases journal at the net amount of R900.
3. Credit note No. 010, dated 10 July 2021: The credit note for R260 was accurately reflected on the statement and in our purchases returns journal. Regrettably, it was posted as an invoice in the supplier's account in our subsidiary ledger. This has been rectified in our general ledger.
4. Invoice No. 212, dated 29 July 2021: We observed that this invoice for R250 does not appear on the Headgear Wholesalers' statement. Please verify and include it in future statements as necessary.
Once again, we apologize for any inconvenience caused by these discrepancies. We value our business relationship and appreciate your prompt attention to these matters. If you require any further clarification or have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Sincerely,
[Your Name]
[Your Title]
Zimba Hats
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Globalization, Rapidly changing technology and increased visibility Which one do you think is affecting B2B the most? Why? Or do you think there is another one the authors missed? You can consider your own experience in B2B or current happenings to B2B companies. The following content is partner provided
Rapidly changing technology is affecting B2B the most because it drives innovation, disrupts traditional business models, and necessitates continuous adaptation to stay competitive in the market.
In today's digital era, technology is evolving at an unprecedented pace, revolutionizing the way businesses operate.
B2B companies are heavily reliant on technology for their processes, communication, and data management. Rapid advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data analytics, and automation are reshaping industries and creating new opportunities.
B2B companies must embrace these technological changes to optimize their operations, enhance customer experiences, and remain agile in an increasingly competitive marketplace.
Failing to adapt to evolving technologies can leave businesses at a significant disadvantage, highlighting the profound impact of rapidly changing technology on the B2B landscape.
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What type of account is used to record costs incurred by a company in the process of earning revenue?
Expense
Asset
Liability
Revenue
The type of account used to record costs incurred by a company in the process of earning revenue is an Expense account. Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.
Expenses represent the costs associated with the day-to-day operations of a business that are necessary to generate revenue. They include items such as salaries, rent, utilities, advertising, supplies, and other costs directly related to the production or delivery of goods and services.
Expenses are recognized and recorded in the accounting system as they are incurred, following the Accrual Accounting Principle. Accrual accounting recognizes expenses when they are incurred, regardless of when the payment is made. This allows for a more accurate representation of the company's financial position and performance.
Expenses are recorded on the income statement, which is a financial statement that summarizes a company's revenues, expenses, gains, and losses over a specific period. The income statement shows the net income or net loss of the company, calculated by subtracting total expenses from total revenue.
By tracking and recording expenses separately, businesses can analyze their cost structure, identify areas of overspending or inefficiency, and make informed decisions to optimize their operations. Properly recording and categorizing expenses is crucial for financial reporting, budgeting, and determining the profitability of a business.
Hence, the expense account is used to record the costs incurred by a company in the process of earning revenue. It reflects the expenditures necessary for the day-to-day operations and is essential for accurately assessing the financial performance of a business. So, option 1 is correct.
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Let's say you're the CFO of a company and you want to invest in two different projects. When evaluating the projects, you will use a cost of capital of 15%. You can only choose one of these projects because the company has very limited capital. Project A needs an initial investment of 100,000 TL at the start. Project B needs an initial investment of 10,000 TL, which must be paid off in 11 equal payments. Starting in Year 3, Project A will bring in 30,000 TL every year for 7 years. Starting in Year 4, Project B will give back 40,000 TL each year for 6 years. Starting in Year 1, both projects have yearly maintenance costs of 25,000 TL. Project A makes $117,500 every year starting in year 10 and Project B makes $86,500 every year starting in year 10.
a)What are net present values of the projects A and B?
b)Which project should be chosen, and why?
a) The net present value (NPV) of Project A is calculated as the present value of its cash inflows minus the initial investment. The NPV of Project B is calculated similarly, taking into account the payments made over time.
b) The project with the higher NPV should be chosen.
a) To calculate the net present value (NPV) of Project A, we need to discount the cash inflows and outflows using the cost of capital of 15%. The cash inflows of 30,000 TL per year starting from Year 3 until Year 9, and the final cash inflow of 117,500 TL in Year 10, are discounted to their present values. The initial investment of 100,000 TL is also discounted. The NPV of Project A is the sum of the present values of cash inflows minus the initial investment.
Similarly, for Project B, we discount the cash inflows of 40,000 TL per year starting from Year 4 until Year 9, and the final cash inflow of 86,500 TL in Year 10, along with the 11 equal payments of 10,000 TL. The NPV of Project B is the sum of the present values of cash inflows minus the initial investment.
b) The project with the higher NPV should be chosen as it indicates a higher value creation potential. Comparing the NPVs of Project A and Project B will determine which project is more financially attractive. If the NPV of Project A is higher, it would be the preferred choice, indicating that it provides greater returns relative to the cost of capital. However, if the NPV of Project B is higher, it would be the preferred choice instead.
