a. On June 30, 2023, Teddy Ltd. acquired all the shares of Millie Ltd. for $140,000.
b. At the time of acquisition, Millie Ltd. had the following balances: Share capital of $73,000, Retained earnings of $34,000, and General Reserve of $15,000.
c. The fair value adjustments for the acquisition were as follows: Land was adjusted from $190,000 to $150,000, and in-process research and development was adjusted from $60,000 to either $32,000 (according to Teddy Ltd.) or $45,000 (according to Millie Ltd.).
To prepare the acquisition analysis on June 30, 2023:
- The consideration paid by Teddy Ltd. for the shares of Millie Ltd. is $140,000.
- The fair value adjustments for land and in-process research and development need to be considered.
The journal entries for the consolidation worksheet on June 30, 2023, are as follows:
- Dr. Land (Fair Value Adjustment) for $40,000
- Cr. Land for $40,000
- Dr. In-Process Research and Development (Fair Value Adjustment) for $13,000 or $26,000 (depending on the chosen fair value)
- Cr. In-Process Research and Development for $13,000 or $26,000
The assumptions made in preparing the acquisition analysis are based on the fair value adjustments provided. Teddy Ltd. believes the fair value of in-process research and development is $32,000, while Millie Ltd. believes it is $45,000. These differences in fair value should be justified by considering factors such as the current market value and future potential of the research and development assets.
Regarding the independent transactions for the consolidation worksheet on June 30, 2023:
a) On September 1, 2022, Millie Ltd. borrowed $80,000 from Teddy Ltd. at an annual interest rate of 5.4%. The loan term is for 5 years, and it is an interest-only loan. The journal entry would be:
- Dr. Loan from Teddy Ltd. for $80,000
- Cr. Cash for $80,000
- Dr. Interest Expense for $4,320 ([$80,000 * 5.4%] for one year)
- Cr. Interest Payable to Teddy Ltd. for $4,320
b) Millie Ltd. sold inventory costing $28,000 to Teddy Ltd. and recorded an $8,000 profit before tax. On June 30, 2023, Teddy Ltd. sold 90% of the inventory to external parties, and the receivable was still outstanding. The journal entries would be:
- Dr. Accounts Receivable from Teddy Ltd. for $25,200 (90% of $28,000)
- Cr. Sales Revenue for $25,200
- Dr. Cost of Goods Sold for $25,200 (90% of $28,000)
- Cr. Inventory for $25,200
These journal entries account for the loan transaction and the inventory sale between Teddy Ltd. and Millie Ltd., ensuring accurate consolidation in the financial statements.
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At the beginning of the year, Chock Company had $650,000 in assets and $200,000 in liabilities. At the end of the year, the company had $310,000 in liabilities. During the year, assets increased by $140,000. What was the total dollar amount of owner's equity at the end of the year? A. $340,000 B. $450,000 C. $480,000 D. $590,000 Assume that Red Door Boutique purchased supplies on account for $58,000. How would this transaction affect Red Door's accounting equation? A. Increase assets and liabilities by $58,000 B. Increase assets and equity by $58,000 C. Increase liabilities and equity by $58,000 D. Increase one asset and decrease another asset by $58,000
At the end of the year, Chock Company had $480,000 in owner's equity, which was calculated by subtracting the liabilities of $310,000 from the total assets of $790,000. When Red Door Boutique purchased supplies on account for $58,000, it increased both assets and liabilities, affecting the accounting equation by increasing both sides of the equation by $58,000. The correct option is A.
To determine the total dollar amount of owner's equity at the end of the year, we can use the basic accounting equation:
Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity
We know that at the beginning of the year, Chock Company had $650,000 in assets and $200,000 in liabilities.
During the year, the assets increased by $140,000, so the new total assets at the end of the year can be calculated as:
$650,000 + $140,000 = $790,000
We also know that at the end of the year, the liabilities were $310,000. Now, we can substitute these values into the accounting equation to solve for owner's equity:
$790,000 = $310,000 + Owner's Equity
Rearranging the equation, we find:
Owner's Equity = $790,000 - $310,000 = $480,000
Therefore, the total dollar amount of owner's equity at the end of the year is $480,000 (option C).
Regarding the second question, when Red Door Boutique purchases supplies on account for $58,000, it would increase both assets and liabilities.
The supplies represent an increase in the asset side of the equation since they are tangible resources owned by the business. At the same time, purchasing supplies on account means that Red Door owes a debt to its suppliers, resulting in an increase in liabilities.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A: Increase assets and liabilities by $58,000.
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1. As noted in the first question the issue of recession is front and center in the minds of Americans. Assume that you have been chosen to be an economic advisor to the U.S. President and you have been asked to have ready for his policy team a White Paper on the general characteristics that would constitute an ideal and effective fiscal policy to deal with the economic slowdown caused by the pandemic. Note that this is a summary of policy in general, not a specific policy for this fiscal situation. In the White Paper set out (and use hypothetical examples if appropriate or needed to make your point):
• What is the central concept behind the use of fiscal policy in a market economy?
• What are the likely root causes of recessions and why might fiscal policy be necessary to soften the downturn?
• What are the general characteristics of an ideal fiscal policy?
• What are our general policy options and what are the strengths and weaknesses of these options?
• What is fiscal policy devised to accomplish with regard to the major indictors of the economy, i.e., how would we measure success?
• How will fiscal policy ideally be financed and why does financing matter?
• What lasting effects, if any, should this policy have on behavior and the economy?
1. The central concept behind the use of fiscal policy in a market economy is to use government spending and taxation to influence the overall level of economic activity.
2. The likely root causes of recessions can vary, but they often include a decrease in consumer spending, declining business investment, financial crises, or external shocks.
3. The general characteristics of an ideal fiscal policy include timeliness, targeted effectiveness, sustainability, and flexibility.
4. General policy options include government spending, tax cuts, and targeted subsidies.
5. Fiscal policy is devised to accomplish several goals regarding major economic indicators.
6. Fiscal policy ideally should be financed through a combination of government revenues, borrowing, and debt management.
7. The lasting effects of fiscal policy on behavior and the economy depend on various factors, including the magnitude and duration of the policy measures.
1. The central concept behind the use of fiscal policy in a market economy is to use government spending and taxation to influence the overall level of economic activity. Fiscal policy aims to stabilize the economy by managing aggregate demand, promoting economic growth, and reducing unemployment.
2. The likely root causes of recessions can vary, but they often include a decrease in consumer spending, declining business investment, financial crises, or external shocks. Fiscal policy may be necessary to soften the downturn because it can help boost aggregate demand through increased government spending or tax cuts, which can stimulate economic activity and restore confidence.
3. The general characteristics of an ideal fiscal policy include timeliness, targeted effectiveness, sustainability, and flexibility. Timeliness ensures that the policy response is implemented quickly to address the economic slowdown. Targeted effectiveness focuses on directing fiscal measures towards sectors or areas most impacted by the recession. Sustainability refers to implementing measures that do not create long-term fiscal imbalances. Flexibility allows for adjustments as the situation evolves.
