Non-competitive models of discrimination relate to propositions that explain discrimination without counting on explicit prejudice or competition for resources.
One similar model is the socialization model, which suggests that individuals acquire discriminative attitudes and actions through socialization processes, similar to family, peers, media, and cultural morals. Another model is the institutional model, which focuses on how discriminative practices are embedded within social institutions, programs, and structures, leading to unequal issues.
The cognitive model proposes that discriminative geste can arise from cognitive impulses, similar as categorization and stereotyping, which influence decision making processes. These models give alternative explanations for discrimination, emphasizing socialization, institutional factors, and cognitive processes rather than explicit prejudice or competition.
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At the end of 2018, Zenith Corp, had total assets of $323,500 and total liabilities of $178,600. Included in the assets were property, plant, and equipment, with a cost of $237,000, and aodumulated depreciation of $106,000. Also included in the assets were $27,100 of patents, $155,000 of goodwill, and $31,500 of other long-term assets. During 2018, Zenith Corp. earned total revenues of $438,100 and had total expenses of $326,500. Read the recuicements. Requirement
1. Show how Zenith Corp. reported long-term assets on its balance sheet on December 31,2018. Requirements
2. What was the book value of property, plant, and equipment on that date?
The book value of property, plant, and equipment on December 31, 2018, was $131,000.
Requirement 1: The balance sheet is a financial statement that outlines a company's assets, liabilities, and equity as of a specific date. At December 31, 2018, Zenith Corp reported its long-term assets on the balance sheet as follows: Property, plant, and equipment, cost$237,000Less: accumulated depreciation(106,000)Property, plant, and equipment, net$131,000Patents27,100Goodwill155,000Other long-term assets31,500 Total long-term assets$344,600 Requirement
2: The book value of property, plant, and equipment at December 31, 2018, was $131,000. To find out the book value of property, plant, and equipment on that date, you need to calculate the difference between the cost and accumulated depreciation of the assets. Book value = Cost - Accumulated depreciation Book value = $237,000 - $106,000Book value = $131,000. Therefore, the book value of property, plant, and equipment on December 31, 2018, was $131,000.
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A. U.S. government bond with a 6 3/8% coupon that expires in December 2020. The bond was issued on January 1, 2016, and the required annual yield is 5%. The Par Value of the bond is $1,000. Coupon payments are made semi-annually (June 30 and December 31 for this bond). Find the price of the bond.
The price of the bond is $1,120.57.
To calculate the price of the bond, we need to determine the present value of its cash flows, which include both the periodic coupon payments and the final principal payment at maturity.
First, let's calculate the coupon payments. The bond has a 6 3/8% coupon rate, which means it pays an annual coupon of 6.375% of the par value. Since coupon payments are made semi-annually, each coupon payment will be half of the annual coupon rate. Therefore, the coupon payment is (6.375% / 2) * $1,000 = $31.875.
Next, let's calculate the number of semi-annual coupon payments remaining until maturity. The bond was issued on January 1, 2016, and it expires in December 2020. Therefore, there are 4 years (or 8 semi-annual periods) remaining until maturity.
To find the present value of the coupon payments, we discount each payment back to the present using the required annual yield of 5%. Since coupon payments are semi-annual, we use a semi-annual discount rate of 5% / 2 = 2.5%.
Using the present value of an ordinary annuity formula, the present value of the coupon payments can be calculated as follows:
PV = Coupon Payment * (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r,
where PV is the present value, r is the discount rate, and n is the number of periods.
PV = $31.875 * (1 - (1 + 0.025)^(-8)) / 0.025 = $31.875 * (1 - 0.790787) / 0.025 = $31.875 * 0.209213 / 0.025 = $261.113
Finally, we need to calculate the present value of the principal payment at maturity. Since the bond has a par value of $1,000, and it will be received at the end of the bond's term, its present value is simply $1,000 / (1 + 0.025)^8 = $859.457.
Now, we can calculate the price of the bond by summing up the present values of the coupon payments and the principal payment:
Price = PV of Coupon Payments + PV of Principal Payment = $261.113 + $859.457 = $1,120.57
Therefore, the price of the bond is $1,120.57.
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An investor purchases a treasury bond with a quoted price of 95 and a settlement date of 7/25 (non-leap year). The bonds have a coupon rate of 4%, and a maturity date of 5/15/2040.
How much did the investor spend for this one bond?
The investor spent $0.95 for this one bond. This represents 95% of the bond's face value based on the quoted price of 95.
To determine how much the investor spent on the treasury bond, we need to calculate the purchase price based on the quoted price and the face value of the bond.
The quoted price of 95 means that the bond is priced at 95% of its face value. The face value represents the amount that will be paid to the investor at maturity.
First, we need to determine the face value of the bond. Since the coupon rate is 4% and the bond has a maturity date of 5/15/2040, we can assume that the bond pays coupons semi-annually. Therefore, the bond will pay 2% (4% divided by 2) of the face value every six months until maturity.
To calculate the face value, we divide the annual coupon payment by the semi-annual coupon rate:
Face Value = Annual Coupon Payment / Semi-Annual Coupon Rate
Face Value = 2% / 2% = 1
Since the bond has a face value of 1, the investor will spend:
Purchase Price = Quoted Price × Face Value
Purchase Price = 95% × $1 = $0.95
Therefore, the investor spent $0.95 for this one bond. This represents 95% of the bond's face value based on the quoted price of 95.
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All service organizations are similar in that
A. major inputs and outputs can be stored
B. they are labor intensive
C. they are capital intensive
D. output is easy to measure
All service organizations are similar in that Output is easy to measure.The correct answer is option (D). All service organizations are similar in that the output of their services is relatively easy to measure compared to tangible goods.
Unlike physical products, services are intangible and often involve actions, expertise, or experiences provided to customers. While inputs and processes in service organizations may vary, the ultimate output can usually be evaluated or assessed in some way.Measuring the output of a service can involve different metrics depending on the nature of the service. For example, in healthcare, patient outcomes and satisfaction surveys are commonly used to assess the quality of care.
In banking, customer satisfaction, transaction efficiency, and accuracy are key measures. In consulting or professional services, client feedback and project success may be used as indicators. Although service organizations can be labor-intensive or capital-intensive to varying degrees, it is not a universal characteristic of all service organizations. Some services rely heavily on human resources, while others may require significant investments in technology, infrastructure, or equipment.
