The tax savings of $2,208 represent the amount that the person would have otherwise paid in taxes if they did not make the deposit. This tax benefit encourages individuals to save for retirement while providing them with immediate tax advantages.
When a person in the 32 percent tax bracket makes a deposit of $6,900 to a tax-deferred retirement account, they would save on current taxes equal to the tax rate multiplied by the deposit amount. In this case, the tax savings can be calculated as follows:
Tax savings = Tax rate * Deposit amount
Tax rate = 32% = 0.32
Deposit amount = $6,900
Tax savings = 0.32 * $6,900
Tax savings = $2,208
By making a deposit of $6,900 to a tax-deferred retirement account, the person would save $2,208 on current taxes.
The tax savings are realized because contributions made to tax-deferred retirement accounts are not taxed in the current year. The deposited amount is deducted from the person's taxable income, resulting in a lower taxable income for the year. Therefore, they are taxed on a reduced income, leading to lower tax liability. In this case, the tax savings of $2,208 represent the amount that the person would have otherwise paid in taxes if they did not make the deposit. This tax benefit encourages individuals to save for retirement while providing them with immediate tax advantages.
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1- The source stage of the development chain consists of; A) Product architecture. B) Make/buy. C) Supplier involvement. D) Supplier selection. E) All of the above.
2-One of the reasons that make supply chain management difficult is seasonal fluctuation. This refers to; A) The dynamic system of the supply chain. B) The variation of the supply chain system. C) Global optimisation. D) Matching the demand and supply.
3-Nestle chocolate manufacturer and its Cocoa supplier, and its main wholesalers have the same goals and help each other to achieve this goal. This refers to; A) Development chain. B) Matching supply and demand. C) The supply chain is a dynamic system. D) The supply chain cannot be determined in isolation. E) None of the above.
4- Jordina is a Jordanian food manufacturing company that opened a new factory in Saudi Arabia. This is an example of; A) Lean manufacturing. B) Global optimisation. C) Revenue sharing. D) Outsourcing. E) Offshoring.
E) All of the above. D) Matching the demand and supply. B) Matching supply and demand. E) Offshoring are the correct options.
The source stage of the development chain involves various activities, including determining the product architecture, deciding whether to make or buy components, involving suppliers in the process, and selecting suitable suppliers. Therefore, the correct answer is E) All of the above.
Seasonal fluctuation in supply chain management refers to the challenge of matching the demand and supply during periods of varying demand levels. This can make supply chain management difficult as it requires adjusting production and distribution processes to align with changing customer demand. Therefore, the correct answer is D) Matching the demand and supply.
The statement regarding Nestle, its cocoa supplier, and main wholesalers having the same goals and helping each other to achieve those goals refers to the concept of matching supply and demand in the supply chain. All entities involved in the supply chain work together to meet customer demand effectively. Therefore, the correct answer is B) Matching supply and demand.
The scenario of Jordina, a Jordanian food manufacturing company, opening a new factory in Saudi Arabia is an example of offshoring. Offshoring refers to the practice of relocating business activities, such as production or services, to a foreign country. In this case, Jordina is expanding its operations by establishing a factory in a different country. Therefore, the correct answer is E) Offshoring.
Understanding the different stages and challenges in the development and management of supply chains is crucial for efficient and effective operations. From the given options, the direct answers are E) All of the above, D) Matching the demand and supply, B) Matching supply and demand, and E) Offshoring. These concepts play important roles in ensuring successful supply chain management and business operations.
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Having microeconomics and macroeconomics knowledge helps to understand an economy better".
Explain using relevant examples with supporting details in the last 10 years of at least two (2) ASEAN countries of your choice.
Having a strong grasp of both microeconomics and macroeconomics is crucial for gaining a deeper understanding of an economy.
In the context of ASEAN countries, such knowledge becomes particularly valuable in analyzing economic trends, policies, and the overall performance of these nations. For example, let's consider the case of Singapore, one of the ASEAN countries. Understanding microeconomics enables us to examine the behavior of individual firms and consumers within Singapore's economy. It helps explain how factors such as supply and demand, pricing strategies, and market competition impact the performance of specific industries. Meanwhile, macroeconomics allows us to study broader economic indicators and policies in Singapore, such as GDP growth, inflation rates, fiscal policies, and monetary policies. This knowledge is essential in comprehending how Singapore's government formulates economic strategies and responds to external shocks or global economic trends. Another ASEAN country worth considering is Vietnam. Knowledge of microeconomics helps in understanding how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) contribute to Vietnam's economy. It allows us to analyze the challenges and opportunities faced by these businesses, including market entry barriers, labor market dynamics, and government regulations. On the other hand, macroeconomic understanding enables us to assess Vietnam's economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, trade policies, and their impact on the overall economy. By examining both micro and macro perspectives, we can gain insights into Vietnam's efforts to transition from an agricultural-based economy to a more industrialized and service-oriented one.
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Classification of Using the classification scheme below for a multistep income statement, match each Accotnts: Income a. Net sales Statement b. Cost of goods sold c. Selling expenses d. General and administrative expenses e. Other revenues and expenses f. Not on income statement. 1. Purchases 10. Sales Salaries Expense 2. Sales Discounts 11. Rent Expense 3. Merchandise Inventory (beginning) 12. Purchases Returns and Allowances 4. Interest Income 13. Freight in 5. Advertising Expense 14. Depreciation Expense, Delivery 6. Office Salaries Expense Equipment 7. Freight Out Expense 15. Taxes Payable 8. Prepaid Insurance 16. Interest Expense 9. Utilities Expense
a. Net sales: 10. Sales
b. Cost of goods sold: 1. Purchases + 12. Purchases Returns and Allowances + 13. Freight in - 3. Merchandise Inventory (beginning)
c. Selling expenses: 5. Advertising Expense + 7. Freight Out Expense
d. General and administrative expenses: 6. Office Salaries Expense + 11. Rent Expense + 8. Prepaid Insurance + 9. Utilities Expense
e. Other revenues and expenses: 2. Sales Discounts + 4. Interest Income - 14. Depreciation Expense, Delivery
f. Not on the income statement: 15. Taxes Payable + 16. Interest Expense
To classify each account according to the given classification scheme for a multistep income statement:
a. Net sales: This represents the total sales revenue generated by the company and is matched with account 10. Sales.