4. General policy options include government spending, tax cuts, and targeted subsidies. Government spending can directly stimulate economic activity by creating jobs and increasing demand. Tax cuts can provide households and businesses with additional disposable income, encouraging spending and investment. Targeted subsidies can support specific industries or sectors affected by the recession. Strengths of these options include their potential to boost demand and stimulate growth. However, weaknesses include potential fiscal deficits, distributional effects, and challenges in effectively targeting and implementing the measures.
5. Fiscal policy is devised to accomplish several goals regarding major economic indicators. These include promoting economic growth, reducing unemployment, stabilizing inflation, and ensuring financial stability. Success is measured by indicators such as GDP growth, employment rates, inflation levels, and financial market stability.
6. Fiscal policy ideally should be financed through a combination of government revenues, borrowing, and debt management. Financing matters because it affects the sustainability of the policy and the long-term fiscal health of the economy. Responsible financing ensures that the costs of fiscal measures are managed effectively and do not lead to excessive public debt or future financial burdens.
7. The lasting effects of fiscal policy on behavior and the economy depend on various factors, including the magnitude and duration of the policy measures. In the short term, fiscal policy can provide a boost to economic activity and confidence. Over the long term, the effects may vary. For example, if fiscal measures lead to increased public debt, it may have implications for future generations through higher taxes or reduced government spending.
An effective fiscal policy to deal with an economic slowdown caused by the pandemic should focus on timely and targeted measures to stimulate aggregate demand and support sectors affected by the recession. The policy should be sustainable, flexible, and designed to promote economic growth, reduce unemployment, stabilize inflation, and ensure financial stability. Financing the policy responsibly is crucial to maintain long-term fiscal health. The lasting effects of the policy depend on its magnitude, duration, and potential implications for future generations. By employing these principles, fiscal policy can play a vital role in mitigating the impact of a recession and fostering a robust and sustainable economic recovery.
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A defined benefit pension plan expects to pay out $22 million per year over the next 19 years to pensioners. The fund currently has $286 million in pension assets that are earning 6.3% per year. By how much is this plan over/under funded?
The given information that we have is as follows;Pension fund expects to pay out = $22 million per yearPension plan has $286 million in assets which are earning 6.3% per year.The time for payment = 19 years
Let's first calculate the future value of the pension assets by using the formula of the future value of a single sum.
FV = PV * (1+r)n
Where;PV = $286 million
r = 6.3% = 0.063
n = 19 years
Putting the given values in the formula;FV = $286 million * (1+0.063)19
FV = $779,854,465.80
This means that the future value of the pension assets would be $779,854,465.80.Next, let's calculate the present value of the pension plan by using the formula of the present value of a single sum.
PV = FV / (1+r)n Where;
FV = $22 millionr = 6.3% = 0.063
n = 19 years
Putting the given values in the formula;
PV = $22 million / (1+0.063)19
PV = $4,044,159.83
This means that the present value of the pension plan would be $4,044,159.83.
Now, let's calculate the overfunded or underfunded amount of the pension plan.Overfunded or Underfunded amount = Assets - Liabilities
Where;Assets = $286 millionLiabilities = $4,044,159.83
Overfunded or Underfunded amount = $286 million - $4,044,159.83
Overfunded or Underfunded amount = $281,955,840.17
Therefore, the defined benefit pension plan is overfunded by $281,955,840.17.
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General Computers Inc. purchased a computer server for $72,500. It paid 25.00% of the value as a down payment and received a loan for the balance at 6.00% compounded semi-annually. It made payments of $2,800.27 at the end of every quarter to settle the loan.
a. How many payments are required to settle the loan?
It would take approximately 36 payments to settle the loan.
To determine the number of payments required to settle the loan, we can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity.
The future value of an ordinary annuity formula is given by:
FV = P * [(1 + r)^n - 1] / r
Where:
FV is the future value of the annuity
P is the payment amount
r is the interest rate per period
n is the number of periods
In this case, the loan amount is $72,500, and the quarterly payment amount is $2,800.27. The interest rate is 6% compounded semi-annually, which means the quarterly interest rate is 6% / 2 = 3% or 0.03.
Substituting these values into the formula, we can solve for n:
72,500 = 2,800.27 * [(1 + 0.03)^n - 1] / 0.03
To solve for n, we can rearrange the equation and isolate n:
[(1 + 0.03)^n - 1] = (72,500 * 0.03) / 2,800.27
Using a financial calculator or software, we can solve for n:
n ≈ 35.34.Since we can't have a fraction of a payment, we round up to the nearest whole number.
Therefore, it would take approximately 36 payments to settle the loan.
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The following is select information for Real Co. during 20x6:
20x6 20x5
Land 25,80 6,600
Common shares 44,531 13,504
In addition, land with a fair market v. of ($23,692−6,557) was acquired for $8,501 cash and 900 common shares. What amount would appear in the "cash flow from in sting activities" section of the statement of cash flows? Positive numbers represent a cash inflow: negative numbers represent a wis houtflow.
Answer:
The amount that would appear in the "cash flow from investing activities" section of the statement of cash flows would be a cash outflow of $8,501.
The "cash flow from investing activities" section of the statement of cash flows reports the cash flows resulting from the purchase or sale of long-term assets, investments, and other non-current assets. In this case, Real Co. acquired land for $8,501 in cash and 900 common shares.
Since the land acquisition involved a cash payment, it would be considered a cash outflow. Therefore, the amount of $8,501 would appear as a negative number in the "cash flow from investing activities" section of the statement of cash flows. This indicates that the company used cash to acquire the land.
It's important to note that the value of the land mentioned in the question, which is the fair market value of ($23,692 - $6,557), is not relevant for determining the cash flow from investing activities. The cash flow is based on the actual cash paid for the land acquisition, which is $8,501.
By reporting this transaction as a cash outflow in the investing activities section, the statement of cash flows provides information about the company's investment decisions and the utilization of its cash resources for acquiring long-term assets.
The statement of cash flows is a financial statement that summarizes the cash inflows and outflows of a company during a specific period. It helps stakeholders assess the company's ability to generate and manage cash and provides insights into its operating, investing, and financing activities.
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Aliance Company budgets production of 26,000 units in January and 30,000 units in February. Each finished unit requires 3 pounds of raw material K : that costs $2.00 per pound. Each month's ending row materials inventory should equal 30% of the following month's budgeted materials. The January 1 inventory for this material is 23.400 pounds. What is the budgeted materlals needed in pounds for January?
The budgeted materials needed in pounds for January are 78,000 pounds.
What is the budgeted materials needed in pounds for January for Aliance Company?To calculate the budgeted materials needed in pounds for January, we need to consider the desired ending inventory and the units required for production.
The desired ending inventory for February is 30% of February's budgeted materials, which is 30,000 units ˣ 3 pounds ˣ 30% = 2,700 pounds.
To calculate the required materials for production in January, we subtract the desired ending inventory of February from the budgeted production for February.
Thus, the required materials for production in January are 30,000 units ˣ 3 pounds - 2,700 pounds = 87,300 pounds.
Since each finished unit requires 3 pounds of raw material K, the budgeted materials needed in pounds for January are 26,000 units ˣ 3 pounds = 78,000 pounds.