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Which of the following transfers would impact the individual's RRSP contribution room? A transfer from individual's RASP account to another one of his accounts held at the same or different institution A transfer from individual's deferred profit sharing plan (DPSP) to his RRSP A transfer from individual's group TFSA to a group RRSP A transfer from individual's defined contribution pension plan to his locked-in RRSP
The transfer that would impact an individual's RRSP contribution room is option (b), a transfer from the individual's deferred profit sharing plan (DPSP) to their RRSP.
RRSP contribution room refers to the maximum amount an individual can contribute to their Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) and receive tax benefits. This contribution room is calculated based on several factors, including earned income and certain transfers or withdrawals made from specific accounts.
In the given options, only option (b) affects the individual's RRSP contribution room. Transferring funds from an individual's deferred profit sharing plan (DPSP) to their RRSP is considered an eligible transfer that impacts the RRSP contribution room. The transferred amount from the DPSP is added to the individual's RRSP contribution room for the year.
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6) why does charlie return to donnegan's plastic box company?
Charlie returns to Donnegan's Plastic Box Company in the novel "Flowers for Algernon" because he is looking for a job.
Donnegan's Plastic Box Company is where Charlie worked before the operation, which raised his IQ level. Charlie had lost his job at the bakery when the owner found out that Charlie could not read or write.Charlie's desire to return to his former job at Donnegan's Plastic Box Company suggests his strong desire to go back to the way things were before the operation. Charlie thinks that he will be happy again if he returns to the past because he remembers a time when he had no awareness of his intellectual limitations, and the company is a place he knows well.
Charlie's return to the plastic box company is an attempt to rediscover a sense of identity, security, and purpose in his life. He believes that if he can recover the life he had before the operation, he will find his place in the world. However, his life is not the same as it was before the operation. Charlie feels out of place and alienated from his colleagues, who no longer see him as their old friend. Charlie's regression to his former intellectual level has also eroded his confidence and left him feeling isolated and confused.
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Examine each of the external environmental factors that may be a
threat to stakeholder relations. (20)
External environmental factors that may pose threats to stakeholder relations include economic fluctuations, technological advancements, legal and regulatory changes, social and cultural shifts, political instability, and competitive pressures.
These factors can impact stakeholder relations by affecting their financial stability, disrupting operations, creating legal challenges, conflicting with societal values, causing uncertainties due to political changes, and intensifying competition. Organizations must monitor and manage these factors to maintain strong stakeholder relationships.
Economic factors such as recessions, inflation, or currency fluctuations can affect stakeholders' financial stability and influence their engagement with an organization. Technological advancements may create challenges if stakeholders are unable to adapt, leading to resistance to change. Legal and regulatory changes can impact stakeholder relations through non-compliance risks and disagreements on specific regulations. Social and cultural shifts in values and norms can affect an organization's reputation and stakeholder perceptions. Political factors like instability or policy changes may create uncertainties and impact stakeholder relationships. Lastly, competitive pressures can affect stakeholder expectations, leading to strained relations if organizations fail to meet those expectations.
Organizations should actively monitor and manage these external factors to mitigate threats and build strong stakeholder relationships. By effectively communicating, engaging, and adapting to changes, organizations can address the concerns and expectations of stakeholders, ensuring their support and cooperation in the long run.
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Rodriguez Corporation issues 20,000 shares of its common stock for $116,200 cash on February 20 . Prepare journal entries to record this event under each of the following separate situations. 1. The stock has a $4 par value. 2. The stock has neither par nor stated value. 3. The stock has a $2 stated value. Journal entry worksheet Record the issue of 20,000 shares of $4 par value common stock for $116,200 cash. Note: Enter debits before credits.
The Rodriguez Corporation issued 20,000 shares of its common stock for $116,200 cash on February 20.
1. When the stock has a $4 par value:
Cash (Dr) $116,200
Common Stock (Cr) $80,000
Additional Paid-in Capital (Cr) $36,200
In this case, the journal entry debits Cash for the amount received, which is $116,200. It credits Common Stock for the par value per share multiplied by the number of shares issued, which is $4 x 20,000 = $80,000. The remaining amount, $36,200, is credited to Additional Paid-in Capital.
2. When the stock has neither par nor stated value:
Cash (Dr) $116,200
Common Stock (Cr) $116,200
When the stock does not have a par value or stated value, the entire amount received is credited to Common Stock. Therefore, the journal entry debits Cash for $116,200 and credits Common Stock for the same amount.
3. When the stock has a $2 stated value:
Cash (Dr) $116,200
Common Stock (Cr) $40,000
Additional Paid-in Capital (Cr) $76,200
In this scenario, the journal entry is similar to the first situation, but the Common Stock is credited with the stated value per share multiplied by the number of shares issued. Therefore, the entry debits Cash for $116,200, credits Common Stock for $2 x 20,000 = $40,000, and credits Additional Paid-in Capital for the remaining amount, which is $76,200.
These journal entries reflect the specific situations mentioned and record the issuance of 20,000 shares of common stock for $116,200 cash for each case. Remember to consult with a professional accountant or reference accounting guidelines for precise financial reporting requirements.
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Why might opportunity cost affect a manager's decision about
outsourcing production?
Opportunity cost affects a manager's decision about outsourcing production by considering the trade-offs between cost efficiency, time and focus, flexibility and scalability, and risk mitigation. By analyzing the potential benefits and drawbacks of outsourcing, managers can assess the opportunity cost involved and make informed decisions that align with the company's strategic goals and priorities.
Opportunity cost refers to the potential benefits that are forgone when choosing one option over another. In the context of outsourcing production, opportunity cost can play a significant role in a manager's decision-making process. Here's how opportunity cost may affect a manager's decision about outsourcing production:
1. Cost Efficiency: Outsourcing production can often lead to cost savings, as it allows companies to leverage the lower labor and production costs offered by external vendors. By outsourcing, managers can redirect their resources and investments towards core competencies and higher-value activities, potentially generating higher returns and profitability. The opportunity cost here lies in forgoing the potential benefits that could be obtained by allocating those resources to other strategic initiatives within the company.
