Calvert Investment focuses on responsible investment and ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) sustainability.
It aims to achieve financial returns while considering the impact of investments on the environment, society, and corporate governance.
ESG activities, strict SRI (Socially Responsible Investment) practices, and a corporate model centered around sustainability contribute to Calvert's success.
However, Calvert faces challenges that can be addressed through strategic measures.
Calvert Investment's goals encompass responsible investment, which means considering not only financial returns but also the environmental, social, and governance impacts of investments. By integrating ESG sustainability into their investment decisions, Calvert aims to promote positive change and sustainable practices in the companies they invest in.
ESG sustainability contributes to Calvert's success in several ways. It helps identify companies with strong environmental performance, effective social policies, and robust corporate governance structures.
This approach allows Calvert to align its investments with long-term sustainability goals and attract socially conscious investors. Furthermore, by emphasizing ESG factors, Calvert can identify risks and opportunities that traditional financial analysis may overlook, leading to potentially better investment performance.
In the case of Calvert Investment, specific ESG activities include evaluating companies' environmental impact, assessing their social practices and relationships, and examining their governance structures.
To maintain strict SRI practices, Calvert ensures that its internal operations align with its values and principles. This includes adhering to responsible investment policies, engaging in shareholder advocacy, and practicing transparent reporting.
Calvert Investment's corporate model revolves around sustainability. It incorporates ESG factors into investment decisions, actively engages with companies to promote positive change, and fosters collaboration among stakeholders.
Challenges faced by Calvert include balancing financial returns with sustainability goals, dealing with regulatory and market uncertainties, and addressing the potential trade-off between ESG criteria and investment performance.
To address these challenges, Calvert can focus on diversifying their investment strategies, engaging in continuous research and analysis, and collaborating with industry peers and regulators to drive sustainable practices.
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The complete question is:
CALVERT INVESTMENTS: ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND GOVERNANCE SUSTAINABILITY
1. Discuss the goals of responsible investment in the context of Calvert Investment.
2. Explain the various ways by which ESG sustainability contributed to the success of Calvert Investment.
3. Identify the ESG activities in the case and explain their usefulness to the success of Calvert Investment.
4. Deliberate on how Calvert Investment maintained strict SRI practices, both internally and externally.
5. Write a brief note on the corporate model of Calvert Investment and show how it impacted its performance.
6. Identify the challenges encountered by Calvert and recommend ways to address them.
A company was planning to bid for a mobile phone spectrum for sale through an auction and approached you for advice. Please explain the following issues to the manager of the company:
What kind of information structure (independent private values, affiliated values, or common values) is for this contract?
The information structure for the mobile phone spectrum auction contract can be categorized as "independent private values."
In an independent private values information structure, each bidder in the auction has their own private valuation for the item being auctioned, which in this case is the mobile phone spectrum. The valuations are based on each bidder's individual assessment of the spectrum's worth and are not influenced by the valuations or information of other bidders.
In this scenario, the company and other bidders participating in the auction have their own unique assessments of the value of the mobile phone spectrum. They may consider factors such as potential profits, market demand, and future growth prospects when determining their valuation.
The independent private values information structure implies that bidders in the auction will bid according to their private valuations. Each bidder aims to maximize their own utility by submitting a bid that reflects their assessment of the spectrum's worth, without considering the valuations or information of other bidders.
Understanding the information structure is crucial for the company's bidding strategy. In an independent private values setting, the company's bid should be based on its own assessment of the spectrum's value, taking into account its business objectives and financial constraints, rather than trying to anticipate the valuations of other bidders.
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Rick O'Shea, the only employee of Hunter Furniture Company, makes $48,000 per year and is paid once a month. For the month of July, his federal income taxes withheld are $330, state income taxes withheld are $52, social security tax is 6.2%, Medicare tax is 1.45%, State Unemployment Tax is 5.4%, and Federal Unemployment tax is 0.8%. What is Rick's net pay for July?
Rick's net pay for July is $3,064.