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a) what is the purpose of dynamic hedging for delta
b) when it is maturity, does the total cost of writing and
hedging options equate to the cumulative cost
Answer:
a) The purpose of dynamic hedging for delta is to manage the risk associated with changes in the underlying asset's price
b) The total cost of writing and hedging options may not necessarily equate to the cumulative cost at maturity.
Explanation:
a) The purpose of dynamic hedging for delta is to manage the risk associated with changes in the underlying asset's price. Delta represents the sensitivity of an option's price to changes in the price of the underlying asset. By dynamically adjusting the hedging position, typically by trading the underlying asset, options traders aim to maintain a delta-neutral position. This helps offset potential losses from price movements in the underlying asset and allows traders to focus on other risks such as volatility.
b) The total cost of writing and hedging options may not necessarily equate to the cumulative cost at maturity. The cost of writing options refers to the premium received when selling options contracts, which is the initial cost. However, during the life of the options, the cost of hedging can vary due to fluctuations in the underlying asset's price and other market factors. The hedging cost includes transaction costs, such as commissions and bid-ask spreads, as well as potential losses incurred while adjusting the hedge position. Therefore, the total cost of writing and hedging options can be influenced by these factors and may not directly align with the cumulative cost at maturity.
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There are THREE (3) questions in this section. Answer ALL questions in the answer booklet. The Reserve Bank of India (India's central bank) has recently announced the introduction of Islamic banking windows in selected Indian conventional banks. The effort is part of the gradual process of introducing Islamic banking system in India. Suppose Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) realizes that although Malaysia is internationally renowned in Islamic banking. Malaysian market is becoming too saturated with its small population and all local conventional banks like Maybank, ClMB and Hong Leong Bank establishing their own Islamic entities. To counter the problem in Malaysia, BIMB is the first mover into India's Islamic banking industry. Question 1 Analyse the most appropriate intemational business strategy for BIMB should it proceed with the plan to enter India and rationalize your choice of strategy with TWO (2) advantages and TWO (2) disadvantages. (10 Marks) Question 2 Briefly explain any FOUR (4) problems regarding political, strategic, operational, and financial that BIMB may face if it enters India. (10 Marks) Question 3 Discuss any FOUR (4) elements organizational architecture that BIMB should have if it enters Indian market. (10 Marks)
The most appropriate international business strategy for BIMB to enter the Indian market is a joint venture strategy. This strategy allows BIMB to partner with an established Indian bank, leveraging their local knowledge and expertise.
1) The most suitable international business strategy for BIMB to enter the Indian market is a joint venture. By forming a partnership with an established Indian bank, BIMB can benefit from their knowledge of the local market, regulatory environment, and customer preferences. This strategy allows BIMB to share the risks and costs associated with entering a new market, making it a more prudent approach.
2) One advantage of a joint venture is shared risk. By partnering with an Indian bank, BIMB can distribute the financial risks and uncertainties that come with entering a new market. The costs of establishing operations, complying with regulatory requirements, and building a customer base can be shared, reducing the burden on BIMB alone.
Another advantage is access to the partner's existing customer base. By partnering with an established Indian bank, BIMB can tap into their network of customers who may already have trust and familiarity with the local bank.
However, there are also disadvantages to consider. One disadvantage is the potential for conflicts in decision-making. In a joint venture, both parties have a say in the strategic direction and operational decisions, which can lead to differences in opinions and decision-making processes.
3) Another disadvantage is the need for effective collaboration and integration. BIMB and its Indian partner must work together seamlessly to leverage each other's strengths and resources. Cultural differences, management styles, and organizational structures can pose challenges to effective collaboration, requiring careful planning and coordination.
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Vendata Resources seeks to invest R10 million in a new mining project in order to expand its gold production capacity. The management of the company prefers to maintain the present 35% debt, 55% equity and 10% preference shares capital structure. Debt financing can be obtained by issuing a 5-year R1 000 bond. The current price of the bond is R1 123 and it pays 10% coupons.
Vendata Resources has a beta of 1.3. The expected return on the market portfolio is 16% and the current risk-free rate is 8%.
The company is contemplating issuing 10% preference shares that are expected to sell for a par value of R60 per share. The cost of issuing and selling the shares is expected to be 5%. The tax rate is 29%.
REQUIRED
Calculate Vendata Resources’ component costs. (11 marks)
Calculate the company’s weighted average costs of capital. (9 marks) [TOTAL 50]
Vendata Resources' component costs are calculated as follows:
Cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate + β × (Expected Market Return - Risk-Free Rate)
Where, β = 1.3, Risk-Free Rate = 8%, Expected Market Return = 16%Therefore, the
Cost of Equity =
= 8% + 1.3 × (16% - 8%)
= 18.4%
Cost of Debt = Coupon Payment / Net Proceeds
Where, Coupon Payment = R1000 × 10% = R100
Net Proceeds = R1123 - (R1000 × 10%)
= R1123 - R100
= R1023
Therefore,
Cost of Debt = R100 / R1023
= 9.78%
Cost of Preference Shares = (Dividend / Net Proceeds) + Flotation Costs
Where, Dividend = Par Value × Rate of Return = R60 × 10% = R6
Flotation Costs = 5%Net Proceeds = Par Value - Flotation Costs = R60 - (5% × R60)
= R57
Therefore,
Cost of Preference Shares = (R6 / R57) + 5% = 15.58%
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) = (Weight of Equity × Cost of Equity) + (Weight of Debt × Cost of Debt) + (Weight of Preference Shares × Cost of Preference Shares)
Where, Weight of Equity = 55%Weight of Debt = 35%Weight of Preference Shares = 10%
Therefore, WACC = (0.55 × 18.4%) + (0.35 × 9.78%) + (0.10 × 15.58%)= 12.24% (approx)
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funded by new deposits. The risk weight of commercial buildings is \( 150 \% \). What is the bank's new Total Capital Ratio? a. \( 12.49 \% \) b. None of the other options are correct c. \( 3.65 \% \)
The Total Capital Ratio formula is given as:Total Capital Ratio = Tier 1 Capital + Tier 2 Capital / Risk-weighted assets New deposits are given, and the Risk weight of commercial buildings is \(150\%\). Therefore, the Total Capital Ratio can be calculated as follows:
Calculation of the Total Capital Ratio Tier 1 Capital: This is usually the sum of paid-up capital and the disclosed reserve.Tier 2 Capital: This consists of undisclosed reserves, general provisions, hybrid capital, subordinated term debt, and revaluation reserves. Tier 2 capital is not more than 100% of Tier 1 capital.Risk-weighted assets: The sum of all the risk-weighted assets for each of the business units.The risk weight of commercial buildings is \(150\%\).Thus, the risk weight is higher than the normal level of \(100\%\).Now, we have:New deposits funded by the bank= \(1000000\)Risk-weighted assets= \(1000000 × 150\% = 1500000\)Therefore, the Total Capital Ratio can be calculated as follows:Total Capital Ratio = Tier 1 Capital + Tier 2 Capital / Risk-weighted assets Now, to calculate the Total Capital Ratio, we must first calculate the Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital of the bank.Tier 1 capital is equal to the sum of paid-up capital and disclosed reserves. Therefore,Tier 1 capital = $500,000 + $100,000 Tier 1 capital = $600,000 Tier 2 capital consists of undisclosed reserves, general provisions, hybrid capital, subordinated term debt, and revaluation reserves. Tier 2 capital is not more than 100% of Tier 1 capital.