b. Cost of goods sold: This includes the costs directly associated with producing or purchasing the goods sold. It is calculated by considering purchases (account 1), purchases returns and allowances (account 12), freight in (account 13), and adjusting for the beginning merchandise inventory (account 3).
c. Selling expenses: These are expenses incurred in the process of selling the company's products or services. They include advertising expense (account 5) and freight out expense (account 7).
d. General and administrative expenses: These are expenses related to the overall operation and administration of the company. They encompass office salaries expense (account 6), rent expense (account 11), prepaid insurance (account 8), and utilities expense (account 9).
e. Other revenues and expenses: This category includes additional revenues and expenses not directly related to sales, cost of goods sold, or operating expenses. It consists of sales discounts (account 2) and interest income (account 4), while deducting depreciation expense related to delivery equipment (account 14).
f. Not on the income statement: These accounts, taxes payable (account 15) and interest expense (account 16), are not typically included in the income statement but are mentioned separately.
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QUESTION 2 (25 Marks)
REQUIRED
2.1 Use the information provided below to calculate the ratios for 2021 (expressed to two decimal places)
that would reflect each of the following:
2.1.1 The time taken by the company to settle its debts with trade suppliers. (3 marks)
2.1.2 The amount of debt that the company uses to finance its assets. (3 marks)
2.1.3 The operational effectiveness of the company before considering interest income,
interest expense and company tax. (3 marks)
2.1.4 The percentage of the profit that has been put back into the company. (3 marks)
2.1.5 What investors are willing to pay for the shares of the company with due consideration
given to the profit generated by each share in the company. (3 marks)
2.2 Comment on the FIVE (5) ratios of Oslo Limited as compared to the industry average
provided in the additional information. (10 marks)
INFORMATION
The information given below was extracted from the books of Oslo Limited:
OSLO LIMITED
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31 DECEMBER 202
1
R
Sales
2 145 000
Cost of sales
(1 790 000)
Opening inventory
347 000
Purchases
?
Closing inventory
(447 000)
Gross profit
355 000
Operating expenses
(244 660)
Operating profit
110 340
Interest expense
(20 000)
Profit before tax
90 340
Company tax
(25 295)
Profit after tax
65 045
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2021
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
215 500
Property, plant and equipment
215 500
Current assets
702 500
Inventory
447 000
Debtors/Accounts receivable
219 500
Bank
36 000
918 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Equity
414 855
Ordinary Share Capital
287 500
Retained Income
127 355
Non-current liabilities
202 145
Loan
202 145
Current liabilities
301 000
Creditors/Accounts payable
301 000
918 000
3.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
■
Dividends for the year ended 31 December 2021 amounted to R39 027. There were 11 500 shares in issue.
■
The market price per share was R20.50 on 31 December 2021.
■
Credit terms to debtors are 30 days.
■
Ratios of Oslo Limited for 2021 as compared to the industry average are as follows:
Ratio
Oslo Limited
Industry average
Acid test ratio
0.85:1
1.1:1
Current ratio
2.33:1
2.75:1
Debtors collection period
37.35 days
30 days
Inventory turnover
4.51 times
6 times
Return on equity
15.68%
18.25%
The ratios for Oslo Limited in 2021 are as follows:
2.1.1 The time taken by the company to settle its debts with trade suppliers (creditors payment period ratio): To be calculated using accounts payable and daily cost of sales.
2.1.2 The amount of debt that the company uses to finance its assets (debt ratio): To be calculated using total debt and total assets.
2.1.3 The operational effectiveness of the company before considering interest income, interest expense, and company tax (operating profit margin ratio): To be calculated using operating profit and sales.
2.1.4 The percentage of the profit that has been put back into the company (retention ratio): To be calculated using retained earnings and net profit after tax.
2.1.5 What investors are willing to pay for the shares of the company with due consideration given to the profit generated by each share in the company (price-earnings ratio): To be calculated using market price per share and earnings per share.
:2.1.1 The time taken by the company to settle its debts with trade suppliers is calculated using the creditors payment period ratio. This ratio measures the average number of days it takes for the company to pay its trade suppliers. It is calculated by dividing accounts payable by daily cost of sales.
2.1.2 The amount of debt that the company uses to finance its assets is determined by the debt ratio. This ratio shows the proportion of the company's assets that are financed by debt. It is calculated by dividing total debt by total assets.
2.1.3 The operational effectiveness of the company before considering interest income, interest expense, and company tax is reflected in the operating profit margin ratio. This ratio indicates the profitability of the company's core operations. It is calculated by dividing operating profit by sales.
2.1.4 The percentage of the profit that has been put back into the company is represented by the retention ratio. This ratio shows the portion of the company's earnings that is retained rather than distributed as dividends. It is calculated by dividing retained earnings by net profit after tax.
2.1.5 The willingness of investors to pay for the shares of the company, taking into account the profit generated by each share, is reflected in the price-earnings ratio. This ratio compares the market price per share to the earnings per share. It is calculated by dividing market price per share by earnings per share.
Learn more about financial ratios:
Financial ratios are tools used to analyze a company's financial performance and assess its health. They provide insights into various aspects such as liquidity, profitability, solvency, and market valuation.
In this case, we are asked to calculate specific ratios for Oslo Limited based on the information provided. These ratios help evaluate different aspects of the company's financial position and performance.
To determine the time taken by the company to settle its debts with trade suppliers, the creditors payment period ratio is used. By dividing accounts payable by the daily cost of sales, we can ascertain the average number of days it takes for the company to pay its suppliers.
