The delocalized cloud of π electrons in benzene is formed by the overlap of 6 ________ orbitals.
a. s
b. p
c. sp
d. sp2
e. sp3

Answer:

18.0 g H₂O

Explanation:

To find the mass of water (H₂O), you need to (1) convert grams O₂ to moles O₂ (via the molar mass), then (2) convert moles O₂ to moles H₂O (via mole-to-mole ratio from equation coefficients), and then (3) convert moles H₂O to grams H₂O (via the molar mass). It is important to arrange the conversions in a way that allows for the cancellation of units. The final answer should have 3 sig figs to match the sig figs of the given value.

Molar Mass (O₂): 2(15.998 g/mol)

Molar Mass (O₂): 31.996 g/mol

Molar Mass (H₂O): 2(1.008 g/mol) + 15.998 g/mol

Molar Mass (H₂O): 18.014 g/mol

2 H₂ + 1 O₂ -----> 2 H₂O

16.0 g O₂          1 mole            2 moles H₂O         18.014 g
---------------  x  ----------------  x  ---------------------  x  -----------------  = 18.0 g H₂O
                        31.996 g             1 mole O₂             1 mole

The concept of coupling reactions can be more understood knowing that Gibbs free energy is a state function. State function is a property that does not depend on the path taken to arrive to that value

What is Coupling reaction ?

A reaction where the the free energy of a thermodynamically favorable transformation, such as the hydrolysis of ATP, and a thermodynamically unfavorable one, are mechanistically joined into a new reaction (or may be envisaged to be so joined) is known as a coupled reaction.

How do you make an unfavorable reaction favorable?

Chemically unfavorable means non-spontaneous which means Gibbs' free energy change (ΔG) is positive, i.e. ΔG>0.

But we know that ΔG=ΔH−TΔS. Now ΔH and ΔS (enthalpy and entropy change, respectively) are state functions. So ΔG is also a state function.

Catalysts can only change the pathway of a reaction (in most of the cases, by lowering the activation energy of the reaction (Ea)) but after using the catalysts also, the energy states of the reactants and products don't alter. So ΔH and ΔS remain the same as uncatalysed reaction. So ΔG also doesn't change at all. So if the reaction is non-spontaneous, it remains like that.

That means, the thermodynamically unfavorable reaction can't be made favorable by introducing a catalyst.

But changing the temperature to a very high value can make ΔG<0, so the reaction can be made favorable by abruptly increasing temperature.

What are favorable and unfavorable reactions?

Reactions that release energy are energetically favorable. Conversely, reactions in which the products are higher in energy than the reactants require an input of energy to proceed; such reactions are energetically unfavorable

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10.55 grams of nitrogen gas are formed when 18. 1 g of ammonia is reacted with 90. 4 g of copper(ii) oxide.

The laws which deals with the composition of substance by mass or his volume are called the laws of stoichiometry.

The laws of stoichiometry are:

Reaction:

3CuO + 2NH₃ → N₂ + 3 Cu + 3 H₂O

n(CuO) = m(CuO) / 64 + 16 = 90.4 / 80 = 1.13 mol   (molar mass of CuO = 90.4)

n(NH₃) = m(NH₃) / 14+3 = 18.1 / 17= 1.065mol   (molar mass of NH₃ = 18)

For 1.065 mol of NH3 undergoing the reaction, 3/2  times larger amount of CuO is needed.

CuO is 1.6 mol but it's only 1.13 of it so CuO is a limiting reactant, we must count stoichiometry by amount of this reactant.

n(CuO) = 1.13 mol,

n(N₂) = n(CuO) / 3 = 1.13 / 3 = 0.376 mol

m(N₂) = 0.376 x 28 = 10.55 grams

10.55 grams of nitrogen gas are formed when 18. 1 g of ammonia is reacted with 90. 4 g of copper(ii) oxide.

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Answer:

Fe(CN)₂,  FeCO₃,  Pb(CN)₄,  Pb(CO₃)₂

Explanation:

Cations (positively charged ions) can only form ionic bonds with anions (negatively charged ions). However, you can't just simply put one cation and one anion together to form a compound. Each compound needs to been neutral, or have an overall charge of 0. When cations and anions do not have charges that perfectly cancel, you need to modify the amount of each ion in the compound.