Therefore,Tier 2 capital = 100% of $600,000 Tier 2 capital = $600,000 Total capital = Tier 1 capital + Tier 2 capital Total capital = $600,000 + $600,000 Total capital = $1,200,000 Now, using the Total Capital Ratio formula we can calculate it:Total Capital Ratio = Tier 1 Capital + Tier 2 Capital / Risk-weighted assets= ($500,000 + $100,000 + $600,000 + $600,000) / $1,500,000= $1,800,000 / $1,500,000 Total Capital Ratio = \( 1.20 \)Therefore, the bank's new Total Capital Ratio is \( 1.20 \) or 120%.Option a is incorrect because it's \(12.49\%\), and Option c is incorrect because it's \(3.65\%\). The correct answer is none of the other options are correct.
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lees's income increased from $900 last month to $1,100 this month.
as a result, he purchased more cups of coffee this month, as he
bought 10 cups of coffee last month and 20 cups of coffee this
month.
This suggests that coffee is a normal good, and Lees's consumption of coffee is positively correlated with his income.
The observed increase in Lees's income from $900 to $1,100 and his subsequent increase in the number of cups of coffee purchased from 10 to 20 indicate that coffee is a normal good for Lees.
A normal good is a product for which demand increases as income increases, reflecting a positive income elasticity of demand.
In this case, the increase in Lees's income has led to an increase in his purchasing power, allowing him to afford more cups of coffee. This implies that coffee is considered a desirable good for Lees, and he chooses to consume more of it as his income rises.
The positive correlation between Lees's income and his consumption of coffee indicates that coffee is a normal good in his consumption pattern.
This example illustrates the concept of income elasticity of demand, which measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to changes in income.
In this case, the positive income elasticity of demand for coffee indicates that it is a normal good for Lees, and his increased income has resulted in increased coffee consumption.
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For each case below, answer the following three questions:
What is the accounting issue in this case? What ethical decision needs to be made?
Who are the stakeholders?
Analyze the potential impact on the stakeholders from the following standpoints: (a) economic, (b) legal, and (c) ethical.
Case 2
Strasburg Loan Company is in the consumer loan business. Strasburg borrows from banks and loans out the money at higher interest rates. Strasburg’s bank requires Strasburg to submit quarterly financial statements to keep its line of credit. Strasburg’s main asset is Notes Receivable. Therefore, Uncollectible-Account Expense and Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts are important accounts for the company.
Raquel Lanser, the company’s owner, prefers that net income reflect a steady increase in a smooth pattern, rather than an increase in some periods and a decrease in other periods. To report smoothly increasing net income, Lanser underestimates uncollectible-account expense in some periods. In other periods, Lanser overestimates the expense. She reasons that the income overstatements roughly offset the income understatements over time.
The accounting issue in this case involves Raquel Lanser, the owner of Strasburg Loan Company, manipulating the estimation of uncollectible-account expense to achieve a smooth increase in net income over time. This practice involves underestimating the expense in some periods and overestimating it in others, with the intention of offsetting the income understatements and overstatements.
The ethical decision that needs to be made in this case is whether Raquel Lanser should continue manipulating the estimation of uncollectible-account expense for the purpose of presenting a smooth pattern of increasing net income. This decision involves considering the integrity and accuracy of financial reporting, as well as the potential consequences for stakeholders.
The stakeholders in this case include the banks from which Strasburg Loan Company borrows, the investors or shareholders of the company, the employees, and the customers who take out loans from Strasburg. Each stakeholder is impacted differently from economic, legal, and ethical standpoints.
From an economic perspective, the stakeholders may be impacted in various ways. The banks may face increased risk if the true financial condition of Strasburg Loan Company is not accurately represented. Investors or shareholders may make decisions based on manipulated financial statements, which could lead to misallocation of resources. Employees may be affected if the company's financial stability is compromised, potentially leading to job losses. Customers may face higher interest rates or other unfavorable terms if the company's financial condition is misrepresented.
From a legal standpoint, manipulating financial statements can lead to legal consequences. Raquel Lanser and Strasburg Loan Company could be subject to penalties, fines, or legal action for fraudulent financial reporting. This could result in reputational damage, legal expenses, and potential lawsuits from various stakeholders.
From an ethical standpoint, manipulating financial statements is unethical as it compromises the accuracy and integrity of financial reporting. Stakeholders rely on accurate financial information to make informed decisions. By intentionally misrepresenting the company's financial performance, Raquel Lanser is violating the trust and confidence of the stakeholders. This unethical behavior undermines transparency, fairness, and accountability in the business operations of Strasburg Loan Company.
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In lecture, we discussed five ways to reduce shareholdefl manager conflict. Match each of these actions wath the appropriafe description.
- Birectors from outside the corporation may hold a view and make decisions that are less biased than inside members
- Basing monetary rewards for manegers, such as pay and bonuses, on how woll the firm is doing over the long ruin provides incentives for manapers to act in such a way as to maximize shareholder wealh
- Large institutional irmestors, sach as insurance companies and pension funds, can exert considerable influence on manageria behavior.
- If a firm's stock is undervalued (from poor management) cosposate tadors may attempt to acgure the firm. This gives management an incentive to maximize the firm's long term share price.
- Applying for debt allows inestors to closely evaluate the contition of a firm and thus gives managers an incentive to act to keep a fim fiscally healthy
A. Opportunity cost
B. Limited liability
C. Independent Board of Directors
D. Intervention by block holders
E. Financial management
F. Threat of takeover
G. Maragerial compensation plans fied to firm porformance
H.Monitoring
In order to reduce shareholder-manager conflict, there are five actions that can be taken.
These actions include: having an independent Board of Directors, basing managerial compensation on firm performance, intervention by block holders, the threat of takeover, and applying for debt. Each action serves a specific purpose in aligning the interests of shareholders and managers and ensuring the maximization of shareholder wealth.
A. Independent Board of Directors: This action involves having directors from outside the corporation who can provide an unbiased view and make decisions that are less influenced by internal biases. They act as a monitoring mechanism to ensure that management acts in the best interest of shareholders.
B. Managerial compensation plans tied to firm performance: This action involves basing monetary rewards for managers, such as pay and bonuses, on the long-term performance of the firm. It provides incentives for managers to act in a way that maximizes shareholder wealth.
C. Intervention by block holders: Large institutional investors, such as insurance companies and pension funds, have significant holdings in a firm and can exert considerable influence on managerial behavior. Their presence acts as a monitoring mechanism and encourages managers to act in the best interest of shareholders.
D. Threat of takeover: If a firm's stock is undervalued due to poor management, corporate raiders may attempt to acquire the firm. This threat of takeover provides management with an incentive to maximize the firm's long-term share price and improve performance.
E. Applying for debt: When a firm applies for debt, investors closely evaluate the firm's financial condition. This gives managers an incentive to maintain the fiscal health of the firm and act in a way that keeps it financially stable.
