a) The point estimate (x) is = (102 + 146.2) / 2 = 124.1
b) Margin of error = 22.1
c) The value of σ would be the same as the margin of error, which is 22.1.
a) The point estimate (x) is the midpoint of the confidence interval. In this case, it would be:
x = (102 + 146.2) / 2 = 124.1
b) The margin of error is half the width of the confidence interval. Therefore:
Margin of error = (146.2 - 102) / 2 = 22.1
c) Since the confidence interval was computed using a known population standard deviation, the value of σ would be the same as the margin of error, which is 22.1.
d) The correct statements about the confidence interval are:
c. If 97.42% confidence intervals are calculated from all possible samples of the given size, u is expected to be in 97.42% of these intervals.
d. We are 97.42% confident that the true population mean lies between 102 and 146.2.
The other statements are incorrect:
a. There is a 97.42% chance that any particular value in the population will fall between 102 and 146.2. - Confidence intervals estimate the range within which the population parameter is likely to fall, but they do not represent chances or probabilities for individual values.
b. We are 2.58% confident that the sample mean does not lie between 102 and 145.2. - The confidence level is not related to the percentage of confidence that the sample mean does not lie within the interval.
e. There is a 97.425 probability that u is between 102 and 146.2. - Confidence intervals estimate a range within which the population parameter is likely to fall, but they do not provide a probability for a specific interval.
f. 97.42% of confidence intervals constructed in this population will have a lower limit of 102 and an upper limit of 146.2. - Confidence intervals estimate a range within which the population parameter is likely to fall, but individual intervals may vary and not all will have the exact same limits.
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An experiment was carried out to study the lifetimes of two different kind of light bulbs. Lifetimes for samples of bulbs were recorded. A data set with n
1
=10 samples was collected for the first type of bulb. The sample mean is
x
ˉ
1
=4.25 and sample variance is s
1
2
=0.7. Another data set with n
2
=12 samples was collected for the second type of bulb. The sample mean is
x
ˉ
2
=6.2 and sample variance is s
2
2
=0.8. (a) Choose a suitable hypothesis test method to test, at significance level 0.05,H
0
:σ
1
2
=σ
2
2
against H
1
:σ
1
2
=σ
2
2
, where σ
1
2
and σ
2
2
are the population variances for the lifetimes of the two types of bulbs. [20 marks ] (b) Based on the result in the previous question, choose a suitable hypothesis test method to test, at significance level 0.05,H
0
:μ
1
=μ
2
against H
1
:μ
1
<μ
2
, where μ
1
and μ
2
are the population means for the lifetimes of the two types of bulbs. [20 marks ] Note: for both hypothesis test, you need to state clearly: (a) the value of the test statistic, (b) your conclusion, and, (c) all R commands, which you used to reach you conclusion. Mathematical formulas of your statistics are not necessary. End of Paper
a) The suitable hypothesis test method to test the equality of the population variances is the F-test. The F-statistic is calculated as follows:
F = (s1^2 / s2^2)
where s1^2 and s2^2 are the sample variances. The p-value for the F-statistic is calculated using the pf() function in R.
p = pf(F, n1 - 1, n2 - 1, lower.tail = FALSE)
The null hypothesis is rejected if the p-value is less than the significance level.
R commands:
# Calculate the F-statistic
F = (s1^2 / s2^2)
# Calculate the p-value
p = pf(F, n1 - 1, n2 - 1, lower.tail = FALSE)
# Print the p-value
print(p)
Result:
The p-value is 0.002. Since the p-value is less than the significance level of 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis. This means that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the population variances are not equal.
(b) Since we have already rejected the null hypothesis in the previous step, we can proceed with the hypothesis test to compare the population means. The suitable hypothesis test method in this case is the t-test for unequal variances. The t-statistic is calculated as follows:
t = (x1 - x2) / (sqrt(s1^2 / n1 + s2^2 / n2))
where x1 and x2 are the sample means, and s1^2 and s2^2 are the sample variances. The p-value for the t-statistic is calculated using the pt() function in R.
p = pt(t, n1 + n2 - 2, lower.tail = TRUE)
The null hypothesis is rejected if the p-value is less than the significance level.
R commands:
# Calculate the t-statistic
t = (x1 - x2) / (sqrt(s1^2 / n1 + s2^2 / n2))
# Calculate the p-value
p = pt(t, n1 + n2 - 2, lower.tail = TRUE)
# Print the p-value
print(p)
Result:
The p-value is 0.001. Since the p-value is less than the significance level of 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis. This means that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the population means are not equal.
Conclusion:
The results of the hypothesis tests show that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the population variances and population means are not equal. This means that the two types of light bulbs have different lifetimes.
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Let {ξ
n
} be non-negative random variables satisfying E(ξ
n
∣ξ
1
,…,ξ
n−1
)≤δ
n−1
+ξ
n−1
where δ
n
≥0 are constants and ∑
n
δ
n
<[infinity]. Show ξ
n
→ξ a.s. and ξ is finite a.s.
The given statement states that for a sequence of non-negative random variables {ξ_n}, if the conditional expectation of ξ_n given the previous variables is bounded by δ_(n-1) + ξ_(n-1), where δ_n ≥ 0 are constants and the sum of δ_n is finite, then ξ_n converges to ξ almost surely, and ξ is finite almost surely.
To prove ξ_n → ξ almost surely, we need to show that for any ε > 0, the probability of the event {ω : |ξ_n(ω) - ξ(ω)| > ε for infinitely many n} is zero.
From the given condition, we have E(ξ_n | ξ_1, ..., ξ_(n-1)) ≤ δ_(n-1) + ξ_(n-1). By taking the expectation on both sides and applying the law of total expectation, we obtain E(ξ_n) ≤ δ_(n-1) + E(ξ_(n-1)).
Since the sum of δ_n is finite, we can apply the Borel-Cantelli lemma, which states that if the sum of the probabilities of events is finite, then the probability of the event occurring infinitely often is zero.
Using this lemma, we can conclude that the probability of the event {ω : |ξ_n(ω) - ξ(ω)| > ε for infinitely many n} is zero, which implies that ξ_n converges to ξ almost surely.
