The sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds is the primary structure which is a linear sequence built by twenty one amino acids each having unique side chain.
The amino acids are small organic molecules consisting of central carbon atom linked to an amino group , a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and variable component. Within a protein, multiple amino acids linked together by peptide bond forming long chain. Peptide Bond are formed by a biochemical reaction extracting water molecules as it joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of neighboring amino acid.
The primary structure of protein drives the folding and intramolecular bonding of the linear amino acid chain, which ultimately determines the protein's three dimensional shape.
Hence, the correct answer will be option (a)
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While looking through the 40x objective lens, you use the micrometer and measure an insect’s leg. it is 16 mm. what is the actual size of the insect leg?
0.4 micrometer
0.4 micrometer is the actual size of the insect leg.
When we say we are see through the 40X objective lens that means we are seeing the object 40 times its original size.
Hence 16/40 = 0.4 micrometer
So the original size of the insect leg = 0.4 micrometer.
What is a microscope?Microscope is an optical device that is often magnified several hundred times and used to observe extremely minute things, such as mineral samples or animal or plant cells.
What are the types of microscope?Simple microscope.Compound microscope.Electron microscope.Stereomicroscope.Scanning probe microscope.What is the principle behind microscopy?Microbiology is a branch of science that focuses on microscopic living things that cannot be seen with the bare eye. Naturally, a good compound microscope must be used for such a study. A two-lens system, a changeable yet controllable light source, and mechanically adjustable pieces for adjusting the focal length between the lenses and specimen are the core components of all forms and modifications of the technique.To learn more about microscope visit:
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Which protein joins together the okazaki fragments of dna in the lagging strand?
DNA ligase joints together the Okazaki fragment of DNA in the lagging strand.
DNA ligase is the enzyme .it catalyses the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3'OH group at the end of one DNA fragment and the 5'phosphate group at the end of another.
During DNA replication in the lagging strand, okazaki fragments are formed because due to different primer are available for DNA polymerase enzyme. so the new DNA strand takes place in discontinuous manner. DNA ligase enzyme act as molecular suture . it s form phosphodiester bond between 3'OH group of one DNA to 5'phosphate group of another DNA molecule. so the newly synthesised DNA takes place in continuous manner.
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Cystic fibrosous is an inherited exocrine gland disorder that causes thick secretions of?
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited exocrine gland disorder that causes thick secretions of mucus and pus from respiratory infections to accumulate in the lungs.
What is mucus?Mucous membranes secrete mucus, a slick, viscous liquid. It lines the inside of mouth, nose, throat, sinuses, lungs, and digestive system. It is primarily composed of water (95%) and contains a variety of proteins, lipids, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and DNA.It is produced by the mucous membranes that go from your nose to your lungs. When you breathe in, mucus sticks to dust, allergens, viruses, and other particles before being evacuated from your body.But occasionally, your body can produce too much mucus, which would call for repeated throat clearing.Lungs, throat, mouth, nose, and sinuses are lined with mucus, which is a sticky, gelatinous substance.Drinking enough beverages, particularly warm ones, can aid in the passage of mucus. By assisting your mucus in moving, water and other drinks can ease your congestion. Consider sipping soup, clear broths, and juice.Lemon water, warm fruit juice, and decaffeinated tea are further recommended drink options.Learn more about mucus here:
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Disclaimer: The question given in the portal in incomplete. Here, the complete question.
Question: cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited exocrine gland disorder that causes thick secretions of _____ to accumulate in the lungs.
Atp is not generated directly in the citric acid cycle. Instead, an intermediate is first generated by substrate-level phosphorylation. The intermediate is?
ATP is not generated directly in the citric acid cycle. Instead, an intermediate is first generated by substrate-level phosphorylation. The intermediate is GTP.