By implementing these actions, shareholder-manager conflict can be minimized, and the interests of shareholders can be better aligned with those of the management, ultimately leading to the maximization of shareholder wealth.
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Frost Company is evaluating the purchase of a rebuilt spot-welding machine to be used in the manufacture of a new product. The machine will cost $175,000, has an estimated useful life of 7 years and a salvage value of zero, and will increase net annual cash flow by $38,346. Click here to view PV table. What is its approximate internal rate of return? (Round answer to 0 decimal ploces, e.g. 16\%.) Internal rate of return %
The approximate internal rate of return (IRR) for the spot - welding machine is 12%.
Net Present Value (NPV) = -Initial Investment + (Net Annual Cash Flow / (1 + IRR) + (Net Annual Cash Flow / (1 + IRR)² + ... + (Net Annual Cash Flow / (1 + IRR)ⁿ
Given, the initial investment is -$175,000 (negative because it's an outflow), the net annual cash flow is $38,346, and the useful life is 7 years.
To find the approximate IRR, we can use a trial-and-error approach.
0 = -$175,000 + ($38,346 / (1 + IRR) + ($38,346 / (1 + IRR)² + ... + ($38,346 / (1 + IRR)⁷
Solving this, we get Internal rate of return (IRR) = 12%
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1. A four-year bond has a coupon rate of 5% and pays its coupons annually. It has a face value of £200. The yield to maturity is 4% per year.
a. Calculate the annual discount factors (do not use continuous compounding or semi-annual compounding)
b. Calculate the coupon payments and final payment.
c. Calculate the price of the bond.
d. Calculate the duration of the bond.
e. Calculate the convexity of the bond.
In this question, we are provided with the details of a four-year bond with a coupon rate of 5% and a face value of £200. The yield to maturity is5given as 4% per year. We are asked to calculate the annual discount factors, coupon payments, final payment, bond price, duration, and convexim
a. To calculate the annual discount factors, we need to use the formula (1 + yield to maturity)^(-n), where n represents the number of years. In this case, the yield to maturity is 4% per year, so the discount factors for each year would be as follows: Year 1 - 1 / (1 + 0.04)^1, Year 2 - 1 / (1 + 0.04)^2, Year 3 - 1 / (1 + 0.04)^3, Year 4 - 1 / (1 + 0.04)^4.
b. The coupon payments for each year would be 5% of the face value, which is £200. Therefore, the coupon payments for each year would be: Year 1 - 0.05 * £200, Year 2 - 0.05 * £200, Year 3 - 0.05 * £200, Year 4 - 0.05 * £200. The final payment would be the face value of the bond, which is £200.
c. To calculate the price of the bond, we need to discount the coupon payments and the final payment using the annual discount factors calculated in part (a). The price of the bond would be the present value of these cash flows, which can be calculated by summing the present values of the coupon payments and the final payment.
d. The duration of the bond measures its sensitivity to changes in interest rates. It can be calculated by multiplying the present value of each cash flow by the respective time period and dividing the sum by the bond price.
e. Convexity measures the curvature of the relationship between bond price and yield. It can be calculated by summing the convexity of each cash flow, where the convexity of each cash flow is the present value of the cash flow multiplied by the square of the respective time period.
By performing these calculations, we can determine the annual discount factors, coupon payments, final payment, bond price, duration, and convexity of the given bond.
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Lita Lopez started Biz Consulting, a new business, and completed the following transactions during its first year of operations. a. Lita Lopez invested $66,000 cash and equipment valued at $32,000 in the company. b. The company purchased a bullding for $43,000 cash. c. The company purchased equipment for $5,600 cash. d. The company purchased $3,800 of supplies and $1,200 of equipment on credit. e. The company paid $940 cash for advertising expenses. f. The company completed a financial plan for a cllent and billed that client $4,600 for the service. 9. The company designed a financial plan for another client and immediately collected a $8,200 cash fee. h. L. Lopez withdrew $1,000 cash from the company for personal use. 1. The company received $3,600 cash as partial payment from the client described in transaction f J. The company made a partial payment of $600 cosh on the equipment purchased in transaction d. k. The company paid $1,900 cash for the secretary's wages for this period. Required: 1. Enter the amount of each transaction on individual items of the accounting equation. 2. Determine the company's net income. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Determine the company's net income,
1. Some of the transactions of Biz Consulting are as follows: a) Lita Lopez invested $66,000 cash and equipment valued at $32,000, b) Purchased a building for $43,000 cash, etc.
2. The company's net income is $1,760.
1. The accounting equation represents the fundamental relationship between assets, liabilities, and owner's equity. Based on the provided transactions, the effects on the accounting equation are as follows:
Assets:
Cash: +$66,000 (transaction a) + $43,000 (transaction b) + $5,600 (transaction c) - $940 (transaction e) + $8,200 (transaction g) - $1,000 (transaction h) + $3,600 (transaction i) - $600 (transaction j) - $1,900 (transaction k) = $82,960
Equipment: +$32,000 (transaction a) + $1,200 (transaction d) = $33,200
Building: +$43,000 (transaction b) = $43,000
Supplies: +$3,800 (transaction d) = $3,800
Liabilities: None mentioned, so assumed to be $0.
Owner's Equity:
Investment: +$66,000 (transaction a)
Revenue: +$4,600 (transaction f) = $4,600
Expenses: -$940 (transaction e) -$1,900 (transaction k) = -$2,840
Withdrawal: -$1,000 (transaction h)
2. Net Income is calculated as Revenue - Expenses. In this case, $4,600 - $2,840 = $1,760. Therefore, the company's net income is $1,760.
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Daedalus, a married taxpayer, has lived apart from his spouse, Ariadne, for five years and is no longer in contact with her. He has no dependents. What filing status should Daedalus use on his 2022 retum, and what is his standard deduction?
a.Married filing jointly; $25,900.
b. Head of household; $19,400.
c. Married filing separately; $12,950.
d. Single; $12,950.
Based on the given information, Daedalus should use the filing status of "Married filing separately" on his 2022 tax return. The correct option is (c) Married filing separately; $12,950.
Since Daedalus and Ariadne are married, they have the option to file either jointly or separately. However, since they have been living apart for five years and are no longer in contact, it is more appropriate for Daedalus to choose the "Married filing separately" status.
As for the standard deduction for the tax year 2022, the amount for a taxpayer filing as "Married filing separately" is $12,950. Therefore, the correct answer is (c) Married filing separately; $12,950.
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TRUE / FALSE.
Derrick offered to purchase Perry's vehicle for $3,050 cash, with Perry to deliver the vehicle the next Wednesday, at which time Derrick would pay the $3,050. On the Wednesday, when Perry did not deliver, Derrick went to Perry's home, and found him in his garden. Derrick offered Perry the money, but Perry refused, saying that he had changed his mind, and did not wish to sell his automobile. If Derrick had offered Perry exactly $3,050 in cash, he had made a valid tender of performance.
True. If Derrick offered Perry exactly $3,050 in cash, he had made a valid tender of performance.
In a contract, a valid tender of performance refers to the act of offering the agreed-upon payment or performance as specified in the contract. In this case, Derrick offered Perry $3,050 in cash, which was the exact amount agreed upon for the purchase of Perry's vehicle. This offer fulfilled Derrick's obligation to pay the agreed-upon price.