The amount of debt used to finance the company's assets is determined by the debt ratio. It indicates the proportion of assets financed by debt and is calculated by dividing total debt by total assets.
The operational effectiveness of the company before considering interest income, interest expense, and company tax is reflected in the operating profit margin ratio. It measures the profitability of the company's core operations by dividing operating profit by sales.
The retention ratio reveals the percentage of profit that is reinvested in the company. By dividing retained earnings by net profit after tax, we can determine the portion of earnings retained rather than distributed as dividends.The willingness of investors to pay for the company's shares, considering the profit generated per share, is reflected in the price-earnings ratio. It compares the market price per share to earnings per share, providing insights into the market valuation of the company's shares.
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The period of time over which all factors of production and technology are variable is known as the
a. very-short run
b. very-long run
c. long run
d. contemporaneous
e. short run
The period of time over which all factors of production and technology are variable is known as the long run. The term long run refers to a period of time over which all factors of production and technology are variable.
In the long run, a company can adjust its quantity of all inputs, which include physical capital, labor, and technology, to meet the needs of its production. This flexibility of all inputs allows the company to avoid any short-term constraints that could influence its efficiency and profitability.The short run is a time frame that is too short for a firm to adjust all of its production inputs; thus, it can only change its quantity of labor in response to economic conditions. The long run is a period of time that is long enough for the firm to adjust the quantity of all of its production inputs to meet changing economic conditions. Thus, the long run is when all factors of production and technology are variable.
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Based on the concept of price elasticity of demand, explain how
an increase in price will
affect the revenue of vegetable farmers.
The price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of demand to changes in price.
If the demand for vegetables is relatively elastic, meaning that a change in price leads to a proportionately larger change in quantity demanded, an increase in price would result in a significant decrease in demand. As a result, the revenue of vegetable farmers would decline. Conversely, if the demand for vegetables is relatively inelastic, meaning that a change in price leads to a proportionately smaller change in quantity demanded, an increase in price would result in a smaller decrease in demand. In this case, the revenue of vegetable farmers may increase or remain relatively stable, depending on the extent of the price increase and the specific elasticity of demand for vegetables.
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12) Kansas Enterprises purchased equipment for $76,000 on January 1, 2024. The equipment is expected to have a ten-year service life, with a residual value of $7,200 at the end of ten years. Using the straight-line method, depreciation expense for 2025 and the book value at December 31,2025 , would be: A) $6,880 and $55,040, respectively. B) $7,600 and $53,600, respectively. C) $7,600 and $60,800, respectively. D) $6,880 and $62,240, respectively.
The correct answer is D) $6,880 for depreciation expense in 2025 and $62,240 for the book value at December 31, 2025.
To calculate the depreciation expense for 2025 using the straight-line method, we need to determine the annual depreciation amount. The depreciable cost of the equipment is the original cost minus the residual value:
Depreciable cost = $76,000 - $7,200 = $68,800
The annual depreciation amount is calculated by dividing the depreciable cost by the useful life:
Annual depreciation amount = $68,800 / 10 = $6,880
Therefore, the depreciation expense for 2025 would be $6,880.
To calculate the book value at December 31, 2025, we subtract the accumulated depreciation from the original cost:
Accumulated depreciation = Annual depreciation amount x Number of years
Accumulated depreciation = $6,880 x 2 (as of December 31, 2025, which is the second year)
Accumulated depreciation = $13,760
Book value at December 31, 2025 = Original cost - Accumulated depreciation
Book value = $76,000 - $13,760 = $62,240
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We need to do is monitor the actual costs over next year and compare these to the budget. We must have a reporting system that shows the costs broken down into fixed and variable costs monthly. Gather the information together and let me have these each month, but you will need to gather the information together.
Explain how you will monitor the actual costs against a budget.
Provide a draft format of how you propose to report the figures.
To monitor costs against the budget, we'll implement a monthly reporting system that categorizes costs into fixed and variable expenses.
To monitor the actual costs against the budget, the following steps can be taken:
Establish a budget: Create a detailed budget that outlines the expected costs for each month, distinguishing between fixed and variable costs. This budget will serve as a baseline for comparison.
Collect cost data: Gather all relevant cost information from various sources, such as invoices, receipts, and financial records. Ensure that the data includes both fixed and variable costs.
Categorize costs: Differentiate between fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs are those that remain constant regardless of production levels or sales, such as rent and insurance. Variable costs, on the other hand, fluctuate with production or sales volume, such as raw materials or utilities.
Calculate monthly costs: Sum up the costs for each category (fixed and variable) on a monthly basis. This can be done by adding up the individual costs within each category.
Compare actual costs to the budget: Compare the monthly actual costs with the budgeted costs for that specific month. Calculate the variance by subtracting the budgeted amount from the actual amount. A positive variance indicates that the costs are under budget, while a negative variance suggests that the costs have exceeded the budget.
Generate a report: Prepare a report that presents the monthly actual costs and their comparison to the budget. The report should include clear breakdowns of fixed and variable costs, highlighting any significant variances. Graphs or charts can be used to visualize the data and make it easier to understand.
Review and analyze: Regularly review the reports to identify trends, patterns, and areas where costs are deviating significantly from the budget. Analyze the reasons behind the variances and take appropriate actions, such as cost control measures or budget adjustments, if necessary.
By following these steps and maintaining a robust reporting system, it will be possible to effectively monitor actual costs against the budget, allowing for timely adjustments and informed decision-making.
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From 1999 to 2014, the average IPO rose by 19% in its first day of trading. In 1999, 117 deals doubled in price on the first day. What factors might contribute to the huge first-day returns on IPOs? Some critics of the current IPO system claim that under-writers may knowingly underprice an issue. Why might they do this? Why might issue companies accept lower IPO prices? What impact do institutional investors have on IPO pricing?
Factors contributing to high first-day returns on IPOs include investor excitement, underpricing by underwriters to generate demand, companies accepting lower prices to attract investors, and the influence of institutional investors who often receive preferential allocation and can affect pricing.