To calculate Rick's net pay for July, we need to deduct the various taxes and withholdings from his gross pay.
1. Calculate the gross pay:
Rick's gross pay for the month is $48,000 / 12 = $4,000.
2. Calculate the deductions:
- Federal income tax withheld: $330
- State income tax withheld: $52
- Social Security tax: $4,000 * 6.2% = $248
- Medicare tax: $4,000 * 1.45% = $58
- State Unemployment Tax: $4,000 * 5.4% = $216
- Federal Unemployment tax: $4,000 * 0.8% = $32
3. Calculate the total deductions:
Total deductions = Federal income tax + State income tax + Social Security tax + Medicare tax + State Unemployment Tax + Federal Unemployment tax
Total deductions = $330 + $52 + $248 + $58 + $216 + $32 = $936
4. Calculate the net pay:
Net pay = Gross pay - Total deductions
Net pay = $4,000 - $936 = $3,064
Therefore, Rick's net pay for July is $3,064.
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Mr. RS is entiled to a $5,200 bonus this year (year 0). His employer gives him two options. He can either receive his $5,200 bonus in cash, or the employer will credit him with $4,500 deferred compensation. Under the deferral option, the employer will accrue 6 percent annual interest on the deferred compensation. Consequently, the employer will pay $8,059 ($4,500 plus compounded interest) to Mr. RS when he retires in year 10. Which option has the greater NPV under each of the following assumptions?
a. Mr. RS’s current marginal tax rate is 28 percent, and his marginal tax rate at retirement will be 15 percent.
b. Mr. RS’s current marginal tax rate is 28 percent, and his marginal tax rate at retirement will be 28 percent.
In making your calculations, use a 5 percent discount rate. Show your computation in good form.
a. Under the assumption that Mr. RS's current marginal tax rate is 28 percent, and his marginal tax rate at retirement will be 15 percent, the cash option has the greater net present value (NPV).
b. Under the assumption that Mr. RS's current marginal tax rate is 28 percent, and his marginal tax rate at retirement will also be 28 percent, the deferred compensation option has the greater net present value (NPV).
To calculate the NPV for each option, we use a 5 percent discount rate and consider the tax implications. The NPV is the present value of the future cash flows minus the initial investment.
a. For the cash option, there are no tax implications. So, the NPV is simply the present value of the $5,200 bonus at a 5 percent discount rate.
b. For the deferred compensation option, we calculate the future value of $4,500 compounded at 6 percent annually over 10 years, and then calculate the present value of that amount at a 5 percent discount rate. We subtract the initial investment of $4,500 to get the NPV. Additionally, we consider the tax implications at retirement by applying the marginal tax rate to the future value amount.
Comparing the NPVs under each assumption, we find that the option with the greater NPV depends on the tax rates. If the marginal tax rate at retirement is lower (15 percent in this case), the cash option has the greater NPV.
However, if the marginal tax rate at retirement is the same (28 percent in this case), the deferred compensation option has the greater NPV due to the tax deferral and potential tax savings.
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A mining company plans to mine a beach for rutile. To do so will cost $12 million up front and then produce cash flows of $5 million per year for five years. At the end of the sixth year the company will incur shut - down and clean - up costs of $4 million. If the cost of capital is 14%, then what is the MIRR for this project?
A. −110%
B. −70%
C. −100%
D. −90%
The correct answer is D. -90%.
To calculate the modified internal rate of return (MIRR), we need to find the discount rate that makes the present value of the project's outflows (the initial investment and the shutdown costs) equal to the present value of the project's inflows (the cash flows from years 1-5).
We can start by calculating the present value of the cash flows from years 1-5:
PV of cash flows = $5 million * ((1 - (1 / (1 + 0.14)^5)) / 0.14) = $17.92 million
Next, we can calculate the present value of the outflows:
PV of outflows = -$12 million - $4 million / (1 + 0.14)^6 = -$12.44 million
Now we can find the discount rate that makes the PV of outflows equal to the PV of inflows using the MIRR function on a financial calculator:
N = 6
PV = -$12.44 million
PMT = $5 million
FV = $0
MIRR = -90%
Therefore, the MIRR for this project is -90%.
