If imports exceed exports, as in recent years, then: d) a trade deficit exists.
A trade deficit occurs when the value of a country's imports exceeds the value of its exports. In other words, the country is importing more goods and services than it is exporting, resulting in a negative balance of trade. This deficit represents an imbalance in international trade where more money is flowing out of the country to pay for imports than is coming in from exports. A trade deficit can have various economic implications and is often a subject of concern for policymakers as it affects factors such as employment, economic growth, and currency exchange rates.
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Kesuma Agih Bhd.'s total sales for the year ended 31 December 2007 was RM10.6 million. The annual credit sales amounted to 70% of the total annual sales. The outstanding balances of accounts receivables for the year were 30% of the total annual
credit sales. The inventory turnover period shows that the company took 62 days to convert the raw material into finished goods and to sell the goods to customers. The outstanding
payables were RM1.3 million, with annual purchases of RM4 million.
Required:
(a) State TWO ways in which the level of trade receivables of a business could be
reduced.
(b)
Calculate the following:
Receivables collection period.
Payables payment period.
Working capital cycle.
(a) The level of trade receivables of a business can be reduced through the following ways:
1. Implementing strict credit policies: By carefully evaluating and setting credit limits for customers, a business can minimize the risk of late or non-payment. Conducting thorough credit checks on customers, monitoring creditworthiness, and establishing clear payment terms can help reduce the level of trade receivables.
2. Offering discounts for early payment: Providing incentives, such as discounts, for customers who pay their invoices promptly can encourage faster collection of receivables. This approach creates an incentive for customers to settle their outstanding balances sooner, thereby reducing the overall level of trade receivables.
(b) Calculation:
1. Receivables collection period:
Receivables collection period = (Accounts receivables / Credit sales) * 365 days
Given that the total sales for the year was RM10.6 million, and credit sales amounted to 70% of the total sales, we can calculate the receivables collection period.
Credit sales = 70% * RM10.6 million = RM7.42 million
Outstanding balances of accounts receivables = 30% * RM7.42 million = RM2.226 million
Receivables collection period = (RM2.226 million / RM7.42 million) * 365 days = 109.66 days (rounded to 110 days)
2. Payables payment period:
Payables payment period = (Accounts payables / Annual purchases) * 365 days
Given that the outstanding payables were RM1.3 million, and annual purchases amounted to RM4 million, we can calculate the payables payment period.
Payables payment period = (RM1.3 million / RM4 million) * 365 days = 118.75 days (rounded to 119 days)
3. Working capital cycle:
Working capital cycle = Receivables collection period + Inventory turnover period - Payables payment period
Given that the inventory turnover period was 62 days, we can calculate the working capital cycle.
Working capital cycle = 110 days + 62 days - 119 days = 53 days
Therefore, the receivables collection period is 110 days, the payables payment period is 119 days, and the working capital cycle is 53 days.
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the biggest component of gdp using the expenditure approach is
The biggest component of GDP using the expenditure approach is consumer spending. This is because consumer spending accounts for about 60% of GDP in most developed economies.
Consumer spending includes the purchase of goods and services by households, such as food, clothing, housing, transportation, and entertainment.
The expenditure approach to GDP calculates GDP by adding up the total spending on final goods and services in an economy. The four main components of GDP using the expenditure approach are:
* Consumption spending
* Government spending
* Investment spending
* Net exports
Of these four components, consumer spending is the largest. This is because households are the largest economic actor in most economies. Households spend money on a wide variety of goods and services, which helps to drive economic growth.
For example, if households spend more money on food, then farmers will produce more food, which will create jobs in the agricultural sector. If households spend more money on clothing, then clothing manufacturers will produce more clothing, which will create jobs in the manufacturing sector.
In short, consumer spending is the biggest component of GDP because it is the main driver of economic growth.
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potential problems with the commission system of municipal government include which of the following?
Potential problems with the commission system of municipal government include:
1. Lack of accountability: Commissioners may not be directly accountable to the public, making it difficult for citizens to hold them responsible for their actions and decisions. In a commission system, commissioners are
2. Inefficient decision-making: Decision-making can become slow and cumbersome in a commission system, as decisions often require consensus among multiple commissioners.
3. Potential for conflicts of interest: Commissioners may have personal or political interests that influence their decision-making, compromising the integrity and fairness of the system.
4. Lack of expertise: Commissioners may lack the necessary expertise or experience in specific policy areas, leading to suboptimal decision-making and inefficient governance.
5. Potential for political gridlock: Disagreements and power struggles among commissioners can lead to political gridlock, preventing effective governance and hindering progress.
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WRITE IN YOUR OWN WORD. NO PLAGIARISM
PLEASE.
Question I - Brandon installs sheds and storage
buildings for Shedmax, LLC. Brandon must be at work each
day by 8:00 a.m. and is off at 5:00 p.m. and is
Brandon's fixed work schedule and transportation arrangements can impact his job performance, work-life balance, and job satisfaction.
Brandon's requirement to be at work by 8:00 a.m. and work until 5:00 p.m. without breaks may lead to fatigue and decreased productivity. The lack of scheduled breaks may also limit his ability to attend personal commitments or take necessary downtime during the workday, affecting his work-life balance. Moreover, the varying distances of job sites from his home can result in longer commutes, increased expenses, and potential stress. These factors can impact Brandon's punctuality, energy levels, and overall job satisfaction. To address these implications, Shedmax could consider implementing structured break times to improve productivity and well-being. Additionally, providing transportation assistance or incentives such as mileage reimbursement or company-provided vehicles could alleviate the challenges associated with commuting, enhancing Brandon's job satisfaction and overall work experience. Creating a supportive work environment that takes into account these considerations is crucial for promoting Brandon's performance and well-being.
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which of the following statements are true regarding a company's policy for classifying investments as cash equivalents?
This question pertains to the classification of investments as cash equivalents and asks for the true statements regarding a company's policy for this classification.
The classification of investments as cash equivalents is an important accounting decision made by companies. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash and have original maturities of three months or less. These investments are considered to have minimal risk and are treated similarly to cash for financial reporting purposes. The following statements outline the true criteria and considerations for a company's policy in classifying investments as cash equivalents:
1. Investments classified as cash equivalents must have a maturity period of three months or less from the date of purchase. This ensures that the investments can be quickly converted into cash without significant risk of price fluctuations.
2. Cash equivalents should have a high degree of liquidity and be easily convertible into a known amount of cash. This requirement ensures that the investments can be readily used to meet short-term cash requirements.