Underwriters may knowingly underprice an IPO to create a "pop" in price on the first day, generating positive market sentiment and demand. This can lead to higher trading volumes, increased liquidity, and a positive perception of the company. Companies may accept lower IPO prices to ensure a successful offering and attract long-term investors. Institutional investors, with their large investment capacity, can influence IPO pricing through their participation and demand for shares. They often receive preferential allocations, affecting the supply-demand dynamics and pricing of the IPO.
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Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) refer to a common set of accounting rules, standards, and procedures issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Public companies in the U.S. must follow GAAP when their accountants compile their financial statements. Based on the above scenario, analyze the problems faced by the global Companies in using different accounting standards
b. Global companies face difficulties to prepare consolidated financial statements due to their foreign operations, despite that those companies are exposed to numerous benefits. Interpret the benefits for global Companies if one accounting standard get globalized
c. The United States continues to be the destination of choice for many non-U.S. companies looking to go public. New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq desirable listing venues for many non-U.S companies from a range of sectors, including technology, consumer goods, education, pharmacology, biotechnology, oil and gas, and shipping. Interpret the problems faced by non-U.S. companies in terms of emerging issues in light of Russian- Ukraine war
The problem faced by non-U.S. companies with different accounting standards is that it creates complexity in the accounting process and difficulty in comparing the financial statements of companies.
It creates difficulties in analysis and investment decision-making, as investors are not able to make an informed decision as to which company to invest in if the financial statements are not consistent and transparent. The GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) differ in many aspects, including the treatment of inventory, depreciation, intangible assets, research and development expenses, and accounting for mergers and acquisitions.
This could lead to inconsistencies in the financial statements of different companies and make it difficult to make meaningful comparisons between companies using different accounting standards.Therefore, the issue of different accounting standards is of particular concern for non-U.S. companies looking to go public in the United States.
While the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq are desirable listing venues for many non-U.S. companies, the compliance costs associated with meeting U.S. GAAP requirements are high. As such, many non-U.S. companies have opted to list on alternative exchanges in other countries, such as London, Hong Kong, or Singapore.
The ongoing Russian-Ukraine war has further compounded the issue of different accounting standards for non-U.S. companies. The war has led to the imposition of sanctions by both countries, which has created uncertainty for companies doing business in the region.
This has made it difficult for companies to comply with accounting standards, as the situation on the ground is constantly changing.
Additionally, the sanctions have led to increased compliance costs, as companies have to deal with different regulations in different countries. Overall, the issue of different accounting standards is a significant challenge for non-U.S. companies, and it requires a coordinated effort to address.
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Prepare a one page memo and discuss the ethical concerns that a
decision-maker should take into consideration when deciding what
course of action to take. drawing on the results above. (5
marks)
When making decisions, decision-makers should consider ethical concerns that can guide their course of action.
Ethical considerations involve evaluating the potential impact of decisions on stakeholders, ensuring fairness, transparency, and integrity, and adhering to moral principles and values. These ethical concerns play a crucial role in maintaining trust, reputation, and sustainable business practices.
Ethical considerations are essential for decision-makers when determining the appropriate course of action. First and foremost, decision-makers must evaluate the potential impact of their decisions on various stakeholders, including employees, customers, shareholders, and the broader community.
Furthermore, decision-makers should ensure fairness and transparency in their decision-making processes. This involves treating all individuals and groups involved equitably, avoiding any form of discrimination or favoritism. Transparency is crucial to building trust and maintaining accountability, as it allows stakeholders to understand the reasoning behind decisions and assess their legitimacy.
Integrity is another key ethical consideration. Decision-makers should uphold moral principles and values such as honesty, trustworthiness, and responsibility. They should avoid engaging in unethical practices, such as fraud, deception, or conflicts of interest. By acting with integrity, decision-makers foster an ethical organizational culture and set a positive example for others.
Considering ethical concerns when making decisions not only aligns with moral and societal expectations but also contributes to long-term success. Ethical decision-making helps maintain a positive reputation, strengthens stakeholder relationships, and promotes sustainable business practices. It also mitigates legal and regulatory risks, enhances employee morale and engagement, and contributes to overall organizational resilience.
In conclusion, decision-makers must carefully consider ethical concerns when deciding on a course of action. By evaluating the impact on stakeholders, ensuring fairness and transparency, and upholding integrity, decision-makers can make ethically sound decisions that support the long-term success and sustainability of their organizations.
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B2B MKT: Analyse five (5) key differences of marketing towels and bed linens to the hotel chain as opposed to selling to direct consumers in a departmental store. (25m)
is it possible to do it based on these factors?
1) More rational decisions 2) Narrower customer base 3) More buying influences and locations 4) Different segmentation 5) More markets and channels
Marketing towels and bed linens to a hotel chain is different from selling to direct consumers in a departmental store due to several key factors such as rational decision-making, a narrower customer base, more buying influences and locations, different segmentation, and more markets and channels.
Hotels make purchasing decisions based on factors such as durability, quality, and cost-effectiveness. Rational considerations play a significant role in their decision-making process, whereas direct consumers in a departmental store may be driven by personal preferences and aesthetics.
Selling to a hotel chain means targeting a specific customer base consisting of hotel owners, managers, and procurement teams. In contrast, selling to direct consumers in a departmental store involves reaching a broader range of individual customers with varying preferences and needs.
In the hotel industry, multiple stakeholders and departments may be involved in the purchasing decision, including housekeeping, procurement, and management. Additionally, hotel chains have multiple locations, requiring coordination across different properties.
Marketing towels and bed linens to a hotel chain involves segmenting the market based on factors like hotel class, size, and target clientele. In contrast, selling to direct consumers in a departmental store may involve broader segmentation.
Hotel chains operate in multiple markets and may have different brands or segments within their portfolio. This requires suppliers to cater to various market needs and potentially utilize different distribution channels.