1.) Fe(CN)₂
-----> Fe²⁺ and CN⁻

-----> +2 + (-1) + (-1) = 0

2.) FeCO₃

-----> Fe²⁺ and CO₃²⁻

-----> +2 + (-2) = 0

3.)  Pb(CN)₄

-----> Pb⁴⁺ and CN⁻

-----> +4 + (-1) + (-1) + (-1) + (-1) = 0

4.) Pb(CO₃)₂

-----> Pb⁴⁺ and CO₃²⁻

-----> +4 +(-2) + (-2) = 0

Answer:

4 M

Explanation:

Molarity can be represented by the following ratio:

Molarity = moles / volume (L)

Since you have been given both the mass and volume, you can plug the values into the equation and solve for molarity.

Molarity = moles / volumes

Molarity = 2.0 moles / 0.50 L

Molarity = 4 M

According to Coulomb's law of  electrostatic forces, as the charge of a body  increases, the force exerted also increases. Hence, The electric force between A and  B increases as the charge of A increases.

Coulomb's law states that, the electrostatic force between two charges is directly proportional to the magnitude of their charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them.

The mathematical expression for Coulomb's law is written as follows:

F = k q1 q2/r²

where, q1 and q2 be the charges r be the distance between them, k is the proportionality constant.

Therefore, as the charge of A increases, irrespective whether the force is attractive or repelling, the electric force between them A and B increases.

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The angle between the hydrogen atoms in water (h2o) is slightly less than expected for a tetrahedral shape. this is because of the extra electron repulsion from the lone pairs.

A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The three atoms make an angle; the H-O-H angle is approximately 104.5 degrees. The centre of each hydrogen atom is approximately 0.0957 nm from the centre of the oxygen atom.

In water, each hydrogen nucleus is covalently bound to the central oxygen atom by a pair of electrons that are shared between them. In H2O, only two of the six outer-shell electrons of oxygen are used for this purpose, leaving four electrons which are organized into two non-bonding pairs. The four electron pairs surrounding the oxygen tend to arrange themselves as far from each other as possible in order to minimize repulsions between these clouds of negative charge. This would ordinarily result in a tetrahedral geometry in which the angle between electron pairs (and therefore the H-O-H bond angle) is 109.5°. However, because the two non-bonding pairs remain closer to the oxygen atom, these exert a stronger repulsion against the two covalent bonding pairs, effectively pushing the two hydrogen atoms closer together. The result is a distorted tetrahedral arrangement in which the H—O—H angle is 104.5°.

About tetrahedral shape :

In geometry, a tetrahedron (plural: tetrahedra or tetrahedrons), also known as a triangular pyramid, is a polyhedron composed of four triangular faces, six straight edges, and four vertex corners. The tetrahedron is the simplest of all the ordinary convex polyhedra and the only one that has fewer than 5 faces.

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There are  21.42 milliliters of a 10. 5 M HCl(aq) are needed to prepare 225. 0 ml of 1. 00  M HCl(aq)

Calculation,

The formula for the dilution of a solution is given as:

[tex]M_{1} V_{1} =M_{2} V_{2}[/tex]

Where M is molarity and V is the volume of the solution in liters ( L ).

Given data,

[tex]M_{1}[/tex] =   10. 5 M

[tex]V_{1}[/tex] = ?

[tex]M_{2}[/tex] = 1. 00 M

[tex]V_{2}[/tex] = 225. 0 ml

10. 5 M × [tex]V_{1}[/tex] = 1. 00 M×225. 0 ml  

[tex]V_{1}[/tex]  in milliliters = 1. 00 M×225. 0 ml / 10. 5 M = 21.42 ml

Volume in milliliters is  21.42 ml .

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The ∆G° for the dissolution of AgCl solid is 55.7 kJ/mol.

The gibbs free energy is termed as thermodynamic quantity which is equal to the enthalpy (of a system or process) subtracted by the product of the entropy and the absolute temperature.

