Infrared waves have a long wavelength and do not possess sufficient energy to kill bacterial cells, while UV waves have a short wavelength and can be used to sterilize a surface.
When ultraviolet light, also known as ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, is released at its most effective wavelength of 253.7 nanometers (nm), it has the greatest ability to kill germs and render microbes inert (UVGI). When transmitted at wavelengths different than those recommended, germicidal efficacy declines. To efficiently deliver the appropriate amount of UV radiation for the desired application, high-quality UV sterilization lamps are crucial.By altering cell DNA, UV radiation sterilization efficiently renders bacteria inert. Because DNA is necessary for cell reproduction, damage to the DNA's structural integrity prevents cells from multiplying and causing disease. The cell absorbs the UV rays, resulting in the formation of pyrimidine dimers. Instead of bonding across the double helix, this causes two nearby thymine or cytosine bases to interact with one another.learn more about UV here: https://brainly.com/question/1377878
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The incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates without the use of oxygen is a process referred to as?
Fermentation is the process in which incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrate without the use of oxygen takes place.
What is fermentation?The chemical process in which molecules such as glucose are broken down without oxygen or in anaerobic condition.
Incomplete oxidation of glucose in the process of fermentation takes place under anaerobic condition as there is no use of oxygen.
During the process of fermentation pyruvic acid is formed and two molecules of ATP are synthesized.
Therefore,fermentation is the process in which incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrate without use of oxygen takes place.
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An important tool of genetic engineering is ________ dna, which is dna altered by the incorporation of genes from a different organism.
An important tool of genetic engineering is recombinant DNA, which is DNA altered by the incorporation of genes from a different organism.
The modification and manipulation of an organism's genes through technology are known as genetic engineering, often referred to as genetic modification or genetic manipulation. It is a collection of technologies used to alter cells' genetic make-up, including the movement of genes between and within species to create better or entirely new organisms.
Recombinant DNA techniques are used to isolate and copy the genetic material of interest, while artificial DNA synthesis is used to create new DNA. Paul Berg combined DNA from the lambda virus and the SV40 monkey virus in 1972 to create the first recombinant DNA molecule.
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Old dirty csf is dumped into the large vein (superior sagittal sinus) through which structure?
Old dirty CSF is dumped into the large vein (superior sagittal sinus) through the arachnoid villus.
Small protrusions of the arachnoid barrier layer into the venous sinus and its principal tributaries are known as arachnoid villi or granulations. They are generally acknowledged to be the cause of human meningiomas and are intimately associated with the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid. Arachnoid villi, which are structures, are used in the superior sagittal sinus to absorb CSF into the bloodstream.
The bulk of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is created by the choroid plexus, travels through the ventricles, cisterns, and subarachnoid space, and then is absorbed into the blood by the arachnoid villi, according to the conventional concept of CSF physiology.
Arachnoid granulations or villi are arachnoid membrane growths in the dural sinuses, where the CSF exits the subarachnoid space and enters the venous system. Arachnoid granulations, which are visible to the unaided eye and indicate enlarged arachnoid villi, are minute.
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Which event is not a likely outcome of glucagon binding to its receptor? increase in:
An increase in GDP binding to the Gα subunit of the G protein is NOT a likely outcome of glucagon binding to its receptor. the correct answer is option(a).
Glucagon causes conformational changes in its receptor, which is mostly found in the liver and kidney when it attaches to it. This results in the activation of heterotrimeric G proteins, particularly the Gs alpha subunit, which then begins signaling the activation of adenylyl cyclase enzymes.
Adenylate cyclase is activated by the Gs protein, which then catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), thereby raising intracellular cAMP levels. The glucagon signaling pathway is started by binding to specific receptors on the target cell membrane.
In addition to controlling the metabolism of carbohydrates, insulin and glucagon also have a number of physiologic functions. The binding of each hormone to receptors on the target cells starts the physiological effects of insulin and glucagon on the cell.
Therefore, the correct answer is option(a) because adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A activities as well as the level of cAMP are all enhanced once glucagon binds to its receptor and activates its associated G protein. In contrast, G protein activation encourages bound GDP dissociation and its exchange for GTP on the subunit.
The complete question is:
Which event is NOT a likely outcome of glucagon binding to its receptor? Increase in:
GDP binding to Gα subunit of the G protein
adenylate cyclase activity
protein kinase A activity
cAMP generation
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The meselon-stahl experiment demonstrated that dna replication produces two dna molecules each composed of
The meselson-stahl experiment demonstrated that DNA replication produces two DNA molecules each composed of nitrogen isotopes.
Matthew Stanley Meselson and Franklin William Stahl in the US demonstrated semi-conservative DNA replication in the 1950s, showing that each daughter DNA molecule contains one new daughter subunit and one subunit conserved from the mother DNA molecule. This work was later named after them. Meselson and Stahl came to the conclusion that DNA molecules can reflect semi-conservatively based on their observations and experimental findings. The study of the semi-conservative character of DNA replication or the copying of cells did not end there.
The DNA replication process was examined in a 1958 experiment by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl using the fast-dividing E. coli bacterium. By centrifuging nitrogen isotopes in calcium chloride, 15N (heavy) and 14N (normal) can be distinguished from one another based solely on their densities (CsCl).
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