If you attempt to produce work using the formation reaction of methanol (CH3OH), and the reaction is carried out reversibly, what is the minimum amount of heat wasted?

Answer:

1.26 m

Explanation:

The molality equation looks like this:

Molality = moles solute / mass solvent (kg)

In this case, sulfuric acid is the solute and water is the solvent. To calculate the molality, you need to (1) convert grams solute to moles solute (via molar mass), then (2) convert grams solvent to kilograms solvent, and then (3) calculate the molality.

(Step 1)

Molar Mass (H₂SO₄): 2(1.008 g/mol) + 32.065 g/mol + 4(15.998 g/mol)

Molar Mass (H₂SO₄): 98.073 g/mol

24.4 grams H₂SO₄                1 mole
-----------------------------  x  ------------------------  =  0.249 moles H₂SO₄
                                         98.073 grams

(Step 2)

198 grams H₂O                 1 kg
-------------------------  x  ----------------------  =  0.198 kg H₂O
                                    1,000 grams

(Step 3)

Molality = moles solute / mass solvent

Molality = 0.249 moles H₂SO₄ / 0.198 kg H₂O

Molality = 1.26 m

When calcium oxide react with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate then  carbon dioxide would react as a Lewis acid in the reaction.

A chemical species known as a Lewis acid has an empty orbital that can accept a pair of electrons from a Lewis base to produce a Lewis adduct.

In the reaction, orbital of  carbon dioxide will be vacant orbital that's why it can be considered as Lewis acid.

Its reaction can be written as:

[tex]CaCO_{3}[/tex] → CaO +[tex]CO_{2}[/tex]

It is kind of decomposition reaction.

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The monomers that react together to form polyurethane polymer are diisocyanate and diol.

Polyurethane polymer is made up of monomers diisocyanate and diol. It is mostly used in home furnishing in flexible form. The structures of monomers are as follows:

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Malic dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate to malate.

The transaminase enzyme known as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is responsible for converting aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate into oxaloacetate and glutamate.

Malate Dehydrogenase catalyzes Oxaloacetate to Malate Oxidation in the Coupled Reaction of AST Measurement.

What is the reaction of aspartate aminotransferase

I understand the question you are looking for is this:

Malic dehydrogenase is added to the aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) reaction to catalyze the conversion of:

a. alpha-ketoglutarate to aspartate

b. alpha-ketoglutarate to malate

c. aspartate to oxaloacetate

d. oxaloacetate to malate

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Answer:

A mixture of salt and sugar can be separated by the process of filtration.

Reduction is the general term for the process in which a chemical species gains electrons

The number of electrons attached to an atom or group of atoms increases during a reduction, a type of chemical reaction. One material is provided with electrons by another, which is oxidized as a result of the reduction.

One of the atoms participating in the chemical interaction between two chemicals gains electrons during reduction, which is a type of chemical reaction. The term refers to the element that receives electrons since the element that gains electrons have a lower oxidation state. A chemical species lowers its oxidation number during a half-reaction known as reduction, typically by acquiring electrons.

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The alpha- ketoglutarate is the  5-carbon intermediate of the citric acid cycle which converted to a 4-carbon molecule with the release of carbon dioxide

The first decarboxylation reaction in Krebs cycle ( known as  citric acid cycle ) is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase in which one six carbon atoms compound isocitrate is decarboxylated to yield five carbon atom containing alpha ketoglutaric acid.

The alpha- ketoglutarate is the  5-carbon intermediate of the citric acid cycle which is salt of alpha ketoglutaric acid. The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle.

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Which method is used for synthesis of ammonia?

The Haber-Bosch process

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If you have 200. 0 g of radioisotope with a half-life of 5 days. 25g of isotope would remain after 15 days

Isotopes are members of an element family that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons. The atomic number of an element on the Periodic Table is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus. Carbon, for example, has six protons and has atomic number 6.

Radioisotopes are elemental radioactive isotopes. They can alternatively be defined as atoms with an unstable neutron-proton combination or surplus energy in their nucleus.

Radioisotopes are critical components of medical diagnostic techniques. They can be utilized for imaging to examine the dynamic processes taking place in various sections of the body when combined with imaging devices that register the gamma rays emitted from within.

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The height of the bin is 29.9m.

The quantity of space enclosing a three-dimensional shape's exterior is its surface area.

The total surface area of the cylinder formula is simply the sum of the base surface area and the lateral surface area.