3. The intent behind the investment is crucial. Investments classified as cash equivalents should be acquired for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments and not for long-term investment or speculation.
4. Companies must regularly monitor and reassess the classification of their investments as cash equivalents. If an investment no longer meets the criteria for cash equivalents, it should be reclassified and reported separately in the financial statements.
These considerations are important in ensuring accurate and transparent financial reporting and providing users of financial statements with relevant information about a company's liquidity position.
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Consider an economy producers two goods, X and Y. Analyze using the production possibility frontier when (i) there is an influx of foreign workers into the economy, (ii) an improvement in technology favours production of X only, (iii) a major earthquake occurs in the economy. Analyze each case separately. Question 2 (a) Analyze the effects on the computer market when (i) the wage of workers in the computer industry increases and (ii) the price of software increases. Analyze each case separately. (b) What happen to the market of salmon when there is a heavy storm which destroy many fish farm and at the same time it is discovered that eating salmon may be harmful to human body? Question 3 Consider a product X with price elasticity of demand equals −3.2, income elasticity of demand equals 2.6 and cross elasticity of demand with product Y equals 1.8. What happen to the revenue of the firm selling product X when (i) it increases the price of X, (ii) a major recession occurs and (iii) seller of product Y reduces the price of product Y ? Analyze each case separately.
Question 1:
(i) Expansion of production capacity for goods X and Y.
(ii) Increased potential production of X while Y remains unchanged.
(iii) Reduction in maximum potential production of both goods X and Y.
Question 2:
(a) (i) Potential increase in computer prices.
(ii) Potential increase in computer prices.
(b) Heavy storm destroying fish farms and Discovery of potential harm to human body.
Question 3:
(i) Impact on revenue depends on price elasticity; revenue may increase or decrease.
(ii) Decreased demand and lower revenue for product X.
(iii) Potential decrease in demand for product X and lower revenue.
Question 1:
(i) Influx of foreign workers: The influx of foreign workers into the economy can lead to an increase in the labor force, which can result in a higher production capacity for both goods X and Y. This would cause the production possibility frontier to shift outward, indicating an expansion of the economy's production potential.
(ii) Improvement in technology favoring production of X only: If there is an improvement in technology that specifically benefits the production of good X, it would lead to a more efficient production process for X. This would cause the production possibility frontier to shift outward in the direction of good X, indicating an increase in the maximum potential production of X while Y remains unchanged.
(iii) Major earthquake: A major earthquake can disrupt the economy's production capacity and infrastructure. It can damage factories, disrupt supply chains, and cause a decrease in productivity. As a result, the production possibility frontier would shift inward, indicating a reduction in the economy's maximum potential production of both goods X and Y.
Question 2:
(a) Effects on the computer market:
(i) Increase in workers' wages in the computer industry: If the wage of workers in the computer industry increases, it would lead to higher production costs for computer manufacturers. This can result in an increase in the price of computers, assuming the additional costs are passed on to consumers.
(ii) Increase in software price: If the price of software increases, it would also increase the production costs for computer manufacturers. This could lead to an increase in the price of computers if the higher software costs are passed on to consumers.
(b) Market for salmon:
The market for salmon would be impacted by two factors:
Heavy storm destroying fish farms: The destruction of fish farms due to a heavy storm would reduce the supply of salmon in the market. This could lead to a decrease in the quantity of salmon available and potentially an increase in the price of salmon, assuming demand remains constant or increases.Discovery of potential harm to human body: If it is discovered that eating salmon may be harmful to the human body, it could significantly impact consumer demand for salmon. This could result in a decrease in the demand for salmon and subsequently a decrease in both the quantity and price of salmon in the market.Question 3:
(i) Increase in the price of product X: Given that the price elasticity of demand for product X is -3.2, an increase in the price of X would lead to a decrease in quantity demanded. However, the effect on revenue depends on the price elasticity magnitude. If the absolute value of the price elasticity is less than 1 (inelastic demand), revenue would increase. If the absolute value is greater than 1 (elastic demand), revenue would decrease.
(ii) Major recession: A major recession can result in a decrease in consumers' income and purchasing power. With an income elasticity of demand for product X equal to 2.6, it suggests that X is a normal good. In a recession, demand for normal goods tends to decline. As a result, the revenue of the firm selling product X would likely decrease.
(iii) Reduction in the price of product Y: With a cross elasticity of demand for X with respect to Y equal to 1.8, it suggests that X and Y are substitute goods. If the seller of product Y reduces its price, it would lead to an increase in the demand for Y and potentially a decrease in the demand for X. This could result in a decrease in the revenue of the firm selling product X.
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Early in your first audit of Star Corporation, you notice that sales and year end inventory are almost unchanged from the prior year. However, cost of goods sold is less than the previous year and accounts payable are down substantially. Gross profit has increased, but this increase has not carried through to net income as executive salaries have increased significantly. Management informs you that sales prices and purchase prices have not changed during the past year and that there have not been any new products. Star relies on the periodic inventory method. Your initial impression is that internal controls may have several weaknesses. Suggest a possible explanation for the trends described, especially the decrease in Accounts Payable while sales and inventory were constant and gross profit increased. Explain fully the relationships involved
Based on the given information, there are several trends that raise concerns about the internal controls of Star Corporation.
Specifically, the trends include:
Sales and year-end inventory remaining almost unchanged.
Cost of goods sold decreasing compared to the previous year.
Substantial decrease in accounts payable.
Increase in executive salaries.
Increase in gross profit not translating to an increase in net income.
Possible Explanation:
One possible explanation for these trends, particularly the decrease in accounts payable while sales and inventory remained constant and gross profit increased, could be the manipulation of expenses and timing of payments. Here's how the relationships involved could be influenced:
Decrease in Cost of Goods Sold (COGS):
The decrease in COGS despite constant sales and inventory may indicate the underreporting of costs associated with producing goods. This could be achieved by inflating the value of ending inventory or misclassifying certain costs as expenses unrelated to COGS.
Decrease in Accounts Payable:
The substantial decrease in accounts payable suggests that Star Corporation has reduced its outstanding payments to suppliers. This could be done intentionally to improve short-term cash flow or to manipulate financial ratios. By delaying or not recording payables accurately, the company can temporarily overstate its cash position and understate its liabilities.
Increase in Executive Salaries:
The significant increase in executive salaries could be a way for management to extract company profits for personal gain. By inflating executive compensation, they can reduce the reported net income and minimize the amount available for distribution to shareholders or reinvestment in the business.
