Humans experience lactic acid fermentation when their bodies urgently require a lot of energy. When you are sprinting at full pace or exercising there is shortage of oxygen in the body and the ATP gets exhausted. Your muscles will begin manufacturing ATP through lactic acid fermentation once the reserve ATP has been expended.
Under normal conditions, humans break down glucose by aerobic respiration. however, there are times, such as during vigorous exercise, when muscle cells respire glucose faster than oxygen can be supplied. under these conditions (1) Lactic Acid fermentation occurs. in the process mentioned in (1), nadh produced during (2) Glycolysis transfers its hydrogen atoms and associated electrons to (3) Pyruvate in the cytoplasm of the cell.this regenerates NAD+ and allows (2) to continue. this results in the conversion of (3) to (4) Lactate. the accumulation of (4) molecules in muscle tissues causes stiffness, soreness and fatigue. (4) is transported through the bloodstream from muscle cells to the liver. when the exercising is stopped, (4) is oxidized back to (3), which then goes through the Citric acid cycle and store energy in the form of ATP. the extra Lactate needed to convert (4) to carbon dioxide and pyruvate is referred to as Cori cycle.
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Suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. This action would most likely involve?
Answer:
it involves the adduction of fingers
How did the articles of confederation compare to the constitution in regard to sovereignty?
States enjoyed greater autonomy under the Articles, whereas the Constitution granted some powers to the states.
What is articles of confederation?The 13 founding states of the United States of America came to an agreement known as the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, which functioned as the country's first system of governance. On November 15, 1777, the Second Continental Congress approved it following lengthy discussion and forwarded it to the states for ratification.In the Articles of Confederation, which served as the nation's first constitution, the confederacy of the former 13 colonies was referred to as "The United States of America."The 13 articles that made up the Articles of Confederation granted authority to a federal government headed by Congress.Following the United States' declaration of independence from Great Britain, the national government's functions were codified in the Articles of Confederation.The Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777. This text functioned as the first constitution of the United States. It lasted from March 1, 1781, until the current Constitution took effect in 1789.Learn more about the articles of confederation here:
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Please HELP! Urgent!The allele for small size is recessive, and the allele for normal size is dominant. The frequency for the normal-size allele is 0.72. What percentage of the rats are normal sized?
Based on the frequency for the normal-size allele, the percentage of normal sized rats is 92.16%.
What are alleles?
Alleles are alternate copies of a particular which produce varied phenotypes.
The allele frequency is the frequency at which a particular allele occurs in a population.
Alleles are either dominant, recessive, or co-dominant.
In the given scenario, the allele for normal size in rats is dominant.
Assuming that the allele for size in rats is given as R and r.
According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation;
R + r = 1r² + 2Rr + R² = 1If R = 0.72, r = 0.28
The percentage of normal sized rats is given as;
2Rr + R²The percentage of normal sized rats = 2 * 0.72 * 0.28 + 0.72²
The percentage of normal sized rats = 0.9216
Therefore, the percentage of normal sized rats is 92.16%
In conclusion, the allele frequency helps us to calculate the percentage of the rats are normal sized.
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The ""duck and tilapia system’ and the pig deep litter system both ""recycle inputs"". what does it mean to recycle inputs? how do these systems address sustainability?
Recycle input that means the recycling process is converted to new raw material , which can be used as an input into another manufacturing process.
The more we cycle the less garbage winds up in our landfills and incineration plants.Duck and tilapia system raising ducks over fishponds fits very well with the fish poly-culture system , and the ducks are highly compatible with the cultivated fish.
According to the S.D tripathi and B.K sharma- "raising ducks over fishponds fits very well with the fish poly-culture system as the ducks are highly compatible with cultivated fishes." There are some example of farming system such as Arable farming, mixed farming, subsistence farming, etc.
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In the stomach, _______ participate in the chemical digestion of protein. gastric lipase and intrinsic factor hydrochloric acid and pepsin mucus and cholecystokinin all of the above
Organism x is a brand new species to science. it lives deep in caves and thrives by absorbing carbon from other organisms. this organism is likely a?
Organism x is a brand new species to science. it lives deep in caves and thrives by absorbing carbon from other organisms. this organism is likely a chemoheterotroph.