What is GTP?A purine nucleoside triphosphate is guanosine-5'-triphosphate. It serves as one of the components necessary for the creation of RNA during transcription. The main distinction between its structure and that of the guanosine nucleoside is the presence of phosphates on the ribose sugar of nucleotides like GTP.Also known as guanosine triphosphate, this energy-dense nucleotide is similar to ATP and is made up of guanine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. It is required for the creation of peptide bonds during protein synthesis.Adenine nitrogenous base, sugar ribose, and triphosphate make up ATP, a nucleoside triphosphate, whereas guanine nitrogenous base, sugar ribose, and triphosphate make up GTP. This is the main distinction between the two compounds.The alpha-guanosine subunit's diphosphate (GDP) is converted into guanosine triphosphate (GTP), and the GTP-bound alpha-subunit subsequently separates from the beta- and gamma-subunits.
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what are the functions of an amoeba
Answer:
Apart from their roles in human disease, amoebas are also an important part of the soil ecosystem.
An amoeba functions as a part of the food web as a consumer and scavenger. This organism feeds on dead matter as well as other small organisms such as algae and protozoans. The amoeba in turn provides food for water fleas and mussels.
Most of the species that are yet undiscovered are probably birds and fish. mammals and reptiles. fungi. invertebrates. multicellular plants.
Invertebrates , Many species are found in remoter environments smaller species receive less attention than large organism and cataloging these species is a huge task.Most of the world's species remain undiscovered by science.
Biologist classified that 1.7 million plants and animals as 2010 , less than one quarter of total species estimated in the world by the help of new techniques in molecular biology. They figure out that still over five million species are yet not be found.
The new species like amphibians and reptiles are most undiscovered animals having limited ranges that may inaccessible. Creatures which are smaller and inhabit limited area are more likely to have been overlooked.
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In pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment, the importance of the s-shaped curves in the flasks was twofold. the curves allowed entry of air but excluded?
Answer: The exclusion of microbes, such as bacteria and spores.
Explanation:
The swan-neck flask broth was able to remain sterile because the "dips" of the flask's neck acted as a reservoir to contain microbes that managed to get in through the open mouth.
The sensory endings of intrafusal muscle fibers __________ when the muscle lengthens and __________ when it shortens
The sensory endings of intrafusal muscle fibers stretch when the muscle lengthens and relax when it shortens.
Intrafusal muscle fibers are skeletal muscle fibres that serve as specialized sensory organs (proprioceptors). They detect the amount and rate of change in length of a muscle. They constitute the muscle spindle, and are innervated by both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibers.
There are two types of intrafusal muscle fibers:
Nuclear bag fibers Nuclear chain fibersThey bear two types of sensory ending, known as annulospiral and flower-spray endings. Both ends of these fibers contract, but the central region only stretches and does not contract.
Intrafusal muscle fibers are walled off from the rest of the muscle by an outer connective tissue sheath consisting of flattened fibroblasts and collagen. This sheath has a spindle or "fusiform" shape, hence the name "intrafusal".
Function :
Intrafusal muscle fibers detect the amount and rate of change in muscle length. It is by the sensory information from gamma motor neurons and beta motor neurons that an individual is able to judge the position of their muscles.
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How can databases of variants be used to help pinpoint a disease-causing mutation?
The human gene mutation database (HGMD) is a collection of published germ-line mutations in nuclear genes that underlie , or are closely associated with human inherited disease.
For identifying the pathogenic mutation among thousands to millions of genomic variant is a major challenges and prioritization strategies are required. Current strategies for Mendelian disease gene identification by exome re-sequencing.
Next generation sequencing (NGS) has been used to identify new pathogenic mutations and genes causing rare genetic diseases. The analyses of NGS data is not trivial and required a technically and biologically rigorous pipeline that address the data quality , accurate variant filtration to minimize mistakes.
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The ________, which is still developing during adolescence, is a part of the brain responsible for judgment, impulse control, and planning.
The prefrontal cortex, which is still developing during adolescence, is a part of the brain responsible for judgment, impulse control, and planning.