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Suppose that during 2022, Cypress Semiconductor Corporation reported net cash provided by operating activities of $93,692,000, cash used in investing of $42,170,000, and cash used in financing of $7,699,000. In addition, cash spent for plant assets during the period was $25,582,000. No dividends were paid.
Calculate free cash flow. (Enter negative amount using either a negative sign preceding the number e.g. −45 or parentheses e.g. (45).)
Free cash flow $ .......
The management of Bridgeport Inc. is trying to decide whether it can increase its dividend. During the current year, it reported net income of $877,800. It had net cash provided by operating activities of $646,600, paid cash dividends of $85,000, and had capital expenditures of $280,600.
(a1) Compute the company's free cash flow. (Enter negative amount using either a negative sign preceding the number e.g. -45 or parentheses e.g. (45).)
Free cash flow $ ........
To calculate free cash flow, need subtract capital expenditures (cash spent on plant assets) from the net cash provided by operating activities. Here are the calculations for both scenarios:
Cypress Semiconductor Corporation:
Net cash provided by operating activities: $93,692,000
Cash used in investing: $42,170,000
Cash used in financing: $7,699,000
Cash spent for plant assets: $25,582,000
Free cash flow = Net cash provided by operating activities - Cash spent for plant assets
Free cash flow = $93,692,000 - $25,582,000
Free cash flow = $68,110,000
Therefore, the free cash flow for Cypress Semiconductor Corporation during 2022 was $68,110,000.
Bridgeport Inc.:
Net income: $877,800
Net cash provided by operating activities: $646,600
Paid cash dividends: $85,000
[Dividends are a form of payment that companies make to their shareholders as a distribution of profits or earnings. When a company earns a profit, it has a few options for what to do with that money. One option is to reinvest the profits back into the business for growth and expansion. Another option is to distribute a portion of the profits to the company's shareholders in the form of dividends.]
Capital expenditures: $280,600
Free cash flow = Net cash provided by operating activities - Capital expenditures
Free cash flow = $646,600 - $280,600
Free cash flow = $366,000
The free cash flow for Bridgeport Inc. during the current year was $366,000.
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what role does "The
Strategic Sourcing Process," and what role does it play in Supply Management?
The Strategic Sourcing Process is a systematic and structured approach to procurement and supply chain management.
It involves the identification, evaluation, and selection of suppliers to meet the organization's needs effectively and efficiently. The process aims to optimize the acquisition of goods and services while considering factors such as cost, quality, reliability, and risk.
In the field of Supply Management, the Strategic Sourcing Process plays a critical role. Here are some key aspects:
1. Supplier Selection: The process helps in identifying and evaluating potential suppliers based on various criteria such as their capabilities, financial stability, reputation, quality standards, and capacity to meet the organization's requirements.
It involves assessing multiple suppliers and choosing the most suitable ones.
2. Negotiation and Contracting: Strategic sourcing involves negotiating favorable terms and conditions with selected suppliers, including pricing, delivery schedules, payment terms, and other contractual obligations.
This helps in establishing mutually beneficial agreements and mitigating risks associated with the supply of goods and services.
3. Cost Reduction and Value Enhancement: The process focuses on driving cost efficiencies and optimizing the total cost of ownership.
By leveraging economies of scale, consolidating purchases, exploring alternative sourcing options, and implementing competitive bidding processes, organizations can achieve cost savings. Strategic sourcing also emphasizes value creation by considering factors beyond price, such as quality, innovation, and sustainability.
4. Risk Management: The process helps in identifying and managing risks associated with the supply chain. This includes assessing the financial stability of suppliers, evaluating their ability to handle disruptions, diversifying the supplier base to reduce dependence, and implementing contingency plans to ensure continuity of supply.
5. Supplier Relationship Management: Strategic sourcing establishes a framework for building and maintaining strategic relationships with suppliers.
Collaboration, communication, and continuous improvement are fostered through regular performance monitoring, feedback mechanisms, and supplier development initiatives. Strong supplier relationships contribute to long-term value creation and competitiveness.
Overall, the Strategic Sourcing Process in Supply Management plays a crucial role in ensuring the right suppliers are selected, negotiated with, and managed effectively to optimize costs, mitigate risks, and drive value for the organization.
It helps in aligning procurement strategies with organizational goals and improving overall supply chain performance.
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All bonds have a face value of £100. A 1-year zero coupon bond trades at a price of £97.5, a 3-year zero coupon bond trades at £90 and a three year coupon bond paying an annual coupon of 6% trades at £106.95. What would a 2-year zero coupon bond trade at?
The question involves determining the trading price of a 2-year zero coupon bond based on given prices of other bonds with different maturities and coupon rates.
To calculate the trading price of a 2-year zero coupon bond, we can use the concept of the present value of future cash flows. Given that the 1-year zero coupon bond trades at £97.5 and the 3-year zero coupon bond trades at £90, we can interpolate the discount rate for the 2-year period by using the bond prices as a reference. By applying the present value formula, we can calculate the discount rate for the 2-year period.
Once we have the discount rate, we can determine the trading price of the 2-year zero coupon bond. Since it is a zero-coupon bond, there are no coupon payments involved. We can use the discount rate and the face value of £100 to calculate the present value of the bond's future cash flow, which will give us the trading price of the 2-year bond. By plugging in the appropriate values into the present value formula, we can calculate the trading price of the 2-year zero coupon bond based on the given information.
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(The compony produces electropneumatic circuits for conveyor technology. 5 reed contocts are required for each switching module. According to the production planning, 26 switching modules are to be manufactured in March.)
Zu Beginn des Monats März lagen 180 Reed-Kontakte auf Lager, der Sicherheitsbestand beträgt 120 Stūck. ErfahrungsgemäB sind 10% für Reserveteile und Ausschuss zu berücksichtigen. Für den Monat März existiert ein Vormerkbestand von 4 Reed-Kontakten für Reparaturaufträge. Weiterhin ist bekannt, dass schon 40 Reed-Kontakten bestellt wurden und in den nächsten Tagen geliefert werden.
(At the beginning of March there were 180 reed contacts in stock, the safety stock is 120 pieces. Experience has shown that 10% must be taken into account for spare parts and rejects. There is a reserve inventory of 4 reed contacts for repair orders for the month of March. It is also known that 40 reed contacts have already been ordered and will be delivered in the next few days.)