What about chemoheterotroph?Chemoheterotrophs are microorganisms that primarily rely on organic chemicals for their carbon and energy needs.A living thing that gets its energy from inorganic molecules and gets most of its carbon from carbon dioxide.The subtype of lithotrophic bacteria, commonly referred to as "rock eaters" or "stone eaters," is an illustration of chemoheterotrophic bacteria. On the ocean floor and in underground water sources, where there exist both organic molecules and mineral food sources, these bacteria can be discovered.Chemoheterotrophs are creatures that obtain both their carbon and energy from organic materials. Chemoheterotrophs are unable to produce the organic building blocks they need, thus they must eat them. Most organic substances, including sugars, are a source of energy.Chemoautotrophs convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules using inorganic energy sources. Carbon dioxide cannot be used by chemoheterotrophs to create their own organic molecules. Rather, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and sulfur are where they get their carbon from.
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Does the genetic message get altered when the information is conveyed intracellularly under normal conditions? Support your answer with an example
Genetic transmission is the mechanism that drive evolution.Asexually reproducing organisms reproducing organisms reproduce using mitosis, while the sexually reproducing organisms reproduce using meiosis.
Both these mechanisms are involved in duplication of DNA which then get passed to offspring and RNA is key component in the duplication of DNA. The genetic information heritable biological information coded in the nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA.
Genetic material is includes genes and DNA which control the development , maintenance and reproduction of organisms. These messages is passed from generation to generation through inherited units of chemical information. It consist of only two transcription and translation they known as gene expression , during this process of transcription store in gene DNA is passed to similar molecule called RNA in nucleus.
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Autoimmune diseases are an example of a(n) ________ response by the immune system.
Explain two ways in which the existence of green algae and land plants affected the early atmosphere.
Answer:
Producing oxygen
Explanation:
green algae and land plants affected the early atmosphere by producing oxygen, which paved the way for the evolution of eukaryotic organisms
Sorry that's all I can think of
The existence of green algae and land plants affected the early atmosphere is of existance of oxygen.
What is oxygen?Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8. It belongs to the periodic table's chalcogen group and is a highly reactive nonmetal that quickly oxidizes most elements as well as other compounds to produce oxides.
The Earth's atmosphere is currently made up of 20.95% diatomic oxygen gas, though this has fluctuated significantly over a very long time. In the form of oxides, oxygen makes up over half of the Earth's crust.
The main constituent inorganic compounds of animal shells, teeth, and bone as well as several key types found in living organisms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, all contain oxygen atoms.
Therefore, The existence of green algae and lamnd plants affected the early atmosphere is of existance of oxygen.
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Maddie, age 2, had a complete blood count (cbc) drawn at her last visit. it indicates that she has a microcytic hypochromic anemia. what should you do now at this visit?
Maddie, age 2, had a complete blood count (cbc) drawn at her last visit. it indicates that she has a microcytic hypochromic anemia. you should Obtain a lead level of Maddie's blood.
Lead damages heme production and speeds up red blood cell oxidation, which results in anemia. Microcytic, hypochromic anemia is the type of anemia that is most frequently encountered, yet it is most likely caused by other factors such iron shortage. Due to lead's inhibition of ferro chelatase, the red blood cell progenitors accumulate iron-rich mitochondria, which is related to the process of the ring sideroblasts. Hypochromic microcytic anemia and basophilic stippling of red blood cells are symptoms of lead toxicity. When lead toxicity coexists with iron deficiency anemia, hypochromia and microcytosis are frequently observed. In every instance of lead poisoning, it's critical to evaluate the iron storage status (ferritin).learn more about anemia here: https://brainly.com/question/8197071
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Which of the following cell lines might be elevated in a patient exposed to prions?
A. Plasma cells
B. Macrophages
C. T-cells
D. Monocytes
E. Erythocytes
The correct answer is E. Erythocytes.
ErythocytesA particular blood cell type that is produced in the bone marrow and is present in the blood. Hemoglobin, a protein found in erythrocytes, is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body from the lungs. A complete blood cell (CBC) test often includes checking the erythrocyte count in the patient's blood. It could be used to check for diseases like leukemia, dehydration, malnutrition, and anemia. also known as an RBC or a red blood cell with Erythocytes. Your body's tissues receive oxygen from red blood cells, also referred to as erythrocytes. Your tissues release carbon dioxide as oxygen is converted to energy. In order for you to exhale carbon dioxide, your red blood cells also carry it to your lungs.
Which of the following cell lines might be elevated in a patient exposed to prions?
A. Plasma cells
B. Macrophages
C. T-cells
D. Monocytes
E. Erythocytes
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How has gene duplication played a critical role in evolution? see concept 21.5 (page)
Answer:
Explanation: Without gene duplication, mutation of genes would not exist. This would prevent organisms from adapting to their environment, making survival much more difficult if not impossible.