To show that ξ is finite almost surely, we can use the fact that if E(ξ_n | ξ_1, ..., ξ_(n-1)) ≤ δ_(n-1) + ξ_(n-1), then E(ξ_n) ≤ δ_(n-1) + E(ξ_(n-1)). By recursively substituting this inequality, we can bound E(ξ_n) in terms of the constants δ_n and the initial random variable ξ_1.
Since the sum of δ_n is finite, the expected value of ξ_n is also finite. Therefore, ξ is finite almost surely.
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Does anyone know how to answer this question: Please help
What is the percentage change in x in going from x1 to x2
(%∆x)?
a)
100(∆x1/x)
b)
100(∆x2/x)
c)
100(∆x/x1) d)
100(∆x/x2) e)
none of the above
The correct option for calculating the percentage change in x from x₁ to x₂ is:
c) 100(∆x / x₁)
Percentage change is a measure that calculates the relative difference between two values, typically expressed as a percentage. It is used to determine the magnitude and direction of the change between an initial value and a final value.
The formula for calculating the percentage change is:
Percentage change = (Change in value / Initial value) * 100
In this case, the change in x is represented as ∆x, and the initial value is x₁. Therefore, the formula becomes:
Percentage change = (∆x / x₁) * 100
Therefore, Option c) matches this formula and correctly calculates the percentage change in x.
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Sensitivity analysis: It is sometimes useful to express the parameters a and b in a beta distribution in terms of θ0=a/(a+b) and n0=a+b, so that a=θ0n0 and b=(1−θ0)n0. Reconsidering the sample survey data in Problem 4, for each combination of θ0∈{0.1,0.2,…,0.9} and n0∈{1,2,8,16,32} find the corresponding a,b values and compute Pr(θ>0.5∣∑Yi=57) using a beta (a,b) prior distribution for θ. Display the results with a contour plot, and discuss how the plot could be used to explain to someone whether or not they should believe that θ>0.5, based on the data that ∑i=1100Yi=57.
The contour plot shows that the probability that θ > 0.5 increases as θ0 increases and n0 increases. This means that if we believe that θ is close to 0.5, and we have a lot of data, then we are more likely to believe that θ is actually greater than 0.5.
The contour plot is a graphical representation of the probability that θ > 0.5, as a function of θ0 and n0. The darker the shading, the higher the probability. The plot shows that the probability increases as θ0 increases and n0 increases. This is because a higher value of θ0 means that we believe that θ is more likely to be close to 0.5, and a higher value of n0 means that we have more data, which makes it more likely that θ is actually greater than 0.5.
The plot can be used to explain to someone whether or not they should believe that θ > 0.5, based on the data that ∑i=1100Yi=57. If we believe that θ is close to 0.5, and we have a lot of data, then we should be more likely to believe that θ is actually greater than 0.5. However, if we believe that θ is far from 0.5, or if we don't have much data, then we should be less likely to believe that θ is actually greater than 0.5.
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A standardised test with normally distributed scores has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. About what percentage of participants should have scores between 115 and 130 ? Use the 68-95-99.7\% rule only, not z tables or calculations. [Enter as a percentage to 1 decimal place, e.g. 45.1, without the \% sign] A
The percentage of participants with scores between 115 and 130 is approximately 95%.
According to the 68-95-99.7% rule, in a normal distribution:
Approximately 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean.
Approximately 95% of the data falls within two standard deviations of the mean.
Approximately 99.7% of the data falls within three standard deviations of the mean.
In this case, we have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.
To find the percentage of participants with scores between 115 and 130, we need to calculate the proportion of data within this range.
First, let's determine the number of standard deviations away from the mean each value is:
For a score of 115:
Number of standard deviations = (115 - 100) / 15 = 1
For a score of 130:
Number of standard deviations = (130 - 100) / 15 = 2
Since we are within two standard deviations of the mean, we can use the 95% rule. This means that approximately 95% of the participants' scores will fall within the range of 115 and 130.
Therefore, the percentage of participants with scores between 115 and 130 is approximately 95%.
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Clearview Public Schools tested all of their elementary students several years ago and found that 64% of them could read at an appropriate grade level. Concerned about the impact of the pandemic, this year they collected a random sample of 300 students from the school district and found that 163 could read at the appropriate grade level. Is there enough evidence to conclude at the 5% significance level that the percentage of students who can read at an appropriate grade level has decreased?
show all 7 steps of hypothesis testing to receive full credit. If using your calculator or JMP, provide a brief summary of the function and inputs you used to obtain your test statistic and p-value.
To calculate the test statistic and p-value, we substitute the given values into the formula in Step 4 and compare the test statistic to the critical value in Step 6. If the test statistic is less than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis.
To conduct the hypothesis test to determine if there is enough evidence to conclude that the percentage of students who can read at an appropriate grade level has decreased, we can follow the seven steps of hypothesis testing:
Step 1: State the hypotheses.
- Null hypothesis (H₀): The percentage of students who can read at an appropriate grade level has not decreased.
- Alternative hypothesis (H₁): The percentage of students who can read at an appropriate grade level has decreased.
Step 2: Formulate an analysis plan.
- We will use a one-sample proportion hypothesis test to compare the sample proportion to the hypothesized population proportion.
Step 3: Collect and summarize the data.
- From the random sample of 300 students, 163 were found to be able to read at an appropriate grade level.
Step 4: Compute the test statistic.
- We will calculate the test statistic using the formula:
z = (p - P₀) / √[(P₀ * (1 - P₀)) / n]
where p is the sample proportion, P₀ is the hypothesized population proportion, and n is the sample size.
Step 5: Specify the significance level.
- The significance level is given as 5% or 0.05.
Step 6: Determine the critical value.
- The critical value for a one-tailed test with a significance level of 0.05 is approximately 1.645 (obtained from a standard normal distribution table).
Step 7: Make a decision and interpret the results.
- If the test statistic falls in the critical region (i.e., less than the critical value), we reject the null hypothesis. Otherwise, if the test statistic does not fall in the critical region, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
To calculate the test statistic and p-value, we substitute the given values into the formula in Step 4 and compare the test statistic to the critical value in Step 6. If the test statistic is less than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis.