However, Perry refused the offer and stated that he had changed his mind and did not wish to sell his automobile. Despite Perry's change of mind, if Derrick had made a valid tender of performance by offering the exact amount in cash as specified in the contract, his obligation to pay would have been fulfilled. In other words, Derrick had done his part by offering the payment, and it was Perry's refusal to accept the offer that prevented the completion of the transaction.
Therefore, Derrick's tender of performance would be considered valid in this scenario.
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1. A furniture company makes TABLE and CHAIR.. The company has a maximum of 110 hours of labor and 300 board feet (bf) of wood. They make a profit of $6 per TABLE and $8 per CHAIR. Each TABLE requires 30bf of wood and 5 hour for labor. Each CHAIR requires 20 bf of wood and 10 hours of labor.
Read the above scenario and answer the following questions. (13 marks)
A. Formulate an appropriate LPP for the above scenario to find the maximum profit. (5 marks)
B. Solve the LPP using graphical method to find the optimal solution.(8 marks)
The maximum profit is achieved at (20, 5) with a profit of $170. Therefore, the optimal solution is to produce 20 tables and 5 chairs to maximize the profit.
A. Formulate an appropriate LPP for the above scenario to find the maximum profit.
Let:
x = number of tables produced
y = number of chairs produced
Objective function:
Maximize profit = 6x + 8y
Subject to the following constraints:
1. Labor constraint: The total labor hours used for tables and chairs should not exceed the maximum available labor hours of 110.
5x + 10y ≤ 110
2. Wood constraint: The total board feet of wood used for tables and chairs should not exceed the maximum available wood of 300 bf.
30x + 20y ≤ 300
3. Non-negativity constraint: The number of tables and chairs produced cannot be negative.
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
B. Solve the LPP using graphical method to find the optimal solution.
To solve the linear programming problem graphically, we plot the feasible region and find the corner point that maximizes the objective function.
Step 1: Convert the constraints into equations:
5x + 10y = 110
30x + 20y = 300
Step 2: Solve each equation for y:
y = (110 - 5x)/10
y = (300 - 30x)/20
Step 3: Plot the lines:
Plot the lines for each equation on the xy-plane.
Step 4: Identify the feasible region:
Shade the region that satisfies all the constraints. The feasible region is the intersection of the shaded regions.
Step 5: Evaluate the objective function:
Evaluate the objective function (profit) at each corner point of the feasible region.
Corner points:
1. (0, 0)
2. (0, 15)
3. (20, 5)
4. (60/7, 80/7)
Step 6: Find the optimal solution:
Evaluate the objective function at each corner point to determine the maximum profit.
For (0, 0):
Profit = 6(0) + 8(0) = 0
For (0, 15):
Profit = 6(0) + 8(15) = 120
For (20, 5):
Profit = 6(20) + 8(5) = 170
For (60/7, 80/7):
Profit = 6(60/7) + 8(80/7) ≈ 148.57
The maximum profit is achieved at (20, 5) with a profit of $170. Therefore, the optimal solution is to produce 20 tables and 5 chairs to maximize the profit.
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5. Exchange rates and the demand for domestic goods
Piano Palace Co. produces electronic keyboards in the United States. Its most popular keyboard sells for $1,200. KeySharp Co., Piano Palace's primary competitor, is based in Germany and sells keyboards to US customers online. KeySharp sells its keyboards for 800 euros.
Suppose that initially, the exchange rate was $1.60 per euro.
This means that the price of KeySharp’s keyboards to US consumers was 800 euros ×$1.60 per euro =$1,280.00800 euros ×$1.60 per euro =$1,280.00.
This means that the price of KeySharp’s keyboards to US consumers was _____?
. Because this dollar price of keyboards from KeySharp is(lower or higher)______________ than the dollar price of keyboards from Piano Palace, demand for Piano Palace keyboards is likely(high, low , higher)______ relative to KeySharp’s keyboards in the United States.
Now suppose that the euro weakens relative to the dollar, and the exchange rate changes to $1.25
After this change, the price of KeySharp’s keyboards to US consumers is _______?
. Because this dollar price of keyboards from KeySharp is now (lower or higher
) _________ than the dollar price of keyboards from Piano Palace, demand for Piano Palace keyboards is likely(rise or fall)_______ relative to KeySharp’s keyboards in the United States, due to the change in the exchange rate.
1. Initially, the price of KeySharp's keyboards to US consumers was $1,280.00, which was higher than the price of Piano Palace keyboards. This likely resulted in a lower demand for Piano Palace keyboards relative to KeySharp's keyboards in the United States.
2. After the exchange rate changed to $1.25, the price of KeySharp's keyboards to US consumers decreased to $1,000.00. With this lower price, the demand for Piano Palace keyboards is expected to rise compared to KeySharp's keyboards in the United States due to the change in the exchange rate.
The exchange rate between currencies plays a crucial role in determining the relative prices of imported goods. When the exchange rate favors a domestic currency, imported goods become more expensive, potentially leading to higher demand for domestically produced goods. Conversely, a weaker domestic currency and favorable exchange rates for imports can make foreign goods more affordable, potentially reducing the demand for domestic products.
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Samuel Jenkins made two investments; the first was 14 months ago and the second was 2 months ago. He just sold both investments and has a capital gain of $11,500 on each. If Samuel is single and has taxable income of $41,400, what will be the amount of capital gains tax on each investment?
The amount of capital gains tax on each investment for Samuel Jenkins would be $1,725.
To calculate the amount of capital gains tax on each investment, we need to consider the applicable tax rates and any deductions or exemptions that may apply.
In the United States, the tax rate on long-term capital gains depends on the taxpayer's income level. For individuals with taxable income between $40,001 and $441,450 in 2023, the long-term capital gains tax rate is 15%.
Given that Samuel has a taxable income of $41,400 and a capital gain of $11,500 on each investment, we can calculate the capital gains tax as follows:
Capital Gains Tax = Capital Gain * Capital Gains Tax Rate
For Samuel, the capital gains tax rate would be 15%.
Let's calculate the capital gains tax on each investment:
Capital Gain = $11,500
Capital Gains Tax Rate = 15%
Capital Gains Tax = $11,500 * 0.15
Capital Gains Tax = $1,725
Therefore, the amount of capital gains tax on each investment for Samuel Jenkins would be $1,725.
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Suppose you are writing a business plan for an event planning
business. What resources will you require?
• How will you sustain your differentiation?
To start an event planning business and sustain its differentiation, the following resources are essential:
Skilled Team: Hiring experienced event planners, coordinators, and support staff who possess strong organizational and communication skills is crucial for executing successful events.
Vendor Network: Building relationships with reliable vendors such as caterers, decorators, audio-visual technicians, and entertainment providers is essential for delivering high-quality services to clients.
Technology and Software: Investing in event management software, customer relationship management (CRM) tools, and project management systems can streamline operations, improve efficiency, and enhance customer experience.
Venue Partnerships: Establishing partnerships with various venues, including hotels, convention centers, and unique event spaces, can provide flexibility and options for clients, enabling the business to offer diverse event solutions.