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What are the top 3-5 skills that make for a great Virtual
Assistant, and how would you showcase them in supporting your BELAY
client You have 90 seconds to answer.
A virtual assistant is a person who works from a remote location providing administrative, technical, or creative assistance to clients.
Some skills that make for a great virtual assistant are as follows:
Organizational skills: It is important for a virtual assistant to have excellent organizational skills. In order to ensure that all tasks and deadlines are met, the virtual assistant must be able to keep track of multiple schedules, to-do lists, and priorities.
Technical proficiency: Virtual assistants must be able to use a variety of online tools and software to perform their duties. They should have good technical knowledge and skills for effectively using these tools.
Communication skills: Virtual assistants must be able to communicate effectively with their clients through email, chat, or video conferencing. They should be able to communicate their ideas, needs, and requests clearly and effectively.
Attention to detail: Virtual assistants need to be detail-oriented and meticulous. They must be able to work with large amounts of data and ensure that all information is accurate and up to date.
Time management skills: Virtual assistants must have excellent time management skills to ensure that they can manage multiple tasks and complete them on time.
In order to showcase these skills to a BELAY client, a virtual assistant should provide clear and concise communication about their availability and any progress made on tasks. They should demonstrate their technical proficiency by using the appropriate tools and software to complete tasks. Additionally, they can provide regular reports on progress made on tasks to showcase their organizational and time management skills.
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Financial statements are normally prepared upon the basis of a number of accounting concepts, conventions and assumptions.
Required
Write short notes on FIVE of the following accounting concepts, conventions or assumptions.
Materiality
Going-concern
Duality
Consistency
Matching
Full disclosure
Prudence
Accounting concepts, conventions, and assumptions are fundamental principles that guide the preparation of financial statements. They ensure consistency, reliability, and comparability of financial information. Five important concepts are materiality, going concern, duality, consistency, and matching.
Materiality refers to the significance of an item or event in influencing the decisions of users. Going concern assumes that the entity will continue its operations in the foreseeable future. Duality states that every transaction has two aspects - a debit and a credit. Consistency requires the use of consistent accounting methods and practices over time. Matching principle ensures that expenses are matched with the revenues they help generate.1. Materiality: Materiality refers to the principle that information should be disclosed if its omission or misstatement would affect the decision-making of users. It focuses on the significance of an item or event in influencing economic decisions.
2. Going concern: The going concern concept assumes that an entity will continue its operations in the foreseeable future. It implies that financial statements are prepared under the assumption that the entity will not liquidate or cease its operations.
3. Duality: The duality concept, also known as the dual aspect concept, states that every transaction has two aspects - a debit and a credit. It ensures that the accounting equation (assets = liabilities + equity) remains in balance.
4. Consistency: The consistency principle requires the use of consistent accounting methods and practices over time. It ensures that financial statements of an entity can be compared across different periods and with those of other entities.
5. Matching: The matching principle states that expenses should be recognized in the same period as the revenues they help generate. It ensures that the costs incurred to earn revenue are properly matched with the related revenue in the financial statements.
These concepts, conventions, and assumptions provide a framework for preparing reliable and meaningful financial statements that accurately represent the financial position and performance of an entity. They contribute to the overall usefulness and transparency of financial information for users.
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The role of the government in financial regulation is to maintain the stability and integrity of the country’s capital markets. These are the bond market, the equity market and the foreign exchange market. Since the financial crash of 2008, government regulation has increased, especially in developed markets. Does technology make the government’s role more difficult? Which one is hardest to regulate?
Technology can indeed pose challenges to the government's role in financial regulation. While technology has brought numerous benefits to the financial sector, such as increased efficiency and accessibility,
Technology has also introduced new complexities and risks that regulators need to address. Some of the ways in which technology can make the government's role more difficult include:
1. Speed and complexity: Technological advancements have accelerated the pace of financial transactions and introduced complex instruments and strategies. Regulators need to keep up with the speed and complexity of these developments to ensure effective oversight and regulation.
2. Cross-border nature: Technology has enabled seamless global connectivity, allowing financial transactions to occur across borders with ease. This cross-border nature of technology makes it challenging for regulators to coordinate and harmonize regulations across different jurisdictions.
3. Cybersecurity and data protection: As financial institutions rely increasingly on digital infrastructure and data, the risk of cyberattacks and data breaches becomes more significant. Governments need to establish robust cybersecurity and data protection regulations to safeguard financial systems and customer information.
4. Fintech innovation: The rise of financial technology (fintech) has brought innovative solutions and new business models that challenge traditional regulatory frameworks. Regulators must strike a balance between encouraging innovation and ensuring consumer protection and market stability.
However, it's important to note that the bond market and equity market also pose their own regulatory challenges, such as ensuring fair and transparent trading practices, preventing market manipulation, and addressing systemic risks. Each market has its unique characteristics and complexities that require tailored regulatory approaches.
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The Heritage Farm Implement Company is considering an investment that is expected to generate revenues of $2550000 per year. The project will also involve annual cash expenses(including both fixed and variable costs) of $1100000, while increasing depreciation by $410000 per year. If the firm's tax rate is 31 percent, what is the project's estimated net operating profit after taxes? What is the project's annual operating cashflow?
At a tax rate of 31%, the project's estimated net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) is $
To calculate the project's estimated net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT), we need to subtract the tax amount from the operating profit. The project's annual operating cash flow is $1,127,600.
Operating profit before taxes (EBT) can be calculated by subtracting the annual cash expenses (including fixed and variable costs) and depreciation from the annual revenues:
EBT = Revenues - Cash Expenses - Depreciation
= $2,550,000 - $1,100,000 - $410,000
= $1,040,000
To find the tax amount, we multiply the EBT by the tax rate:
Tax = EBT * Tax Rate
= $1,040,000 * 0.31
= $322,400
Finally, we can calculate the estimated net operating profit after taxes:
NOPAT = EBT - Tax
= $1,040,000 - $322,400
= $717,600
Therefore, the project's estimated net operating profit after taxes is $717,600.