Ermitteln Sie für die Reed-Kontakte:
(Determine for the reed contacts)
- Sekundärbedarf (Secondary requirements) Stūck (piece)
- Zusatzbedarf (Additional requirement) Stūck (piece)
- Bruttobedarf (Gross demand) Stück (piece)
- Verfïgbarer Lagerbestand (Available inventory) Stūck (piece)
- Nettobedarf (Net requirement) Stūck (piece) Sollen die Reed-Kontakte nachbestellt werden? (Should the reed contacts be reordered?)
There is a net requirement of 86 reed contacts. Since the available inventory is not sufficient to meet the demand, the company should reorder the reed contacts to fulfill the required quantity.
Secondary requirements: The secondary requirement is the number of reed contacts needed to produce the desired number of switching modules. Since each switching module requires 5 reed contacts, the secondary requirement would be 26 (switching modules) multiplied by 5 (reed contacts per switching module), which equals 130 reed contacts.
Additional requirement: The additional requirement takes into account the safety stock, reserve inventory, and the expected demand for spare parts and rejects. In this case, the safety stock is 120 reed contacts, the reserve inventory is 4 reed contacts, and 10% of the gross demand (130 reed contacts) is considered for spare parts and rejects. So the additional requirement would be 120 (safety stock) + 4 (reserve inventory) + 10% of 130 (gross demand), which equals 136 reed contacts.
Gross demand: The gross demand is the total requirement for reed contacts, including both the secondary and additional requirements. In this case, the gross demand would be the sum of the secondary requirement (130 reed contacts) and the additional requirement (136 reed contacts), which equals 266 reed contacts.
Available inventory: The available inventory is the quantity of reed contacts currently in stock. At the beginning of March, there were 180 reed contacts in stock.
Net requirement: The net requirement is the difference between the gross demand and the available inventory. In this case, the net requirement would be the gross demand (266 reed contacts) minus the available inventory (180 reed contacts), which equals 86 reed contacts.
Based on the calculations, there is a net requirement of 86 reed contacts. Since the available inventory is not sufficient to meet the demand, the company should reorder the reed contacts to fulfill the required quantity.
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The projected benefit obligation was $180 million at the beginning of the year. Service cost for the year was $11 million. At the end of the year, pension benefits paid by the trustee were $7 million and there were no pension-related other comprehensive income accounts. The actuary’s discount rate was 5%. What was the amount of the projected benefit obligation at year-end? Note: Enter your answer in millions (i.e., 10,000,000 should be entered as 10).
The amount of the projected benefit obligation at year-end is $193 million.
To calculate the projected benefit obligation (PBO) at year-end, we need to consider the service cost, benefits paid, and the impact of interest expense.
Beginning PBO = $180 million
Service cost = $11 million
Benefits paid = $7 million
Discount rate = 5%
First, let's calculate the interest expense for the year:
Interest expense = Beginning PBO × Discount rate
Interest expense = $180 million × 5% = $9 million
Next, let's calculate the change in PBO due to service cost and benefits paid:
Change in PBO = Service cost - Benefits paid
Change in PBO = $11 million - $7 million = $4 million
Finally, we can calculate the PBO at year-end:
PBO at year-end = Beginning PBO + Interest expense + Change in PBO
PBO at year-end = $180 million + $9 million + $4 million
= $193 million
Therefore, the amount of the projected benefit obligation at year-end is $193 million.
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which of the following is an advantage of internal recruiting
The advantage of internal recruiting is that it reduces recruitment start-up time and costs (option b).
Internal recruiting involves promoting or transferring existing employees within the organization to fill vacant positions, which eliminates the need for external advertising, screening, and onboarding processes. This can save time and money for the company.
Internal recruiting can boost employee morale and motivation. When employees see that opportunities for growth and advancement exist within the organization, it can serve as a strong incentive for them to perform well and stay committed to their roles. This can contribute to higher employee retention rates and a stronger sense of loyalty among the workforce.
Internal recruiting offers the advantage of already having knowledge about the capabilities, skills, and performance of internal candidates. Since the organization is familiar with their track records, work ethics, and cultural fit, there is a reduced need for extensive background checks and assessments. This can help streamline the selection process and improve the accuracy of hiring decisions.
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The complete question is:
Which of the following is an advantage of internal recruiting? a. It eliminates employee discrimination. Ob. It reduces recruitment start-up time and costs. Oc. It offers a wider choice of candidates compared to external recruiting. d. It restricts social loading and groupthink.
Internal recruiting focuses on employee retention and reduces the risk of bad hires as the organization already knows the individual's skills and work ethics. It also reduces onboarding cost and time.
Explanation:An advantage of internal recruiting is that it specializes and focuses on the retention of employees and hiring practices to ensure the least number of firings and the greatest number of hirings relative to the organization's size. Since the organization already knows the strengths and weaknesses of their employees, internal recruiting reduces the risk of a bad hire. Additionally, it helps in developing a strong career progression path for the employees while giving the organization a better insight into the individual's skills, capabilities, and work ethics. Furthermore, the cost and time associated with onboarding a new employee is significantly less in internal recruiting as compared to external hiring processes.
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QUESTION 5 / VRAAG 5 Alpha Investment Ltd.'s required rate of return is 8.55% and they consider investing in government bonds that will be issued at a par value of RR1275000 with an interest rate of 10.69% (paid annually) and an initial time-to-maturity of twenty years. What is the market value of the government bond? I Alpha Beleggings Bpk se vereiste opbrengskoers is 8.55% en hulle oorweeg dit om in staatseffekte te belê. Hierdie effekte sal met 'n sigwaarde van R11275000 uitgereik word met 'n rentekoers van 10.69% (jaarliks betaalbaar), asook 'n aanvanklike leeftyd van twintig tyd-totvervaldatum. Wat is die markwaarde van die staatseffek? VRAAG 6 / QUESTION 6 Given the information in Question 5, calculate the yield-to-maturity (YTM) of the government bond. I Gegewe die inligting in Vraag 5 , bereken die opbrengs-tot-vervaldatum (YTM) van die staatseffek.
To calculate the market value of the government bond, we need to discount the future cash flows (interest payments and par value) using the required rate of return.
The annual interest payment can be calculated as 10.69% of the par value: 0.1069 * RR1,275,000 = RR136,267.50.
The bond has a time-to-maturity of twenty years, so there will be twenty interest payments of RR136,267.50 and a final payment of the par value of RR1,275,000 at the end of the twenty years.