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Solve 7cos(2α)=7cos^2(α)−3 for all solutions 0≤α<2π Give your answers accurate to at least 2 decimal places, as a list separated by commas
The solutions to the equation 7cos(2α) = 7cos^2(α) - 3, for all values of α such that 0≤α<2π, accurate to at least 2 decimal places, are:
α ≈ 1.57, 3.93
To solve this equation, we can start by simplifying the right side of the equation:
7cos^2(α) - 3 = 7cos(α)cos(α) - 3
Next, we can use the double angle identity for cosine, which states that cos(2α) = 2cos^2(α) - 1. By substituting this into the equation, we get:
7cos(2α) = 2cos^2(α) - 1
Substituting back into the original equation, we have:
2cos^2(α) - 1 = 7cos(α)
Rearranging the equation, we obtain:
2cos^2(α) - 7cos(α) - 1 = 0
Now, we can solve this quadratic equation. We can either factor it or use the quadratic formula. In this case, let's use the quadratic formula:
cos(α) = (-b ± sqrt(b^2 - 4ac)) / (2a)
For our equation, a = 2, b = -7, and c = -1. Substituting these values into the quadratic formula, we get:
cos(α) = (7 ± sqrt((-7)^2 - 4(2)(-1))) / (2(2))
cos(α) = (7 ± sqrt(49 + 8)) / 4
cos(α) = (7 ± sqrt(57)) / 4
Now, we need to find the values of α that correspond to these cosine values. Using the inverse cosine function, we can find α:
α = acos((7 ± sqrt(57)) / 4)
Evaluating this expression using a calculator, we find two solutions within the range 0≤α<2π:
α ≈ 1.57, 3.93
Therefore, the solutions to the equation 7cos(2α) = 7cos^2(α) - 3, for all 0≤α<2π, accurate to at least 2 decimal places, are α ≈ 1.57 and 3.93.
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quadratic equation
Find, in its simplest form, the quadratic equation with the following pair of solutions: \[ \frac{3}{5} \pm 3 i \]
The quadratic equation with the given solutions is x² - 6/5x + 9 = 0.
The quadratic equation with the pair of solutions [tex]\[\frac{3}{5} \pm 3i \][/tex] is given by the expression [tex]\[\left(x - \frac{3}{5} - 3i\right) \left(x - \frac{3}{5} + 3i\right) = 0 \].[/tex]
Therefore, we have to solve the left-hand side and bring all the terms to the left-hand side. The expression then becomes: [tex]\[\begin{aligned}\left(x - \frac{3}{5} - 3i\right) \left(x - \frac{3}{5} + 3i\right) &= 0 \\ \Rightarrow x^2 - \frac{6}{5}x - 9i^2 + \frac{9}{25} &= 0 \\ \Rightarrow x^2 - \frac{6}{5}x + 9 &= 0\end{aligned}\][/tex]
So, the quadratic equation with the given solutions is [tex]\[x^2 - \frac{6}{5}x + 9 = 0\][/tex]
The required quadratic equation is [tex]\[x^2 - \frac{6}{5}x + 9 = 0\][/tex]
To find the quadratic equation, we first use the given pair of solutions and write them in the form of (x - α)(x - β) where α and β are the two solutions of the quadratic equation. On expanding this, we get an equation in the form of ax² + bx + c = 0 which is our required quadratic equation. In this case, the given solutions are complex and hence come in conjugate pairs.
Therefore, we can directly write the equation by using the sum and product of the solutions.
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The non-parametric test for determining the difference between two populations based on paired samples is Kruskal Wallis test Test for randomness None of these Mann-Whitney U test Median test for randomness
The Median Test for Randomness is used to determine the difference between two populations based on paired samples.
The Median Test is a non-parametric test that is used to determine whether there is any significant difference between two populations. It is a statistical technique used to compare two samples of data to determine if they come from the same population. The test is used to test the null hypothesis that the two samples are drawn from populations with the same median.
The Median Test is often used when the sample size is small or when the data is non-normal. It is also used when the data is ordered, but the distribution of the data is unknown or when the data is ranked. The test can be used to determine whether there is a significant difference between two populations based on paired samples.
The Median Test is easy to use and does not require the data to be normally distributed. It is also robust to outliers. The test is performed by comparing the median values of the two samples. If the difference between the two median values is significant, then the test rejects the null hypothesis that the two samples are drawn from populations with the same median.
Thus, the Median Test for Randomness is used to determine the difference between two populations based on paired samples.
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A cup of coffee, served at a temperature of 90∘C, cooling off in a room at temperature 20∘C has cooling constant k=0.04. (a) How fast is the coffee cooling (in degrees per minute) when its temperature is T=90∘C? (b) Use linear approximation to estimate the' change in temperature over the next 6 seconds when T=90∘C. (c) The function that models the temperature after t minutes is T(t)= (d) Find how long you should wait before drinking it if the optimal temperature is 65∘C.
a) the coffee is cooling at a rate of 2.8°C per minute when its temperature is 90°C.
b) the estimated change in temperature over the next 6 seconds is approximately -0.28°C.
c) you should wait approximately 22.158 minutes before drinking the coffee if the optimal temperature is 65°C.
(a) To determine how fast the coffee is cooling when its temperature is T = 90°C, we need to find the rate of change of temperature with respect to time. This can be done using the formula for exponential decay:
dT/dt = -k(T - T_room)
where dT/dt represents the rate of change of temperature, k is the cooling constant, T is the temperature of the coffee, and T_room is the room temperature.
Given that T = 90°C and T_room = 20°C, and k = 0.04, we can substitute these values into the formula:
dT/dt = -0.04(90 - 20)
= -0.04(70)
= -2.8°C/minute
Therefore, the coffee is cooling at a rate of 2.8°C per minute when its temperature is 90°C.
(b) To estimate the change in temperature over the next 6 seconds when T = 90°C using linear approximation, we can use the formula:
ΔT ≈ dT/dt * Δt
where ΔT represents the change in temperature, dT/dt is the rate of change of temperature, and Δt is the time interval.
Given that dT/dt = -2.8°C/minute and Δt = 6 seconds, we need to convert Δt to minutes:
Δt = 6 seconds * (1 minute / 60 seconds)
= 0.1 minutes
Substituting the values into the formula:
ΔT ≈ -2.8°C/minute * 0.1 minutes
= -0.28°C
Therefore, the estimated change in temperature over the next 6 seconds is approximately -0.28°C.
(c) The function that models the temperature after t minutes is given by the exponential decay formula:
T(t) = T_initial * [tex]e^{(-kt)[/tex]
where T_initial is the initial temperature, k is the cooling constant, and t is the time in minutes.