Marketing and Branding: Allocating resources for marketing and branding efforts, including online and offline advertising, social media campaigns, and a professional website, is crucial to create awareness and attract clients.
To sustain differentiation, the business should focus on the following:
Unique Value Proposition: Clearly defining the unique qualities and benefits that set the event planning business apart from competitors. This could include specialized event themes, personalized experiences, or innovative event concepts.
Tailored Solutions: Understanding client needs and delivering customized event solutions that exceed expectations. Providing personalized attention, attention to detail, and creative problem-solving will differentiate the business from others.
Continuous Innovation: Staying up-to-date with industry trends and incorporating new ideas, technologies, and event concepts. Offering innovative and cutting-edge event experiences will attract clients seeking unique and memorable events.
Exceptional Customer Service: Providing exceptional customer service throughout the event planning process, from initial consultation to post-event follow-up. Building strong relationships with clients and delivering outstanding service will foster loyalty and word-of-mouth recommendations.
Professionalism and Reliability: Maintaining a high level of professionalism and reliability in all interactions and operations. Meeting deadlines, fulfilling promises, and delivering events flawlessly will build trust and set the business apart from competitors.
By investing in these resources and sustaining differentiation through a unique value proposition, tailored solutions, continuous innovation, exceptional customer service, and professionalism, the event planning business can establish a strong market presence and thrive in a competitive industry.
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Which of the following statements is
true?
Select one:
a.
The prime cost of a product is the
highest possible cost than can be incurred to produce that
product
b.
The prime cost refers to th
The statement which is correct is "The prime cost refers to the direct costs of the product such as direct labor, materials, and other direct expenses."The correct answer is option (b).
Option (a) is incorrect. The prime cost of a product is not necessarily the highest possible cost that can be incurred to produce it. The prime cost specifically refers to the direct costs associated with the production of a product. Option (c) is also incorrect. When calculating the "cost per unit" under an absorption costing method, it is not limited to considering only prime costs. Absorption costing takes into account both direct costs (prime costs) and indirect costs (overhead costs) to allocate and apportion the total cost to each unit produced.
Option (d) is incorrect. Prime costs do not include additional costs that may be incurred if a product or service exceeds its standard cost. Prime costs are limited to direct costs that are directly attributable to the production of a product, such as direct labor, direct materials, and other direct expenses. Therefore, option (b) accurately describes the concept of prime cost as the direct costs associated with the product's production.
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Complete Question : Which of the following statements is true?
Select one:
a. The prime cost of a product is the highest possible cost than can be incurred to produce that product
b.The prime cost refers to the direct costs of the product such as direct labour, materials and other direct expenses.
c.Only prime costs are considered when calculating the ‘cost per unit’ under an absorption costing method.
d.Prime costs include additional costs which may be incurred if a product/service exceeds its standard cost.
Suppose both exports and imports rose this year, but imports
grew faster than exports. Would aggregate demand rise or fall as a
result of this trend?(Minimum words requirement: 100 words)
As a result of imports growing faster than exports, aggregate demand would likely fall.
Imports represent spending on goods and services produced in other countries, while exports represent foreign spending on domestic goods and services. When imports grow faster than exports, it indicates that a larger portion of spending is directed towards foreign-produced goods rather than domestic goods. This leads to a decrease in domestic consumption and investment, resulting in a decline in aggregate demand.
A higher rate of import growth implies that more money is leaving the domestic economy to pay for foreign goods, leading to a decrease in domestic demand for domestically produced goods and services. This can have a negative impact on domestic businesses and employment. Overall, the trend of imports growing faster than exports tends to reduce aggregate demand and can contribute to a trade deficit.
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IS direct investment would increase with which of the following? A. An American cellular phone company establishes an office in the Czech Republic B. A Fidelity (US financial institution) mutual fund buys Volkswagen stock, a German comr C. General Motors pension fund buys stock from Harrod's of London, England. D. Any of the above E. none of the above Reset Selection
The correct answer is D. Any of the above. Direct investment refers to the establishment or acquisition of a controlling interest in a business enterprise by an entity from another country. It involves a significant level of ownership and control over the foreign enterprise.
In all the scenarios mentioned: A. An American cellular phone company establishes an office in the Czech Republic: This represents direct investment as the American company is establishing a physical presence and taking control of operations in the Czech Republic.
B. A Fidelity (US financial institution) mutual fund buys Volkswagen stock, a German company: Although this is an investment in stocks rather than establishing a physical presence, it is still considered direct investment because it involves acquiring a significant ownership stake and exercising control over the German company.
C. General Motors pension fund buys stock from Harrod's of London, England: Similarly, purchasing stock from Harrod's represents direct investment, as it involves acquiring an ownership stake in the company. Therefore, in all of the given scenarios, direct investment is involved. Hence, the correct answer is D. Any of the above.
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Exercise 5-6 Recording sales, purchases, and cash discounts-buyer and seller LO P1, P2
Santa Fe Retailing purchased merchandise "as is" (with no returns) from Mesa Wholesalers with credit terms of 2/10, n/60 and an invoice price of $24,700. The merchandise had cost Mesa $16,845. Assume that both buyer and seller use a perpetual inventory system and the gross method.
1. Prepare entries that the buyer records for the (a) purchase, (b) cash payment within the discount period, and (c) cash payment after the discount period.
(a) Purchase Entry:
Inventory (merchandise) $24,700
Accounts Payable $24,700
(b) Cash Payment within the Discount Period:
Accounts Payable $24,700
Cash $24,108
Inventory (merchandise) $592
(c) Cash Payment after the Discount Period:
Accounts Payable $24,700
Cash $24,700
(a) Purchase Entry:
Inventory (merchandise) $24,700
Accounts Payable $24,700
The buyer records the purchase by debiting the inventory (merchandise) account for the invoice price of $24,700 and crediting the accounts payable account for the same amount. This reflects the increase in inventory and the liability owed to the seller.
(b) Cash Payment within the Discount Period:
Accounts Payable $24,700
Cash $24,108
Inventory (merchandise) $592
When the buyer makes a cash payment within the discount period, they take advantage of the cash discount offered. The buyer reduces the accounts payable by the discounted amount and records the cash payment. The discount is calculated as 2% of the invoice price ($24,700 * 2% = $494), so the buyer pays $24,700 - $494 = $24,206. Additionally, the buyer needs to adjust the inventory value by the discount amount to reflect the reduced cost of the merchandise.
(c) Cash Payment after the Discount Period:
Accounts Payable $24,700
Cash $24,700
If the buyer makes a cash payment after the discount period, they don't take advantage of the cash discount. In this case, the buyer pays the full invoice price of $24,700. The buyer reduces the accounts payable and records the cash payment, but there is no adjustment needed for the inventory value since the merchandise is still valued at the original cost.
Therefore, these entries reflect the purchase, cash payment within the discount period, and cash payment after the discount period for Santa Fe Retailing when purchasing merchandise "as is" from Mesa Wholesalers with credit terms of 2/10, n/60.
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Q1- What is an important feature of a cost accounting system?
An important feature of a cost accounting system is accurate cost allocation.