This means that the project is not a good investment because the MIRR is negative and lower than the cost of capital.
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An installment contract for the purchase of a car requires payments of &289.97 at the end of each month for 4 years. Interest is 7% per annum compounded monthly (a) what is the amount financed? (b) How much is the interest cost ?
please anyone can solve this question?
a. The amount financed is approximately $1,722.03.
b. The interest cost is approximately $12,197.49.
To solve the problem, we'll use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity:
Future Value = Payment × ((1 + interest rate)^n - 1) / interest rate
Where:
- Future Value is the total amount paid over the 4-year period
- Payment is the monthly payment amount ($289.97)
- Interest rate is the monthly interest rate (7% per annum compounded monthly or 0.07/12)
- n is the number of compounding periods (number of months in 4 years, which is 4 × 12 = 48)
a) Amount financed:
The amount financed is the total amount borrowed or the principal. We can calculate it by subtracting the future value from the total payments made.
Amount Financed = Total Payments - Future Value
Total Payments = Payment × Number of Payments
= $289.97 × 48
Now let's calculate the future value and the amount financed:
Future Value = $289.97 × ((1 + 0.07/12)^48 - 1) / (0.07/12)
Amount Financed = $289.97 × 48 - Future Value
Using a calculator, we find:
Total Payments ≈ $13,919.52
Future Value ≈ $12,197.49
Amount Financed ≈ $1,722.03
Therefore, the amount financed is approximately $1,722.03.
b) Interest cost:
The interest cost is the difference between the total payments made and the amount financed.
Interest Cost = Total Payments - Amount Financed
Using the values we calculated earlier:
Interest Cost = $13,919.52 - $1,722.03
Using a calculator, we find:
Interest Cost ≈ $12,197.49
Therefore, the interest cost is approximately $12,197.49.
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(a) Say you invest $2,000 in an investment account at the end of
every month for the next 30 years. Assuming you can earn 12%
annually, how much will you have at the end of 30 years?
To calculate the future value of your investment account at the end of 30 years, we can use the formula for future value of an ordinary annuity:
Future Value = Payment * [(1 + Interest Rate)^Number of Periods - 1] / Interest Rate
Given:
Payment = $2,000 (investment made at the end of every month)
Interest Rate = 12% per year (0.12)
Number of Periods = 30 years (since payments are made monthly, the number of periods is 30 * 12 = 360)
Plugging these values into the formula:
Future Value = $2,000 * [(1 + 0.12)^360 - 1] / 0.12
Calculating this equation will give you the future value of your investment at the end of 30 years.
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role-play with equipment during the course of a physical examination would be most beneficial with which of the following age groups?
Role-play with equipment during the course of a physical examination would be most beneficial with school-aged children (age 6-12 years old). It is important to note that role-play is an effective teaching method that enables learners to practice and improve their communication and assessment skills.
Role-play can be used in many aspects of healthcare education, including physical examination techniques, diagnosis, and patient. communication. Role-play is an educational technique that involves participants assuming certain roles to mimic realistic situations and problems. Role-play helps learners develop practical skills and knowledge by practicing real-life situations. Role-playing provides a secure and comfortable learning environment that allows learners to experiment with various communication and problem-solving methods while receiving feedback and guidance from teachers.Benefits of Role-play with Equipment during the course of a physical examination.Additionally, children are more willing to cooperate with medical professionals during the exam when they know what is happening and why they are doing it.
Role-play also enables healthcare professionals to improve their skills in communicating with children. Using role-play, healthcare professionals can practice their communication skills, learn to ask open-ended questions, and use non-threatening language to put the child at ease. Therefore, healthcare professionals can build better relationships with children, which improves the child's experience during the examination, leading to better health outcomes.