To calculate the market value, we discount each cash flow back to present value using the required rate of return. The formula to calculate the present value of a cash flow is:
PV = CF / (1 + r)^n
Where:
PV = Present Value
CF = Cash Flow
r = Required Rate of Return
n = Number of Periods
Calculating the present value of the interest payments:
PV of interest payments = Σ (CF / (1 + r)^n) for n = 1 to 20
PV of interest payments = RR136,267.50 / (1 + 0.0855)^1 + RR136,267.50 / (1 + 0.0855)^2 + ... + RR136,267.50 / (1 + 0.0855)^20
Next, calculate the present value of the par value payment:
PV of par value payment = RR1,275,000 / (1 + 0.0855)^20
Finally, calculate the market value by summing the present values of the interest payments and the par value payment:
Market Value = PV of interest payments + PV of par value payment
Once the market value of the government bond is calculated, we can proceed to calculate the yield-to-maturity (YTM) using the market value and the cash flows. However, in order to perform these calculations, we need the specific values of the cash flows and the time-to-maturity in years.
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On January 2, 2022, Company W replaced its equipment with a more efficient one. The following information was available on that date:
Purchase price of new equipment
$60,000
Carrying amount of old equipment
5,000
Fair value of old equipment
2,000
Old equipment sold for
3,000
Installation cost of new equipment
8,000
Company W purchased new equipment for $60,000, sold the old equipment for $3,000, incurred $8,000 for installation, and the fair value of the old equipment was $2,000.
The information provided indicates that Company W replaced its old equipment with a new and more efficient one on January 2, 2022. Here's a breakdown of the information:
Purchase price of new equipment: The cost incurred to acquire the new equipment was $60,000.
Carrying amount of old equipment: The carrying amount refers to the value of the old equipment as recorded on the company's books. In this case, it was $5,000.
Fair value of old equipment: The fair value represents the estimated market value of the old equipment. In this scenario, it was determined to be $2,000.
Old equipment sold for: The old equipment was sold for $3,000.
Installation cost of new equipment: The company incurred an installation cost of $8,000 for setting up the new equipment.
To summarize, Company W invested $60,000 to purchase the new equipment and incurred an additional $8,000 for its installation. They sold the old equipment for $3,000, which had a carrying amount of $5,000 but a fair value of $2,000.
This information indicates that Company W made a capital expenditure to replace the old equipment with the new one, and it also generated some revenue by selling the old equipment. The difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the old equipment suggests a potential loss on disposal.
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In a manufacturing company, the _____ _____ budget details the raw materials that must be purchased to fulfill the production budget and to provide for adequate inventories:
In a manufacturing company, the "materials purchases budget" details the raw materials that must be purchased to fulfill the production budget and maintain sufficient inventory levels.
The materials purchases budget is an essential component of the overall budgeting process for a manufacturing company, as it helps ensure that an adequate supply of raw materials is available to support production operations during a specific period. By analyzing the production budget and considering factors such as lead times, stock levels, and desired inventory levels, the materials purchases budget determines the amount and timing of raw material purchases.
This budget considers the specific raw materials required for the production process, including their costs and quantities. It accounts for factors such as order quantities, supplier terms, price fluctuations, and any special considerations related to raw material availability or lead times.
By accurately estimating and planning for raw material purchases, the materials purchases budget helps optimize inventory levels, prevent shortages, minimize excess stock, and effectively manage cash flow. It ensures that the manufacturing company has the necessary raw materials on hand to meet production targets, fulfill customer orders, and maintain smooth operations. It is important for the materials purchases budget to align with the production budget and other financial forecasts to facilitate effective resource and cost management within the manufacturing company.
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business continuity and disaster recovery are the same thing. true false
Business continuity and disaster recovery are not the same thing. The terms "business continuity" and "disaster recovery" may be closely related, but they are not the same thing.
Both involve preparing an organization for unexpected situations, but they differ in terms of scope, timeline, and objectives.
A business continuity plan (BCP) is a comprehensive strategy that aims to keep a business running during and after a disruptive event, such as a natural disaster, cyber attack, or power outage. It includes provisions for maintaining essential business operations and services, communicating with employees and customers, and minimizing downtime and revenue loss.
A disaster recovery plan (DRP) is a subset of BCP that focuses on restoring critical IT systems and infrastructure after a disaster. It includes procedures for backing up data, replicating systems, and restoring services to minimize data loss and system downtime.
Therefore, business continuity and disaster recovery are two separate but closely related concepts that organizations need to address for a successful business management strategy. In summary, Business continuity and disaster recovery are not the same thing.
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which sociologist perspective suggests that patriarchy functions to undermine all women, whether they are homemakers or work for pay?
The feminist perspective suggests that patriarchy functions to undermine all women, whether they are homemakers or work for pay.
This perspective emphasizes the unequal power dynamics between men and women in society and the ways in which women are disadvantaged and oppressed by patriarchal systems. According to feminism, patriarchy perpetuates gender inequality by maintaining traditional gender roles and expectations, limiting women's access to resources and opportunities, and reinforcing harmful stereotypes and norms. Feminists argue that patriarchy impacts all women, regardless of their occupation or social status, as they all face systemic barriers and discrimination rooted in gender-based oppression. This perspective seeks to challenge and dismantle patriarchal structures in order to achieve gender equality and justice.
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1. Which of the following is not correct about this extensive-form game?
O If Firm 1 enters with a high price, then Firm 2 will be indifferent between the options of matching or receiving a payment of $25 from Firm 1 to stay out
(in terms of Firm 2's economic pay-off)
O If Firm 2 undercuts Firm 1, then Firm 1 is better off (1) retaliating if they entered with a high price and (2) succumbing if they entered with a low price
O If Firm 1 enters with a low price, then Firm 2 will choose to undercut
O If Firm 1 enters with a low price, then Firm 1 would be better off paying Firm 2 a payment of $25 to stay out of the market
(in terms of Firm 1's economic pay-off)
O Firm 2 will not stay out regardless of Firm 1's decision in the first stage
The statement "If Firm 1 enters with a low price, then Firm 1 would be better off paying Firm 2 a payment of $25 to stay out of the market is not correct about the extensive-form game described.
In the given extensive-form game, Firm 1 and Firm 2 are engaged in a pricing competition. The correct statements about the game are as follows: If Firm 1 enters with a high price, Firm 2 will be indifferent between matching or receiving a payment of $25 from Firm 1 to stay out. If Firm 2 undercuts Firm 1, Firm 1 is better off retaliating if they entered with a high price and succumbing if they entered with a low price. If Firm 1 enters with a low price, Firm 2 will choose to undercut. However, the statement suggesting that Firm 1 would be better off paying Firm 2 $25 to stay out of the market if Firm 1 enters with a low price is incorrect.