In this composition, ____ suggests the balance of the cosmos and the ancestors, providing sustenance for humans.
In this composition, symmetry suggests the balance of the cosmos and the ancestors, providing sustenance for humans.
In common parlance, the term "symmetry" describes a sense of lovely proportion and balance. More exact meaning of "symmetry" can be found in mathematics, where it typically refers to an object that is unaffected by certain transformations like translation, reflection, rotation, or scaling. The development of symmetry Similar to all other characteristics of organisms, symmetry (or asymmetry) develops as a result of natural selection for the organism's benefit. This involves variations in symmetry-related gene frequency across time.
Each object has its own unique pattern and symmetry. Symmetry breaking is viewed by scientists as the process of creating new patterns. In order to categorize unanticipated changes in shape, broken symmetries are crucial. New patterns in nature emerge as a result of symmetry breakdown.
American physicist Alan Lightman claims that symmetry is something that human brains actively seek to perceive. He claims that "the reason must be partially psychological." We desire order in this crazy universe we live in, and symmetry signifies order. It aids in our understanding of the environment.
The complete question is:
In this composition, ____ suggests the balance of the cosmos and the ancestors, providing sustenance for humans. (image looks like an X)
A. texture
B. symmetry
C. rhythm
D. color
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Typically, the oxidation of fat to release energy occurs after about ________ minutes of aerobic exercise
Typically, the oxidation of fat to release energy occurs after about 15 to 20 minutes of aerobic exercise.
How does oxidation of fat occurs?After about 15 to 20 minutes of aerobic exercise, fats are oxidized in the mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) , peroxisomes.Fat oxidation involves the breakdown of fatty acids.Mainly oxidation of fats is beta- oxidation which occurs in the mitochondria. It is named so because the bond between second (beta) and third carbon breaks.In the peroxisomes, alpha and beta oxidation of fats occur.While in the ER, omega oxidation occurs. It is an alternative to beta oxidation in some animals where omega carbon is oxidized.The rate of fat oxidation depends upon exercise duration, intensity, weight, nutrition.Oxidation of fats provides energy in low intensity exercises by contraction of muscles.Learn more about oxidation of fats here:
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The prostate, seminal glands, and bulbo-urethral glands produce __________, the liquid medium in which sperm leaves the body.
Which type of glia builds myelin sheaths around axons in the periphery of the body?
Oligodendrocytes of glial cells build myelin sheaths around axons in the periphery of the body.
In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes sustain the axons of neurons, especially those that travel across vast distances within the brain. Myelin, a fatty substance that they make, is wrapped around axons as insulation. White matter acquires its name from the myelin sheath, which has a role similar to that of insulation layers around power cables in that it speeds up the transmission of electrical signals. Myelin sheath loss around neurons is what causes multiple sclerosis. Major glial cells in the brain includes oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia.
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What might happen if a substance that is not a substrate molecule binds to an enzyme's active site?
If a substance which is not a substrate happens to bind to the active site of an enzyme, it will result in the reduction of the activity of the enzyme.
For an enzyme to catalyze a reaction, a substrate has to come and bind to the active site which is present on the enzyme. As the substrates binds, some modifications occur resulting in a change of shape of the active site and results in the grasping of the substrate more tightly and thereby catalyzing the reaction.
If a substance which is not a substrate comes and takes the place of the substrate on the active site, the rate of the reaction will slow down as the active site will now not be able to bind to the target molecule.
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The nasopharynx is lined with a ciliated mucosal membrane with a highly vascular blood supply. one function of the membrane is to:________
The nasopharynx is lined with a ciliated mucosal membrane with a highly vascular blood supply. one function of the membrane is to humidify air.
What is nasopharynx?Behind the nose, the top of the throat. The nasopharynx has a passageway leading into each ear on either side.Throat's nasopharynx is the top portion (pharynx). The roof of mouth, behind nose, is a muscular, box-shaped tube. Air can go from nose to nasopharynx, windpipe, and eventually into lungs.The top section of the throat (pharynx), which is located behind the nose, is known as the nasopharynx. It is a box-shaped chamber with edges that are one and half inches wide. It is located just behind the nasal passages and above the soft palate, which is the soft portion of the roof of the mouth.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a condition in which the tissues of the nasopharynx develop malignant (cancer) cells. The risk of nasopharyngeal cancer can be influenced by ethnic origin and Epstein-Barr virus exposure. Having difficulty breathing, speaking, or hearing could be an indication of nasopharyngeal cancer.