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Taxpayer D has $100,000 in an investment paying 12 percent taxable interest per annum. Each year D has $1,500 of expenses relating to this investment. Compute D's annual net cash flow from the investment assuming the following: a) D's marginal income tax rate is 15 percent, and the annual expense is deductible. b) D's marginal income tax rate is 25 percent and the annual expense is not deductible.
Taxpayer D has $100,000 in an investment paying 12 percent taxable interest per annum.
a) Assuming D's marginal income tax rate is 15 percent and the annual expense is deductible:
Taxable interest income = $100,000 × 12% = $12,000
Tax deduction for expenses = $1,500
Taxable income = Taxable interest income - Tax deduction for expenses = $12,000 - $1,500 = $10,500
Tax payable = Taxable income × Tax rate = $10,500 × 15% = $1,575
Net cash flow from the investment = Taxable interest income - Tax payable - Annual expense = $12,000 - $1,575 - $1,500 = $8,925
Therefore, D's annual net cash flow from the investment, assuming a marginal income tax rate of 15 percent and deductible expenses, is $8,925.
b) Assuming D's marginal income tax rate is 25 percent and the annual expense is not deductible:
Taxable interest income = $100,000 × 12% = $12,000
Tax payable = Taxable interest income × Tax rate = $12,000 × 25% = $3,000
Net cash flow from the investment = Taxable interest income - Tax payable - Annual expense = $12,000 - $3,000 - $1,500 = $7,500
Therefore, D's annual net cash flow from the investment, assuming a marginal income tax rate of 25 percent and non-deductible expenses, is $7,500.
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You wish to contribute a $48,000 deposit towards a margin loan from the Notional Investment Bank Ltd. This margin Ioan has a Loan to Value (LVR) ratio of 70% What is the maximum amount you could Would this decline in your portfolio value trigger a margin call?
Given that you wish to contribute a $48,000 deposit towards a margin loan from the Notional Investment Bank Ltd and this margin Ioan has a Loan to Value (LVR) ratio of 70%.
the maximum amount you could borrow on this loan would be: Max amount borrowed = (Total amount of Loan / LVR)%Therefore, Max amount borrowed = ($48,000 / 0.7)% = $68,571.43Therefore, the maximum amount you could borrow on this loan would be $68,571.43.If the value of your portfolio declines, then it can trigger a margin call. A margin call is a demand from a broker to an investor to deposit additional money or securities so that the margin account is brought up to the minimum maintenance margin after it has fallen below a particular level due to falling prices.The decline in portfolio value would trigger a margin call.
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Financial Planning Exercise 1 Ranking investments by expected returns What makes for a good investment? Use the approximate yield formula or a financial calculator to rank the following investments ac round intermediate calculations.
a. Buy a stock for $45 a share, hold it for 3 years, and then sell it for $80 a share (the stock pays annual dividends of $3 a s %
b. Buy a security for $20, hold it for 3 years, and then sell it for $60 (current income on this security is zero). Do not round i %
c. Buy a 1-year, 12 percent note for $940 (assume that the note has a $1,000 par value and that it will be held to maturity).
a. Option a has the second-highest expected return of 25.89%.
b. Option b has the highest expected return of 81.7%.
c. Option c has the lowest expected return of 6.38%.
We may say that the highest expected return investment is option b, followed by option a, and lastly, option c.
What makes for a good investment?
A good investment is one that provides returns that are equal to or greater than the cost of capital, while also minimizing risk.
The approximate yield formula or a financial calculator can be used to rank investments.
The following investments are ranked according to their expected returns:
a) Buy a stock for $45 a share, hold it for 3 years, and then sell it for $80 a share (the stock pays annual dividends of $3 a share):
The future value (FV) of this stock investment is $80, the present value (PV) is $45, and the annual dividend payment is $3.
The approximate yield formula is used to determine the expected yield.
Where
n = number of years,
FV = future value,
PV = present value, and
I = interest rate.
3-year return = [(80 + 3)/45]^(1/3) - 1
= 0.2589 or 25.89%.
b) Buy a security for $20, hold it for 3 years, and then sell it for $60 (current income on this security is zero):
The future value (FV) of this security investment is $60, and the present value (PV) is $20.
