The force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is osmotic pressure. The plasma membrane forms a vesicle around the substances to be transported, and the vesicle around the vesicle is taken into cells.
Osmotic pressure depends on both the pressure gradient and concentration gradient. This is only affected by the temperature and concentration of solute, each affect the movement of water across a membrane.
Higher the concentration is higher temperature increases osmotic pressure, which produced or associate with osmosis and dependent on molar concentration and absolute temperature. Hydro-static pressure forces fluid out of the capillary , osmotic pressure draws fluid back in.
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Overall, how many protons are pumped by the membrane-associated electron transport system across the membrane for every molecule of nadh that is oxidized?
10 protons are pumped by the membrane-associated electron transport system across the membrane for every molecule of NADH that is oxidized.
Electron transport chain:Two protons are pumped across the membrane by this last complex in the electron transport chain, which also completes the ultimate transfer of electrons to oxygen. NADH molecule enters the electron transfer chain after passing a total of 10 protons across the membrane.
The inner membrane of the mitochondria contains a number of chemical compounds and proteins that make up the electron transport chain. In a sequence of redox reactions, electrons are transferred from one component of the transport chain to another. In these processes, energy is released as a proton gradient, which is then utilized to produce ATP through a process known as chemiosmosis. Oxidative phosphorylation is a process that involves both chemiosmosis and the electron transport chain.
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Homology is the existence of ______________ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different species.
Homology represents the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different species.
Homology basically shows the similarity which can exist between two different species. The structures which come from a common ancestor but serve completely different functions in different species are known as the homologous structures.
A very common example of homologous structure is arms of primates, the forelimbs of the vertebrates, wings or birds, flippers of whale and the forelegs of dogs. These modifications in these structures is due to adaptations for different purposes. Homologous genes are the ones which have been inherited by two different species but from a common ancestor.
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Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of water?
Choose 1 answer:
Polarity
Cohesion
Low specific heat capacity
Surface Tension
Water is unique in its own way. In these characteristics, low specific heat capacity is not a defining characteristic of water.
The quantity of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of a substance is referred to as specific heat capacity. Water can absorb or release a lot of heat with little change in temperature because it has a relatively high specific heat capacity. This characteristic enables water to regulate heat effectively and maintain a consistent temperature in a variety of environments, including bodies of water.
Thus, water does not possess low specific heat capacity as a defining property.
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____ is a genetic abnormality in which delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding
Answer:
hemophilia is the genetic abnormality.
A scientist samples a population of butterflies and finds that 56% are heterozygous at a particular locus. If the population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium, what should be the frequency of the homozygous individuals in this population?.
The frequency of the homozygous individuals in this population is 0.50
From the Hardy Weinberg Law of Population and Genetics,
We have
x²+2xy+y²=1 and
x+y=1
Given 2xy = 0.56
from here, y = 0.28/x, (the frequency of the recessive allele ) can be obtained
we need to find 'x'
recall, x+y = 1, x = 1-y
substituting this
y = 0.28/(1-y), which becomes,
y(1-y) = 0.28
y2-y+0.28 (quadratic equation)
Solving this to find 'y' gives two imaginary values of y
So, frequency of the homozygous individuals in this population is 0.50
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The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
The Mesenteries are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
The double layer sheets of serous membrane that support the viscera are called mesenteries.What is the mesentery and what does it do?
Your intestines are connected to the abdominal wall via the mesentery. As a result, your intestines don't collapse into your pelvic region and remain in their proper position.What are the Mesenteries of the body?
The viscera are enclosed by the mesentery, a continuous folded band of peritoneal (membranous) tissue that is linked to the abdominal wall. In humans, the mesentery spreads downward and encircles the colon and upper part of the rectum in addition to the pancreas and small intestine.What are the 2 functions of the mesentery?
The mesentery connects the intestines to the abdominal wall, aids in fat storage, and enables nerves, blood arteries, and lymphatics to nourish the intestines.
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Water channels in cell membranes formed by __________ are a result of adh signaling in the kidneys.
Water channels in cell membranes formed by aquaporins are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys.