To calculate the project's annual operating cash flow, we subtract the tax amount and depreciation from the net operating profit after taxes:
Operating Cash Flow = NOPAT + Depreciation
= $717,600 + $410,000
= $1,127,600
The project's annual operating cash flow is $1,127,600.
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If you owned your own Retail Business, what do you feel
is the essential step to take before you extend credit to a new
customer? Please answer in 3-4 sentences.
The essential step to take before extending credit to a new customer is to assess their creditworthiness. This can be done by pulling a credit report, obtaining credit references, and checking their banking history.
Extending credit to a new customer can be a risky proposition. If the customer is unable to repay their debts, your business could suffer financial losses.
Therefore, it is important to take steps to assess the customer's creditworthiness before extending credit.
There are a number of ways to assess a customer's creditworthiness. One way is to pull a credit report. A credit report will show the customer's history of paying debts. You can also obtain credit references from the customer.
Credit references are people who can vouch for the customer's ability to repay debts. Finally, you can check the customer's banking history. This will show how much money the customer has in their bank account.
By carefully assessing a customer's creditworthiness, you can reduce the risk of extending credit to someone who is unable to repay their debts. This will help to protect your business's financial health.
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The type of account that is used to record money the company owes to its creditors is called
Asset
Expense
Liability
Revenue
The type of account that is used to record money the company owes to its creditors is called Liability
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For a monopoly, marginal revenue for all units greater than 1: Select one: a. is always less than the price. b. cannot be negative. c. is zero when total profits are maximized. d. is always greater than marginal cost.
Option a. is the correct answer. For a monopoly, marginal revenue for all units greater than 1 is always less than the price.
Option a. is the correct answer. In a monopoly, marginal revenue represents the change in total revenue that results from selling one additional unit of a good or service. For a monopolist, in order to sell more units, they must lower the price for all units sold, meaning the marginal revenue for all units greater than 1 will be less than the price.
Option b. is incorrect because marginal revenue can be negative for a monopoly. This occurs when the monopolist reduces the price and experiences a decrease in total revenue due to the downward-sloping demand curve.
Option c. is incorrect because marginal revenue is not necessarily zero when total profits are maximized. Marginal revenue becomes zero only when total revenue is maximized, which does not always correspond to maximum profits for a monopoly.
Option d. is incorrect because marginal revenue is not always greater than marginal cost for a monopoly. The monopolist will produce at a quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost to maximize profits, and this does not imply that marginal revenue is always greater than marginal cost.
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In the context of entry and growth strategies for global marketing, which of the following is most likely a disadvantage of exporting?
a. It deters a firm from achieving experience-curve and location economies.
b. It leads to a firm lacking tight control over manufacturing and marketing.
c. It requires a firm to pay import duties or face trade barriers.
d. It is cost prohibitive for establishing manufacturing operations in the host country.
The following is most likely a disadvantage of exporting: b. It leads to a firm lacking tight control over manufacturing and marketing. The correct option is b.
Exporting as a global marketing strategy has the disadvantage of a firm lacking tight control over manufacturing and marketing.
When a company chooses to export its products, it typically relies on intermediaries such as distributors or agents in the target market to handle manufacturing, distribution, and marketing activities. This reliance on intermediaries reduces the firm's control over these crucial aspects of the business. The firm may have limited influence over the manufacturing process, quality control, pricing decisions, and marketing strategies employed in the target market.
Additionally, the firm may face challenges in maintaining consistency in brand image, customer experience, and product positioning across different markets. Without direct control, it becomes more difficult for the exporting firm to ensure that its products meet local market demands and preferences effectively.
While exporting can provide access to new markets and lower initial investment costs compared to other entry modes, the lack of tight control over manufacturing and marketing can be a significant drawback and may limit a firm's ability to adapt and respond quickly to market changes. The correct option is b.
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Superior Fender uses a standard cost system and provide the following information: (Click the ican to view the information.) overhead, $4,560; actual fixed overhead, $24,000; actual direct lahor hours, 370 . used: AC= actual cost; AQ= actual quantity, FOH= fixed overhead; SC= standard Dost;SQ= standard quantity.) Requirement 2. Explain why the variances are favorable or unfavorable. Superior Fender uses a standard cost system and provide the following information: (Click the icon to view the information.) overhead, $4,560; actual fixed overhead. $24,000; actual direct labor hours, 370. used: AC = actual cost; AQ= actual quantity; FOH= fixed overhead; SC=standardcost; SQ=standard quantity.) Requirement 2. Explain why the variances are favorable or unfavorable. Superior Fender uses a standard cost system and provide the following information: (Click the icon to view the information.) overhead, S4,560; actual fixed overhead, $24.000; actual direct labor hours, 370 . used: AC= actual cost; AQ= actual quantity; FOH= flxed overhead; SC= standard [infinity] ast; SQ=standard quantity.) Requirement 2. Explain why the variances are favorable or unfavorable. The variable overhead cost variance is because management spent budgeted for the actual production. The fixcd overhead cost variance is The fixed overhead volume varlance is because management spent
In a standard cost system, variances arise when there are differences between the actual costs incurred and the standard costs that were expected or budgeted for.
Here are some potential explanations for variances: Variable Overhead Cost Variance: This variance occurs due to differences between the actual variable overhead costs incurred (AC) and the standard variable overhead costs expected (SC). If the actual costs are higher than the standard costs, the variance would be unfavorable. Conversely, if the actual costs are lower, it would be favorable. Fixed Overhead Cost Variance: Similar to variable overhead, this variance represents the difference between actual fixed overhead costs (AC) and standard fixed overhead costs (SC). A higher actual cost would result in an unfavorable variance, while a lower actual cost would lead to a favorable variance. Fixed Overhead Volume Variance: This variance Conversely, if the actual volume is higher, leading to overutilization, the variance would be favorable. Please note that without accurate and consistent information regarding specific values for costs and quantities, it is not possible to provide a more precise analysis of the variances in this case.