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Chang Industries has 2,900 defective units of product that already cost $32 each to produce. A salvage compary will purchase the defective units as is for $14 each. Chang's production manager reports that the defects can be corrected for $24 per unit, enabling them to be sold at their regular market price of $30. The $32 per unit is a:
Muliple Choice
a Opportunity cost
b Incremental cost.
c Sunk cost.
d Out-of-pocket-cost
e Period cost.
The correct answer is option C. Sunk cost.
A sunk cost is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered, irrespective of whether an action is taken or not. Sunk costs are independent of any future decision that may be taken since they have already been spent in the past.
They are a basic concept in economics and business decision-making.
A cost that has already been incurred is referred to as a sunk cost.
The 2900 defective units' cost of $32 each is already spent, regardless of whether they are sold as is or repaired and sold at the market price of $30.
This implies that the $32 per unit is a sunk cost.
Here are the definitions of the other options:
Opportunity cost - the cost of the next best alternative that is forgone when a decision is made.
Incremental cost - the additional cost incurred when producing or selling one extra unit of output.Out-of-pocket cost - a cost that requires cash payment in the current period.
Period cost - a cost that is expensed in the period in which it is incurred, not associated with the production of goods.
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Southwest Airines just bought a new jet for $24,000,000. The jet falls into the 7 year MACRS category, with the following depreciation rates (haif-year convention) The jet can be sold for $19,200,000 after 5 years. The company has a marginal tax rate of 34% Part 1 E Attempt 1/5 for 10 pts What is the book value at the end of year 5 ? Part 2 - 1 Attempt 1/5 for 10 pts. What is the after-tax salvage value at the end of year 5 ?
The book value of the jet at the end of year 5 is $14,688,000. The after-tax salvage value at the end of year 5 is $12,705,120.
To calculate the book value at the end of year 5, we need to determine the accumulated depreciation over the first five years. Since the jet falls into the 7-year MACRS category with a half-year convention, the depreciation rates are as follows: 14.29%, 24.49%, 17.49%, 12.49%, 8.93%, and 8.92% for years 1 to 6 respectively.
The depreciation expense for each year is calculated by multiplying the depreciation rate by the initial cost of the jet. The accumulated depreciation at the end of year 5 is the sum of the depreciation expenses for years 1 to 5. Subtracting the accumulated depreciation from the initial cost of the jet gives us the book value at the end of year 5, which is $14,688,000.
To find the after-tax salvage value at the end of year 5, we need to calculate the taxable gain or loss on the sale of the jet. The taxable gain is the difference between the selling price and the book value at the time of sale. In this case, the selling price is $19,200,000, and the book value at the end of year 5 is $14,688,000. The taxable gain is $19,200,000 - $14,688,000 = $4,512,000.
Applying the marginal tax rate of 34% to the taxable gain gives us the tax liability. The after-tax salvage value is calculated by subtracting the tax liability from the selling price. Therefore, the after-tax salvage value at the end of year 5 is $19,200,000 - ($4,512,000 * 0.34) = $12,705,120.
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1) Using the gross method, purchase discounts lost are:
A) Included in inventory purchased.
B) Added to accounts payable.
C) Included as a reduction to purchase returns.
D) Deducted from discount income.
Gross method, purchase discounts lost are the correct option is d. Hence, D) Deducted from discount income.
Under this method, the business entity first records credit sales on gross amount without adjusting the discount provided if payment is made within a specified period. The journal entry will report debit of discount allowed, cash, and credit to accounts receivables on cash receipt.
The gross method of recording purchase discounts records the purchase and the payable at the gross amount before any discount. If the firm takes the discount, an account titled Purchase Discounts will be credited for the amount of the discount. Thus the correct option is d.
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In a perpetual inventory system, when merchandise is purchased, it is debited to an account called purchases.In a perpetual inventory system, when merchandise is purchased, it is debited to an account called purchases. true or false?
In a perpetual inventory system, when merchandise is purchased, it is debited to an account called purchases. The statement is true.
In a perpetual inventory system, merchandise purchases are recorded by debiting an account called purchases. This account represents the cost of the merchandise acquired for resale.
In a perpetual inventory system, every transaction related to merchandise is recorded in real-time.
When merchandise is purchased, it is immediately recognized and recorded in the purchases account. This allows for accurate and up-to-date tracking of inventory levels and costs.
The purchases account is a temporary account that is used to track the cost of goods acquired during a specific accounting period.
It is typically closed at the end of the accounting period by transferring its balance to the inventory or cost of goods sold accounts.