The gibbs free energy of the reaction is given by:

∆G°(rxn) =sum of ([∆G°] products)- sum of ( [∆ G°] reactants)

Reaction can be given as:

AgCl(S) » Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Gibbs free energy of silver ions = ∆G°f, (Ag+) = 77.1kJ/mol

Gibbs free energy of formation of chloride ions = ∆G°f, (Cl-)= -131. 2kJ/mol

Gibbs free energy of formation of silver chloride solid = ∆ G°f, (AgCl) = - 109.8kJ/mol

The gibbs free energy of the reaction of dissolution of AgCl) :∆ G°rxn:

∆G°rxn = (77.1kJ/mol) – (- 109.8kJ/mol)

55.7kJ/mol

Thus, we found that the ∆G° for the dissolution of AgCL solid is 55.7 kJ/mol.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Take a look at the balanced chemical equation for this synthesis reaction

N

2(g]

+

3

H

2(g]

→

2

NH

3(g]

Notice that you have a

1

:

3

mole ratio between nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. This means that, regardless of how many moles of nitrogen gas you have, the reaction will always consume twice as many moles of hydrogen gas.

So, if you have

2

moles of nitrogen taking part in the reaction, you will need

2

moles N

2

⋅

3

moles H

2

1

mole N

2

=

6 moles H

2

The coefficient 2 should appear in front of [tex]LiNO_{3}[/tex] in the balanced equation

The chemical equation in which number of atoms in reactant side is equal to the number of atom in product side is called balanced chemical equation. The example of balanced equation is given as,

[tex]Pb(NO_{3} )_{2} (aq) + Li_{2} SO_{4} (aq)[/tex] →  [tex]2Li(NO_{3} ) (aq) + Pb SO_{4} (aq)[/tex]

In the above equation, 2 is appear in front of [tex]LiNO_{3}[/tex] in the balanced equation which is known as the coefficient.

The symbolic representation of the chemical reaction is called chemical equation.

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Answer: 2

Explanation:

In a titration experiment, 31. 4 ml of 1. 120 M HCOOH is neutralized by 16. 3 ml of [tex]Ba(OH)_{2}[/tex]. So, the concentration of the [tex]Ba(OH)_{2}[/tex]  solution is 23.16 M

Calculation,

The formula for the dilution of a solution is given as:

[tex]M_{1} V_{1}[/tex] = [tex]M_{2} V_{2}[/tex]

Where M is molarity and V is the volume of the solution in liters ( L ).

Given data,

[tex]M_{1}[/tex] =  120  M

[tex]V_{1}[/tex] =31. 4 ml

[tex]M_{2}[/tex] = ?

[tex]V_{2}[/tex] = 16. 3 ml

120  M ×31. 4 ml  =  [tex]M_{2}[/tex]  ×  16. 3 ml

[tex]M_{2}[/tex]  = 120  M ×31. 4 ml / 16. 3 ml =23.16 M

In a titration experiment, the concentration of the [tex]Ba(OH)_{2}[/tex]  solution is 23.16 M

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The pH of the resulting solution is 2.05

Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid neutralize each other in a 1:1 mole ratio as described by the balanced chemical equation

           [tex]NaOH_{(aq)} + HCL_{(aq)}[/tex] →  [tex]NaCl_{(aq)} + H_2O_{(aq)}[/tex]

This means that a complete neutralization, which would result in a neutral solution, i.e. a solution that has pH=7 at room temperature, requires equal numbers of moles of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.

Notice that your two solutions have equal molarities, but that the volume of the hydrochloric acid solution is 1.2 times larger than the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution. This implies that the number of moles of hydrochloric acid is 1.2 times bigger than the number of moles of sodium hydroxide.

This means that after the reaction is complete, you will be left with excess hydrochloric acid → the pH of the resulting solution will be <7.

Now, the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that will not take part in the reaction is given by

= moles of HCL added - moles of NaOH added

= 36 × [tex]\frac{0.100 moles HCL}{10^3 ml}[/tex] - 30 × [tex]\frac{0.100 moles HCL}{10^3 ml}[/tex]

= [tex]\frac{6* 0.100 moles}{10^3}[/tex]

The total volume of the resulting solution will be = ( 30 + 36 ) mL

                                                                            = 66 mL

Since hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that ionizes in a 1:1 mole ratio to produce hydronium cations, you can say that the concentration of hydronium cations in the resulting solution will be

[tex][ H_3O^+] = \frac{\frac{6*0.100}{10^3} }{66*10^3}[/tex]

[tex][ H_3O^+] = \frac{6*0.100}{66}[/tex]

pH = - log [tex](\frac{6*0.100}{66} )[/tex]

pH =  2.05

Therefore, the pH of the resulting solution is 2.05.