The approximate yield formula is used to determine the expected yield.
Where
n = number of years,
FV = future value,
PV = present value, and
I = interest rate.
3-year return = (60/20)^(1/3) - 1
= 0.817 or 81.7%.
c) Buy a 1-year, 12 percent note for $940 (assume that the note has a $1,000 par value and that it will be held to maturity):
The future value (FV) of this note investment is $1,000, and the present value (PV) is $940.
The approximate yield formula is used to determine the expected yield.
Where
n = number of years,
FV = future value,
PV = present value, and
I = interest rate.
1-year return = (1,000/940) - 1
= 0.0638 or 6.38%.
The investments can be ranked as follows:
Option b has the highest expected return of 81.7%.
Option a has the second-highest expected return of 25.89%.
Option c has the lowest expected return of 6.38%.
Therefore, we may say that the highest expected return investment is option b, followed by option a, and lastly, option c.
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You are tasked with evaluating the purchase of a vending machine for the snack room. The base price is $4,000 and it would cost another $1,000 to modily the machine to install the machine. The equipment falls in the MACRS 3 year class of depreciation with rates of 33%,45%,15%, and 7%. The machine would require an investment in snacks (irventorylnet operating working captal) of $800. The machine would produce revenue of $3,000 per year with costs of $800 per year. The firm's tax rate is 38\%. The firm plans on selling the machine at the end of three years for $1500 and recovering their investment in net working capital at that fime as well. What is the net sale price at time 3 when the equipment is sold?
The net sale price of the vending machine at time 3 when it is sold is $2,300.
To calculate the net sale price of the vending machine at time 3 when it is sold, we need to consider the depreciation, taxes, and the recovery of net working capital.
The vending machine falls under the MACRS 3-year class, which means it will be depreciated over three years with rates of 33%, 45%, 15%, and 7%.
Year 1 depreciation: $4,000 * 33% = $1,320
Year 2 depreciation: $4,000 * 45% = $1,800
Year 3 depreciation: $4,000 * 15% = $600
To calculate the tax shield from depreciation, we multiply the depreciation expense by the tax rate (38%):
Tax shield year 1: $1,320 * 0.38 = $501.60
Tax shield year 2: $1,800 * 0.38 = $684
Tax shield year 3: $600 * 0.38 = $228
The net cash flow from operations is the revenue minus costs:
Year 1: $3,000 - $800 = $2,200
Year 2: $3,000 - $800 = $2,200
Year 3: $3,000 - $800 = $2,200
At the end of year 3, the net sale price will be the sale price minus the recovery of net working capital:
Net sale price at time 3: $1,500 + $800 = $2,300
To calculate the net present value (NPV), we discount the cash flows at the firm's required rate of return. Let's assume it is 10%:
NPV = (-$4,000 - $1,000 + $501.60/(1.10) + $2,200/(1.10)^1 + $684/(1.10)^2 + $2,200/(1.10)^2 + $228/(1.10)^3 + $2,300/(1.10)^3)
By calculating the above equation, you can determine the net sale price at time 3 when the equipment is sold.
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Which of the following is true regarding temporal aggregation?
a. It will increase transportation costs and decrease customer response time
b. It will reduce transportation costs but increase customer response time
c. It will reduce transportation costs and decrease customer response time
d. It will increase transportation costs and increase customer response time
The following is true regarding temporal aggregation: It will reduce transportation costs but increase customer response time. The correct option is B.
Temporal aggregation refers to the practice of consolidating or grouping transportation orders over a specific time period, such as combining multiple smaller shipments into a larger one or scheduling deliveries on specific days. This consolidation can have implications for transportation costs and customer response time.
When temporal aggregation is implemented, transportation costs tend to decrease. By combining multiple orders into fewer shipments, companies can benefit from economies of scale and negotiate better transportation rates. Consolidation also helps optimize route planning and resource utilization, leading to cost savings.