By debiting the purchases account, the cost of merchandise purchased is recorded as an expense, reducing the company's net income.
This expense is later matched against the revenue generated from the sale of the merchandise when calculating the cost of goods sold.
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Risk retention involves - buying insurance - assuming the cost of an uninsurable risk - stopping the activity that involves risk of loss - the possibility of loss or gain
Risk retention involves assuming the cost of an uninsurable risk. It refers to the strategy of accepting the potential loss or gain associated with a risk instead of transferring it through insurance or ceasing the activity.
Risk retention means taking on the financial responsibility for an uninsurable risk. Instead of buying insurance or stopping the risky activity altogether, an individual or organization decides to bear the potential losses themselves. This approach acknowledges that the risk cannot be adequately covered by insurance or that the activity's benefits outweigh the potential costs. It involves accepting the possibility of both loss and gain associated with the risk.
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Ozzie Osborne Manufacturing Company's overhead budget for the first quarter of 2022 contained the following data:
Variable costs
indirect materials $12,000
indirect labour 4,000
utilities 3,000
maintenance 5,000
fixed costs
supervisor's salary $21,000
depreciation 5,000
property taxes 3,000
actual variable costs for the first quarter were:
indirect materials $13,300
indirect labour 4,200
utilities 3,050
maintenance 5,600
Actual fixed costs were as expected except for property taxes, which were $3,100. All costs are considered controllable by the department manager except for the supervisor's salary. The company manufactured and sold 1,100 units; however, its budget was based on 1,000 units. Instructions Prepare a manufacturing overhead responsibility performance report for the first quarter comparing budgeted amounts to actual results and highlighting an favourable or unfavourable variances.
The manufacturing overhead responsibility performance report compares the budgeted amounts with the actual results for the first quarter of 2022. The report includes both variable costs and fixed costs.
Manufacturing Overhead Responsibility Performance Report (First Quarter 2022):
Budgeted Amounts Actual Amounts Variance (Favorable/Unfavorable)
Variable Costs:
Indirect Materials $12,000 $13,300 $1,300 Unfavorable
Indirect Labour $4,000 $4,200 $200 Unfavorable
Utilities $3,000 $3,050 $50 Unfavorable
Maintenance $5,000 $5,600 $600 Unfavorable
Fixed Costs:
Supervisor's Salary $21,000 $21,000 $0 No Variance
Depreciation $5,000 $5,000 $0 No Variance
Property Taxes $3,000 $3,100 $100 Unfavorable
For variable costs, the actual amounts incurred exceeded the budgeted amounts, resulting in unfavorable variances. The indirect materials had a variance of $1,300 unfavorable, indirect labour had a variance of $200 unfavorable, utilities had a variance of $50 unfavorable, and maintenance had a variance of $600 unfavorable.
As for fixed costs, the supervisor's salary and depreciation had no variance, indicating that they were as expected. However, the property taxes had a variance of $100 unfavorable, indicating that the actual property tax expense exceeded the budgeted amount.
In conclusion, the manufacturing overhead responsibility performance report highlights the variances between budgeted amounts and actual results. The unfavorable variances in variable costs and property taxes suggest that there were higher expenses than initially planned. The report provides valuable insights for the department manager to identify areas where cost control measures may be needed and make adjustments in future budgeting processes.
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Net Present Value Method, Internal Rate of Return Method, and Analysis for a Service Company
The management of Advanced Alternative Power Inc. is considering two capital investment projects. The estimated net cash flows from each project are as follows:
Year Wind Turbines Biofuel Equipment
1 $180,000 $360,000
2 180,000 360,000
3 180,000 360,000
4 180,000 360,000
The wind turbines require an investment of $466,020, while the biofuel equipment requires an investment of $1,027,800. No residual value is expected from either project.
Present Value of an Annuity of $1 at Compound Interest
Year 6% 10% 12% 15% 20%
1 0.943 0.909 0.893 0.870 0.833
2 1.833 1.736 1.690 1.626 1.528
3 2.673 2.487 2.402 2.283 2.106
4 3.465 3.170 3.037 2.855 2.589
5 4.212 3.791 3.605 3.353 2.991
6 4.917 4.355 4.111 3.785 3.326
7 5.582 4.868 4.564 4.160 3.605
8 6.210 5.335 4.968 4.487 3.837
9 6.802 5.759 5.328 4.772 4.031
10 7.360 6.145 5.650 5.019 4.192
Required:
1a. Compute the net present value for each project. Use a rate of 10% and the present value of an annuity of $1 in the table above. If required, use the minus sign to indicate a negative net present value. If required, round to the nearest whole dollar.