2. Time and Focus: By outsourcing production, managers can free up their time and focus on critical tasks such as product development, marketing, and expanding the business. This opportunity cost revolves around the idea that managers might have to sacrifice the benefits and potential growth that could be achieved by dedicating their time and efforts to in-house production instead.
3. Flexibility and Scalability: Outsourcing production provides flexibility and scalability advantages, allowing companies to adapt quickly to changing market conditions and fluctuations in demand. By leveraging external resources, managers can avoid the opportunity cost associated with investing in additional facilities, equipment, and workforce to meet varying production requirements.
4. Risk Mitigation: Outsourcing can help spread risks by sharing them with the outsourcing partner. For example, if there are fluctuations in demand or changes in industry regulations, the company may be less exposed to potential losses or penalties by relying on the expertise and capabilities of the outsourcing provider. The opportunity cost in this case is related to the potential risks and uncertainties that could arise if the company decides to handle production in-house.
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Prepared from a situation suggested by Professor John W. Hardy.) Lone Star Meat Packers is a major processor of beef and other meat products. The company has a large amount of T-bone steak on hand, and it is trying to decide whether to sell the T-bone steaks as they are initially cut or to process them further into filet mignon and the New York cut.
If the T-bone steaks are sold as initially cut, the company figures that a pound T-bone steak would yield the following profit:
Selling price ($2.10 per pound) $ 2.10
Less joint costs incurred up to the split-off point where T-bone steak can be identified as a separate product 1.70
Profit per pound $ 0.40
If the company were to further process the T-bone steaks, then cutting one side of a T-bone steak provides the filet mignon and cutting the other side provides the New York cut. One 16-ounce T-bone steak cut in this way will yield one 6-ounce filet mignon and one 8-ounce New York cut; the remaining ounces are waste. It costs $0.18 to further process one T-bone steak into the filet mignon and New York cuts. The filet mignon can be sold for $4.00 per pound, and the New York cut can be sold for $3.10 per pound.
Required:
1. What is the financial advantage (disadvantage) of further processing one T-bone steak into filet mignon and New York cut steaks?
2. Would you recommend that the T-bone steaks be sold as initially cut or processed further?
Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below.
Required 1 Required 2
What is the financial advantage (disadvantage) of further processing one T-bone steak into filet mignon and New York cut steaks? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to 2 decimal places.)
______ ____________per unit
Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below.
Required 1 Required 2
Would you recommend that the T-bone steaks be sold as initially cut or processed further?
o T-bone steaks should be processed further.
o T-bone steaks should be sold as initially cut.
The financial advantage of processing one T-bone steak into filet mignon and New York cut is $2.89 per unit. I recommend processing the steaks further.
To calculate the financial advantage or disadvantage of further processing one T-bone steak into filet mignon and New York cut steaks, we need to compare the profit from selling the T-bone steak as initially cut with the profit from selling the processed filet mignon and New York cut.
Profit from selling T-bone steak as initially cut:
Selling price per pound: $2.10
Joint costs incurred up to split-off point: $1.70
Profit per pound: $2.10 - $1.70 = $0.40
Profit from selling filet mignon and New York cut:
Cost of further processing per T-bone steak: $0.18
Weight of filet mignon: 6 ounces
Weight of New York cut: 8 ounces
Profit from filet mignon per pound: $4.00 - $0.18 = $3.82
Profit from New York cut per pound: $3.10 - $0.18 = $2.92
To calculate the financial advantage or disadvantage per T-bone steak, we need to multiply the profit per pound by the weight of each cut:
Profit from filet mignon: $3.82 × (6/16) = $1.43
Profit from New York cut: $2.92 × (8/16) = $1.46
Total profit from further processing: $1.43 + $1.46 = $2.89
Therefore, the financial advantage of further processing one T-bone steak into filet mignon and New York cut steaks is $2.89 per unit.
Based on the calculations above, I would recommend that Lone Star Meat Packers process the T-bone steaks further into filet mignon and New York cut steaks. By doing so, they can achieve a higher profit per unit compared to selling the T-bone steaks as initially cut.
Processing the T-bone steaks further allows the company to capitalize on the higher selling prices of filet mignon and New York cut, resulting in a profit of $2.89 per unit. This is significantly higher than the profit of $0.40 per pound from selling the T-bone steaks as initially cut.
While there is an additional cost of $0.18 per T-bone steak for further processing, the higher selling prices and the resulting profit outweigh this cost. By processing the T-bone steaks, Lone Star Meat Packers can maximize their profitability and create more value from their existing inventory.
Therefore, to maximize financial advantage, it is recommended that Lone Star Meat Packers should process the T-bone steaks further into filet mignon and New York cut steaks.
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Which of the following statements is false?
Select one: a. Intra-unit transfers include food items exchanged between departments of a food operation. b. Directs purchases are a part of the inventory until they are issued for direct usage in production. c. It is the best practice to verify incoming delivery products against purchase specifications. d. To verify the price, the receiving clerk compares the invoice price with the quoted price.
_______________________________________________________
Maria is one of the servers who works in the Ocean View restaurant. She is very ambitious about her career and wants to advance to higher level of management. Maria knows that is important to show efficiency as a server, having higher than average sale per server. This ratio is computed by
Select one:
a. Dividing total shift sales by number of servers working in that shift
b. Dividing total sales Maria makes in a shift by number of guests she serves in a shift
c. Total sales a server is responsible for in a period of time (day, week, month) divided by number of seats in a restaurant
d. Dividing number of guests served in a shift by average guest check
The false statement is:
b. Direct purchases are a part of the inventory until they are issued for direct usage in production. The correct statement is that direct purchases are not part of the inventory until they are issued for direct usage in production. Direct purchases are typically acquired for immediate use and are not stored in inventory.
The statement says, "Direct purchases are a part of the inventory until they are issued for direct usage in production."
This statement is incorrect because direct purchases are not typically considered part of the inventory.
In a business or food operation, inventory refers to the goods or products that are held in stock for future use or sale. These are items that are stored for a period of time before being utilized or sold.
On the other hand, direct purchases are items that are acquired specifically for immediate use in production or consumption. They are often purchased as needed and are not stored in inventory. These purchases are typically made to fulfill immediate requirements or to meet specific orders.