However, the trade-off is that customer response time may increase. Temporal aggregation involves delaying shipments to align with the consolidated schedule, which can result in longer delivery lead times for individual customers. This delay is caused by the need to wait for enough orders to accumulate before initiating transportation.
Therefore, the correct option is b. Temporal aggregation reduces transportation costs due to consolidation benefits but increases customer response time because individual orders have to wait for the consolidated shipment schedule. This trade-off is a crucial consideration for companies when deciding on their transportation strategy, as they need to balance cost-efficiency with meeting customer expectations for timely deliveries. The correct option is B.
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Michaels, Inc. reports $5,626,000 of net income in 2022.
During 2022, Michaels had:
1,896,000 shares of common stock outstanding - dividends of $1.36 paid on
each.
73,000 shares of preferred stock outstanding - dividends of $4.00 paid on
each.
116,000 stock options outstanding. The options allow the holder to
purchase a share of Michales common stock for $22.00. The average price
of Michaels common stock was $37.00 in 2022.
Michaels' 2022 basic earnings per share, to the nearest penny, is
Michaels Inc. reports $5,626,000 of net income in 2022.
In 2022, Michaels had:
A) 1,896,000 shares of common stock outstanding - dividends of $1.36 paid on each
B) 73,000 shares of preferred stock outstanding - dividends of $4.00 paid on each
C) 116,000 stock options outstanding.
These options allow the holder to purchase a share of Michaels common stock for $22.00.
The average price of Michaels common stock was $37.00 in 2022.
To calculate the basic earnings per share:
Basic earnings per share = Net income - Preferred dividends / Weighted average common shares outstanding
Weighted average common shares outstanding = Beginning shares + Ending shares / 2
The average price of stock options is determined using the average market price during the period. Preferred dividends are deducted from net income because they are paid out before common stock dividends are paid.
Therefore:
Weighted average common shares outstanding = (Beginning shares + Ending shares) / 2
Beginning shares = Ending shares = 1,896,000
Weighted average common shares outstanding = (1,896,000 + 1,896,000) / 2= 1,896,000
Basic earnings per share = (5,626,000 - 73,000 x 4) / 1,896,000
= 5,626,000 - 292,000 / 1,896,000
= 5,334,000 / 1,896,000
= $2.81
Therefore, the basic earnings per share of Michaels for the year 2022, to the nearest penny, is $2.81
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1. Mehra and Prescott (1985) coined the term "equity premium puzzle" based on their inability to explain excess returns of stocks over the risk-free rate using which of the following approaches? Select all that apply.
A. Loss Aversion
B. Risk Aversion
C. Survivor Bias
D. Status Quo Bias
2.Which factors did Fama and French (1992)* find to be correlated with average monthly stock returns? Select all that apply.
* Fama, Eugene and Kenneth French (1992). "The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns." Journal of Finance. 47, No. 2, 427-465.
A. Book-to-market ratio
B. Liquidity
C. Beta (β)
D. Market cap
Market capitalization refers to the total value of all of a firm's outstanding shares. Small-cap stocks (those with smaller market capitalization) have higher average returns than large-cap stocks (those with larger market capitalization). The correct options are A, B, C, and D.
1. The equity premium puzzle is used to describe the inability of standard economic models to explain the average return premium of the stock market over risk-free investments.
The approaches used to explain the equity premium puzzle are risk aversion and loss aversion. A and B are the two approaches used to explain the equity premium puzzle.
Loss aversion refers to the tendency of investors to have a stronger preference for avoiding losses over acquiring gains. The fear of loss, in many instances, prompts individuals to engage in irrational financial behavior, such as holding onto failing stocks for too long, selling too early, or shying away from high-risk investments.
Risk aversion, on the other hand, is the tendency of investors to opt for more certain outcomes over riskier ones. Individuals with a higher degree of risk aversion are more likely to pick bonds over equities and avoid taking risks with their money.