Net Present Value Method is used to determine whether an investment will produce a satisfactory outcome. It evaluates the current value of cash inflows compared to the current value of cash outflows.
When the NPV is positive, the investment is regarded as profitable, while a negative NPV suggests that the investment would be a waste of money.Internal Rate of Return Method is the percentage rate of return anticipated from a given investment over its lifetime.
In other words, it refers to the discount rate that sets the Net Present Value of future cash flows equal to zero. It is the rate at which the Net Present Value of an investment equals zero. The investment is acceptable if the IRR is greater than the required rate of return.
Analysis for a Service Company:Service companies can use both NPV and IRR methods to determine the attractiveness of a proposed investment. These procedures are frequently used in selecting projects that generate future cash inflows to the firm.
When it comes to service firms, projects that produce future cash inflows are primarily noncapital projects like advertisement campaigns, research and development projects, and marketing research studies.
The table below shows the present value of an annuity of $1.00 at a 10 percent rate for 1 to 10 periods.1 0.9092 1.7353 2.4874 3.1705 3.7916 4.3557 4.8688 5.3369 5.76510 6.1591.
Compute the net present value for each project using the table above:For Project 1:The net present value can be computed as follows: NPV= $2,500 + ($1,700 * 0.909) + ($1,900 * 0.826) + ($2,100 * 0.751) + ($2,500 * 0.683) + ($3,000 * 0.621)NPV = $2,500 + $1,546 + $1,581 + $1,581 + $1,707 + $1,863NPV = $10,778
The net present value is positive, indicating that the project is desirable.For Project 2:The net present value can be computed as follows:NPV= $2,500 + ($2,200 * 0.909) + ($2,400 * 0.826) + ($3,000 * 0.751) + ($3,500 * 0.683) + ($4,000 * 0.621)NPV = $2,500 + $2,002 + $1,981 + $2,253 + $2,385 + $2,484NPV = $13,605.The net present value is positive, indicating that the project is desirable.
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Exercise 19-15 Taxable income and pretax financial income would be identical for Huber Co. except for its treatments of gross profit on installment sales and estimated costs of warranties. The following income computations have been prepared Taxable income 2016 2017 2018 Excess of revenues over expenses (excluding two temporary differences) Installment gross profit collected $160,000 $210,000 $90,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 Expenditures for warranties (5,000) (5,000) (5,000) Taxable income $163,000 $213,000 $93,000 Pretax financial income 2016 2017 2018 Excess of revenues over expenses (excluding two temporary differences) Installment gross profit recognized Estimated cost of warranties $160,000 $210,000 $90,000 24,000 (15,000) Income before taxes $169,000 $210,000 $90,000 The tax rates in effect are 2016, 40%; 2017 and 2018, 45%. All tax rates were enacted into law on January 1, 2016. No deferred income taxes existed at the beginning of 2016, Taxable income is expected in all future years. Prepare the journal entry to record income tax expense, deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable for 2016, 2017, and 2018. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts.)
To record income tax expense, deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable for 2016, 2017, and 2018, journal entries are made based on the differences between taxable income and pretax financial income.
To prepare the journal entry to record income tax expense, deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable for 2016, 2017, and 2018, we need to calculate the income tax expense and the deferred tax liability or asset for each year based on the taxable income and pretax financial income differences. Here is the journal entry:
2016:
Income Tax Expense ([$163,000 - $169,000] * 40%) 2,400
Deferred Tax Liability ([$169,000 - $160,000] * 40%) 3,600
Income Taxes Payable ([$163,000 - $169,000]) 6,000
Deferred Tax Liability 3,600
Income Tax Expense 2,400
2017:
Income Tax Expense ([$213,000 - $210,000] * 45%) 1,350
Deferred Tax Asset ([$210,000 - $210,000] * 45%) 0
Income Taxes Payable ([$213,000 - $210,000]) 3,000
Income Tax Expense 1,350
Income Taxes Payable 3,000
2018:
Income Tax Expense ([$93,000 - $90,000] * 45%) 1,350
Deferred Tax Asset ([$90,000 - $90,000] * 45%) 0
Income Taxes Payable ([$93,000 - $90,000]) 3,000
Income Tax Expense 1,350
Income Taxes Payable 3,000
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t/f The average level of tariffs on imported products charged by industrialized countries was 40% in 1946. By 1990, after decades of GATT negotiations, it was up to more than 60%.
False. The statement is incorrect. The average level of tariffs on imported products charged by industrialized countries was not up to more than 60% by 1990. In fact, the trend during the post-World War II period was towards reducing tariffs through negotiations conducted under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
The GATT rounds of negotiations aimed to liberalize trade and lower trade barriers. As a result, average tariff rates among industrialized countries decreased significantly over time. By 1990, average tariff rates were generally much lower than 60% in industrialized countries, reflecting the progress made in trade liberalization efforts.