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Answer:

2.34 molality

Explanation:

Mole weight of KOH ( using periodic table ...rounded to 3 s.f.) =

              56.1 gm/mole

Number of moles in 43.2 g

  43.2 g  /  56.1 gm / mole =.770 mole

molality = .770 mole / .329 kg = 2.34 m

Double bonds found in unsaturated fats form structures that stop tightly bound formations.

The arrangement of the phospholipids in the bilayer cell membrane depends on features of the phospholipid head and tails.

Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain while saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms. Unsaturated fats are typically liquid and come from plant sources, whereas saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature

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The total pressure of the gases in the vessel is found out by using the partial pressures of individual gases and adding them up. The total pressure of the gases in the vessel is 1.72 atm.

The Partial pressure of the gases is the individual pressure of the gases present in a vessel containing a mixture of gases. The total pressure can be found out by adding partial pressure of all gases.

Given:

Volume of vessel, V= 32.5L

Mass of Nitrogen gas = 2.8g

Mass of Hydrogen gas = 0.403g

Mass of Argon gas = 79.9g

We know that:

             Molar Mass of Nitrogen gas = 28g

             Molar Mass of Hydrogen gas = 2g

             Molar Mass of Argon gas = 40g

∴ Moles of gas = Given mass / Molar mass

∴ Using the Ideal Gas Equation:

PV = nRT

where, P is the Pressure of gas

V is the volume of gas

n is the moles of gas

R is the Universal Gas constant

T is the temperature

Applying the above equation of all three gases indivudually,

∴ For Nitrogen,

P₁V = n₁RT                    

⇒ P₁ × 32.5 = 2.8/28 × 0.082 × 298

⇒ P₁ = 0.07atm

∴ For Hydrogen,

P₂V = n₂RT                    

⇒ P₂ × 32.5 = 0.4/2 × 0.082 × 298

⇒ P₂ = 0.15 atm

∴ For Argon,

P₃V = n₃RT                    

⇒ P₃ × 32.5 = 79.9/40 × 0.082 × 298

⇒ P₃ = 1.5 atm

∴ Total pressure of vessel, P = P₁ + P₂ + P₃

                                         P = 1.72 atm

The total pressure of the gases in the vessel is 1.72 atm.

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log1.429V=3.20  volume (to the nearest 0. 1 ml) of 4. 70-m NaOH must be added to 0. 700 l of 0. 250-m HNO2 to prepare a ph = 3. 20 buffer

pH= pKa +log {[ NaOH ] / [ HNO2 ]​}

3.20=3.80+log{(V×4.70)/ ( 0.700×0.250)}

3.20=log1.429V

Volume will be 3.20=log1.429V

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193 grams of NaCl are needed to make 1.50 L of a 2.20-M NaCl solution.

Calculation of the mass of NaCl required:

The only thing we need to know is that a solution's molarity informs us of the exact amount of moles of solute that are contained in 1 L of a solution.

In this situation, a NaCl (sodium chloride) solution with a 2.20-M concentration will have 2.20 moles of the solute (sodium chloride) in every 1 L of the solution.

The solution's molarity of 2.20 M requires that every 1 L of this solution include 2.20 moles of sodium chloride, which implies that every 1.50 L of this solution needs to contain

[tex]1.5 L solution .\frac{2.20 moles NaCl}{1L solution} = 3.30 moles NaCl[/tex]

Utilize the compound's molar mass to translate the amount of NaCl (sodium chloride) in moles to grams.

[tex]3.30 moles NaCl . \frac{58.4 gm}{1 mole NaCl} = 192.7 gm[/tex] ≈ 193 gm

Therefore it is concluded that the final answer is 193 gm.

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Pressure is inversely proportional to volume. Therefore, the effect of pressure change is opposite to the effect of volume change. So when more gas is added to the chamber the total pressure of the chamber doesn't increase.

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299.7 moles of electrons are required to produce 99. 9 g of aluminum metal from a sample of molten aluminum fluoride.

Calculation,

The production of aluminium metal is given as,

[tex]Al^{+3} + 3e^{-}[/tex]→ [tex]Al[/tex]

The 3 moles of electrons require to produce 1 gm of atom of aluminium ( weight = 27 ) solution fluoride.