For example, in a restaurant, direct purchases may include fresh ingredients or perishable items that are bought on a daily basis to prepare meals for customers. These items are not considered part of the restaurant's inventory because they are not stored for an extended period of time.
Therefore, the correct understanding is that direct purchases are not part of the inventory until they are issued for direct usage in production.
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You are educating a colleague on the delivery of a project to implement a new student management system at a university, One key point you are discussing, is the stages in which a project progresses over its lifecycle. Define and describe the purpose of each stage of the project lifecycle, and list some of the activities that occur within each stage.
Effective communication, stakeholder engagement, and project documentation are crucial throughout all stages of the project lifecycle.
The project lifecycle refers to the stages through which a project progresses, from initiation to completion. Each stage has a specific purpose and set of activities that contribute to the overall success of the project. In the context of implementing a new student management system at a university, the following stages can be identified:
1. Initiation Stage:
Purpose: The initiation stage involves defining the project's objectives, scope, and feasibility. It sets the foundation for the project and determines its viability.Activities: Activities in this stage include conducting a feasibility study, defining project goals, identifying stakeholders, and securing project approval.2. Planning Stage:
Purpose: The planning stage focuses on developing a detailed project plan that outlines the tasks, resources, timeline, and budget required for successful implementation.Activities: Activities in this stage include creating a project schedule, defining project roles and responsibilities, conducting risk analysis, developing a communication plan, and obtaining necessary approvals.3. Execution Stage:
Purpose: The execution stage is where the actual work takes place. It involves implementing the project plan, coordinating resources, and carrying out the activities necessary to achieve the project's objectives.Activities: Activities in this stage include system configuration, software development or customization, data migration, testing, training, and addressing any issues or challenges that arise during the process.4. Monitoring and Control Stage:
Purpose: The monitoring and control stage involves tracking project progress, ensuring adherence to the project plan, and making necessary adjustments to keep the project on track.Activities: Activities in this stage include monitoring project milestones, tracking progress against the schedule and budget, conducting regular project status meetings, managing risks, and resolving issues as they arise.5. Closure Stage:
Purpose: The closure stage marks the formal end of the project. It includes finalizing project deliverables, conducting a project review, and transitioning the system to operational use.Activities: Activities in this stage include documenting lessons learned, conducting a project evaluation, obtaining final sign-offs, transitioning the system to end users, and celebrating project success.By understanding and effectively managing each stage of the project lifecycle, project managers can ensure a systematic and structured approach to implementing the new student management system, ultimately increasing the likelihood of project success.
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How is the best way to recruit employees? Include a recruitment
letter and explain all.
Recruiting employees effectively requires a well-planned strategy that attracts qualified candidates and conveys the organization's values and opportunities. One effective method is to start with a recruitment letter, also known as a job advertisement or job posting. Here's an example of a recruitment letter:
[Your Company Logo and Contact Information]
[Date]
Dear [Candidate's Name],
[Opening paragraph: Introduce your company and the position being advertised. Provide a brief overview of your organization's mission, values, and culture.]
[Second paragraph: Highlight the key responsibilities and qualifications required for the position. Emphasize the benefits and growth opportunities associated with the role, such as training programs, career advancement prospects, or a supportive work environment.]
[Third paragraph: Provide information about the application process, including how candidates can apply (e.g., online application, email submission, etc.) and the deadline for submissions. Encourage interested individuals to include their resume, cover letter, and any other relevant documents.]
[Closing paragraph: Express appreciation for their interest in joining your organization and encourage candidates to contact you for any further inquiries. Provide contact details and mention that only shortlisted candidates will be contacted.]
Thank you for considering this opportunity with [Your Company Name]. We look forward to receiving your application.
Sincerely,
[Your Name]
[Your Position]
[Your Company Name]
When advertising the job, consider using various channels such as online job boards, professional networking platforms, social media, and industry-specific websites to reach a wide pool of potential candidates. Additionally, engaging in proactive recruitment strategies such as attending job fairs, partnering with educational institutions, and leveraging employee referrals can help attract top talent.
To ensure an effective recruitment process, establish clear job requirements, develop a comprehensive candidate screening process, and conduct thorough interviews and assessments. Promptly communicate with candidates throughout the process and provide feedback when necessary. Treating candidates with respect and professionalism creates a positive impression of your organization, even if they are not selected.
By implementing a well-structured recruitment strategy and utilizing effective communication, organizations can attract qualified candidates and make informed hiring decisions that align with their business objectives.
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Question 2 (35 Marks)
Gen5G Inc. manufactures Cell phones. Last year the company sold 30,000 phones at $80 each. Total costs amounted to $1,800,000 of which $600,000 were considered fixed.
To improve its product, the company is considering replacing a component part that has a cost of $16 with a new and better part costing $26 per unit in the coming year. A new machine would also be needed to increase plant capacity. The machine would cost $100,000 with a useful life of five years and a $20,000 salvage value. The company uses straight-line depreciation on all plant assets. (Ignore company tax.)
Required:
Calculate in units, Innovation's break-even point for last year. (10 marks)
Calculate the number of units that the company would have had to sell in the last year to earn $ 200,000. Prove your answer. (10 marks)
If Gen5G increases the selling price by $20, and purchases the new part and the new machine, calculate the new contribution margin, the new fixed cost & the number of units that the company will have to sell to make the same net income as last year. (15 marks)
The break-even point for last year was 9,375 units. The company would have needed to sell 12,500 units to earn $200,000. With increased selling price and new investments, 9,744 units are required to maintain the same net income.
Break-even point for last year: The company needed to sell 9,375 units to cover fixed costs based on the contribution margin per unit.
Number of units for $200,000: To achieve a net income of $200,000, the company needed to sell 12,500 units.
With increased selling price and new investments: The new contribution margin per unit is $96.80, with fixed costs now totaling $700,000. To maintain the same net income, the company needs to sell 9,744 units. The increased selling price and investments impact the cost structure and the required sales volume to achieve the desired financial outcome.
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Under the direct method, what is the total cash paid to suppliers?
a. (549,000)
b. (676,800)
c. (592,200)
d. (763,200)
e. None of the other alternatives are correct
To determine the total cash paid to suppliers under the direct method, we need additional information. Please provide the relevant details or context from which the cash payments to suppliers can be calculated.