The average level of tariffs on imported products charged by industrialized countries experienced a significant decline from 1946 to 1990. The post-World War II era saw the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947, which aimed to promote trade liberalization and reduce barriers to international commerce.
Under the GATT framework, several rounds of negotiations took place, leading to the gradual reduction of tariffs among member countries. These negotiations included the Dillon Round (1960-1962), the Kennedy Round (1964-1967), the Tokyo Round (1973-1979), and the Uruguay Round (1986-1994), which eventually led to the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
As a result of these multilateral negotiations, industrialized countries progressively lowered their average tariff rates. While specific tariff rates varied among countries and industries, the overall trend was towards liberalization and the reduction of trade barriers.
By 1990, average tariff rates in industrialized countries were generally lower than 60%. However, it is important to note that the exact average tariff rate varied across countries and sectors. Tariff rates could be higher in certain protected industries or for specific products, but the average across all imported products in industrialized countries was significantly lower than the 60% figure mentioned in the statement.
This trend towards reduced tariffs and increased trade liberalization has continued in subsequent years, with ongoing negotiations and agreements aimed at further opening up markets and facilitating international trade.
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Explain the market equilibrium using a diagram to illustrate the local telecommunication retail market before and after the entry of MVNOs. Explain the impact on the industry price and quantity in terms of the services provided
Singapore's Telecommunication Wars - A Race to the Bottom?
For mobile service providers in Singapore, there's nothing usual about "business as usual". From the excitement of the 3G deployment in the early 2000 s to the imminent arrival of 5G today, the only constant for telcos has been a never-ending race to win new customers and keep existing customers happy in an increasingly saturated marketplace.
Despite an already high local mobile penetration rate of 148.2 percent in 2020, a record total number of service providers today are vying for their slice of the subscription pie, from incumbent brands to new upstart mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs).
To win customers over, providers have been slashing prices and relying on competitive pricing strategies as a key differentiating factor. Is simply engaging in price wars the way forward for telcos and MVNOs in this current landscape?
"We believe in competitive pricing, and our mobile plans reflect that philosophy. However, a cutthroat price war is nothing, but a race to the bottom," says Lawrence Chan, managing director, MyRepublic Singapore.
How does MyRepublic continue to deliver value to customers in this competitive landscape? The brand chalks it down to three key factors: trust, service and innovation.
Earning trust goes beyond offering attractive pricing models. For brands, this means being able to relate to their audiences through their brand voice or marketing strategy. MyRepublic's recent brand refresh emphasised its efforts to differentiate itself with a stronger focus on customer-driven service offerings.
Beyond just a transactional exchange of services, customers today regard quality service as an essential part of the relationship. Customers' understanding and perception of good service has continually evolved, and today, they are not just comparing you with your competitors. They are comparing your level of customer service with every other company they interact with.
MyRepublic understands that on an intrinsic level. Rather than compete based on price, it offers premium services that delight customers and enhances brand loyalty, such as regular mobile data boosts, attractive broadband re-contract offers as well as regular giveaway contests for MyRepublic customers.
Steve Jobs famously said: "People don't know what they want until you show it to them." Being able to anticipate customers' needs, and innovating products and services to fill the perceived gaps in the market has been crucial to MyRepublic's success.
In sum, MyRepublic asserts that today's businesses can no longer rely on yesterday's tactics to deal with tomorrow's challenges. Service providers, too, will have to adapt to the ever-changing landscape and not depend solely on tired price wars to win customers. While competitive prices are necessary to provide value-for-money services, telcos need to look beyond prices and adjust their marketing strategies to understand and connect with their customers.
In the local telecommunication retail market in Singapore, the entry of Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs) has disrupted the market equilibrium. Before the entry of MVNOs, the market was likely dominated by a few incumbent service providers, resulting in a relatively stable equilibrium with a certain price and quantity of services provided. This can be represented by a diagram where the demand and supply curves intersect to determine the market price and quantity.
However, with the entry of MVNOs, the market dynamics have changed. MVNOs are new players that do not own physical network infrastructure but lease it from existing providers. They often enter the market with competitive pricing strategies to attract customers and gain market share. This leads to increased competition and a downward pressure on prices.
As a result, the market price for telecommunication services decreases as MVNOs offer lower prices compared to incumbent providers. This can be illustrated by a shift in the demand curve to the right, indicating an increase in the quantity demanded at each price level. The entry of MVNOs also increases the overall quantity supplied in the market, as more providers are offering their services.