The number of moles of electrons are required to produce 99. 9 g of aluminum metal from a sample of molten aluminum fluoride = 3mol×99.9g/1g

The number of moles of electrons are required to produce 99. 9 g of aluminum metal from a sample of molten aluminum fluoride = 299.7 moles

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Answer:

What is the name of the substances that are used at the beginning of a chemical reaction?

The substances that go into a chemical reaction are called the reactants, and the substances produced at the end of the reaction are known as the products.

Explanation:   :)

An aerosol mixture of particulates and sulfur compounds form a grayish-colored substance that is called industrial smog.

Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a composite of several chemical species rather than a single contaminant. It consists of a complex mixture of solids and aerosols, including dry solid particles, liquid-coated solid cores, and minute liquid droplets. Particles can contain inorganic ions, metallic compounds, elemental carbon, organic compounds, and chemicals from the earth's crust. They can vary greatly in size, shape, and chemical makeup. For the goal of regulating air quality, the particle diameter is used.

Those that have a diameter of 10 microns or below (PM10) are inhalable and can have a negative impact on health. Particles with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less are considered to be fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Consequently, a percentage of PM10 is made up of PM2.5.

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Answer:

pH of 4

Explanation:

Upon comparing a solution with a pH value of 4 and that having a pH of 7, you will realize that it has a pH difference of 3 although the concentration of ions of hydrogen having a pH of 7 is 1000 times greater than being at a pH of 4.

The symbols for some known elements using the periodic table are given below

Groups/Period

H

He

Li

Be

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

Na

Mg

Al

SI

P

S

Cl

Ar

K

CA

An element is a substance which cannot be split into simpler units by any ordinary chemical process

So therefore, the elements in the periodic table are classified based on their increasing atomic numbers.

The group is vertical representation of the elements

The periods is horizontal arrangements of elements in the periodic table

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Answer:

see attachment

Explanation:

plato users!!

Formic acid, Sodium formiate will generate a buffer solution with pH around 3. 5.

It must consider the acid whose pKa = pH in order to choose the base or acid that can produce a buffer solution with such a pH of about 3.5.

However, it also need to consider buffer capacity, which is a factor that can alter the pH of a solution by one unit in a liter.

The connection between the components' concentrations and their concentrations themselves affects buffer capacity in addition to their individual concentrations.

Therefore, Formic acid, Sodium formiate will generate a buffer solution with pH around 3. 5.

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Answer:

A shift in the global hydrologic cycle

Explanation:

During cold-climate intervals, known as glacial epochs or ice ages, sea level falls because of a shift in the global hydrologic cycle: water is evaporated from the oceans and stored on the continents as large ice sheets and expanded ice caps, ice fields, and mountain glaciers.

The hydrological cycle of the earth is the sum total of all processes in which water moves from the land and ocean surface to the atmosphere and back in form of precipitation. The hydrological cycle is dependent on various factors and is equally affected by oceans and land surfaces.

Answer:

Explanation:

to put this plainly after putting strong electrolytes in water they dissolve to nothing but ions they give you an example and definition of a strong electrolyte I suggest you read those and see if you come up with what I gave you they also tell you that not all strong electrolytes dissolve as strongly as others that are in the example.

Answer:

(a) KCI

sylvine, is potassium chloride (KCl) in natural mineral form

Intermolecular hydrogen force must be overcome to convert liquid NH3 to NH3 vapour.

Sublimation is the phase transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gaseous phase without passing through the liquid phase.

There are the 3 forces that exist between the 2 molecules of NH3

1. Dispersion force: these forces exist between any 2 molecules regardless of anything else.

2. Hydrogen bonding: H is directly bonded to the extremely electronegative atom N, O and F, hence is nearly stripped off electron due to the large electronegativity difference. Hydrogen being small atom further reduces in size even allowing it to approach other molecules very closely. Here, N, O, and F gathers more partial negative charge.

Due to the closure approach between the molecule and strong partial charge, hydrogen bonding is generally more important than dipole bond.

3. dipole dipole interaction: NH3 is a polar molecule with a permanent separation of charge. Each molecules behaves like a tiny magnet and has positive and negative poles so 2 NH3 molecules attract each other. Dipole dipole interactions are stronger than dispersion force in the small molecules.

Thus we concluded that the hydrogen bond should overcome to convert NH3 to vapours.

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