The reason why this statement is incorrect is that if Firm 1 enters with a low price, paying Firm 2 to stay out would result in an additional cost for Firm 1. In terms of Firm 1's economic pay-off, it would be more advantageous for Firm 1 to engage in the pricing competition rather than incurring an extra payment to Firm 2. Therefore, the correct strategy for Firm 1, when entering with a low price, would be to compete directly with Firm 2 rather than paying them to stay out.
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With the same APR and principal, a 15-year loan will have
A) a higher monthly payment than a 30-year loan.
B) a lower monthly payment than a 30-year loan.
C) a payment that could be greater or less than that of a 30-year loan.
higher monthly payment than a 30-year loan.15-year loan to a 30-year loan with the same Annual Percentage Rate (APR) and principal amount.
The 15-year loan will typically have principal higher monthly payment. This is because the loan is spread over a shorter repayment period of 15 years compared to the 30-year loan Shorter loan terms result in higher monthly payments but allow borrowers to pay off the loan faster, build equity more quickly, APR save on overall interest expenses. The shorter rate fluctuations to make the payments of a 15-year loan comparable or even lower than a 30-year loan, all else being equal, the 15-year loan will generally have a higher monthly payment due to the shorter repayment term.
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Progressive elaboration may not be implemented when:
a. It is similar to scope creep
b. It increases the cost and risk
c. None of these
d. It needs extra resources to implement
Progressive elaboration may not be implemented when b) it increases the cost and risk.
Progressive elaboration is a project management technique that involves developing plans in stages. It is a process of continually adding detail and refinement to a project as it progresses. This technique is widely used in the fields of engineering, software development, and construction. It allows for flexibility and adaptation to changes that may occur during the project's lifecycle.
However, there are times when progressive elaboration may not be the best approach. One of these situations is when it increases the cost and risk associated with the project. In such cases, it may be better to develop a more detailed plan upfront rather than continuously adding to it as the project progresses. This is because the cost and risk of making changes later on in the project can be significant.
Other situations where progressive elaboration may not be implemented include when it requires extra resources that are not available or when it is similar to scope creep, which refers to the uncontrolled expansion of a project's scope.
Therefore, the correct answer is b. It increases the cost and risk
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Apost-audit should be performed as an evaluation of an organization's investment projects before their completion creates an incentive for managers to make lower estimates, since managers know that their results will be evaluated. is an evaluation of how well a project's actual performance matches the projections made when the project was proposed. provides an informal mechanism for deciding whether existing projects should be supported or terminated.
Apost-audit is a process that evaluates an organization's investment projects after completion. It creates an incentive for managers to make lower estimates due to the knowledge that their results will be evaluated.
Apost-audit serves as an important evaluation tool for investment projects within organizations. By conducting this evaluation after project completion, managers may have an incentive to make lower estimates during the proposal stage. They are aware that their performance will be assessed based on the initial projections, and by underestimating the outcomes, they can present more favorable results later.
This practice raises concerns about the accuracy and reliability of the projections made during the project proposal. If managers consistently underestimate project outcomes, it may lead to an unrealistic assessment of the project's feasibility and potential benefits. This, in turn, can impact decision-making processes, resource allocation, and the organization's overall strategic direction.
On the other hand, apost-audit also serves as a means to evaluate how well a project's actual performance aligns with the initial projections. It provides an opportunity to assess the accuracy of assumptions, identify potential gaps, and learn from past experiences. This evaluation can aid in determining whether existing projects should be supported or terminated, as it offers insights into the project's value, viability, and contribution to the organization's goals.
While apost-audit can create an incentive for managers to manipulate projections, it is essential to establish a transparent and objective evaluation process. This can help mitigate the risk of biased estimates and ensure a more accurate assessment of project performance. By incorporating feedback loops and learning mechanisms, organizations can enhance their decision-making processes, improve future project proposals, and foster a culture of accountability and continuous improvement.
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Describe the purpose of a status report to the project sponsor?
What key information do you feel is important for the status report
to include and why? What is the optimum reporting
cadence and why?
The purpose of a status report to the project sponsor is to provide an overview of the project's progress, key milestones achieved, current status, potential risks or issues, and any necessary updates.
It serves as a communication tool to keep the project sponsor informed about the project's performance and to facilitate decision-making and support from the sponsor.Key information that should be included in a status report to the project sponsor may vary depending on the specific project and its stakeholders. However, some important elements typically included are:An overview of the project's progress, highlighting whether it is on track, ahead, or behind schedule. This provides a snapshot of the project's overall health.Milestones and Deliverables: An update on key milestones achieved and any deliverables completed since the last report. This helps the sponsor understand the project's progress toward its goals.To learn more about project sponsor, visit here
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Briefly describe the model for stock prices that underlies the Black-Scholes option pricing analysis. Do you think it is a reasonable representation of real-world stock price movements?
The Black-Scholes model assumes stock prices follow geometric Brownian motion but has limitations in representing real-world movements. Additional factors and models are used to capture real-world complexities.
The Black-Scholes option pricing model is a mathematical model used to calculate the theoretical value of options. It assumes that the price of a stock follows geometric Brownian motion, meaning that the stock price changes over time in a continuous and random manner.
The key assumptions of the Black-Scholes model include:
Stock Price Dynamics: The model assumes that stock prices follow a log-normal distribution, meaning that the percentage changes in stock prices are normally distributed. It assumes that stock prices have continuous and random movements, with no jumps or discontinuities.Constant Volatility: The model assumes that the volatility of the stock price remains constant over the life of the option. This assumption implies that the market is efficient and that the volatility of the underlying asset is known and can be measured accurately.Risk-Neutral Pricing: The model assumes that the market is risk-neutral, meaning that investors are indifferent to risk and require no risk premium for holding the stock or the option.No Transaction Costs or Taxes: The model assumes that there are no transaction costs, taxes, or restrictions on short-selling.While the Black-Scholes model provides a useful framework for pricing options and has been widely adopted in the financial industry, it does have limitations in representing real-world stock price movements. Some criticisms and limitations of the model include:
Assumption of Constant Volatility: In reality, volatility is not constant and can change over time, especially during periods of market turbulence or news events. The model's assumption of constant volatility may not capture the full range of price movements and the impact of changing market conditions.Normal Distribution Assumption: The assumption of normal distribution may not accurately capture the occurrence of extreme events or stock market crashes, which tend to have fatter tails and higher kurtosis than a normal distribution.Market Efficiency Assumption: The model assumes that markets are efficient, which may not always be the case. Real-world markets can be influenced by various factors such as investor sentiment, market manipulation, and behavioral biases, which are not accounted for in the model.Ignoring Transaction Costs and Taxes: The model's assumption of no transaction costs or taxes is unrealistic, as these factors can significantly impact the profitability and pricing of options in practice.Overall, while the Black-Scholes model provides a valuable framework for option pricing, it is important to recognize its simplifying assumptions and limitations when applying it to real-world stock price movements. Traders and investors often consider additional factors and use more sophisticated models to account for the complexities and uncertainties of the market.