What is ADH signaling in kidneys?The main hormone in charge of maintaining tonicity homeostasis is ADH. Its release is most strongly triggered in hyperosmolar conditions. The neurons of the hypothalamus store ADH. These neurons have osmoreceptors that respond to variations in blood osmolarity as little as two mOsm/L and are incredibly receptive to them .As a result, ADH is secreted in response to modest increases in osmolarity. Then, ADH works largely in the kidneys to boost water absorption, bringing the osmolarity back to normal.What are Aquaporins?Aquaporins, also known as water channels, are channel proteins that produce pores in the membrane of living cells, primarily aiding the passage of water between cells. They are part of a wider family of important intrinsic proteins.
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Explain why a proline residue in the middle of an α helix is predicted to be destabilizing to the helical structure.
The reason a proline residue in the middle of an α helix is predicted to be destabilizing to the helical structure is Pro does not have the α−NH group that acts as a stabilizing H-bond donor in the middle of the helix and Pro is not able to adopt the ideal ϕ and ψ angles for an α -helix.
Proline residues are important in the folding, misfolding, and aggregation of proteins [1, 2, 3]. They are essential for achieving proteins' functional state [4]. Prolines are also involved in domain switching [5,6] and the formation of amyloid fibrils from protein aggregation [7,8,9].
Proline residues are abundant in -helices, where they frequently serve crucial roles in the structure and function of the protein. This is evident now that there are over 30,000 protein structures in the Protein Data Bank. Due to its asymmetric geometry and reversible R-group link to the nitrogen of the amide group, proline additionally hinders steric flow and destabilizes -helices. Additionally, Proline's nitrogen cannot participate in hydrogen bonding since it lacks hydrogen.
The complete question is:
Give two reasons to explain why a proline residue in the middle of an α-helix is predicted to be destabilizing to the helical structure.
Chek all that apply.
-Pro does not have the α−NH group that acts as a stabilizing H-bond donor in the middle of the helix.
-Pro is not able to adopt the ideal ϕ and ψ angles for an α -helix.
-Pro is nonpolar amino acid that destabilizes polar core of the protein.
-Pro is nonpolar amino acid that does not connect turns of the α-helix.
-Insertion of Pro gives an exceptional conformational rigidity to the protein chain chain.
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A new neighborhood is built close to an old abandoned landfill. what impact(s) could this have on the land near the neighborhood
Toxic chemicals in trash can leak into groundwater and residents may be exposed to hazardous materials such as mercury. Unless they are stabilized, landfills may undergo severe shaking or soil liquefaction of the ground during an earthquake.
What is a landfill?
A place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by burying it and covering it over with soil, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land.Some landfill sites are used for waste management purposes, such as temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or for various stages of processing waste material, such as sorting, treatment, or recycling.What are the effects of a landfill?
Landfills have the potential to cause a number of issues. Infrastructure disruption, such as damage to access roads by heavy vehicles, may occur. Pollution of local roads and watercourses from wheels on vehicles when they leave the landfill can be significant and can be mitigated by wheel washing systems. Pollution of the local environment, such as contamination of groundwater or aquifers or soil contamination may occur as well.To learn more about landfill: https://brainly.com/question/16924501
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X-gal is included in the growth medium on which cells transformed with bacterial plasmids are grown. The reason x-gal is included is to _______.
Identify bacteria that contain a recombinant plasmid
Ampicillin is an antibiotic that stops E. coli from building cell walls, killing the bacteria in the process. The presence of the ampicillin-resistance gene causes the development of an enzyme that prevents the action of ampicillin, allowing the bacteria to survive
What is Plasmid DNA ?Bacteria and certain other microscopic species contain plasmids, which are tiny circular DNA molecules. Physically distinct from chromosomal DNA, plasmids multiply on their own.