The radius of the cylinder, r = 5m

Surface area = 1099 m²

∴ A = 2πrh + 2πr²

  [tex]h = \frac{A- 2\pi r^2}{2\pi r}[/tex]

  [tex]h = \frac{1099- 2 (3.141) 5^2}{2 (3.141) 5}[/tex]

  [tex]h = \frac{1099- 157.05}{31.41}[/tex]

  [tex]h = \frac{941.95}{31.41}[/tex]

  [tex]h = 29.9 m[/tex]

Therefore, the height of the bin is 29.9m.

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Answer:

using a centrifuge

Explanation:

Centrifugation will make the large molecules to settle at the bottom.

The Most suitable answer is tyndall effect

According to the given equation ,if 2Mg(s) O2(g) → 2MgO(s), δh° = –1203. 6

k j/m o l, then form g(s) (1/2)O2(g) → Mg O(s), the enthalpy change is δh = –601. 8 k j /m o l, hence the given statement is true.

An enthalpy change is roughly equivalent to the energy gained through the production of new chemical bonds in a reaction minus the energy required to break existing chemical bonds.

It describes how a system changes in terms of energy while pressure is constant.

The symbol ΔH stands for enthalpy change. At constant pressure, ΔH is equal to the sum of the system's internal energy and the pressure-volume work it performs on its surroundings.

It  is expressed in units of joules per mole.

If 2Mg(s) O2(g) → 2MgO(s), δh° = –1203. 6

k j/m o l, then form g(s) (1/2)O2(g) → Mg O(s), the enthalpy change is δh = –601. 8 k j /m o l, therefore the above given statement is true.

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When a 0. 1 m aqueous solution of hydrocyanic acid, HCN, reaches equilibrium, the ka for hydrocyanic acid is  3.969 x 10⁻¹⁰.

It's the value of equilibrium constant for the dissociation of ions into a solution. The more the Ka value the more will be dissociation.

Ka = [H₃O⁺]² / [HCN] [H₃O⁺]

The pH is 5.20

-log [H₃O⁺] = 5.20

Putting antitlog both side.

The value will be 6.30 x 10⁻⁶

Ka = (6.30 x 10⁻⁶)²  / 0.1 - 6.30 x 10⁻⁶

0.1 - 6.30 x 10⁻⁶ = 0.1

Ka = 3.969 x 10⁻¹⁰

Thus, the Ka value for hydrocyanic acid is 3.969 x 10⁻¹⁰.

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Answer:

2.3 atm

Explanation:

-7.50°C = 265.5 K

38°C = 315 K

(2.72)(265.5)=(pressure)(315)

pressure = 2.3 atm

There are one antibonding molecular orbitals present in molecular orbital model of c.

The cyclobutadiene has a pi system comprised of four  individual atomic p - orbital and thus should have a four pi   molecular orbitals. The compound is the prototypical antiaromatic hydrocarbon with 4 [tex]\pi[/tex] - electrons .  Its rectangular structure is the result of jahn teller reaction which disorder the molecule and lowers its symmetry , converting the triplet to a singlet ground state. It is a small annulene . The  delocalisation energy of the  [tex]\pi[/tex]   electrons of the cyclobutene is predicted to be zero .

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An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species.In oxidation loss of electrons takes place and in reduction gain of electrons is takes place whereas nuetralization reaction is a reaction in which an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and involves the combination of [tex]H^{+}[/tex] (proton) and [tex]OH^{-}[/tex] to generate water.

The neutralization reaction is not a redox reaction is because in nuetralization reaction there is no transfer of electron takes place where as in redox reaction there is no exchange of electrons between atoms. Moat bond forming and breaking redox reaction requires the concomitant transfer of protons.

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If 20. 3 grams of an aqueous solution of iron(ii) chloride contains 2. 71 grams of iron(ii) chloride, then percentage by mass of  iron(ii) chloride in the solution is 13.34%

Calculation,

Given:

mass of an aqueous solution of iron(ii) chloride = 20. 3 grams

mass of iron(ii) chloride = 2. 71 grams

The percentage by Mass is equal to percentage of mass of solute present in total mass of solution. It is also known as Mass percentage.

percentage by Mass = 100× 2. 71 grams/20. 3 grams = 13.34%

Hence, the percentage by mass of  iron(ii) chloride in the solution is 13.34% .

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(a) 0.807 fraction of the sample will remain 3. 80 yr after its preparation of tritium.

Half life is the time taken for the radioactivity of a substance to fall to half its original value whereas mean life is average lifetime of all the nuclei of a particular unstable atomic species.

So if a radioactive element has a half life of one hour, this means that half of it will decay in one hour. After another hour, half of the remaining material will decay.