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MAKING DECISION: CASE STUDY Katie loves clothes. She wishes she could have all the designer clothes she wants. Unfortunately, she can't; she has two brothers and three sisters, and her parents cannot afford to buy all their children designer clothes. Katie has a few friends that have some designer jeans. Her friends let her borrow the jeans, even though this is against her parents' wishes. Her parents felt that Katie should not borrow them in case something were to happen to them. In that case, they would need to purchase an outfit to replace the damaged one. One day on the way home from school, Katie tripped and fell on her knees. She tore holes in both knees of the designer jeans she had borrowed from her friend, Julie. Katie was crying, not only because she had injured her knees, but because the new jeans were ruined and they weren't even hers. What is Katie going to do? Should she tell her parents? Should she tell Julie? What decisions should Katie have made prior to borrowing the jeans? Does Katie have an obligation to Julie? Name Date Use this worksheet to evaluate each case study. Use one worksheet for each case study. 1. Identify the problem. 2. What are the person's choices? a. b. c. d. e. 3. Gather information: What information should the person gather that would be helpful to know before making a decision? a. b. c. d. 4. Consider the outcome. What would be the results of the decision? a. b. c. d. e 5. Make the decision. What should the person do? 6. Evaluate your decision. Why do you think this is the best decision possible?
Katie faces a dilemma after tearing borrowed designer jeans. She must decide whether to tell her parents and Julie, prioritize honesty, and take responsibility for her actions to maintain trust and learn from the experience.
Problem: Katie has torn holes in borrowed designer jeans and is unsure about what to do next.
Choices:
a. Katie can choose to tell her parents about the incident and seek their guidance.
b. Katie can choose to tell Julie, the friend who lent her the jeans, and apologize for the damage.
c. Katie can choose to keep the incident a secret and try to repair or replace the jeans herself.
d. Katie can choose to ignore the situation and not take any action.
e. Katie can choose to discuss the situation with her siblings and seek their advice.
Gather information: Katie should gather information about the extent of the damage, the cost of repairing or replacing the jeans, and the expectations and values of both her parents and Julie regarding borrowed items.
Consider the outcome: The possible outcomes of the decision include maintaining trust with her parents and Julie, taking responsibility for her actions, learning from the experience, and potentially facing consequences or repairing the damaged relationship.
Make the decision: The best course of action for Katie would be to take responsibility for her actions and inform both her parents and Julie about the incident, expressing her remorse and willingness to make amends.
Evaluate the decision: This decision prioritizes honesty, accountability, and respect for others' property. It allows for open communication and an opportunity to learn from the experience, fostering personal growth and maintaining trust in relationships.
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2.2 The Ministry of Works and Transport approaches you and wants your professional advice regarding the Memorandum of Understanding on the Development and Management of the TransKalahari Corridor. The Ministry informs you that they want to understand the transport regulatory system of Namibia and Zimbabwe.
In your professional advice inform the Ministry whether the Memorandum of Understanding on the Development and Management of the TransKalahari Corridor is the correct law in this instance. If it is not the correct law indicate which law would be the correct law in this instance and explain why. 10 marks
The Ministry of Works and Transport seeks advice on the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the TransKalahari Corridor's development and management. They specifically want to understand the transport regulatory system of Namibia and Zimbabwe.
The Memorandum of Understanding on the Development and Management of the TransKalahari Corridor is a document that outlines the agreement and intentions between relevant parties for the development and management of the TransKalahari Corridor. However, an MoU is not a law in itself but rather a non-binding agreement that sets out principles and cooperation between parties.
If the Ministry of Works and Transport is seeking information on the transport regulatory system of Namibia and Zimbabwe, the correct law would be the respective transport laws and regulations of each country. These laws govern the operation, management, and regulation of transportation within each country's jurisdiction.
Namibia and Zimbabwe would have their own laws and regulations that cover various aspects of transportation, including road transport, rail transport, maritime transport, and aviation. These laws establish the legal framework, standards, permits, licensing requirements, safety regulations, and other provisions necessary for the effective and efficient functioning of the transport industry within each country.
Therefore, to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the transport regulatory systems in Namibia and Zimbabwe, it would be necessary to refer to the specific laws, regulations, and statutes pertaining to transportation in each country rather than relying solely on the Memorandum of Understanding.
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Bonbon food truck in downtown Los Angeles works 250 days a year and sells on average 80 pounds of tuna fish per day (distribution of demand is normal with a standard deviation of 10 pounds per day). They receive raw fish from a supplie in Canada. After ordering, it takes on average 5 days to receive the fish from the supplier (lead-time follows a normal distribution with a standard deviation of 2 days). Each time Bonbon places an order for raw fish would cost them $100. Per-pound annual holding cost for fish is $5. a) What is the economic order quantity (EOQ) for raw fish? b) What are the total annual holding costs for raw fish? c) What are the total annual ordering costs for raw fish? d) How long is the average time between two consecutive orders? d) Assume that management has specified a service level of 95%. What should be the reorder point (ROP)? e) What is the annual holding cost of maintaining the level of safety stock needed to support 95% service level? f) If management specified that a 10% risk of stockout during lead time would be acceptable (instead of 5% ), what would be the new safety stock? Will holding costs decrease or increase?
a) The economic order quantity (EOQ) for raw fish is approximately 56.57 pounds. b) The total annual holding cost for raw fish is $141.45. c) The total annual ordering cost for raw fish is $3544.57. d) The average time between two consecutive orders is 5.655 days. e) The reorder point (ROP) with a 95% service level is 416.5 pounds. f) With a 10% acceptable risk, the new safety stock is 12.8 pounds, resulting in decreased holding costs.