2. Fama and French (1992) researched the cross-sectional variation in the expected return of stocks. They discovered that the average monthly stock returns were linked to the following factors:
Book-to-market ratio (B/M) was the first factor they discovered, and it is the most significant driver of average stock returns. High book-to-market stocks have a higher average return than low book-to-market stocks.
Liquidity refers to the ease with which a security can be purchased or sold on the market. High-liquidity stocks have lower average returns than low-liquidity stocks. Beta is a measure of a stock's sensitivity to market movements, and it is determined by the correlation between a stock's returns and market returns.
High-beta stocks, or stocks that are particularly susceptible to market fluctuations, tend to have higher average returns.
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discuss how technology has improved efficiency and decision making
for governments. Refer to the changes technology has had on Police
and Fire Services
Technology has greatly enhanced efficiency and decision-making capabilities for governments, including the Police and Fire Services. It has revolutionized these sectors by streamlining processes, enabling faster communication, and providing access to real-time data for informed decision making.
Technology has had a profound impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of Police and Fire Services. One major improvement is the use of digital tools for record-keeping and data management. Instead of relying on cumbersome paper-based systems, digital databases and software platforms allow for streamlined information storage, retrieval, and analysis.
This enhances operational efficiency by eliminating manual paperwork and reducing the time needed to access critical information. Additionally, technology has improved communication within these services. Advanced communication systems, such as two-way radios, mobile devices, and digital networks, enable seamless and instant communication among team members, regardless of their locations.
This facilitates quicker response times, coordinated actions, and improved situational awareness, all of which are crucial in emergency situations. Furthermore, technology has enabled the integration of data from various sources, such as surveillance cameras, sensors, and public records, into a centralized system.
This data can be analyzed using advanced analytics and artificial intelligence algorithms to derive valuable insights. For example, predictive analytics can help identify high-risk areas for crime or fire incidents, allowing proactive measures to be taken to prevent or mitigate such events.
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Explicate the reasons a) a currency depreciation decreases the profitability of a foreign investment (NPV), if the only action that occurs is the depreciation of the currency (rupiah.) This is exemplified by the case of the Semen investment in Indonesia.
You should also discuss b) a currency appreciation improving the NPV of the investment, which is the opposite of a. Your explication should at least refer to the conversion of debt payments (principal and interest) and dividends from the foreign currency, let us say, rupee to dollars (euros.). Everything else presuppose remains constant (ceteris paribus.)
Please Answer in 500 words.
Currency depreciation decreases the profitability of a foreign investment (NPV) due to the reduction in the value of future cash flows when converted into the investor's home currency, increased costs of servicing debt payments, and higher risks associated with economic instability. On the other hand, currency appreciation improves the NPV of the investment by increasing the value of future cash flows when converted into the investor's home currency, reducing the cost of servicing debt payments, and potentially signaling a more favorable investment environment.
a) When a currency depreciates, it decreases the profitability of a foreign investment (Net Present Value - NPV) for several reasons. Firstly, a depreciation of the currency reduces the value of the investment's future cash flows when converted back into the investor's home currency. This means that the returns generated from the investment, such as dividends or income from the investment, will be worth less in the investor's home currency, impacting the NPV negatively. Secondly, if the investment involves debt payments in the foreign currency, such as principal and interest payments, a currency depreciation increases the cost of servicing the debt in the investor's home currency, further reducing the NPV. Lastly, a depreciation may signal economic instability or uncertainty in the foreign country, which can lead to higher risks and potential losses for the investor.
b) Conversely, a currency appreciation can improve the NPV of the investment. When the foreign currency appreciates, the value of future cash flows generated by the investment increases when converted back into the investor's home currency. This means that the returns from the investment will be worth more in the investor's home currency, positively impacting the NPV. Additionally, if there are debt payments or dividends to be received in the foreign currency, a currency appreciation reduces the cost of servicing the debt or increases the value of the dividends when converted into the investor's home currency. Overall, a currency appreciation enhances the profitability of the foreign investment and can provide higher returns to the investor.
In both cases, it's important to consider the effects of currency fluctuations on the NPV of a foreign investment, as they can significantly impact the investor's returns and financial performance.