The impact on the industry is reflected in the price and quantity changes. Customers benefit from lower prices due to increased competition, while the quantity of services provided increases to meet the growing demand. This increased competition and choice can lead to improved customer satisfaction and better value for consumers.
In summary, the entry of MVNOs disrupts the market equilibrium in the local telecommunication retail market. It leads to a decrease in prices, an increase in the quantity of services provided, and intensified competition among service providers. The key to success in this competitive landscape lies in factors such as trust, service quality, and innovation, as businesses need to differentiate themselves beyond price to win and retain customers.
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Suppose that 1 Swedish krona could be purchased in the foreign exchange market today for $0.18. If the krona appreciated 10\% tomorrow against the dollar, how many kronas would a dollar buy tomorrow? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places.
___kronas
Rounded to two decimal places, one dollar would buy approximately 0.20 kronas tomorrow.
If the Swedish krona appreciated by 10% against the dollar, tomorrow one dollar would be able to buy fewer kronas.
To calculate the number of kronas a dollar would buy tomorrow, we need to multiply the current exchange rate by 1 plus the appreciation rate.
Current exchange rate: 1 Swedish krona = $0.18
Appreciation rate: 10% (0.10)
New exchange rate = Current exchange rate * (1 + appreciation rate)
New exchange rate = $0.18 * (1 + 0.10)
New exchange rate ≈ $0.198
Rounded to two decimal places, one dollar would buy approximately 0.20 kronas tomorrow.
Therefore, tomorrow one dollar would be able to buy approximately 0.20 kronas. The appreciation of the Swedish krona results in a decrease in the number of kronas that can be obtained for a dollar.
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kindly include step by step explanations
Use finance Yahoo, By the most recent time, across your selected group of rival corporations, which are Walmart, target, ebay, Alibaba and Amazon, which firms have been rated with relatively better credit quality than peers?
Use finance yahoo, By the most recent time, across your selected group of rival corporations which are Walmart, target, ebay, Alibaba and Amazon, which firms have had relatively greater market risk levels (in terms of "Beta" value amount) than peers?
Use finance yahoo, During the past 5 years, across your selected group of rival corporations, which are Walmart, target, ebay, Alibaba and Amazon, which firms have earned a better risk-to-return trade-off (in terms of "smaller positive coefficient of variation" and/or "larger positive Jensen's Alpha") than peers?
1. To assess credit quality, analyze financial indicators such as debt-to-equity ratio, interest coverage ratio, and current ratio for each company on Yahoo Finance.
2. To determine market risk levels, compare Beta values for each company on Yahoo Finance, where a higher Beta indicates greater market risk.
To determine the credit quality, market risk levels, and risk-to-return trade-off of the selected group of rival corporations (Walmart, Target, eBay, Alibaba, and Amazon), we will utilize data from Yahoo Finance. Please note that as an AI language model, I don't have real-time access to the internet or the ability to browse websites. However, I can guide you on how to perform the analysis and interpret the results using Yahoo Finance.
1. Credit Quality:
To assess credit quality, we can look at credit ratings assigned by rating agencies. However, credit ratings are not publicly available on Yahoo Finance. Therefore, we'll focus on other financial indicators that can indirectly indicate credit quality.
- Step 1: Visit the Yahoo Finance website (finance.yahoo.com).
- Step 2: Enter the ticker symbol of each company one by one in the search bar. The ticker symbols for the selected companies are as follows:
- Walmart: WMT
- Target: TGT
- eBay: EBAY
- Alibaba: BABA
- Amazon: AMZN
For each company:
- Step 3: Once you land on the company's profile page, navigate to the "Key Statistics" section.
- Step 4: Look for relevant financial metrics that reflect credit quality. Some indicators you can consider are debt-to-equity ratio, interest coverage ratio, and current ratio. Lower debt levels and higher coverage ratios generally indicate better credit quality.
Based on these financial indicators, compare the values for each company. A company with lower debt levels and higher coverage ratios relative to its peers is likely to have better credit quality.
2. Market Risk Levels (Beta):
To determine the market risk levels of the selected companies, we'll use the Beta value, which measures a stock's sensitivity to market movements.
- Step 1: Visit the Yahoo Finance website (finance.yahoo.com).
- Step 2: Enter the ticker symbol of each company one by one in the search bar (same tickers as mentioned above).
- Step 3: Once you land on the company's profile page, navigate to the "Statistics" section.
- Step 4: Look for the Beta value, which indicates the stock's market risk level. A Beta greater than 1 implies higher market risk compared to the overall market, while a Beta less than 1 suggests lower market risk.
Compare the Beta values of the selected companies. A higher Beta value relative to peers indicates a greater market risk level.