Define brain and its various parts.
The cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem are the three major components of the brain. The brain's main structure, the cerebrum, is made up of the right and left hemispheres. Higher cognitive tasks include understanding touch, vision, hearing, speech, logic, emotions, learning, and fine motor control, among others.
It is the most complex part of the human body.
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When testing tonicity in potato strips, you soaked potato strips in different solutions. you were then able to determine the tonicity of the solutions based on:_____.
When testing tonicity in potato strips, you soaked potato strips in different solutions. you were then able to determine the tonicity of the solutions based on Whether the potato was crisp or flaccid.
Tonicity is a degree of the powerful osmotic stress gradient; the water potential of solutions separated with the resource of a partially permeable cell membrane. The capability of an extracellular manner to make water move into or out of cellular with the aid of using osmosis is referred to as its tonicity.
Tonicity relies upon on the relative awareness of selective membrane impermeable solutes during a cellular membrane which determine the route and volume of osmotic flux.
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Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone: cortisol. calcitonin. aldosterone. parathyroid hormone. adh
Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone parathyroid hormone.
What is parathyroid hormone?The parathyroid glands emit a peptide hormone known as parathyroid hormone, sometimes known as parathormone or parathyrin, which regulates the serum calcium content through acting on the gut, kidney, and bone.One or more of the parathyroid glands are hyperactive in primary hyperparathyroidism. The gland thus produces an excess of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Too much PTH raises calcium levels in the blood, which can result in health issues like kidney stones and bone weakening.The following processes are stimulated by the parathyroid hormone: bones' release of calcium into the blood. The intestines' absorption of calcium from meals. kidneys' preservation of calcium.Hypoparathyroidism is a condition in which parathyroid hormone secretion or activity is low. This lack of PTH causes blood phosphorus and calcium levels to rise and fall, respectively.
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The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (gas) is?
The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (gas) is adrenaline.
Produces CRH, which is then released, causing the pituitary to generate ACTH. Synthesizes and releases ACTH, which instructs the adrenal glands to release cortisol. Hormones important for the stress response are released. The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine, sometimes known as adrenaline. This is the first stage of global adaptation syndrome. Your body is currently alerting your brain that something is wrong. The body responds to the brain's message by releasing glucocorticoids and adrenaline, which are known as your "fight or flight" hormones. The general adaption syndrome has three stages: alarm, resistance, and fatigue. Alarm, fight, or flight is the body's first response to "perceived" stress.Learn more about hormones here brainly.com/question/4581245
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A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is known as?
A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is known as classical conditioning.
In classical conditioning, a stimulus gains the ability to elicit a response that was first elicited by another stimulus. Almost by accident, Pavlov made this type of learning discovery while studying the canine digestive system.
He had surgically inserted a tube into a dog's salivary gland, which was used to collect the saliva the dog made after being given food powder to chew on. Before they were given food, several of Pavlov's dogs started to salivate.
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Dna sequencing is a technology that allows scientists to?
DNA sequencing is a technology that allows scientists to determine the genetic information that is carried in a particular DNA segment
It also help scientists to determine the order the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine or nucleic acid sequence
What is DNA sequencing?DNA sequencing can be defined as the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence
So therefore, DNA sequencing is a technology that allows scientists to determine the genetic information that is carried in a particular DNA segment
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Lava flows are typically finer grained (i. e. the rock is made up of smaller mineral grains) than intrusive igneous rocks. what is the principle reason for this?
Lava flows are typically finer grained (i. e. the rock is made up of smaller mineral grains) than intrusive igneous rocks because the extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow.
When lava comes out of a volcano and solidifies into extrusive igneous rock, the rock cools very quickly. Crystals inside solid volcanic rocks are small because they do not have much time to form until the rock cools all the way, which stops the crystal growth. Magma, called lava when molten rock erupts on the surface, cools and solidifies almost instantly when it is exposed to the relatively cool temperature of the atmosphere. Quick cooling means that mineral crystals don't have much time to grow, so these rocks have a very fine-grained or even glassy texture.