Only a small number of genes are carried by plasmids, which are separate from chromosomes, the main cell structures that house DNA. Plasmids can be taken up from the environment and passed between bacteria since they have the ability to self-replicate. The host organism makes use of plasmids to deal with situations brought on by stress.Learn more about Plasmid DNA here:
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sciencebiologybiology questions and answersin silkmoths (bombyx mori), red eyes (re) and white-banded wings (wb) are encoded by two mutant alleles that are recessive to those that produce wild-type traits (re+and wb+); these two genes are on the same chromosome. a moth homozygous for red eyes and white-banded wings is crossed with a moth homozygous for the wild-type traits. the f1 have normal eyes
Question: In Silkmoths (Bombyx Mori), Red Eyes (Re) And White-Banded Wings (Wb) Are Encoded By Two Mutant Alleles That Are Recessive To Those That Produce Wild-Type Traits (Re+And Wb+); These Two Genes Are On The Same Chromosome. A Moth Homozygous For Red Eyes And White-Banded Wings Is Crossed With A Moth Homozygous For The Wild-Type Traits. The F1 Have Normal Eyes
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In silkmoths (Bombyx mori), red eyes (re) and white-banded wings (wb) are encoded by two mutant alleles that are recessive to those that produce wild-type traits (re+and wb+); these two genes are on the same chromosome. A moth homozygous for red eyes and white-banded wings is crossed with a moth homozygous for the wild-type traits. The F1 have normal eyes and normal wings. The F1 are crossed with moths that have red eyes and white-banded wings in a testcross. The progeny of this testcross are
wild-type eyes, wild-type wings
418
red eyes, wild-type wings
19
wild-type eyes, white-banded wings
16
red eyes, white-banded wings
426
a. What phenotypic proportions would be expected if the genes for red eyes and for white-banded wings were located on different chromosomes?
b. What is the rate of recombination between the genes for red eyes and those for white-banded wings
The phenotypic proportions which would be expected if the genes for red eyes and for white-banded wings were located on different chromosomes are:
(a)
1⁄4 wild-type eyes, wild-type wings1⁄4 red eyes, wild-type wings1⁄4 wild-type eyes, white-banded wings1⁄4 red eyes, white-banded wingsWhat is the distance and rate of recombination?The distance between the genes is four map units.
The rate of recombination between the genes for red eyes and those for white-banded wings is 4%.
(b)
The F1 heterozygote inherited a chromosome with alleles for red eyes and white-banded wings (re wb) from one parent and a chromosome with alleles for wild-type eyes and wild-type wings (re+ wb+) from the other parent. These are therefore the phenotypes of the nonrecombinant progeny, present in the highest numbers. The recombinants are the 19 with red eyes, wild-type wings and 16 with wild-type eyes, and white-banded wings.
RF = recombinants/total progeny × 100% = (19 + 16)/879 × 100% = 4.0%
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______________________ spiral movement of growing plants, especially the main stem. group of answer choices twining nodding contraction mutations
Nutation is the bending movement of growing plants, especially the main stem. Thus, option D is correct.
What is nutation?Nutation is defined as bending movements of stems, leaves, roots and other plant organs due to difference in growth in different parts of plant organ.
Nutation is also known as circumnutation and it is a particular class of nastic movements during which organ of plants bends in different directions, resulting in swinging motion.
Plant such as monocotyledons and dicotyledons shows plant nutation.
Nutation is the that takes place when force is absorbed at core and other parts in the direction of gravitational forces.
Therefore, nutation is the spiral movement of growing plants, especially the main stem.Thus, option A is correct.
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What effect did decreasing the extracellular sodium have on the resting membrane potential?
Decreasing the extracellular sodium makes the resting membrane potential disappear. It tends to become less negative. Only a minute change is seen because the resting neuron is not very permeable to sodium.
Sodium is a soft silvery-white metal in nature. In the nerve cells, Sodium (Na+) is critical for the action potential. Action potentials are recursively initiated as the extracellular concentration of Sodium ion Na+ is modified. As the quantity of sodium in the extracellular solution is decreased its action potential decreases as well. Therefore, the quantity of sodium is inversely proportional to its action potential.
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Coniferous forests evolved due to earth’s continents assuming their modern configuration. please select the best answer from the choices provided t f
True, Coniferous forests evolved due to earth’s continents assuming their modern configuration.
What are Conifers?
Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae.The great majority are trees, though a few are shrubs. Examples include cedars, Douglas-firs, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauri, larches, pines, hemlocks, redwoods, spruces, and yews.The evolution of the Coniferous forests:
The earliest conifers appear in the fossil record during the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian), over 300 million years ago.The most primitive conifers belong to the paraphyletic assemblage of "Wallachian conifers", which were small trees, and probably originated in dry upland habitats. The range of conifers expanded during the Early Permian (Cisuralian) to lowlands due to increasing aridity. Wallachian conifers were gradually replaced by more advanced voltzialean or "transition" conifers. Conifers were largely unaffected by the Permian–Triassic extinction event and were dominant land plants of the Mesozoic era. Modern groups of conifers emerged from the Voltziales during the Late Permian through Jurassic. Conifers underwent a major decline in the Late Cretaceous corresponding to the explosive adaptive radiation of flowering plants.To learn more about Conifers: https://brainly.com/question/831270
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What mechanisms contribute to the diversity of tcr molecules? which of these mechanisms contributes the most to the diversity?
Junctional diversity (random addition and removal of nucleotide between join ends). TCR diversity is generated by the random and rearrangement of V & J segment of TCR alpha and V ,D,& J segment of TCR beta jeans in the thymus.
Junctional diversity which is the DNA sequence variation introduce by inappropriate joining of jeans segments during the process of recombination. This mechanism of generating junctional diversity which discussed the context of B cells & T cells
In which different variable jeans segment of TCRs and immunoglobulins and rearranged the segments. this diversity form the imprecise joining of segment and form the nucleotide to the DNA sequence on specific site.
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Chris and his friends go swimming in a local river. Afterward, his friends break out with a rash, but he does not. The group soon discovers the river has toxins in it from a nearby factory. Chris's doctor determines that Chris did not react to the toxin because his daily medication combined with the toxin to stop the reaction. Which statement best explains why Chris did not get a rash from the water, but his friends did?
a Chris's reaction is chronic and has a synergistic relationship with the toxin.
b Chris's medication has an antagonistic relationship with the toxin in the water.
c His friend's reaction is acute and reveals an antagonistic relationship with the toxin.
d Chris's medication has a synergistic relationship with the toxin in the water.
The best explanation for Chris's lack of a rash from the water was that his prescription has an antagonistic relationship with the toxin in the water. Option B would be that.
What exactly is drug-drug interaction?Drug-drug interaction is determined by the relationship that develops between two drugs when they are administered concurrently or concurrent.
An antagonistic relationship is a relationship that exists between two drugs that have opposing impact on the body.
Here, Chris's medication has an antagonistic relationship with the toxin in the water.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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In the hydrologic cycle, plants add water to the atmosphere through the process of _____.
Through transpiration, plants contribute to the hydrologic cycle by releasing water into the atmosphere.
What Role Do Plants Play in the Water Cycle?
All living creatures depend on the water cycle since they require water to survive. A person's body weight is around 70% water, and they require about 3.4 liters of water every day on average.The movement of water as it travels through the air as well as through different regions of the Earth is known as the water cycle, sometimes known as the hydrologic cycle. Even while the hydrologic cycle is a cycle and hence continues across time, it is not a loop since the water in circulation can travel through the environment and around the world in a variety of ways.This explanation begins with fluid in its fluid state there at bottom of the ocean since it does repeat and has no beginning or finish. The water cycle involves a number of different processes, including:EvaporationCondensationPrecipitationTranspirationLearn more about the hydrologic cycle here:
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Ketone bodies are produced from the incomplete breakdown of _____ when _____ is unavailable for the brain and nerve cells.
Ketone bodies are produced from the incomplete breakdown of fats when glucose is unavailable for the brain and nerve cells.
Ketone bodies are the substances which are produced by the liver during gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis involves formation of glucose during fasting and starvation. The three ketone bodies produced by the liver include acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.
These compounds are utilized in healthy individuals to provide energy to the cells of the body when glucose is low or absent in the diet.
During fasting or starvation, the glucose levels in the blood quickly decrease which stimulates the body to enter the post-absorptive state. In this state, the body starts converting fat back into fatty acids, glycogen into glucose, and even starts breaking down amino acids for energy.
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Which lung volumes can be added together to calculate the functional residual capacity?.
The Functional Residual Capacity comprises of Expiratory Reserve Volume plus Residual volume.