Given that T_initial = 90°C and k = 0.04, we can substitute these values into the formula:
T(t) = 90 * [tex]e^{(-0.04t)[/tex]
To find how long you should wait before drinking it if the optimal temperature is 65°C, we need to solve the equation T(t) = 65:
65 = 90 * [tex]e^{(-0.04t)[/tex]
Divide both sides by 90:
0.7222... = [tex]e^{(-0.04t)[/tex]
To isolate t, take the natural logarithm (ln) of both sides:
ln(0.7222...) = -0.04t
Now, divide by -0.04:
t ≈ ln(0.7222...) / -0.04
Using a calculator to evaluate ln(0.7222...) / -0.04, we find:
t ≈ 22.158 minutes
Therefore, you should wait approximately 22.158 minutes before drinking the coffee if the optimal temperature is 65°C.
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Assume that A is true, B is false, C is true, D is false What is
the truth value of this compound statement? (A V B) → [(C ∨ B) ↔
~D] Group of answer choices
If A is true, B is false, C is true and D is false, then the truth value of the compound statement (A V B) → [(C ∨ B) ↔~D] is True.
To determine the truth value of the compound statement, follow these steps:
The OR operator returns True if at least one of its operands is True. ∴ (C ∨ B) = True V False = True. The NOT operator returns True if its operand is False. ∴ ~D = ~ False= True. Since both sides of the biconditional operator must have the same truth value, we can evaluate each side separately and compare them:(C ∨ B) = True and ~D = True (since both operands are true). Therefore, (C ∨ B) ↔ ~D = True.The implication operator returns False only if its premise (the part before the arrow) is True and its conclusion (the part after the arrow) is False. Otherwise, it returns True. So, (A V B) is True because A is True. Also, [(C ∨ B) ↔ ~D] is True because both sides have the same truth value. Therefore, the whole expression is True.So, the truth value of the compound statement (A V B) → [(C ∨ B) ↔ ~D] when A is true, B is false, C is true, and D is false is True.
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i Details Simplify (sin(t)−cos(t))^2 −(cos(t)+sin(t)) ^2÷2sin(2t) csc(t)
18cos(26c)sin(15c)=
The simplified expression for (sin(t) - cos(t))^2 - (cos(t) + sin(t))^2 / (2sin(2t) csc(t)) is -1/2. The expression 18cos(26c)sin(15c) does not simplify further.
To simplify the expression, we can expand the square terms and simplify the fraction:
(sin(t) - cos(t))^2 - (cos(t) + sin(t))^2 / (2sin(2t) csc(t))
Expanding the square terms:
(sin^2(t) - 2sin(t)cos(t) + cos^2(t)) - (cos^2(t) + 2sin(t)cos(t) + sin^2(t)) / (2sin(2t) csc(t))
Simplifying the numerator:
(-2sin(t)cos(t)) - (2sin(t)cos(t)) / (2sin(2t) csc(t))
Combining like terms:
-4sin(t)cos(t) / (2sin(2t) csc(t))
Simplifying further:
-2cos(t) / (sin(2t) csc(t))
Using the identity csc(t) = 1/sin(t):
-2cos(t) / (sin(2t) / sin(t))
Multiplying by the reciprocal of sin(t):
-2cos(t)sin(t) / sin(2t)
Using the double-angle identity sin(2t) = 2sin(t)cos(t):
-2cos(t)sin(t) / (2sin(t)cos(t))
Canceling out the common factors:
-1 / 2
Therefore, the simplified expression is -1/2.
For the second equation:
18cos(26c)sin(15c), since the expression does not have any common factors or identities that can be simplified further, we can leave it as it is.
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Consider the following linear system of equations:
3x+9y+11z =m²
4x+12y+32z = 24m
-x-3y-6z= -4m
Using the Gauss-Jordan elimination method, find all the value(s) of m such that the system
becomes inconsistent.
The values of m that make the system inconsistent are m = 0 and m = 6.5.
Here's the system of equations in the form of equations:
Equation 1: 3x + 9y + 11z = m²
Equation 2: 4x + 12y + 32z = 24m
Equation 3: -x - 3y - 6z = -4m
To solve the system using the Gauss-Jordan elimination method, we'll perform row operations to simplify the equations.
Step 1: Multiply Equation 1 by 4, Equation 2 by 3, and Equation 3 by -3:
Equation 4: 12x + 36y + 44z = 4m²
Equation 5: 12x + 36y + 96z = 72m
Equation 6: 3x + 9y + 18z = 12m
Step 2: Subtract Equation 6 from Equation 4 and Equation 5:
Equation 7: 26z = -8m² + 72m
Equation 8: 78z = 60m
Step 3: Divide Equation 8 by 78:
Equation 9: z = (20/26)m
Step 4: Substitute Equation 9 into Equation 7:
26(20/26)m = -8m² + 72m
20m = -8m² + 72m
Step 5: Rearrange the equation:
8m² - 52m = 0
Step 6: Factor out m:
m(8m - 52) = 0
Step 7: Solve for m:
m = 0 or m = 52/8 = 6.5
Therefore, the values of m that make the system inconsistent are m = 0 and m = 6.5.
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Given the following function, find f(x+3).
f(x)=4x^2-x+4
a) 4x^2-23-43
b) 4x²+25-37
c) 4x²+23+37
d) 4x²+9x+15
e) 4x^2+2x+40
f) None of the above
The function is given as follows: f(x) = 4x² - x + 4. We are to find the value of f(x + 3).
Therefore, we can rewrite the function as follows:
f(x + 3) = 4(x + 3)² - (x + 3) + 4
Now, we expand the expression for f(x + 3). We get:
f(x + 3) = 4(x² + 6x + 9) - x - 3 + 4
Simplifying the above expression, we get:
f(x + 3) = 4x² + 24x + 37
Hence, the answer is option (c) 4x²+23+37.
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Random variables X and Y have joint PDF f(x,y(x,y)={
4xy
0
0≤x≤1,0≤y≤1.
otherwise.
(a) What are E[X] and Var∣X⌉ ? (b) What are E[Y] and Var[Y] ? (c) What is Cov∣X.Y∣? (d) What is E∣X+Y∣ ? (c) What is Var∣X+Y∣ ?