Cost allocation is a crucial aspect of cost accounting systems as it ensures that costs are appropriately assigned to the goods or services produced. Accurate cost allocation provides valuable insights into the true cost of production, enabling businesses to make informed decisions regarding pricing, profitability analysis, and cost control measures.
Cost accounting systems employ various methods for cost allocation, such as activity-based costing (ABC), job costing, or process costing. These methods involve identifying cost drivers and allocating costs based on the resources consumed by each product, department, or activity.
Accurate cost allocation enhances cost transparency and accountability within an organization. It allows managers to assess the profitability of individual products, identify cost-saving opportunities, and optimize resource allocation. By understanding the specific costs associated with each product or service, businesses can make informed decisions on pricing strategies and target profit margins.
Additionally, accurate cost allocation facilitates effective budgeting and variance analysis. It enables comparisons between actual costs and budgeted costs, highlighting areas where expenses deviate from expectations. This information enables managers to investigate discrepancies, identify cost overruns or cost-saving opportunities, and take appropriate corrective actions.
In summary, accurate cost allocation is a fundamental feature of a cost accounting system. It provides valuable insights into the true cost of production, helps in decision-making, supports cost control measures, and facilitates budgeting and variance analysis.
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Corporate social policy
1. Identify and explain TWO (2) unethical business practices that the Clothing Forever 21 company is/was engaged in 10 Marks
2. Discuss each issue from the perspectives of ethical theories or principles. You have to use a different theory or perspective for each ethical issue you have identified in No.2. 10 Marks
3. Suggest how the Clothing forever 21 company can be more ethical in the future. Each issue identified in No, 2 must have ONE (1) solution. Therefore, you will have TWO (2) Solutions. 10 Marks
1. Unethical business practices of Forever 21: Exploitation of sweatshop labor and deceptive pricing/advertising.
2. Ethical perspectives: Utilitarianism and rights-based perspective for labor exploitation, Kantian ethics and virtue ethics for deceptive practices.
3. Solutions: Adopt a comprehensive code of conduct for suppliers to ensure fair treatment of workers and implement stricter policies on pricing and advertising transparency.
1. Unethical Business Practices of Clothing Forever 21:
a) Exploitation of Sweatshop Labor: Forever 21 has been criticized for its involvement in sourcing products from sweatshops, where workers are subjected to poor working conditions, low wages, long hours, and even physical abuse. There have been reports of garment workers being paid below the minimum wage, denied overtime pay, and forced to work in unsafe environments.
b) Deceptive Pricing and Advertising: Forever 21 has faced allegations of deceptive pricing and advertising practices. The company has been accused of artificially inflating the original prices of their products to make their discounts seem more significant. Additionally, they have been criticized for misrepresenting the quality and origin of their clothing items.
2. Ethical Perspectives on the Unethical Business Practices:
a) Exploitation of Sweatshop Labor:
- Utilitarian Perspective: From a utilitarian perspective, Forever 21's exploitation of sweatshop labor is unethical because it causes harm and suffering to a large number of workers. The overall happiness and well-being of these workers are significantly compromised for the sake of the company's profits and affordability of their products.
- Rights-based Perspective: According to a rights-based perspective, Forever 21's actions infringe upon the basic human rights of the sweatshop workers. These workers have the right to fair wages, safe working conditions, and protection from exploitation. Forever 21's practices violate these fundamental rights and are therefore ethically wrong.
b) Deceptive Pricing and Advertising:
- Kantian Ethics: From a Kantian perspective, Forever 21's deceptive pricing and advertising practices are unethical because they treat customers as mere means to achieve sales and profits. By intentionally misleading consumers about the original prices and quality of their products, Forever 21 fails to treat customers with respect and honesty, violating the principle of treating individuals as ends in themselves.
- Virtue Ethics: Virtue ethics would view Forever 21's deceptive practices as a lack of integrity and honesty. Forever 21 should embody virtues such as truthfulness and transparency in their business dealings. By engaging in deceptive pricing and advertising, the company falls short of these virtues and undermines trust and fairness in the marketplace.
3. Solutions for Ethical Improvement:
a) Exploitation of Sweatshop Labor:
- Solution: Forever 21 should adopt and enforce a comprehensive code of conduct for its suppliers, ensuring that all workers involved in the production process are treated fairly and provided with safe working conditions. This code of conduct should include fair wages, reasonable working hours, and safeguards against physical and verbal abuse. Regular audits and inspections should be conducted to monitor compliance with these standards.
b) Deceptive Pricing and Advertising:
- Solution: Forever 21 should implement stricter policies and guidelines regarding pricing and advertising practices. Clear and accurate information about the original prices, discounts, and product quality should be provided to customers. Independent third-party audits can be employed to verify compliance with these guidelines. Additionally, the company should prioritize transparency and honesty in its marketing communications to build trust with customers.
By implementing these solutions, Forever 21 can enhance its ethical standing, improve the welfare of workers, and rebuild trust with consumers.
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Calculate the present value of a 10-year annuity of $5.250 per year with payments made at the beginning of each year if the interest rate is 11%. (Enter your answer as a positive number rounded to 2 decimal places.)
The present value of the annuity is $296,259.69 (rounded to 2 decimal places).
To find the present value of an annuity, we use the formula:PV = PMT × ((1 - (1 + r/n)^(-nt)) / (r/n)), where PV is the present value, PMT is the annuity payment, r is the interest rate, n is the number of compounding periods per year, and t is the number of years. Given:PMT = $5,250r = 11%n = 1 (since payments are made at the beginning of each year)T = 10 yearsSubstitute the given values in the formula:PV = $5,250 × ((1 - (1 + 0.11/1)^(-1 × 10)) / (0.11/1))PV = $5,250 × ((1 - (1.11)^(-10)) / (0.11))PV = $5,250 × (6.21153 / 0.11)PV = $5,250 × 56.46846PV = $296,259.69.Therefore, the present value of the annuity is $296,259.69 (rounded to 2 decimal places).
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Exercise 4. College Retirement Equities Fund (CREF) is a pension fund that has billions of dollars invested in the stock market. Fund participants voted a few years ago on a proposal that would have placed strict limits on the amount of compensation paid to CREF executives. Why do you think 75 percent of the participants voted against the proposal?
Participants may have voted against the proposal to limit executive compensation in order to attract and retain top talent, ensuring effective management and potential investment returns for the fund.
Participants of the College Retirement Equities Fund (CREF) may have voted against the proposal to limit executive compensation for several reasons.
One possible reason is the concern that strict limits on compensation could make it difficult to attract and retain top talent in the industry.
Executives with specialized knowledge and experience in managing large investments are in high demand, and competitive compensation packages are often necessary to secure their expertise.
By voting against the proposal, participants may have wanted to ensure that CREF could continue to attract skilled executives who can effectively manage the fund's billions of dollars invested in the stock market.
Additionally, participants may have considered the potential impact on investment returns. Effective management is crucial for generating positive returns in the stock market, and attracting talented executives often comes with a higher price tag.
Participants may have believed that offering competitive compensation would incentivize executives to perform at their best and potentially yield higher investment returns for the fund in the long run.
Overall, participants' concerns about attracting and retaining top talent and their belief in the potential benefits of competitive compensation for fund performance could have influenced the majority vote against the proposal to limit executive compensation.
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