What are lung volumes and capacities?Depending on what they do, various animals have varying lung capacities. For instance, cheetahs have substantially larger lungs than humans do. This is due to the fact that their muscles, which enable them to run quickly, need a lot of oxygen. Due to their huge bodies, elephants have bigger lung capacities.
A human lung has a six-liter capacity maximum. A spirometer can be used to measure the amount of air that is used during respiration. It is a piece of equipment used to measure the total amount of air that the lungs inhale and exhale. Additionally, it is utilized to evaluate pulmonary function.
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Mice with a gain-of-function mutation in the agouti gene will have fur that has a(n)_____color.
A team of researchers is diving to the ocean floor to study seaweed and fungi. which zone of the ocean are they going to explore? a. abyssal b. intertidal c. pelagic d. benthic e. deep
The abyssal zone is the zone of the ocean where seaweed and fungi are present.
What is abyssal zone?The abyssal zone is a layer of the ocean where seaweed and fungi are present. "Abyss" is a Greek word which means bottomless. This zone is located at the depths of 4,000 to 6,000 metres. So abyssal zone is the zone of the ocean where seaweed and fungi are present.The life that is found in the Abyssal Zone includes chemosynthetic bacteria, tubeworms, and small fish that are dark in color or transparent. It also includes sharks and invertebrates such as squid, shrimp, sea spiders, sea stars, and other crustaceansTo lean more about abyssal Zone from the given link
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The clean catch urine specimen of a child with dysuria, frequency, and fever has a colony count between 50,000 and 100,000 of E. coli. What is the treatment for this child
The treatment of a child with dysuria who has a colony count between 50,000 and 100,000 of E. coli involves the use of specific antibiotics for this type of bacterial infection.
What is an antibiotic?An antibiotic is any medication drug capable of reducing stopin bacteria growth and therefore thus being able to remove this type of infections.
Antibiotic treatment for dysuria cases may include doxycycline and rifamycin (treatment of E coli).
In conclusion, The treatment of a child with dysuria who has a colony count between 50,000 and 100,000 of E. coli involves the use of specific antibiotics for this type of bacterial infection.
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When a person is anxious or fearful, the autonomic nervous system shunts blood away from peripheral veins to the core of the body.
Select the one best answer
True
False
When a person is anxious or fearful, the autonomic nervous system shunts blood away from peripheral veins to the core of the body - TRUE
Sympathetic stimulation of blood vessels causes arteries and arterioles (resistance vessels) to constrict, increasing vascular resistance and reducing distal blood flow. The increased vascular resistance that results from this across the body raises arterial pressure. When our bodies shift into superman mode, the second signal is transmitted to the hypothalamus, where it activates our autonomic nerve system, which is in charge of the fight-or-flight impulse. Our bodies receive an adrenaline boost as well as an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. When you are afraid, you get that rush.learn more about autonomic nervous system here: https://brainly.com/question/4143211
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Name the symbolic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.
Commensalism is the term for a symbiotic connection in which one species benefits while the other remains unharmed.
What is a commensalism relationship?
A connection among creatures called commensalism occurs when one species advantages while the other remains undisturbed. A range of commensal microorganisms that live in animals' tissues but are not harmful to them is necessary for their existence.The commensal, or individual that gains from the connection, could take resources from the host organism, which is generally unharmed or get refuge from it, sustain it, or use it for movement. A bigger host and a smaller commensal are frequently in a commensal relationship; the host species remains unaltered, whilst the commensal individual could exhibit substantial design adaptations commensurate with its lifestyle, as in the case of remoras that travel connected to shark species as well as other fishes. Pilot fish eat the leftovers from their hosts' meals, but remoras consume their hosts' feces. Many birds perch atop the bodies of big herbivorous animals or eat upon the insects that grazing animals kick up.Learn more about commensalism here:
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Hhv-5 infectious in pregnant women can be particular concern because this virus can be?
Hhv-5 infectious in pregnant women can be particular concern because this virus can be teratogenic.