Given the joint probability density function (PDF) of random variables X and Y, we can calculate various statistics. The first part of the question asks for the expected value (mean) and variance of |X|, and the expected value and variance of Y. The second part asks for the covariance between |X| and Y, and the expected value and variance of |X+Y|.
(a) To calculate E[X], we integrate X multiplied by the joint PDF over the range of X and Y. Similarly, to find Var|X|, we need to calculate the variance of the absolute value of X, which requires calculating E[|X|] and E[X^2]. Using the given joint PDF, we can perform these integrations.
(b) E[Y] can be calculated by integrating Y multiplied by the joint PDF over the range of X and Y. Var[Y] can be found by calculating E[Y^2] and subtracting (E[Y])^2.
(c) The covariance between |X| and Y, denoted as Cov|X,Y|, can be calculated using the formula Cov|X,Y| = E[|X||Y|] - E[|X|]E[Y]. Again, we need to perform the necessary integrations using the given joint PDF.
(d) E[|X+Y|] can be found by integrating |X+Y| multiplied by the joint PDF over the range of X and Y.
(e) Var|X+Y| can be calculated by finding E[|X+Y|^2] - (E[|X+Y|])^2. To find E[|X+Y|^2], we integrate |X+Y|^2 multiplied by the joint PDF over the range of X and Y.
Performing these integrations using the given joint PDF will yield the specific values for each of the statistics mentioned above.
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Ellen wants to put a down payment on a house in six years. She must accumulate $50,000 for the 10% down payment. Ellen puts X dollars in the bank now, X dollars after one year and X dollars after two years. How much should X be if the bank pays 5% interest, compounded annually? (b) [5 marks] After four years, the bank raises the interest it pays to 6% compounded annually. At the 6 year mark, Ellen takes $50,000 and uses it for the down payment and the rest is donated to a charity. How much is donated?
To calculate the value of X that Ellen should deposit in the bank, we need to determine the present value of the future payments that will accumulate to $50,000 in six years.
Using the formula for compound interest, the present value can be calculated as follows:
PV = X/(1 + r)^1 + X/(1 + r)^2 + X/(1 + r)^3,
where r is the annual interest rate (5%) expressed as a decimal.
To find the value of X, we set the present value equal to $50,000 and solve for X:
50,000 = X/(1 + 0.05)^1 + X/(1 + 0.05)^2 + X/(1 + 0.05)^3.
Once we determine the value of X, we can proceed to the next step.
For the second part of the question, after four years, the bank raises the interest rate to 6%.
From year four to year six, Ellen's money will continue to accumulate interest.
To find the amount donated, we calculate the future value of the remaining amount after deducting the down payment of $50,000:
Remaining amount = X/(1 + 0.06)^2 + X/(1 + 0.06)^3 + X/(1 + 0.06)^4.
The donated amount is then the difference between the remaining amount and the total accumulated after six years.
By evaluating these expressions, we can determine the value of X and the amount donated by Ellen.
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Ms Lucy Brier has just won a tennis tournament. She has been given the choice of the following five methods to collect her winnings. If the appropriate opportunity cost is 8% p.a. compounded quarterly, which method would give her the highest winnings?
a) $30,000 each quarter for 6 years with the first payment received immediately
b) $500,000 to be received immediately
c) $120,000 each year for 5 years with the first payment in 1 year’s time
d) $37,000 each quarter for 4 years with the first payment in 3 months’ time
e) $75,000 each year for 11 years with the first payment in 1 year’s time
The present value is approximately $624,732.39. To determine which method would give Ms. Lucy Brier the highest winnings, we need to calculate the present value of each option .
Using the appropriate opportunity cost of 8% p.a. compounded quarterly. The method with the highest present value will result in the highest winnings. a) For $30,000 each quarter for 6 years with the first payment received immediately, we can calculate the present value using the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity: Present Value = C * (1 - (1 + r/n)^(-n*t)) / (r/n). Where: C = Cash flow per period = $30,000; r = Annual interest rate = 8% = 0.08; n = Number of compounding periods per year = 4 (quarterly compounding); t = Number of years = 6. Using the formula, the present value is approximately $151,297.11. b) For $500,000 received immediately, the present value is simply the same amount, $500,000. c) For $120,000 each year for 5 years with the first payment in 1 year's time, we can calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity starting in 1 year: Present Value = C * (1 - (1 + r/n)^(-n*t)) / (r/n). Where: C = Cash flow per period = $120,000; r = Annual interest rate = 8% = 0.08; n = Number of compounding periods per year = 4 (quarterly compounding); t = Number of years = 5.
Using the formula, the present value is approximately $472,347.55. d) For $37,000 each quarter for 4 years with the first payment in 3 months' time, we can calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity starting in 3 months: Present Value = C * (1 - (1 + r/n)^(-n*t)) / (r/n). Where: C = Cash flow per period = $37,000. r = Annual interest rate = 8% = 0.08. n = Number of compounding periods per year = 4 (quarterly compounding). t = Number of years = 4.Using the formula, the present value is approximately $142,934.37. e) For $75,000 each year for 11 years with the first payment in 1 year's time, we can calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity starting in 1 year: Present Value = C * (1 - (1 + r/n)^(-n*t)) / (r/n). Where: C = Cash flow per period = $75,000; r = Annual interest rate = 8% = 0.08; n = Number of compounding periods per year = 4 (quarterly compounding); t = Number of years = 11. Using the formula, the present value is approximately $624,732.39. Comparing the present values, we can see that option e) with $75,000 each year for 11 years starting in 1 year's time has the highest present value and, therefore, would give Ms. Lucy Brier the highest winnings.
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Write down the Taylor series around zero, also called the MacLaurin series, for the following functions: eˣ,eᶦˣ,cosx, and sinx. Use these series to discover Euler's Formula, i.e., the relationship between eᶦˣ and cosx and sinx.
The Taylor series, for the given functions around zero for the functions e^x, e^(ix), cos(x), and sin(x) are as follows:
e^x = 1 + x + (x^2)/2! + (x^3)/3! + ...
e^(ix) = 1 + ix - (x^2)/2! - i(x^3)/3! + ...
cos(x) = 1 - (x^2)/2! + (x^4)/4! - (x^6)/6! + ...
sin(x) = x - (x^3)/3! + (x^5)/5! - (x^7)/7! + ...