Example:

The radioactive isotope cobalt-60, which is used for radiotherapy, has, for example, a half-life of 5.26 years.

Tritium half life = 12.32 (T half)

Formula :

(a) 0.807 fraction of the sample will remain 3. 80 yr after its preparation of tritium.

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The bluish color that makes the atmosphere of neptune so beautiful to the human eye is caused by the interaction of sunlight with methane gas.

The compositions of Uranus but also Neptune are fairly similar at high altitudes. The existence of methane in both ice giants' upper atmospheres may be responsible for their blue hue. The majority of the red light that strikes the planets is absorbed by methane, giving the planets their blue appearance.

The blue marble occurrence of the faraway planet is actually a result of methane gas clouds. Methane is a gas that, despite making up a very small fraction of Neptune's atmosphere, absorbing red light's wavelengths while reflecting blue light outward.

Therefore, the bluish color that makes the atmosphere of neptune so beautiful to the human eye is caused by the interaction of sunlight with methane gas.

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Hydrochloric acid  (HCl) and brine both  compound expect to be removed from the organic layer extracted with 1 m NaOH solution.

Using a solvent, a component of interest is selectively removed from a mixture during extraction. The process has been utilized to form the phase separation with the solvent in one phase, and the solute to be present in another phase.

The extraction process can be differentiated based on the phase of the solute and solvent. For example, solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, solid-gas and others.

The extraction with the use of the NaOH forms the solute to lose an electron to the hydroxide of the NaOH and forms the layer of the negative acid. The use of Brine and HCl forms to bond with the organic layer and mediate the extraction process.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The energy of a particle in the box increases proportionally to n-squared. This means that the energy spacings increase at high values of n.

The energy levels of a quantum particle-in-a-box decreases as the quantum number increases.

Quantum numbers can be used to describe the trajectory and the movement of an electron in an atom.

The set of numbers used to describe the position and energy of an electron in an atom is called quantum numbers.

These are the four quantum numbers, i.e., principal quantum number (n), magnetic quantum number (m), azimuthal quantum number (l), and spin quantum number (s).

As the energy levels of a quantum particle-in-a-box decreases as the quantum number increases.

Therefore, The energy levels of a quantum particle-in-a-box decreases as the quantum number increases.

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Cd2+(aq) + 2e- ---> Cd(s) , E° = -0.40 V Fe2+(aq) + 2e- ----> Fe(s) , E° = -0.44 V Since standard reduction potential.

Galvanic Cell: A chemical cell, also known as an electrochemical cell, is a device that transforms the chemical energy generated during a red-ox reaction into electrical energy. In honor of Luigi Galvanic and Alessandro Volta, who conducted the first experiments on the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy, these are also known as galvanic or voltaic cells.

A spontaneous red-ox reaction occurs in an electrochemical cell in an indirect manner, and the reduction in free energy that occurs during the chemical reaction manifests as electrical energy. In an indirect red-ox reaction, the reduction and oxidation processes take place in two different containers known as half-cells.

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The cell potential is 0.01934 V at 25°C.

A galvanic cell, also known as a voltaic cell, is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy generated by spontaneous redox reactions into electrical energy.

The main components of a galvanic cell are

Anode – Oxidation occurs at the anode

Cathode – Reduction occurs at the cathode

Salt bridge – consists of electrolytes that are needed to complete the circuit in a galvanic cell.

Half-cells – It is important as reduction and oxidation reactions are separated into compartments.

External circuit – it helps in Conducting the flow of electrons between electrodes

At cathode,

[tex]Cd^{2+}(aq) + 2e^-\rightarrow Cd(s)[/tex]

At anode,

[tex]Fe(s)+2e^-\rightarrow Fe^{2+}(aq)[/tex]

Overall cell reaction

[tex]Fe(s)+Cd^{2+}(aq)\rightarrow Fe^{2+}(aq) + Cd(s)[/tex]

[tex]E^o_{cell} = E^o_{cathode} - E^o_{anode}[/tex]

          = -0.40 -(0.44) = 0.04 V

Nernst equation is given by

[tex]E_{cell} = E^o_{cell} - \frac{2.303RT}{nF} logQ[/tex]

At 25°C

[tex]E_{cell} = E^o_{cell} - \frac{0.0592V}{n} logQ[/tex]

Here, n = 2 and log Q = log [tex]\frac{0.250}{0.050}[/tex] = 0.699

[tex]E_{cell}[/tex]  = 0.01934 V

The cell potential is 0.01934 V at 25°C

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When the solute concentration in solution 1 is lower than the solute concentration in solution 2, solution 2 is concentrated solution .