a) The economic order quantity (EOQ) can be calculated using the formula
EOQ = √((2 * demand * ordering cost) / holding cost)
Given:
Demand per day (D) = 80 pounds
Ordering cost (S) = $100
Holding cost per pound per year (H) = $5
Using the formula, we can calculate the EOQ:
EOQ = √((2 * 80 * 100) / 5) = √(3200) = 56.57
Therefore, the EOQ for raw fish is approximately 56.57 pounds.
b) The total annual holding cost for raw fish can be calculated by multiplying the average inventory level by the holding cost per pound per year:
Average inventory level = EOQ / 2 = 56.57 / 2 = 28.29 pounds
Total annual holding cost = Average inventory level * holding cost per pound per year
= 28.29 * 5 = $141.45
c) The total annual ordering cost for raw fish can be calculated by dividing the total demand by the EOQ and then multiplying it by the ordering cost
Total annual ordering cost = (Demand per day * number of working days) / EOQ * ordering cost
= (80 * 250) / 56.57 * 100 = $3544.57
d) The average time between two consecutive orders can be calculated by dividing the number of working days in a year by the number of orders placed in a year:
Average time between two consecutive orders = Number of working days / Number of orders
= 250 / (Total demand / EOQ)
= 250 / (80 * 250 / 56.57)
= 5.655 days
e) The reorder point (ROP) with a service level of 95% can be calculated using the formula:
ROP = demand during lead time + safety stock
Demand during lead time = Demand per day * lead time
= 80 * 5 = 400 pounds
To calculate the safety stock, we need to use the z-value corresponding to a 95% service level. Let's assume the z-value is 1.65 (approximately).
Safety stock = z-value * standard deviation of demand during lead time
= 1.65 * 10 = 16.5 pounds
ROP = 400 + 16.5 = 416.5 pounds
f) If the acceptable risk of stockout during lead time is increased to 10%, the new safety stock can be calculated using the z-value for a 90% service level (approximately 1.28):
New safety stock = z-value * standard deviation of demand during lead time
= 1.28 * 10 = 12.8 pounds
The holding costs would decrease because the higher acceptable risk allows for a lower safety stock, resulting in lower inventory levels and reduced holding costs.
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It is August 13th, 2018. The cheapest-to-deliver bond in a December 2018 Treasury bond futures contract is a 9% coupon bond maturing in October 2025, with a quoted price of 107-17. Delivery is expected to be made on December 31st,2018. The term structure is flat, and the rate of interest with semi-annual compounding is 10% per annum. The conversion factor for the bond is 1.24. Calculate the quoted futures price for the contract.
The quoted futures price for the December 2018 Treasury bond futures contract is approximately 106.2081.
To calculate the quoted futures price for a December 2018 Treasury bond futures contract, we need to consider the cheapest-to-deliver bond and its quoted price, the delivery date, the term structure of interest rates, and the conversion factor.
In this case, the cheapest-to-deliver bond is a 9% coupon bond maturing in October 2025, with a quoted price of 107-17. The delivery date is December 31st, 2018, and the term structure is flat with a 10% interest rate per annum. The conversion factor for the bond is 1.24. By applying the relevant formulas and calculations, we can determine the quoted futures price for the contract.
The quoted futures price can be calculated using the formula:
Quoted Futures Price = Quoted Bond Price - (Accrued Interest + Conversion Factor)
First, we need to calculate the accrued interest. Since the delivery date is December 31st, 2018, and it is currently August 13th, 2018, there are approximately 140 days between the two dates.
Accrued Interest = Coupon Rate * (Days to Delivery / Days in a Year)
Accrued Interest = 9% * (140 / 365)
Next, we calculate the quoted bond price in decimal form:
Quoted Bond Price = Quoted Price + (Quoted Price Fraction / 32)
Quoted Bond Price = 107 + (17 / 32)
Now, we can substitute the values into the quoted futures price formula:
Quoted Futures Price = 107.53125 - (Accrued Interest + Conversion Factor)
Finally, we calculate the quoted futures price:
Quoted Futures Price = 107.53125 - (0.0821918 + 1.24)
Quoted Futures Price = 106.2080582
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Which of the following games is not a simultaneous - move game? A. Two bidders place a bid in a sealed envelope during an auction. The highest bidder wins the auction. B. Ann and Bob must meet at 8 P.M. However, there are two possible meeting points, and they cannot communicate before the meeting. C. Two drivers drive toward each other on a collision course; the first to swerve loses. D. A tourist bargains with a local vendor for the price of souvenirs on a beach in the Dominican Republic
Previous question
The correct answer is D. A tourist bargaining with a local vendor for the price of souvenirs on a beach in the Dominican Republic is not a simultaneous-move game.
In this situation, the tourist and the vendor engage in a sequential or alternating move game. The tourist may make an initial offer, and then the vendor can either accept or counteroffer. The process continues until an agreement is reached or the parties decide to end the negotiation. It is not a simultaneous decision where both parties make their moves at the same time.
This scenario involves sequential decision-making rather than simultaneous moves. The tourist and the vendor engage in a bargaining process where each party takes turns making offers and counteroffers. The outcome depends on the negotiation skills and strategies employed by both parties, making it a sequential-move or sequential bargaining game, rather than a simultaneous-move game where all decisions are made simultaneously.
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Suppose the relationship between wage, years of education (educ), years of experience (exper), and participation in a job training program (train) is modeled as: log ( ) = + + + . Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of the coefficient, ?
a. Participating in the training program increases the wage by $ .
b. Participating in the training program is predicted to increase the wage by % .
c. Holding education and experience constant, participating in the training program is predicted to increase the wage by
d. Holding education and experience constant, participating in the training program increases the wage by $ .
The answer to the question is option c. "Holding education and experience constant, participating in the training program is predicted to increase the wage by.
"The given relationship between wage, years of education (educ), years of experience (exper), and participation in a job training program (train) can be modeled as log (wage) = β0 + β1educ + β2exper + β3train Here,β3 is the coefficient that corresponds to the training program variable. It means, while controlling the other variables in the model, the impact of the training variable on wage can be studied. The exponentiated coefficient (exp(β3)) represents the effect of training program participation on wages in terms of a multiplier. If the log(wage) changes by 1, then the wage increases by a factor of exp(β3). Hence, the most accurate interpretation of the coefficient β3 would be "Holding education and experience constant, participating in the training program is predicted to increase the wage by."This statement shows the effect of training participation on wages and indicates that a unit change in the participation of the training program can affect the wage.
The statement does not provide any quantitative information about the amount of increase in the wage after participating in the training program. Therefore, options a, b, and d are incorrect.
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