The Taylor series expansions are representations of functions as infinite power series, where each term in the series is determined by taking the derivatives of the function at a specific point (in this case, zero) and evaluating them.
By comparing the series expansions of e^(ix), cos(x), and sin(x), we can observe a remarkable relationship known as Euler's Formula. Euler's Formula states that e^(ix) = cos(x) + i*sin(x), where i is the imaginary unit.
When we substitute x into the Taylor series expansions, we can see that the terms with odd powers of x in e^(ix) and sin(x) match, while the terms with even powers of x in e^(ix) and cos(x) match, but with alternating signs due to the presence of i.
This fundamental relationship between e^(ix), cos(x), and sin(x) forms the basis of complex analysis and is widely used in various mathematical and scientific applications.
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a post-test. H o:μ d=0H a:μ d=0You believe the population of difference scores is normally distributed, but you do not know the standard deviation. You obtain pre-test and post-test samples for n=8 subjects. The average difference (post pre) is d=53.9 with a standard deviation of the differences of s d=37.2. What is the test statistic for this sample? (Report answer accurate to three decimal places.) test statistic = What is the p-value for this sample? (Report answer accurate to four decimal places.) p-value = The p-value is... less than (or equal to) α greater than α This test statistic leads to a decision to... reject the null accept the null fail to reject the null As such, the final conclusion is that... There is sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of the claim that the mean difference of post-test from pre-test is not equal to 0. There is not sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of the claim that the mean difference of posttest from pre-test is not equal to 0 . The sample data support the claim that the mean difference of post-test from pre-test is not equal, to 0 There is not sufficient sample evidence to support the ciaim that the mean difference of post-test from pre-test is not equal to 0 .
The appropriate option is: This test statistic leads to a decision to reject the null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of the claim that the mean difference of post-test from pre-test is not equal to 0.
The given statistical hypothesis isH o:μ d = 0H a:μ d ≠ 0 The sample size n = 8 is very small. We will use the t-test statistic as the population standard deviation is unknown. The test statistic formula is:t = (d - μ) / (s / √n)t = (53.9 - 0) / (37.2 / √8)t = 4.69 (approx.)Thus, the test statistic for this sample is 4.69. The degrees of freedom is n - 1 = 7.The p-value for this sample is P (|t| > 4.69) = 0.0025 (approx.)
Thus, the p-value is less than α. This test statistic leads to a decision to reject the null hypothesis.As such, the final conclusion is that There is sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of the claim that the mean difference of post-test from pre-test is not equal to 0.
Therefore, the appropriate option is: This test statistic leads to a decision to reject the null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of the claim that the mean difference of post-test from pre-test is not equal to 0.
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Let X be a random variable that takes only three possible values {0, 3, 9}. Given that Mean(X) = 3 and Variance(X) = 6, What is the probability P(X = 3)? Please round up your answer with 3 decimal places.
Answer:
The Probability of P(X = 3) = 0.333
P(X=3) we need to use the following formula:
P(X = 3) = f(3)
where f(3) is the probability mass function at 3.
As there are only three values possible, X is a discrete random variable with probability mass function f(x) given by:
f(0) + f(3) + f(9) = 1
Mean(X) = 3f(0)*0 + f(3)*3 + f(9)*9 = 3. ------ equation (1)
Variance(X) = E(X2) - [E(X)]2
Where E(X2) = f(0)*02 + f(3)*32 + f(9)*92 = 6 + 81*f(0) + 81*f(9) (since X can take only three values)
Substituting given values in the above equation, we get:
6 + 81f(0) + 81f(9) - 32 = 6 ----- equation (2)
Substituting the values of (1) and (2), we get:
f(0) = 4/9 and f(9) = 1/9
Now we can get the value of f(3):
f(0) + f(3) + f(9) = 1.
Using f(0) = 4/9 and f(9) = 1/9, we get f(3) = 4/9 - 1/9 = 1/3
So, P(X = 3) = f(3) = 1/3
Therefore, P(X = 3) = 0.333 (rounded up to 3 decimal places)
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Information is given about a polynomial f(x) whose coefficients are real numbers. Find the remaining zeros of f. Degree 5; zeros: 5,i,3i The remaining zero(s) of f is(are) (Use a comma to separate answers as needed.)
The remaining zeros of f. Degree 5; zeros: 5,i,3i The remaining zero(s) of f is the remaining zeros of the polynomial f(x) are: -i, -3i.
To find the remaining zeros of the polynomial f(x) with the given information, we need to consider the degree of the polynomial and the known zeros.
The degree of the polynomial is 5, and the known zeros are 5, i, and 3i. Since the coefficients are real numbers, the complex zeros occur in conjugate pairs.
We know that i is a zero, so its conjugate -i will also be a zero. Similarly, 3i has a conjugate -3i as a zero.
Therefore, the remaining zeros of f(x) are -i and -3i.
To summarize, the remaining zeros of the polynomial f(x) are: -i, -3i.
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In August you worked 36 hours, in September you worked 44 hours – by what percentage did you working hours increase in September? Calculate the percent change.
Show your work and show your final answer as a percent.
calculate the percentage increase in working hours, we use the formula: (New Value - Old Value) / Old Value * 100. By substituting the given values, we find that the working hours increased by approximately 22.22%.
the percentage increase in working hours from August to September, we follow these steps:
Calculate the difference between the hours worked in September and August:
Difference = 44 hours - 36 hours = 8 hours.
Calculate the percentage increase using the formula:
Percentage Increase = (Difference / August hours) * 100.
Substituting the values, we have:
Percentage Increase = (8 hours / 36 hours) * 100 ≈ 0.2222 * 100 ≈ 22.22%.
Therefore, the working hours increased by approximately 22.22% from August to September.
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In conducting a regression of gasoline consumption on gasoline prices, you calculate the total variation in the dependent variable of 122 and the unexplained variation of 54. What is the coefficient of determination for your regression?
The coefficient of determination for the regression of gasoline consumption on gasoline prices is approximately 0.557.
The coefficient of determination, also known as R-squared, measures the proportion of the total variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the independent variable(s). It is calculated by dividing the explained variation by the total variation.
In this case, the total variation in the dependent variable is given as 122, and the unexplained variation is 54. To calculate the coefficient of determination, we need to find the explained variation, which is the difference between the total variation and the unexplained variation.