The dilute solution and concentrated solution is relative terms.

Now in any solution there are just solute and solvent.

If amount of solute is comparatively high as compare to amount of solvent  in solution then solution is called concentrated solution. Similarly , If amount of solute is comparatively low as compare to amount of solvent  in solution then solution is called dilute solution.

If the amount of solvent is more in a solution then the amount of solute would be less.Again if the amount of solvent is less in a solution then amount of solute is more.

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Electron configurations for all the group 18 noble gases have eight electrons in their valence shell in common.

Noble gases are the gases that contain Eight electrons in their valence shells and are placed in Group 18 of the periodic table. The octet of Noble gases is complete. They are inert in nature since they have complete valence shells. They are not much abundant in nature due to their inert behaviour.

They are stable and realtively unreactive as compared to other members of the peiodic table.

Some other factors that remain common for noble gases:

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The electrons that enter the transport chain come from NADH and FADH.

The electron transport chain accepts energy-rich electrons from NADH and FADH 2​ whereas ATP is produced in the previous reactions of aerobic respiration. These processes such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the fatty acid beta-oxidation metabolism, and the oxidation of amino acids occurs before electron transport chain. These processes do the function of transfer of electrons and protons to coenzymes.

So we can conclude that the electrons that enter the transport chain come from NADH and FADH.

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Ammonium salt of acetic acid is the reaction product of acetic acid and ethylamine at room temperature.

The acetic acid and ethylene amine form salts and this result is expected same as form in the reaction of oxalic acid and ethylene diamine at ambient temperature.

The reaction of acetic acid with ammonium forms ammonium salt of carboxylic acid which on heating undergoes elimination to form amide as acetamine. The salt is form due to deprotonation of acid by the base. The amide is form on heating of the ammonium carboxylate salt. Such type of reaction is called aminooacide reaction.

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The mass or the weight of the substance is given as the product of moles and molar mass. The weight of CO as the same oxygen atom in carbon dioxide is 28 gm.

Mass of the substance has been given by the moles and the molar mass of the substance and also by the Avogadro's number (Na).

It is known that the molar mass of carbon dioxide is 44, and 1 mole of it will contain 44 gm or 6.022 × 10²³ molecules.

In a carbon dioxide molecule oxygen has 2 atoms so,

6.022 x 10²³ molecules of CO₂ = 2 × 6.022 x 10²³ atoms of Oxygen

so, 44g of carbon dioxide = 2 × 6.022 × 10²³ atoms of Oxygen

22 gm of carbon dioxide will also have 6.022 × 10²³ atoms of Oxygen

1 mole of carbon monoxide = 28 gm

So, 28 gm will have 6.022 × 10²³ atoms of Oxygen and will weigh 28 gm.

Therefore, the mass of carbon monoxide is 28 gm.

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Explanation:

1 mol of CO2=12+32=44 g

Number of oxygen in 1 molecule of CO2=2

Therefore, 44 g CO2 contains 2 moles of oxygen

22 g CO2 contains =442×22=1 mole oxygen atom

1 mole of CO=12+16=28 g

∴ 28 g CO contains 1 mol oxygen atom.

Hence the percent yield of methanol is 51.45%

Step 1: Convert Kg into g

68.5 Kg CO = 68500 g CO

8.60 Kg H₂ = 8600 g

Step 2: Find out the Limiting reactant;

The Balance Chemical Equation is as follows;

                CO + 2 H₂  →  CH₃OH

According to Equation,

         28 g (1 mol) CO reacts with = 4 g (2 mol) of H₂

So,

         68500 g CO will react with = X g of H₂

Solving for X,

          X = (68500 g × 4 g) ÷ 28 g

          X  = 9785 g of H₂

It shows that 9785 g H₂ is required to react with 68500 g of CO but we are provided with 8600 g of H₂ which is less than required. Therefore, H₂ is provided in less amount hence, it is a Limiting reagent and will control the yield of products.

Step 3: Calculate Theoretical Yield

According to the equation,

     4 g (2 mol) H₂ reacts to produce = 32 g (1 mol) Methanol

So,

            8600 g H₂ will produce = X g of CH₃OH

Solving for X,

          X  = (8600 g × 32 g) ÷ 4 g

          X = 68800 g of CH₃OH

Step 4: Calculate %age Yield

          %age Yield = Actual Yield ÷ Theoretical Yield × 100

Putting Values,

          %age Yield = 3.54 × 10⁴ g ÷ 68800 g × 100 = 51.45 %

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