What is teratogenic?Teratology is the study of aberrant physiological development across the whole life cycle of all species, including plants. Dysmorphology is a branch of medical genetics that focuses on the classification of congenital deformities.Teratogens are substances that, when exposed to a pregnant woman, may result in physical or functional abnormalities in the human embryo or fetus. Such substances include, for example, alcohol and cocaine.A teratogen is an agent that increases a baby's risk of developing a birth defect or can actually cause one. They are items to which a mother might be exposed while expecting.Teratogens can result in neural tube abnormalities like spina bifida during this time. Throughout the entire pregnancy, certain organs are vulnerable to teratogens. The baby's brain and spinal cord are included in this. Alcohol can be harmful at any point during pregnancy since it has an adverse effect on the brain and spinal cord.
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Which type of bone formation occurs through a tight matrix of collagen fibers, which slowly calcify into bone?
Intramembranous bone formation occurs through a tight matrix of collagen fibers, which slowly calcify into bone.
Compact and spongy bone forms directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue during intramembranous ossification. Intramembranous ossification is responsible for the formation of the flat facial bones, the majority of the cranial bones, and the clavicles (collarbones).Mesenchymal cells that are gathered together and start to differentiate into specialized cells in the embryonic skeleton signal the start of the process. Some of these cells will develop into capillaries, while others will differentiate into osteogenic cells, which will later develop into osteoblasts. Early osteoblasts first emerge as a group known as an ossification center, though they will eventually be dispersed by the development of bone tissue.Collagen precursors and other organic proteins make up the osteoid, uncalcified matrix that the osteoblasts release; this matrix calcifies (hardens) in a matter of days as mineral salts are deposited on it, encasing the osteoblasts.learn more about Intramembranous bone here: https://brainly.com/question/12885340
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Which of the following steps in wastewater treatment is an example of biotechnology?
Microorganisms are added to feed on solids in the wastewater.
Chlorine is added to disinfect wastewater before it is released.
Bar screening is used to separate solid wastes from liquid wastes.
Primary clarifiers allow solids to settle at the bottom of tanks.
The step in wastewater treatment that is an example of biotechnology is microorganisms are added to feed on solids in the wastewater (option A).
What is biotechnology?Biotechnology is the use of living organisms (especially microorganisms) in industrial, agricultural, medical and other technological applications.
Biotechnology is a combination of two words namely;
Bio meaning lifeTechnology meaning practical application of knowledgeBiotechnology also refers to the application of the principles and practices of engineering and technology to the life sciences.
According to this question, treating wastewater using biotechnology involves the use of microorganisms to feed on the solids in the wastewater.
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A writer’s choice of words, or diction, mostly affects an essay’s __________. a. organization b. style c. transitions d. length
For a trait that is X-linked, recessive, and controlled by complete dominance, an individual with the genotype XnXn (little n, little n) would be represented in a pedigree as a (an)
For a trait that is X-linked, recessive, and controlled by complete dominance, an individual with the genotype XnXn (little n, little n) would be represented in a pedigree as an open square.
What is an X-linked trait?An X-linked trait is any phenotypic feature controlled by one or more genes located on the X chromosomes (it is a sex chromosome).
Moreover, a character that exhibits complete dominance is associated with an allele that completely masks the expression of the recessive allele in heterozygous organisms.
In conclusion, for a trait that is X-linked, recessive, and controlled by complete dominance, an individual with the genotype XnXn (little n, little n) would be represented in a pedigree as an open square.
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the graph shows how the rate of photosynthesis of a plant varies with light intensity. interpret the graph and justify statement.
The graph shows that the rate of photosynthesis increases with increased light intensity, other conditions being constant.
Photosynthesis and light intensityFrom the graph, the rate of photosynthesis increases with an increase in light intensity.
At low light intensity, the photosynthesis rate increases with an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide and level off at some point.
With medium light intensity, the rate of photosynthesis is about twice that of low light intensity under the same concentration of carbon dioxide. It also gradually levels off when the concentration of carbon dioxide reached a particular point.
The same trend applies to high light intensity. The rate of photosynthesis increased accordingly, much more than low and medium-intensity light.
Both light and carbon dioxide concentration can limit the rate of photosynthesis. When both factors are abundant, photosynthesis can be limited by other factors such as water, nutrient, etc.
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