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What is the difference between colonial and multicellular organisms?
Answer:
the individual organisms that form a colony or biofilm can, if separated, survive on their own, while cells from a multicellular organism (e.g., liver cells) cannot.
What differentiates an autonomic reflex from a somatic reflex? a single sensory neuron in the sensory pathway
A somatic reflex is that somatic reflex has a only one motor neuron that is present in it reflex arc.
What is reflex?The term reflex is in common use in anatomy, physiology, biology and psychology. Reflex has to do with an action that a person could perform unconsciously. The reflex that is performed by an individual could be autonomic reflex or a somatic reflex.
For the autonomic reflex, there are two neurons that are found to make up the motor components that are present in the reflex arc while the somatic reflex has only one motor neuron that is present in it reflex arc.
As such, we can conclude finally that what differentiates an autonomic reflex from a somatic reflex is that somatic reflex has a only one motor neuron that is present in it reflex arc.
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In the dna isolation process, ________ is used to break down the protein complexes and allow the dna molecules to easily precipitate.
In the DNA isolation process, ice cold 95% ethanol is used to break down the protein complexes and allow the DNA molecules to easily precipitate.
What is separation and isolation of DNA fragments?
The cutting of DNA by restriction endonucleases results in the fragments of DNA. These fragments can be separated by a technique known as gel electrophoresis. Since, DNA fragments are negatively charged molecules they can be separated by forcing them to move towards the anode under an electric field through a medium/matrix. The most commonly used matrix is agarose which is a natural polymer extracted from sea weeds. The DNA fragments separate (resolve) according to their size through sieving effect provided by the agarose gel. Hence, the smaller the fragment size, the farther it moves.The separated DNA fragments can be visualised only after staining the DNA with a compound known as ethidium bromide followed by exposure to UV radiation (you cannot see pure DNA fragments in the visible light and without staining). We can see bright orange coloured bands of DNA in a ethidium bromide stained gel exposed to UV light. The separated bands of DNA are cut out from the agarose gel and extracted from the gel piece. This step is known as elution. The DNA fragments purified in this way are used in constructing recombinant DNA by joining them with cloning vectors.To learn more about DNA isolation process: https://brainly.com/question/18316109
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The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through.
Through mitosis, the number of chromosomes is kept constant from one cell generation to the next.
What occurs during mitosis?A cell divides into two identical daughter cells after duplicating all of its components, including its chromosomes. Due to the importance of this procedure, specific genes carefully regulate each phase of mitosis. Health issues like cancer may develop when mitosis is improperly controlled.
How many phases of mitosis are there?Prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are these stages.
What function does mitosis serve?Mitosis' purpose is to divide the genome so that the two daughter cells inherit an identical and equal number of chromosomes.
Where in the cell cycle does mitosis occur?The mitotic phase, which consists of mitosis and cytokinesis and produces two daughter cells, begins after interphase. Despite the fact that the two processes frequently overlap, mitosis occurs before cytokinesis.
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The diseases caused by aspergillus species are considered opportunistic. which of the groups listed here would be most likely to become infected with aspergillus?
AIDS patients would be most likely to be infected with aspergillus.
Aspergillus:The majority of persons who get this ailment do so by inhaling mold spores. Spores can also enter the body through a cut or open wound, but this happens less frequently. People with cystic fibrosis or asthma are more likely to develop allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
Other than your lungs, Aspergillus can infiltrate other parts of your body, like your sinuses. The fungus in your sinuses might result in a stuffy nose and occasionally discharge that may contain blood. There may also be fever, face pain, and headache.
The fungus can develop on dead leaves, grain that has been kept, compost piles, or other rotting vegetation. Additionally, it is present on marijuana leaves. Despite the fact that aspergillus is something to which most people are frequently exposed, aspergillus infections in immune-suppressed individuals are quite uncommon.