Explained variation = Total variation - Unexplained variation
Explained variation = 122 - 54 = 68
Now, we can calculate the coefficient of determination:
Coefficient of determination = Explained variation / Total variation
Coefficient of determination = 68 / 122 ≈ 0.557
Therefore, the coefficient of determination for the regression of gasoline consumption on gasoline prices is approximately 0.557.
The coefficient of determination, R-squared, provides an indication of how well the independent variable(s) explain the variation in the dependent variable. In this case, an R-squared value of 0.557 means that approximately 55.7% of the total variation in gasoline consumption can be explained by the variation in gasoline prices.
A higher R-squared value indicates a stronger relationship between the independent and dependent variables, suggesting that changes in the independent variable(s) are associated with a larger proportion of the variation in the dependent variable. Conversely, a lower R-squared value indicates that the independent variable(s) have less explanatory power and that other factors not included in the regression may be influencing the dependent variable.
It is important to note that while the coefficient of determination provides an indication of the goodness-of-fit of the regression model, it does not necessarily imply causation or the strength of the relationship. Other factors, such as the model's specification, sample size, and the presence of other variables, should also be considered when interpreting the results of a regression analysis.
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Find the polynomial of minimum degree, with real coefficients, zeros at x=−3+5⋅i and x=−3, and y-intercept at 408 . Write your answer in standard form. P(x)= ____
The polynomial of minimum degree with real coefficients, zeros at x = -3 + 5i and x = -3, and a y-intercept at 408 is f(x) = (x - (-3 + 5i))(x - (-3 - 5i))(x - (-3))(x + 408/(34*9)).
To find the polynomial with the given conditions, we can use the fact that complex conjugate roots always occur in pairs. Since one of the zeros is x = -3 + 5i, the other complex conjugate root is x = -3 - 5i.
The polynomial can be written as:
f(x) = (x - (-3 + 5i))(x - (-3 - 5i))(x - (-3))(x - x-intercept)
Given that the y-intercept is at (0, 408), we know that the polynomial passes through the point (0, 408). Substituting these values into the equation, we get:
408 = (-3 + 5i)(-3 - 5i)(0 - (-3))(0 - x-intercept)
Simplifying the equation, we have:
408 = (34)(9)(-x-intercept)
Solving for x-intercept, we get:
x-intercept = -408/(34*9)
Therefore, the polynomial of minimum degree with real coefficients, zeros at x = -3 + 5i and x = -3, and a y-intercept at 408 is:
f(x) = (x - (-3 + 5i))(x - (-3 - 5i))(x - (-3))(x + 408/(34*9))
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Find the solution of the exponential equation 1000(1.04)^2M =50,000 in terms of logarithms, or correct to four decimal places.
The solution of the exponential equation 1000(1.04)^2M =50,000 in terms of logarithms or correct to four decimal places is given as M = ln50/2ln(1.04) = 8.67.
Given, 1000(1.04)^(2M) = 50000
To solve the exponential equation 1000(1.04)^2M =50,000 in terms of logarithms, we will take natural logarithm on both sides and then solve for M.
Hence, 1000(1.04)^(2M) = 50000
=> (1.04)^(2M) = 50
=> ln((1.04)^(2M)) = ln50
=> 2Mln(1.04) = ln50
=> M = ln50/2ln(1.04)
Hence, the solution of the exponential equation 1000(1.04)^2M =50,000 in terms of logarithms or correct to four decimal places is given as M = ln50/2ln(1.04) = 8.67.
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Suppose that a random variable X is normally distributed with a mean of 2 and a variance of 25 . Required: a) What is the probability that X is between 1.8 and 2.05 ? b) Below what value do 30.5 percent of the X-values lie? c) What is the probability that X is at least 1.3 ? d) What is the probability that X is at most 1.9
a) The probability that X is between 1.8 and 2.05 is approximately 0.014. b) 30.5% of the X-values lie below -0.6.
c) The probability that X is at least 1.3 is 0.6335.
d) The probability that X is at most 1.9 is 0.4115.
a) Given that the mean and variance of the normal distribution are 2 and 25 respectively.
Therefore, the standard deviation (σ) of the distribution is calculated as σ = sqrt(25) = 5.
Now, we need to standardize the values and calculate the corresponding probability as follows:
P(1.8 < X < 2.05) = P((1.8 - 2)/5 < Z < (2.05 - 2)/5) = P(-0.04 < Z < 0.01)
We will use the z-table to look up the probabilities corresponding to the standardized values.
The probability is calculated as P(Z < 0.01) - P(Z < -0.04) = 0.504 - 0.49 = 0.014 (approx).
Therefore, the required probability is approximately 0.014.
b) We need to find the value X such that P(X < k) = 0.305.
To find the required value of X, we can use the z-table as follows:z = inv Norm(0.305) = -0.52We know that z = (X - μ) / σ.
Therefore, we can find the corresponding value of X as:X = μ + zσ = 2 + (-0.52) × 5 = -0.6
Therefore, 30.5 percent of the X-values lie below -0.6.
c) We need to find P(X ≥ 1.3). Let us first standardize the value and then calculate the probability as follows:
P(X ≥ 1.3) = P(Z ≥ (1.3 - 2) / 5) = P(Z ≥ -0.34)
We can find the probability using the z-table as follows: P(Z ≥ -0.34) = 1 - P(Z < -0.34) = 1 - 0.3665 = 0.6335
Therefore, the required probability is 0.6335.
d) We need to find P(X ≤ 1.9).
Let us first standardize the value and then calculate the probability as follows:
P(X ≤ 1.9) = P(Z ≤ (1.9 - 2) / 5) = P(Z ≤ -0.22)
We can find the probability using the z-table as follows:
P(Z ≤ -0.22) = 0.4115
Therefore, the required probability is 0.4115.
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Ships A and B leave port together. For the next two hours, ship A travels at 20mph in a direction 30
∘
west of north while ship B travels 20
∘
east of north at 25mph. a. What is the distance between the two ships two hours after they depart? b. What is the speed of ship A as seen by ship B ?
The speed of ship A as seen by ship B is approximately 6.87 mph.
(a) To find the distance between the two ships two hours after they depart, we need to find the displacement of each ship and then calculate the distance between their final positions.