Without specific data, it is not possible to generate a specific answer. The direct method of reporting cash flows from operating activities involves disclosing specific cash inflows and outflows related to operating activities. This includes cash received from customers and cash paid to suppliers.
To calculate the total cash paid to suppliers, we would need information on purchases made from suppliers during a given period and the corresponding cash payments made to them. Once these figures are available, we can sum up the cash payments to determine the total. However, since the necessary data is not provided, we cannot generate a specific answer at this time.
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The demand for labour is a ‘derived’ demand. This means that the
demand for labour depends on
a. the minimum wage
b. the demand for output
c. the supply of labour
d. the number of workers willing
The demand for labor is a 'derived' demand, meaning it depends on the demand for output (b) and the supply of labor (c).
The concept of 'derived' demand in the context of labor refers to the fact that the demand for labor is not directly driven by the desire to hire workers but rather by the demand for the goods and services that labor helps produce.
In other words, the demand for labor is derived from the demand for output.
The demand for labor is influenced by the level of demand for the final products or services that a company or industry produces. When there is an increase in the demand for goods and services, firms require more labor to produce those goods and services. Conversely, if the demand for output decreases, firms may reduce their labor demand.
Additionally, the supply of labor also plays a crucial role in determining the demand for labor. If there is an abundant supply of labor, firms may have more options to choose from and may be able to hire at lower wages. On the other hand, a scarcity of labor may increase wages and impact labor demand.
While the minimum wage (a) and the number of workers willing to work (d) can have some influence on labor demand indirectly, they are not the primary determinants. The minimum wage can affect labor costs for employers, which may influence their decision to hire, but it is ultimately tied to the demand for output. The number of workers willing to work is also influenced by factors such as wages, but it is not a direct determinant of labor demand.
In summary, the demand for labor is primarily dependent on the demand for output and the supply of labor, making them the key factors in determining labor demand.
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This year, George moved from Toronto to Vancouver and eamed $20,000 at his new employment in Vancouver this year George paid the following for moving expenses this year:
- Movers, $4,000
- Mileage was zero (His friend drove George for FREE)
- Meals Claimed four day of qualifying meals and applied the simplified method which allows for $69 per day.
What is the maximum moving expense claim for George this year? (rounded to the nearest dollar)
a $3,276
b $5.000
c $4276
d $10.276
George's maximum moving expense deduction is $4,276 (option c) this year, according to the CRA (Canadian Revenue Agency).
In accordance to CRA guidelines, eligible moving costs may include the following: travel expenses (such as meals and lodging) to move to a new residence, storage, and transportation expenses, and legal or notarial fees paid to buy or sell the old or new home, respectively.
George earned $20,000 at his new job in Vancouver and paid the following moving costs this year: Movers, $4,000, and Meals Claimed four days of qualifying meals and applied the simplified method, which allows for $69 per day.
Therefore, what is the maximum moving expense claim for George this year? (rounded to the nearest dollar).
The answer is as follows:$69 × 4 = $276
Moving cost deduction = $4,000 (Movers) + $276 (Meals) = $4,276
Since George relocated for work purposes, he is permitted to deduct moving expenses from his employment income.
Therefore, George's maximum moving expense deduction is $4,276 (option c) this year, according to the CRA (Canadian Revenue Agency).
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A company buys a futures contract on 10,000 units of a commodity for $0.67 per unit. The initial margin is $2,000 and the maintenance margin is $1,000. What is the futures price per unit below which there will be a margin call?
answer =$0.0000001.
To know the futures price per unit below which there will be a margin call, we need to use the formula to calculate the maintenance margin level which is equal to the margin call level.
A company buys a futures contract on 10,000 units of a commodity for $0.67 per unit.
The initial margin is $2,000 and the maintenance margin is $1,000.
Let's calculate the maintenance margin level first:
Maintenance margin level = 50% of Initial Margin
Maintenance margin level = 50% * $2,000
Maintenance margin level = $1,000
Now, we can calculate the futures price per unit below which there will be a margin call using the formula:
Margin Call Level = Initial Margin - Maintenance Margin / (Units of the Commodity x Futures Price per Unit)
Margin Call Level = $2,000 - $1,000 / (10,000 x Futures Price per Unit)
Margin Call Level = $1,000 / (10,000 x Futures Price per Unit)
Margin Call Level = 0.0001 / Futures Price per Unit
Futures Price per Unit = 0.0001 / Margin Call Level
Futures Price per Unit = 0.0001 / $1,000
Futures Price per Unit = $0.0000001. As we have calculated the futures price per unit below which there will be a margin call as $0.0000001. Therefore, the answer is $0.0000001.
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How does a firm in perfectly competitive markets decide what price to charge?
Group of answer choices
a It doesn't. It takes the market price as a given.
b It uses game theory.
c It tries to undercut its competitors.
d It estimates the price elasticity for its product.
In perfectly competitive markets, firms do not independently decide what price to charge. Instead, they take the market price as a given. This means that they have no control over setting the price and must accept the prevailing market price determined by the interaction of supply and demand. The answer will be divided into two paragraphs, with the first providing a summary and the second providing an explanation.
Option (a) is the correct answer: In perfectly competitive markets, firms do not have the power or influence to set prices independently. Instead, they are price takers and must accept the market price as determined by the forces of supply and demand. The market price is influenced by the aggregated decisions of all buyers and sellers in the market.
In a perfectly competitive market, there are many buyers and sellers offering homogeneous products, and no single firm has the ability to affect the market price through its individual actions. Firms in this market structure are price takers, meaning they must accept the prevailing market price and adjust their quantity supplied accordingly. Their focus is on determining the optimal level of output to maximize their profits, given the market price.
Thus, firms in perfectly competitive markets do not decide what price to charge; they simply accept the market price as a given and adjust their production accordingly. Their decision-making revolves around maximizing profits by efficiently producing at the market price.
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If you expected a stock price to be 55 SAR, 5% is the dividends’ growth rate, and this stock pay dividends of 2 SAR. What is the discount rate? 2- If the dividends’ growth rate is 2%, and this stock pay current dividends (D0) of 2 SAR, discount rate is 4%. Calculate the value of this stock.
1. the discount rate in this case is approximately 3.64%.
2. the value of the stock in this case is 100 SAR.