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what graph would you use?
The pH of solutions in experimental test
tubes.
Test-tube number
1
2
3
4
5
pH
6.7
7.1
7.4
7.1
7.0
Explanation:
I don't know I just really need points at this point and need answers to a test so I'm sorry for this
If a parent cell of a sexually-reproducing species has 28 chromosomes, the number of chromosomes in the gamete would be
A seal and a shark eat the same kind of fish.
What ecological interaction describes the relationship between the seal and the shark?
Choose 1 answer:
A: Predation
B: Commensalism
C: Competition
D: Mutualism
Answer:
The correct answer is A.Predation
Studies show that macula communicans are common but NOT found as part of the tissues in the gallbladder or skeletal muscle. One possible explanation for this could be that these organs are:
To allow for absorption and secretion to take place, specialized zones known as macula communicans exist between the muscle cells is one possible explanation.
Explain about macular communicans?Central vision opacity may result from the eye ailment age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It happens when aging causes damage to the macula, the part of the eye that controls accurate, straight-ahead vision.The macula is a part of the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye).The cause is usually abnormal blood vessels that leak fluid or blood into the macula. The macula is located in the region of the retina that regulates central vision.Together with the rest of your retina, the macula transforms light entering your eye into the images you perceive.It regulates your center vision, which gives you the ability to see things in front.Light enters your eye through the front lens and then reaches the retina.Learn more about macular communicans here:
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What is the term for a group of species more closely related based on sharing the same adaptive zone and modified features?
a. species
b. family
c. genus
The Genus is the term is which is used to define a group of species more closely related based on sharing the same adaptive zone and modified features.
Genus, which is plurally known as genera is a group of the related living things (as plants or as animals) that the family in the scientific classification and is made up of one or more species.
Genus is the first word of a binomial scientific name and some of its examples are: plant genus containing many species is Rosa, which contains more than 100 species of roses; another example is: all the species of mushrooms that are part of the Amanita family.
The important point to note here will be that the scientific name of a genus, is always capitalized; the generic name or generic epithet; the generic name can be abbreviated, e.g. L. angustifolia.
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Which of the dominant approaches to understanding addiction and drug abuse is also known as the disease model? the biological model the cultural model the humanist model the learning model
Biological model of the dominant approaches to understanding addiction and drug abuse is also known as the disease model. Its a biological system that mirrors a disease or shows same disease processes.
According to disease model theory of addiction " identification of drug seeking behavior as a compulsive rather than a conscious choice due to chemical changes in brain which happen with regular substances abuses.
There are three model of addiction - genetic theories , exposure theories ( includes biological and conditioning) and adaptation theories. This disease model describes an addiction as a disease with biological, neurological , genetic and environment sources of origin.
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Why are ganymede and callisto geologically dead while the other two galilean moons of jupiter are active?
Ganymede & Callisto are low-density moons with a mixture of ice and rock. They are farther from Jupiter and are geologically dead.
The four largest moons of Jupiter, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, are known as the Galilean moons or Galilean satellites. Galileo Galilei initially observed them in December 1609 or January 1610, and in March 1610, he identified them as Jupiter satellites. They were the first discovered extraterrestrial objects orbiting a planet other than the Earth.
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the number of possible genetically different gametes for an organisms equals 2
The number of possible genetically different gametes of an organism depends on the genotype of the organism.
What are gametes?Gametes are generated when sex cells divide meiotically in sexually reproducing living organisms.
The different gametes that can be produced as far as genotype is concerned depend largely on the genotype of the parent.
Parents that are homzygous for a particular trait will produce gametes that are genetically the same for that trait.
Whereas, parents that are heterozygous for a trait will produce gametes that are genetically different for the trait. Some gametes will have dominant alleles while others will have recessive alleles.
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What explains the fact that cells are able to differentiate into adult cells with different structures and functions?