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Some flowers bloom in the spring while others bloom in the summer. This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.
Some flowers bloom in the spring while others bloom in the summer. This is an example of Prezygotic reproductive isolation.
Prezygotic barriers, which prevent cross-species mating or fertilisation, often have a more significant impact on overall reproductive isolation in plants than postzygotic barriers, which select against hybrid progeny. Prezygotic barriers typically evolve through adaptive divergence in response to ecological factors such as pollinators and habitat.
In studies, it is interesting to note that blooming time divergence is highest at the habitat boundary; this pattern suggests reinforcement, where selection against inadequate hybrids has increased prezygotic isolation. These case studies of sympatric and reinforcing speciation demonstrate their viability.
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If two organisms were locked in an antagonistic coevolutionary relationship, which one would win?
If two organisms were locked in an antagonistic co-evolutionary relationship the one who's generation time is shorter. It is the relation between males and females where sexual morphology changes over the time to counteract the opposite sex traits to achieve the maximum reproductive success.
Co-evolution does not necessarily require the presence of antagonism. The characteristics within group of unrelated species may converge to allow individual species to exploit valuable resources or increase protection.
Co-evolution is a reciprocal evolutionary change in set of interesting populations over the time resulting from the interaction between those population.There are some examples of co-evolution such as herbivores and plants and the relation between herbivores species and the plants that they consume.
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Apurinic sites (ap sites) result from the loss of a ____ in an intact double-helix dna molecule
Apurinic sites in an intact double helix DNA molecule result from the loss of a nucleotide base.
What is an apurinic site?An apurinic/apyrimidinic/abasic site is a position in a molecule of DNA which lacks any purine or pyrimidine base. These sites are also found in RNA molecules but their frequency is more in DNA molecules.
DNA damage caused by a spontaneous depurination can result in the formation of an abasic site.
In the presence of an abasic site, DNA polymerases cannot function. Thus to maintain the integrity of the genome, these sites need to be repaired.
Two methods to repair are base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair.
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A neuron conducting an impulse from the stomach wall to the cns would be classified as a(n) __________ neuron.
A neuron conducting an impulse from the stomach wall to the cns would be classified as visceral sensory neuron.
Unipolar neurons called visceral afferent neurons enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root and have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia. Visceral sensory neurons keep an eye on the organ systems and internal surroundings.
The GI tract and bladder's visceral afferent fibres transmit information that enables appropriate digestion, excretion, and urination. Reflex reactions to sensory information like distension include smooth muscle contraction (in the wall and sphincters) and mucosal secretion.
Therefore,A neuron conducting an impulse from the stomach wall to the cns would be classified as visceral sensory neuron.
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A neuron conducting an impulse from the stomach wall to the CNS would be classified as Visceral Sensory Neuron.
These neuron transfer information for the normal functioning of digestion and elimination.
They are Unipolar neurons entering the spinal cord and are located in the dorsal root ganglia.
The visceral nervous system is a part of PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) which transfer information between CNS (Central Nervous System) to the visceral organs like Stomach and Intestine.
These Peripheral nerves innervates the muscles and body walls.
Vagus, Glossopharyngeal and facial nerves contains visceral sensory neurons.
Visceral Sensory neurons are responsible for the contraction of smooth muscle and the secretion of the mucosa.
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What portion of the brain is served by the anterior and middle cerebral arteries?
Anterior cerebral arteries:
The majority of the midline regions of the frontal lobes and upper medial parietal lobes of the brain are supplied with oxygenated blood by a pair of cerebral arteries, including the anterior cerebral artery (ACA).Middle cerebral arteries:
The largest of the three main arteries that supply the brain with new blood is the middle cerebral artery (MCA). The internal carotid artery is where it splits off. It provides blood to the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes' lateral (side) regions.Where are anterior cerebral arteries present?
At the medial end of the lateral cerebral fissure, the internal carotid gives rise to the anterior cerebral artery (ACA). Above the optic nerve, it crosses the anterior perforated material medially and forward before beginning the longitudinal fissure.Where are middle cerebral arteries present?
The largest and second-to-last terminal branch of the internal carotid artery is the middle cerebral artery. It is the most frequently pathologically afflicted blood vessel in the brain and lodges in the lateral sulcus between the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. It is also a part of the Willis circle.To learn more about Cerebral arteries visit:
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Prior to darwin, ideas about how organisms came into being were mostly based on ________.