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in 600 words discussed Film and Television, include this:
the important similarities and differences between Movies and TV.
Focus on the technology itself, the types of messages we see, as well as the political economy of both industries.
specific examples
discuss your own experience of these media.
How/where do you watch movies or TV today
which do you prefer? Why?
Movies and television share similarities in their reliance on visual storytelling techniques, but differ in terms of scale, narrative structure, and the way they generate revenue. Movies offer immersive cinematic experiences with higher production values
Movies and television share several similarities, but they also exhibit distinct differences. From a technological standpoint, both rely on visual storytelling, employing cameras, lighting, and editing techniques to create narratives.
However, movies are typically shot on a larger scale, with higher production values and budgets, enabling filmmakers to create immersive cinematic experiences.
Television shows, on the other hand, are often produced on a smaller scale and adhere to an episodic format, allowing for longer story arcs and character development over time.
In terms of messages conveyed, movies often explore self-contained narratives, offering a concise beginning, middle, and end within a limited runtime. This allows filmmakers to delve into complex themes and present thought-provoking ideas.
TV shows, on the other hand, have the advantage of an extended format, allowing for more in-depth exploration of characters and storylines, as well as the opportunity to address social and political issues in a serialized manner.
The political economy of both industries differs significantly. Movies primarily rely on theatrical releases and box office revenue, with studios investing heavily in marketing campaigns to attract audiences.
Television, on the other hand, generates revenue through advertising, subscriptions, or streaming platforms, with a focus on building a loyal fan base and sustaining viewership.
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Under a personal automobile policy, other than collision (comprehensive) coverago covers darmage to the insured automobilo occurring when the vehicle is A. stopped and struck in a chain reaction of vehicles on a highway. B. Parked in the driveway and struck by an unlicensed motorcycle. C. parked and struck by bricks falling from a building under repair.
Option C is the correct answer(parked and struck by bricks falling from a building under repair).
Under a personal automobile policy, other than collision (comprehensive) coverage covers damage to the insured automobile occurring when the vehicle is parked and struck by bricks falling from a building under repair.
What is an Automobile Policy?An automobile policy refers to an insurance policy that offers coverage to individuals who own vehicles. It is commonly referred to as car insurance. The automobile policy provides financial protection in case of an accident, theft, or natural calamities like earthquakes, tornadoes, and hurricanes.
The policy covers liability, collision, and other than collision (comprehensive) coverage.
What is Collision Coverage?Collision coverage is a type of automobile policy that provides coverage for the repair or replacement of a vehicle that is damaged in a collision or an accident with another vehicle or object. It may also provide coverage for damages arising from a hit-and-run accident or damage caused by an uninsured driver.
Collision coverage is an optional coverage type that individuals can choose to include in their insurance policies. It is generally more expensive than other coverage types, but it provides comprehensive protection in case of an accident.
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Mark knows that the sales mix as a percentage of units sold is 20% for his hand-carved chess set and that it sells for $700. The sales mix as a percentage of units sold is 80% for his hand-carved backgammon set and it sells for $300. If Mark knows that his companywide break-even point is 4.200 units. how many chess sets and how many backgammon sets does he need to sell to break even? O He must sell 840 chess sets and 3.360 backgammon sets in order to break even.
O He must sell 3,360 chess sets and 840 backgammon sets in order to break even.
O He must sell 140 chess sets and 240 backgammon sets in order to break even.
O He must sell 1,400 chess sets and 2,400 backgammon sets in order to break even.
To determine the number of chess sets and backgammon sets Mark needs to sell in order to break even, we need to consider their respective sales mix percentages and prices, along with the companywide break-even point.
Let's calculate the number of units Mark needs to sell for each set:
Chess set:
Sales mix percentage: 20%
Break-even point: 4,200 units
Number of chess sets to sell: 20% of 4,200 = 0.20 * 4,200 = 840 chess sets
Backgammon set:
Sales mix percentage: 80%
Break-even point: 4,200 units
Number of backgammon sets to sell: 80% of 4,200 = 0.80 * 4,200 = 3,360 backgammon sets
Therefore, Mark needs to sell 840 chess sets and 3,360 backgammon sets in order to break even. Thus, the correct option is: "He must sell 840 chess sets and 3,360 backgammon sets in order to break even."
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nikita khrushchev was soviet premier while kennedy was president.
Correct, Nikita Khrushchev was the Soviet Premier while Kennedy served as the President of the United States.
During the presidency of John F. Kennedy from 1961 to 1963, Nikita Khrushchev served as the Premier of the Soviet Union. This period marked a significant time in the history of the Cold War, as tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union escalated. Khrushchev and Kennedy engaged in several high-profile events, including the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Their interactions and negotiations during this time played a crucial role in shaping the dynamics of the Cold War and international relations between the two superpowers.
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You are a venture capitalist considering a $1.5 million investment in Floating Line Electronics Apparatus, Inc. (FLEA) that is expected to require no additional capital through year 3 . FLEA is expected to have EBITDA of $2.7 million in year 3 . You expect to get your initial investment plus your return at that time by selling your stock. In your opinion, FLEA should at that time be comparable to companies priced at 12 times EBITDA. Flea has no debt outstanding and plans to pay no dividends in years 1 through 3 . There are already 400,000 shares outstanding that are owned by the entrepreneur and other investors. You require 50% rate of return from this type of investment. What equity percentage ownership would you demand? 19% 55% 23% 42% 16%
To determine the equity percentage ownership demanded, we need to calculate the value of the investment and compare it to the desired return.
Given that the company is expected to have an EBITDA of $2.7 million in year 3 and comparable companies are priced at 12 times EBITDA, the estimated value of FLEA at that time would be $32.4 million ($2.7 million x 12). To achieve a 50% rate of return on the investment, the desired return would be $1.5 million x 1.5 = $2.25 million. Therefore, the value of the investment at that time should be $2.25 million.