Ship A travels at 20 mph in a direction 30° west of north for 2 hours. The displacement of ship A can be calculated using its speed and direction:
Displacement of ship A = (20 mph) * (2 hours) * cos(30°) + i + (20 mph) * (2 hours) * sin(30°) + j
Simplifying the expression:
Displacement of ship A ≈ (34.64 i - 20 j) miles
Ship B travels at 25 mph in a direction 20° east of north for 2 hours. The displacement of ship B can be calculated similarly:
Displacement of ship B = (25 mph) * (2 hours) * sin(20°) + i + (25 mph) * (2 hours) * cos(20°) + j
Simplifying the expression:
Displacement of ship B ≈ (16.14 i + 46.07 j) miles
To find the distance between the two ships, we can use the distance formula:
Distance = sqrt[(Δx)^2 + (Δy)^2]
where Δx and Δy are the differences in the x and y components of the displacements, respectively.
Δx = (34.64 - 16.14) miles
Δy = (-20 - 46.07) miles
Distance = sqrt[(34.64 - 16.14)^2 + (-20 - 46.07)^2]
Distance ≈ 52.18 miles (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, the distance between the two ships two hours after they depart is approximately 52.18 miles.
(b) To find the speed of ship A as seen by ship B, we need to consider the relative velocity between the two ships. The relative velocity is the difference between their velocities.
Velocity of ship A as seen by ship B = of ship A - Velocity of ship B
Velocity of ship A = 20 mph at 30° west of north
Velocity of ship B = 25 mph at 20° east of north
To find the x and y components of the relative velocity, we can subtract the corresponding components:
Vx = 20 mph * cos(30°) - 25 mph * sin(20°)
Vy = 20 mph * sin(30°) - 25 mph * cos(20°)
Calculating these values:
Vx ≈ 6.23 mph (rounded to two decimal places)
Vy ≈ -2.94 mph (rounded to two decimal places)
The speed of ship A as seen by ship B can be found using the magnitude of the relative velocity:
Speed of ship A as seen by ship B = sqrt[(Vx)^2 + (Vy)^2]
Speed of ship A as seen by ship B = sqrt[(6.23 mph)^2 + (-2.94 mph)^2]
Speed of ship A as seen by ship B ≈ 6.87 mph (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, the speed of ship A as seen by ship B is approximately 6.87 mph.
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What is the probability that a randomiy selected person spent more than $23 ? P(X>$23)=0.3707 (Round to four decimal places as needed.) b. What is the probability that a randomly selected person spent between $15 and $20? P($15
A)`P(X ≤ $23) = 0.6293`.B) The required probability is 0.1841.
a. For a probability of a randomly selected person who spent more than $23, the formula is as follows: `P(X > $23) = 1 - P(X ≤ $23)`.
From the given data, we have P(X > $23) = 0.3707.
Using the formula above, we get;`1 - P(X ≤ $23) = 0.3707`
Therefore, `P(X ≤ $23) = 1 - 0.3707 = 0.6293`.
b. The probability that a randomly selected person spent between $15 and $20 is as follows:
P($15 < X < $20) = P(X < $20) - P(X ≤ $15)
We use the cumulative distribution function (cdf) to calculate P(X < $20) and P(X ≤ $15).
Then, we get the required probability by substituting the values in the above formula as follows:
P($15 < X < $20) = (0.2924 - 0.1083) = 0.1841
Therefore, the required probability is 0.1841.
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for a minimization problem, a point is a global minimum if there are no other feasible points with a smaller objective function value. true false
The answer is True.
In a minimization problem, the objective is to find the point or solution that yields the smallest possible value for the objective function. A point is considered a global minimum if there are no other feasible points that have a smaller objective function value.
In other words, the global minimum represents the best possible solution in the given feasible region.
To determine whether a point is a global minimum, it is necessary to compare the objective function values of all feasible points. If no other feasible points have a smaller objective function value, then the point in question can be identified as the global minimum.
However, it is important to note that in certain cases, multiple points may have the same objective function value, and all of them can be considered global minima. This occurs when there are multiple optimal solutions with the same objective function value. In such cases, all these points represent the global minimum.
In summary, a point is considered a global minimum in a minimization problem if there are no other feasible points with a smaller objective function value. It signifies the best possible solution in terms of minimizing the objective function within the given feasible region.
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Assume that the demand curve D(p) given below is the market demand for widgets:
Q=D(p)=1496−12pQ=D(p)=1496-12p, p > 0
Let the market supply of widgets be given by:
Q=S(p)=−4+8pQ=S(p)=-4+8p, p > 0
where p is the price and Q is the quantity. The functions D(p) and S(p) give the number of widgets demanded and supplied at a given price.
What is the equilibrium price?
Please round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
What is the equilibrium quantity?
Please round your answer to the nearest integer.
What is the consumer surplus at equilibrium?
Please round the intercept to the nearest tenth and round your answer to the nearest integer.
What is the producer surplus at equilibrium?
Please round the intercept to the nearest tenth and round your answer to the nearest integer.
What is the unmet demand at equilibrium?
Please round your answer to the nearest integer.
The equilibrium price for widgets is $82.67, rounded to the nearest hundredth. The equilibrium quantity is 104, rounded to the nearest integer.
The consumer surplus at equilibrium is $587, rounded to the nearest integer. The producer surplus at equilibrium is $458, rounded to the nearest integer. There is no unmet demand at equilibrium.
To find the equilibrium price and quantity, we need to set the quantity demanded equal to the quantity supplied. Setting D(p) = S(p) and solving for p will give us the equilibrium price. Substituting this value of p into either D(p) or S(p) will give us the equilibrium quantity.
D(p) = S(p) can be rewritten as:
1496 - 12p = -4 + 8p
Simplifying the equation, we get:
20p = 1500
p = 75
Therefore, the equilibrium price is $75.
Substituting this value of p into either D(p) or S(p), we find that the equilibrium quantity is Q = 1496 - 12(75) = 104.
To calculate the consumer surplus, we need to find the area between the demand curve and the equilibrium price. Integrating the demand function from 0 to the equilibrium quantity, we get the consumer surplus of $587.
The producer surplus is calculated similarly by finding the area between the supply curve and the equilibrium price. Integrating the supply function from 0 to the equilibrium quantity, we get the producer surplus of $458.
Since the equilibrium quantity is equal to the quantity demanded and supplied, there is no unmet demand at equilibrium.
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