3. Risk-to-Return Trade-off:
To assess the risk-to-return trade-off over the past 5 years, we'll consider two metrics: coefficient of variation and Jensen's Alpha.
- Step 1: Visit the Yahoo Finance website (finance.yahoo.com).
- Step 2: Enter the ticker symbol of each company one by one in the search bar (same tickers as mentioned above).
- Step 3: Once you land on the company's profile page, navigate to the "Performance" section.
- Step 4: Look for the coefficient of variation and Jensen's Alpha.
Coefficient of Variation: It measures the risk (standard deviation) per unit of return (mean). A smaller positive coefficient of variation implies a better risk-to-return trade-off.
Jensen's Alpha: It measures a stock's risk-adjusted excess return compared to its expected return. A larger positive Jensen's Alpha indicates better performance relative to the risk taken.
Compare the coefficient of variation and Jensen's Alpha values for each company. A smaller positive coefficient of variation and a larger positive Jensen's Alpha indicate a better risk-to-return trade-off compared to peers.
Please note that you'll need to access the Yahoo Finance website and perform these steps in real-time to obtain the most recent data and make accurate comparisons.
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On November 10, 2020, Singh Electronics began to buy and resell scanners for $54 each. Singh uses the perpetual system to account for inventories. The scanners are covered under a warranty that requires the company to replace any non-working scanner within 90 days. When a scanner is returned, the company simply throws it away and mails a new one from inventory to the customer. The company’s cost for a new scanner is only $34. Singh estimates warranty costs based on 15% of the number of units sold. The following transactions occurred in 2020 and 2021 (ignore GST and PST):
2020
Nov. 15 Sold 4,000 scanners for $216,000 cash.
30 Recognized warranty expense for November with an adjusting entry.
Dec. 8 Replaced 150 scanners that were returned under the warranty.
15 Sold 7,600 scanners.
29 Replaced 40 scanners that were returned under the warranty.
31 Recognized warranty expense for December with an adjusting entry.
2021
Jan. 14 Sold 380 scanners.
20 Replaced 52 scanners that were returned under the warranty.
31 Recognized warranty expense for January with an adjusting entry.
Required:
1. How much warranty expense should be reported for November and December 2020?
2. How much warranty expense should be reported for January 2021? (Round your intermediate calculations and final answer to the nearest whole number.)
3. What is the balance of the estimated warranty liability as of December 31, 2020?
4. What is the balance of the estimated warranty liability as of January 31, 2021?
5. Prepare journal entries to record ALL transactions and year-end adjustments (ignore sales taxes). (Round intermediate calculations and final answer to the nearest whole number.)
1. The warranty expense reported for November 2020 is $9,720 and for December 2020 is $19,440.
2. The warranty expense reported for January 2021 is $646.
3. The balance of the estimated warranty liability as of December 31, 2020, is $29,160.
4. The balance of the estimated warranty liability as of January 31, 2021, is $28,514.
5. Journal entries are provided below to record all transactions and year-end adjustments.
1. To calculate the warranty expense for November 2020, we multiply the number of scanners sold (4,000) by the estimated warranty cost per unit ($34) and the warranty percentage (15%). The calculation is 4,000 * $34 * 15% = $20,400. Since this warranty expense covers the scanners sold in November, it should be reported as an adjusting entry for November. Therefore, the warranty expense reported for November 2020 is $20,400 * (15/30) = $9,720. Similarly, for December 2020, the warranty expense is calculated as 7,600 * $34 * 15% = $38,760, and the adjusted warranty expense reported for December is $38,760 * (15/31) = $19,440.
2. The warranty expense for January 2021 is calculated using the same formula: 380 * $34 * 15% = $1,957. Since this expense covers the scanners sold in January, it should be reported as an adjusting entry for January 2021. Therefore, the warranty expense reported for January 2021 is $1,957.
3. The balance of the estimated warranty liability as of December 31, 2020, is the cumulative warranty expense reported for November and December 2020. Adding the two amounts, we get $9,720 + $19,440 = $29,160.
4. The balance of the estimated warranty liability as of January 31, 2021, is the cumulative warranty expense reported for November, December, and January. Adding the three amounts, we get $9,720 + $19,440 + $1,957 = $31,117.
5. The journal entries for the transactions and year-end adjustments are as follows:
Nov. 15: Cash (DR) $216,000 and Sales Revenue (CR) $216,000
Dec. 31: Warranty Expense (DR) $9,720 and Estimated Warranty Liability (CR) $9,720
Dec. 8: Estimated Warranty Liability (DR) $5,100 and Inventory (CR) $5,100
Dec. 15: Cash (DR) $253,600 and Sales Revenue (CR) $253,600
Dec. 31: Warranty Expense (DR) $19,440 and Estimated Warranty Liability (CR) $19,440
Jan. 14: Cash (DR) $12,920 and Sales Revenue (CR) $12,920
Jan. 20: Estimated Warranty Liability (DR) $1,768 and Inventory (CR) $1,768
Jan. 31: Warranty Expense (DR) $1,957 and Estimated Warranty Liability (CR) $1,957
These journal entries record the sales, warranty expenses, and adjustments related to the warranty liabilities throughout the period.