Considering that there are already 400,000 shares outstanding, the remaining ownership percentage can be calculated by dividing the desired investment value by the total value of the company:
Remaining ownership percentage = ($2.25 million / $32.4 million) x 100 = 6.94%
Since the venture capitalist requires a 50% rate of return, they would demand an equity percentage ownership of approximately 7%.
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A firm must deliver the following number of products during the next four weeks; in week 1,200 products; in week 2,300 products; in week 3,200 products; in week 4,400 products. During weeks 1 and 3 , a $12 changing cost is incurred for produced products and during weeks 2 and 4 , a $10 changing cost is incurred for produced products. The inventory cost is $1.6 for each product in stock at the end of a week. The cost of setting up for production is $200 during a week. Moreover, the products are produced in 100 batches each week. Given that the initial inventory level is 0 units, use dynamic programming to determine an optimal production schedule.
The optimal production schedule, determined using dynamic programming, are as follows: Week 1 - produce 200 products, Week 2 - produce 100 products, Week 3 - produce 100 products, Week 4 - produce 200 products.
To determine the optimal production schedule, we use dynamic programming to minimize the total cost incurred by the firm. We start with an initial inventory level of 0 units and consider each week individually.
In Week 1, the firm needs to deliver 200 products. Since the cost of setting up for production is $200 per week and each batch produces 100 products, it is optimal to produce 2 batches (200 products) in Week 1. This incurs a changing cost of $12 per product, resulting in a total changing cost of $2,400. Since there is no inventory at the beginning of Week 1, no inventory cost is incurred.
In Week 2, the firm needs to deliver 300 products. It is optimal to produce 1 batch (100 products) to meet the demand. This incurs a changing cost of $10 per product, resulting in a total changing cost of $1,000. At the end of Week 2, there are 100 products in inventory, resulting in an inventory cost of $160.
In Week 3, the firm needs to deliver 200 products. It is optimal to again produce 1 batch (100 products) to meet the demand. This incurs a changing cost of $12 per product, resulting in a total changing cost of $1,200. At the end of Week 3, there are 100 products in inventory, resulting in an inventory cost of $160.
In Week 4, the firm needs to deliver 400 products. It is optimal to produce 2 batches (200 products) to meet the demand. This incurs a changing cost of $10 per product, resulting in a total changing cost of $2,000. At the end of Week 4, there are 100 products in inventory, resulting in an inventory cost of $160.
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Which of the following applies to where a managerial accounting system can be useful?
a. to prepare specialty reports to assist with providing cost data on products.
b. to prepare data needed for managers to make decisions on where to allocate scarce resources
c. to provide useful information to business decision makers
d. to collect and analyze data regarding the success or failure of a new product launch
e. All of the above
A managerial accounting system is designed to provide useful information to internal decision-makers within an organization. The correct answer is e. All of the above.
A managerial accounting system serves various purposes and can be useful in several areas, including:
a. Providing cost data on products: Managerial accounting systems can generate specialty reports that provide detailed cost information on different products or services. This information helps managers understand the cost structure and profitability of individual products, enabling them to make informed decisions about pricing, product mix, and resource allocation.
b. Decision-making on resource allocation: Managerial accounting systems collect and analyze data to provide managers with the necessary information to allocate scarce resources effectively. This includes determining the optimal allocation of financial resources, labor, and other inputs to maximize profitability and efficiency.
c. Providing useful information to decision-makers: The primary objective of managerial accounting is to provide timely and relevant information to decision-makers within an organization. This information can include financial and non-financial data, performance metrics, budgets, forecasts, and other analyses that assist managers in evaluating performance, identifying trends, and making informed decisions.
d. Analyzing the success or failure of a new product launch: Managerial accounting systems can track and analyze data related to the launch of a new product. This includes collecting information on costs incurred during the development and launch phases, tracking sales and revenue generated, and assessing profitability. Such analysis helps management evaluate the success or failure of the new product and make necessary adjustments to improve performance.
In conclusion, a managerial accounting system can be useful in various ways, including preparing specialty reports, providing information for resource allocation decisions, offering useful information to decision-makers, and analyzing the success or failure of new product launches. Therefore, the correct answer is e. All of the above.
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if a company initially records rent income recieved in advance as unearned rent a reversing entry would
If a company initially records rent income received in advance as unearned rent, a reversing entry would involve debiting unearned rent and crediting rent revenue with the main answer of reversing entry.
Reversing entries refer to the entries that assist in eliminating adjusting entries, thus making sure that the record begins with a clear slate in a new accounting year. A reversing entry can assist in changing an adjusting entry, which is required because of timing differences. These types of differences are needed for financial statement preparation.
Adjusting entries are a means to update accounts based on the matching principle by connecting revenues and expenses to the related accounting periods. If rent is received in advance, it can be recorded as a liability account known as unearned rent. It is known as a liability account because the company has received the rent, but it has not yet earned the rent income as it needs to provide services during the lease period.
The entry that records rent received in advance is:
Unearned rent (Liability account) Debit Account
Rent Received in Advance (Asset account) Credit Account
If the payment received in advance has been for a long period and the company has not earned it yet, then the company needs to adjust the rent received in advance as rent income earned at the end of each period with the help of an adjusting entry. If the adjusting entry is not reversed, it can double-count the rent income at the beginning of the subsequent accounting period. Therefore, a reversing entry is necessary.
The reversing entry would be:
Unearned rent (Liability account) Credit Account
Rent Revenue (Income account) Debit Account
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What is Boldflash's organizational design and culture? What're the
company's values?
What issues are present in their organizational design and how
does it impact their business?
I apologize, but I couldn't find any specific information about a company named Boldflash in my training data.
It's possible that Boldflash is a fictional company or a lesser-known organization. Without further details, I am unable to provide specific information about their organizational design, culture, values, or the issues they may face. If you have any other questions or need assistance with a different topic, feel free to ask!
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