1. To calculate the discount rate, we can use the Gordon Growth Model (also known as the Dividend Discount Model). The Gordon Growth Model's equation is as follows:
Discount Rate (k) = Dividend / Stock Price - Dividend Growth Rate
Given the following information:
- Stock Price (P) = 55 SAR
- Dividend (D1) = 2 SAR
- Dividend Growth Rate (g) = 5%
Using the formula, we can calculate the discount rate (k):
k = D1 / P - g
k = 2 / 55 - 0.05
k = 0.0364 or 3.64%
Therefore, the discount rate in this case is approximately 3.64%.
2. To calculate the value of the stock, we can use the Gordon Growth Model formula:
Stock Value = Dividend / (Discount Rate - Dividend Growth Rate)
Given the following information:
- Dividend (D0) = 2 SAR
- Discount Rate (k) = 4%
- Dividend Growth Rate (g) = 2%
The following formula can be used to determine the stock's value:
Stock Value = D0 / (k - g)
Stock Value = 2 / (0.04 - 0.02)
Stock Value = 100 SAR
Therefore, the value of the stock in this case is 100 SAR.
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Computing Cash Paid to Supplier—Direct Method
Park Place Company reported cost of goods sold of $280,000 for the year 2020. Park Place also reported the following amounts on its balance sheets.
Jan. 1, 2020 Dec. 31, 2020
Inventory $50,000 $55,000
Accounts payable 30,000 29,000
What amount would be reported as cash paid to suppliers in the operating activities section of the statement of cash flows using the direct method?
Note: Do not use a negative sign with your answer.
To determine the cash paid to suppliers using the direct method, we need to consider the changes in inventory direct and accounts payable during the year.
The formula for calculating cash paid to suppliers using the direct method is: Cash Paid to Suppliers = Cost of Goods Sold + Increase in Accounts Payable - Increase in Inventory Given: Cost of Goods Sold = $280,000 Increase in Accounts Payable = $29,000 - $30,000 = -$1,000 (a decrease) Increase in Inventory = $55,000 - $50,000 = $5,000 Substituting these values into the formula: Cash Paid to Suppliers = $280,000 + (-$1,000) - $5,000 Cash Paid to Suppliers = $279,000 Therefore, the amount reported as cash paid to suppliers in the operating activities section of the statement of cash flows using the direct method would be $279,000.
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On January 1, 2021, Sweetwater Furniture Company leased office space under a 21.year operating lease agreement. The contract calls for annual lease payments on December 31 of each year. The payments are $18,250 the first year and increase by $850 per year. Benefits expected from using the office space are expected to remain constant over the lease term. Required: Record Sweetwater's lease payment at December 31, 2025 (the fifth lease payment), and December 31,2035 (the fifteenth lease payment). (If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No journal entry required" in the first account field.)
December 31, 2025 (5th lease payment):
Dr. Lease Expense $21,600
Cr. Cash $21,600
December 31, 2035 (15th lease payment):
Dr. Lease Expense $30,350
Cr. Cash $30,350
here some more information:
In an operating lease agreement, lease payments are treated as an EXPENSE and recorded in the books of the lessee. Let's record the lease payments for December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2035:
December 31, 2025 (5th lease payment):
The annual lease payments increase by $850 per year. , the lease payment for the 5th year can be calculated as follows:
$18,250 + ($850 * 4) = $21,600
We will record this payment as an expense:
Debit: Lease Expense $21,600
Credit: Cash $21,600
December 31, 2035 (15th lease payment):
Similarly, we can calculate the lease payment for the 15th year:
$18,250 + ($850 * 14) = $30,350
We will record this payment as an expense:
Debit: Lease Expense $30,350
Credit: Cash $30,350
These journal entries reflect the payment of the lease expense on the respective dates. It is important to note that the benefits derived from using the office space are expected to remain constant over the entire lease term, as mentioned in the question.
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What are the factors affecting the demand for foreign
currency?
What is the interest parity condition?
Factors Affecting the Demand for Foreign Currency. Imports and Exports: The demand for foreign currency is influenced by the level of imports and exports.
Tourism and Travel: International tourism and travel can significantly impact the demand for foreign currency. When individuals travel abroad, they typically need to exchange their domestic currency for the currency of the destination country. Higher levels of international tourism can increase the demand for foreign currency.
Economic and Political Factors: Macroeconomic conditions, interest rates, inflation rates, political stability, and geopolitical events can influence the demand for foreign currency. Investors and business may adjust their foreign currency holdings based on these factors to mitigate risks or seek better investment opportunities.
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Which of the following means that a person will owe taxes only when they begin to take distributions from the account? a) tax preferred b) tax exempt c) tax deferred d) tax deductible
Tax-deferred is the correct answer to the question
A tax-deferred savings plan is an investment account that allows a taxpayer to postpone paying income taxes on the money invested until it is withdrawn, generally after retirement. Tax-deferred accounts allow you to realize immediate tax deductions up to the full amount of your contribution. Then, the money in your account grows undiminished by taxes.
Future withdrawals from the account will be taxed at your ordinary income rate. This means that a person will owe taxes only when they begin to take distributions from the account.
Therefore, Tax-deferred is the correct answer to the question
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3. Discuss the reason why some Obamacare exchanges end up with only 1 or 2 insurance sellers. Hint: link it to Medicaid expansion
Limited competition in some Obamacare exchanges with only one or two insurance sellers can be attributed in part to differential expansion of Medicaid.
States that expanded Medicaid had a smaller pool of potential customers for insurers,
while states that didn't expand Medicaid had a concentration of higher-risk individuals.
These factors discouraged insurance companies from participating, resulting in fewer sellers and reduced consumer choice.
One of the reasons why some Obamacare exchanges end up with only one or two insurance sellers is linked to the issue of Medicaid expansion.
Here's an explanation of the connection,
Medicaid Expansion and Marketplace Competition,
The Affordable Care Act (ACA), often referred to as Obamacare, included provisions to expand Medicaid eligibility.
Medicaid is a government program that provides healthcare coverage to low-income individuals and families.
The ACA offered states the option to expand their Medicaid programs to cover more people,
with the federal government providing significant funding for the expansion.
Differential Medicaid Expansion,
Not all states chose to expand their Medicaid programs.