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10. Suppose all consumers in a country consume bread and butter at a fixed ratio of 2:1 regardless of the relative price. Suppose the opportunity cost of producing bread (or butter) is constant. 1,000 units of bread can be produced when all resources are used in its production and 500 units of butter can be produced if all resources are used in its production. (a) Illustrate the pre-trade equilibrium. (b) What will be the pre-trade relative price of bread? (c) When trade opens up, the country finds the relative price of bread in the world market as three-fourths. Which good will it export? (d) Calculate the country's volume of exports. (e) Will the country gain from trade? If so, what is the source of its gains from trade?
The pre-trade equilibrium is a fix ratio of 2:1 ; The pre-trade relative price of bread is 2 ; The country will export the good with a comparative advantage, which is butter since the world market offers a higher relative price for it ; The volume of exports is 750 units of butter ; and The country will gain from trade.
(a) Pre-trade equilibrium: In the absence of trade, the country produces and consumes both bread and butter at a fixed ratio of 2:1. This means that for every 2 units of bread produced, 1 unit of butter is produced, and the same ratio applies to consumption.
This equilibrium occurs when the country allocates all its resources to produce 1,000 units of bread and 500 units of butter.
(b) Pre-trade relative price of bread: The relative price of bread can be calculated by comparing the opportunity costs of producing bread and butter.
Since the opportunity cost is constant, the relative price of bread can be determined by dividing the units of bread produced by the units of butter produced: 1,000/500 = 2. Therefore, the pre-trade relative price of bread is 2.
(c) Post-trade relative price and export good: When trade opens up and the country encounters a relative price of bread in the world market as three-fourths (0.75), it means that bread is relatively cheaper in the world market compared to butter.
In this case, the country will export the good with a comparative advantage, which is butter since the world market offers a higher relative price for it.
(d) Volume of exports: To determine the volume of exports, we need to find the quantity of butter the country can produce with the resources previously allocated to bread production. If 1,000 units of bread were originally produced, the country can now produce (1,000 x 0.75) 750 units of butter. Therefore, the volume of exports is 750 units of butter.
(e) Gains from trade: The country will gain from trade as it can export the good in which it has a comparative advantage (butter) and import the other good (bread) at a lower relative price from the world market.
The source of its gains from trade is the ability to specialize in producing the good with a lower opportunity cost (butter) and acquire the other good (bread) more efficiently through trade, enhancing overall welfare and efficiency in resource allocation.
In conclusion, The pre-trade equilibrium is a fixe ratio of 2:1 ; The pre-trade relative price of bread is 2 ; The country will export the good with a comparative advantage, which is butter since the world market offers a higher relative price for it ; The volume of exports is 750 units of butter ; and The country will gain from trade and the source of its gains from trade is the ability to specialize in producing the good with a lower opportunity cost (butter) and acquire the other good (bread) more efficiently through trade, enhancing overall welfare and efficiency in resource allocation.
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which type of organizational strategy is used by walmart?
The key strategy that Walmart is known for is a cost leadership strategy.
Walmart employs a combination of organizational strategies to achieve its business objectives. However, one of the key strategies that Walmart is known for is a cost leadership strategy.
Cost leadership is a business strategy where a company aims to become the low-cost provider in its industry while maintaining acceptable levels of quality and service. Walmart has built its business model around offering everyday low prices to its customers. The company focuses on operational efficiency, supply chain management, and economies of scale to achieve cost advantages.
Walmart's cost leadership strategy is reflected in various aspects of its operations. The company leverages its vast purchasing power to negotiate lower prices with suppliers, allowing it to offer products at competitive prices. Walmart also invests in advanced inventory management systems and logistics capabilities to reduce costs and improve efficiency in its supply chain.
Additionally, Walmart emphasizes cost control measures throughout its operations, such as efficient store layouts, optimized staffing levels, and streamlined processes. These efforts help Walmart minimize expenses and maintain low prices while still delivering a satisfactory shopping experience to customers.
While cost leadership is a prominent aspect of Walmart's organizational strategy, it's worth noting that the company also focuses on other strategic elements, such as customer convenience, extensive product selection, and strong supplier relationships. The combination of these strategies has contributed to Walmart's success as one of the world's largest and most profitable retailers.
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