Prior to Darwin, ideas about how organisms came into being were mostly based on Religious beliefs.
Before Darwin, people used to strongly believe that the Bible clearly explained about the origin of all living forms. They were very much convinced by the idea that there was a natural order to things made by God.
However, later when fossils were thoroughly studied around Darwin's time, he used the fossil records to substantiate his theory of evolution. Moreover, Geology also became more predominant as a Science during the same time which influenced Darwin's thoughts about the Earth's surface and how it could change over a period of time.
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Organelles called lysosomes contain ______ that break down food particles, old organelles, and other cellular debris.
Organelles called lysosomes contain an array of enzymes that break down food particles, old organelles, and other cellular debris.
What is meant by organelles?Inside cells, organelles are specialized structures that carry out a variety of functions..What are lysosomes?An organelle of a cell with a membrane that houses digestive enzymes is called a lysosome.Every eukaryotic cell has membrane-bound organelles called lysosomes. They are well-known as terminal catabolic stations that eliminate waste from cells and scavenge metabolic raw materials to maintain vital biosynthetic reactions under famine.Functions of lysosomes:Numerous cell processes involve lysosomes. They disassemble extra or worn-out cell components. They could be utilized to eliminate invasive bacteria and viruses.To learn more about lysosomes visit:
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The terms endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph are all ________, which describe basic body builds
What is the secondary means by which air enters the body when breathing is labored or heavy?
Oral cavity is the secondary means by which air enters the body when breathing is labored or heavyby which air enters the body when breathing is labored or heavy.
What is Breathing?
Gas exchange is a procedure that is vital to life. There are two separate phases to the process of breathing. Inhalation is the first phase, also known as inspiration, while expiration is the second phase, also known as exhalation.Air enters your lungs when you inhale (breathe), and the oxygen in that air travels to your blood and at the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste gas, moves from your blood to the lungs and is exhaled (breathed out).The physical characteristics of the lung have an impact on both the intrapleural and alveolar pressures. However, both the atmospheric and intrapulmonary air pressures are necessary for breathing.Learn more about the Process of breathing with the help of the given link:
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A fossil is found to have a 14c14c level of 73. 73. 0 ompared to living organisms. how old is the fossil?
If the 14C level of fossils is 73% compared to living organisms. It will be 2602 years.
What is radiocarbon dating?This method is used to estimate the relative age of carbon-based materials. This is done usually for fossils which originate from living organisms.
This age is estimated by estimating the percentage of carbon-14 isotopes in the fossil. This is done by comparing this percentage to a reference standard used internationally. This method is of tremendous use in palaeontology. It has also found its use in hydrology, oceanography, geology etc.
Fossil age is determined by
At = (Ao) x (1 - 0.5)^(t/h)
Here, At/Ao = 0.73
So, 0.73 = 0.5^(t/5730)
Therefore, t = 2602 years
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If the specific gravity of urine is 1. 020 in the sample of urine, what caused the filtrate to increase its s. g. between bowman’s capsule and the collecting duct of the nephron?
Because more water than solutes are reabsorbed between Bowman's capsule and the collecting duct, specific gravity rises.
What is bowman's capsule?The Bowman's capsule, a component of the nephron, creates a sack that resembles a cup and surrounds the glomerulus. The "Bowman's space," which is adjacent to the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron and signifies the beginning of the urinary space, is enclosed by Bowman's capsule.The glomerulus is protected by a two-walled pouch called Bowman's capsule. Bowman's space is the term for the area between the capsule's walls. The glomerular capsule, the Malpighian capsule, and the renal corpuscular capsule are among additional names for Bowman's capsule.The Bowman's capsule is a portion of the human kidney's nephron. By permitting water molecules and tiny molecules of other substances to flow through its selectively permeable membrane, Bowman's capsule performs the ultra-filtration process. Thus, glomerular filtrate is formed.Learn more about bowman's capsule here:
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In blood pressure readings, the ______ is the low point on a sphygmomanometer, when the ventricles relax.
The reading that is taken at the low point on a sphygmomanometer, when the ventricles relax is the diastolic pressure.
What is the blood pressure?The blood pressure refers to the measurement of the pressure with which the heart pumps blood. The instrument that is used to measure the blood pressure is called the sphygmomanometer.
There are two readings that are recorded in the blood pressure measurement. The reading that is taken at the low point on a sphygmomanometer, when the ventricles relax is the diastolic pressure.
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