Cutoff in September 2021, 38 states and the District of Columbia had expanded Medicaid, while 12 states had not expanded.
The decision to expand Medicaid was left to the discretion of individual states,
and some states opted not to expand due to political or ideological reasons or concerns about the financial implications.
Impact on Marketplace Competition,
The decision of states to expand or not expand Medicaid had an impact on the competitiveness of the health insurance marketplaces established under the ACA.
In states that expanded Medicaid, a larger proportion of low-income individuals became eligible for Medicaid coverage,
reducing the number of potential customers purchasing insurance on the exchanges.
Consequently, insurance companies had fewer potential enrollees and were less motivated to participate in those marketplaces.
Risk Pool and Viability,
Insurance companies consider the size and composition of the risk pool when deciding to participate in a marketplace.
A diverse risk pool with a mix of healthy and less healthy individuals helps balance the costs and risks for insurers.
In states that did not expand Medicaid,
the marketplace risk pool consisted of individuals who were not eligible for Medicaid
but were still lower-income individuals, possibly with higher healthcare needs.
This concentration of higher-risk individuals made it less attractive for insurance companies to participate in those marketplaces,
leading to limited competition.
Limited Competition,
The lack of insurance competition on the exchanges can result in a limited number of insurance sellers.
When there are only one or two insurance companies offering plans on an exchange,
it reduces consumer choice and may lead to higher premiums due to the lack of competitive pressure.
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Taussig Technologies Corporation (TTC) has been growing at a rate of 17% per year in recent years. This same growth rate is expected to last for another 2 years, then to decline to gn = 4%.
a. If D0 = $1.20 and rs = 12.00%, what is TTC's stock worth today? Round your answer to two decimal places at the end of the calculations.
b. What is its expected dividend yield at this time, i.e., during Year 1? Round your answer to two decimal places at the end of the calculations.
c. What is its capital gains yields at this time, i.e., during Year 1? Round your answer to two decimal places at the end of the calculations.
d. Now assume that TTC's period of supernormal growth is to last for 5 years rather than 2 years. How would this affect the price, dividend yield, and capital gains yield?
Extending the period of supernormal growth to 5 years would increase TTC's stock's worth today, while the dividend yield would remain the same, and the capital gains yield would decrease.
a. To calculate the stock's worth today, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM). The formula for the DDM is as follows:
P0 = D0 × (1 + g) / (rs - g)
where P0 is the stock's worth today, D0 is the dividend at time 0, g is the growth rate, and rs is the required rate of return.
Using the given values:
D0 = $1.20
g = 17% = 0.17
rs = 12% = 0.12
P0 = $1.20 × (1 + 0.17) / (0.12 - 0.17)
P0 = $1.20 × 1.17 / (-0.05)
P0 = $-2.34 / (-0.05)
P0 = $46.80
Therefore, TTC's stock is worth $46.80 today.
b. The dividend yield is the dividend per share divided by the stock price. In this case, during Year 1, the dividend is expected to be D1 = D0 × (1 + g) = $1.20 × (1 + 0.17) = $1.40.
Dividend yield = D1 / P0
Dividend yield = $1.40 / $46.80
Dividend yield ≈ 0.0298 or 2.98%
Therefore, the expected dividend yield during Year 1 is approximately 2.98%.
c. The capital gains yield can be calculated as the difference between the expected stock price at the end of Year 1 and the current stock price, divided by the current stock price.
The expected stock price at the end of Year 1:
P1 = D1 × (1 + gn) / (rs - gn)
P1 = $1.40 × (1 + 0.04) / (0.12 - 0.04)
P1 = $1.40 × 1.04 / 0.08
P1 ≈ $18.20
Capital gains yield = (P1 - P0) / P0
Capital gains yield = ($18.20 - $46.80) / $46.80
Capital gains yield ≈ -0.6111 or -61.11%
Therefore, the capital gains yield during Year 1 is approximate -61.11%.
d. If the period of supernormal growth is extended to 5 years instead of 2 years, it would affect the price, dividend yield, and capital gains yield.
The price (P0) would change because the growth rate (g) would be applied for 5 years instead of 2 years in the DDM formula. This would increase the expected stock price.
The dividend yield would remain the same because it is based on the dividend per share (D1) divided by the stock price at the beginning (P0), and the dividend is not changing.
The capital gains yield would decrease because the expected stock price at the end of Year 1 (P1) would be higher due to the extended period of supernormal growth. As a result, the percentage change in stock price would be smaller, leading to a lower capital gains yield.
Overall, extending the period of supernormal growth to 5 years would increase the stock's worth today, while the dividend yield would remain the same, and the capital gains yield would decrease.
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1.The law of demand simply states that the lower the price of a product, the less amount that consumers are willing to buy. ( )
2.The availability of substitutes affects the slope of the demand curve. ( )
3.Generally, a change in the price of a good cause a movement along a demand curve, while a change in any other factor besides the price the good causes a shift of the demand curve. ( )
4.An increase in the price of lamb will shift out the demand curve for steak. ( )
5.The imposition of a $5 per ton tax on coal will shift out the supply curve for coal. ( )
6.Economic tax incidence depends on the relative slopes of the supply and demand curves. Specifically, the greater share of the economic tax incidence falls on the more inelastic party. ( )
7.The price elasticity of demand, ε, means a 1% increase in price leads to an ε% change in quantity demanded. ( )
1. False. The law of demand states that as the price of a product decreases, the quantity demanded by consumers increases, ceteris paribus.
2. True. The availability of substitutes can affect the slope of the demand curve. If there are more close substitutes available, consumers may be more responsive to price changes, resulting in a relatively elastic demand curve. On the other hand, if there are fewer substitutes, the demand curve may be relatively inelastic.
3. True. A change in the price of a good causes a movement along the demand curve, known as a change in quantity demanded. However, a change in any other factor besides price (such as income, preferences, prices of related goods, etc.) can cause a shift of the entire demand curve, indicating a change in demand.
4. False. An increase in the price of lamb would not directly shift out the demand curve for steak. The demand for steak may be influenced by factors such as the price of beef, consumer preferences, or income levels, but a change in the price of lamb alone would not directly shift the demand curve for steak.
5. False. The imposition of a tax on coal would not shift out the supply curve for coal. Instead, it would increase the production cost for coal suppliers, leading to a decrease in the quantity supplied at each given price. This would result in a leftward shift of the supply curve, indicating a decrease in supply.
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Please Elaborate Difference between following Mergers and acquisitions theories : Neoclassical theory, Hubris hypothesis, Agency problems, Shleifer and vishny ?
Please explain which theory among these would be the best ?
Request: Please explain in elaborated steps and in the form of comparison table .
The "best" theory would depend on the specific factors and dynamics at play in a given situation. neoclassical theory, hubris hypothesis, agency problems, and shleifer and vishny's theory.
will also include a comparison table to highlight the key differences between these theories.
1. neoclassical theory:
- focuses on economic efficiency and market forces.
- believes that mergers and acquisitions occur to maximize shareholder value and achieve synergies.
- assumes that markets are competitive and mergers result in cost savings, increased market power, or improved efficiency.
- emphasizes rational decision-making and the pursuit of profit-maximizing strategies.
2. hubris hypothesis:
- focuses on behavioral factors and overconfidence of managers.
- suggests that managers may engage in acquisitions due to overestimating their own abilities and underestimating risks.
- assumes that managers are driven by personal motivations and self-interest, leading to suboptimal decisions.
- argues that hubris can lead to value-destroying acquisitions.
3. agency problems:
- focuses on conflicts of interest between shareholders and managers.
- posits that managers may pursue mergers and acquisitions to satisfy their own interests rather than those of shareholders.
- highlights the agency costs and information asymmetry between shareholders and managers.
- points out the potential for managers to engage in empire-building or pursuing mergers for personal gain.
4. shleifer and vishny's theory:
- focuses on the role of inefficient corporate control and the misallocation of resources.
- argues that mergers and acquisitions can occur due to weak corporate governance and inefficient market mechanisms.
- suggests that controlling shareholders may engage in value-destroying acquisitions to entrench their control or extract private benefits.
- highlights the need for stronger corporate governance mechanisms to prevent value-destroying mergers.
comparison table:
| theory | focus | assumptions | key factors |
|----------------------|------------------------|----------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| neoclassical theory | economic efficiency | competitive markets, shareholder value | synergies, cost savings |
| hubris hypothesis | behavioral factors | managerial overconfidence | managerial hubris, overestimation|
| agency problems | conflicts of interest | shareholder-manager agency costs | managerial self-interest |
| shleifer and vishny | inefficient control | weak corporate governance | misallocation of resources |
regarding which theory is the best, it depends on the context and specific circumstances. each theory offers valuable insights into different aspects of mergers and acquisitions. the neoclassical theory provides a framework for analyzing market efficiency and value creation. the hubris hypothesis highlights behavioral biases and their impact on decision-making. agency problems shed light on conflicts of interest between shareholders and managers. shleifer and vishny's theory emphasizes the role of inefficient control and governance.
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Outline the relationship between the short-run and the long-run effects of monetary policy, and explain the concept of short-run exchange rate overshooting.
In the short run, changes in monetary policy can have immediate effects on the economy. However, in the long run, the impact of monetary policy tends to be more limited. Short-run exchange rate overshooting refers to the temporary and excessive fluctuations in exchange rates.
In the short run, monetary policy, which involves actions taken by central banks to manage the money supply and interest rates, can have significant effects on the economy. For example, if a central bank increases interest rates, it can discourage borrowing and spending, leading to lower inflation rates. Conversely, reducing interest rates can stimulate economic activity. These short-run effects can influence various factors such as consumption, investment, and output. However, in the long run, the impact of monetary policy becomes less pronounced. Long-run effects are primarily determined by factors such as productivity, potential output, and supply-side conditions, which are less affected by changes in monetary policy.
Short-run exchange rate overshooting is a concept proposed by economist Rudiger Dornbusch. It refers to the phenomenon where exchange rates deviate from their long-run equilibrium levels in response to monetary policy changes. When a country's central bank alters its monetary policy, such as raising interest rates, it can lead to an immediate appreciation of the currency.
However, this initial exchange rate adjustment tends to be excessive and temporary. Over time, the exchange rate adjusts to its long-run equilibrium level, which is determined by factors such as interest rate differentials, inflation rates, and trade balances. Short-run exchange rate overshooting highlights the temporary nature of exchange rate movements and the subsequent correction that occurs as the market adjusts.
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Set To Decline By 11.3% In 2020. Unemployment Will Rise From 3.9% In 2019 To A Peak Of 7.5% In Mid-2021, After The Furlough Scheme And Other Support For Employers Is Withdrawn. Government Expenditure During The Pandemic Has Risen Sharply Through Measures Such As The Furlough Scheme, The
Question 1
According to the central forecast, UK real GDP is set to decline by 11.3% in 2020. Unemployment will rise from 3.9% in 2019 to a peak of 7.5% in mid-2021, after the furlough scheme and other support for employers is withdrawn. Government expenditure during the pandemic has risen sharply through measures such as the furlough scheme, the Self-Employment Income Support Scheme and various business loans, combined with falling tax revenue, as income and consumer expenditure have declined. Source: Deeper in debt, 28 November 2020
(b) With reference to the decline of UK real GDP in 2020, describe any FOUR (4) consequences to the country. (8 marks)
The decline of UK real GDP in 2020 is expected to have several consequences for the country. Four significant consequences are Increased unemployment, Reduced government revenue, Economic contraction and business closures, and Financial strain on households.
Increased unemployment: The decline in GDP is likely to lead to job losses and a rise in unemployment. As businesses struggle and economic activity contracts, companies may reduce their workforce to cut costs, resulting in higher unemployment rates.
Reduced government revenue: The decline in economic activity and lower GDP will impact government revenue. With falling tax revenue due to reduced income and consumer spending, the government's ability to collect taxes will be affected, potentially leading to budget deficits and increased public debt.
Economic contraction and business closures: The decline in GDP signifies a contraction in the overall economy. Businesses, particularly those in sectors heavily affected by the pandemic, may face financial difficulties, leading to closures and potential bankruptcies. This can have a negative impact on employment, investment, and overall economic vitality.
Financial strain on households: As GDP declines, it can result in reduced household incomes and lower consumer spending. This can create financial strain for individuals and families, leading to decreased purchasing power, limited disposable income, and potential challenges in meeting financial obligations.
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