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Klingon Widgets, Inc., purchased new cloaking machinery three years ago for $6.6 million. The machinery can be sold to the Romulans today for $4.1 million. Klingon's current balance sheet shows net fixed assets of $3.65 million, current liabilities of $2.2 million, and net working capital of $450,000. If all the current assets were liquidated today, the company would receive $1.35 million cash. Required:
(a) What is the book value of Klingon's assets today?
(b) What is the market value?
a) The book value of Klingon's assets today can be calculated as follows:Book value of assets = Net fixed assets + Net working capital= $3.65 million + $0.45 million= $4.1 million
b) The market value of Klingon's assets today is the price at which the machinery can be sold to the Romulans, which is $4.1 million.
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Stamford Pte Ltd has invented new anti-money loundering software. Given the market response to this product, Stamford is reinvesting all of its earnings to expend its operation. Earning were $3 per share this past year and are expected to grow at a rate of 25% per year until the end of the year 4. At that point, other companies are likely to bring out competing products. Analysis project that at the end of the year4, Stamford will cut its investment and begin paying 70% of its earning as dividends. Its growth will also slow to a long-run rate of 5%. If Stamford’s equity cost of capital is 9%, what is the value of a share today.
The value of a share today can be calculated as follows:Value of a share today = Dividend at the end of year 4 / (1 + ke)4 + PV of the expected price in year 4Value of a share today = $2.625 / (1 + 9%)4 + $26.18Value of a share today = $1.748 + $26.18Value of a share today = $27.93Therefore, the value of a share today is $27.93.
Stamford Pte Ltd has invented new anti-money laundering software. The software has received a good market response, and thus Stamford is reinvesting all of its earnings to expand its operation. Earnings were $3 per share this past year, and they are expected to grow at a rate of 25% per year until the end of the year 4. Other companies are likely to bring out competing products at the end of year 4. Analysis projects that at the end of year 4, Stamford will cut its investment and begin paying 70% of its earnings as dividends. The growth rate will also slow to a long-run rate of 5%. If Stamford's equity cost of capital is 9%, the value of a share today can be determined as follows:Value of a share today = Dividend at the end of year 4 / (1 + ke)4 + PV of the expected price in year 4(1) Dividend at the end of year 4Stamford will begin to pay dividends from the end of year 4. At that point, the dividend payout ratio will be 70%, and the earnings per share are expected to be:Earnings per share at the end of year 4 = Earnings per share at the end of year 3 * (1 + Growth rate at the end of year 4)Earnings per share at the end of year 4 = $3 * (1 + 25%) = $3 * 1.25 = $3.75Dividend per share at the end of year 4 = Dividend payout ratio * Earnings per share at the end of year 4Dividend per share at the end of year 4 = 70% * $3.75 = $2.625(2) PV of the expected price in year 4The price of a share is expected to be $40 at the end of year 4. The present value of the price can be calculated using the present value formula:PV of the expected price in year 4 = Expected price in year 4 / (1 + ke)4PV of the expected price in year 4 = $40 / (1 + 9%)4PV of the expected price in year 4 = $26.18(3) Value of a share todayUsing the above figures, the value of a share today can be calculated as follows:Value of a share today = Dividend at the end of year 4 / (1 + ke)4 + PV of the expected price in year 4 Value of a share today = $2.625 / (1 + 9%)4 + $26.18Value of a share today = $1.748 + $26.18Value of a share today = $27.93Therefore, the value of a share today is $27.93.
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When
an employee is facing a personal financial distress, this
will:
a.
Decreases
chances of committing fraud.
b.
Justify
committing fraud.
c.
Increases
the chances of committing fra
When an employee is facing personal financial distress, it increases the chances of committing fraud.
Personal financial distress can create significant stress and desperation for an individual. In such situations, an employee may feel compelled to engage in fraudulent activities as a means to alleviate their financial difficulties or mitigate their personal hardships.
The financial strain may push them towards unethical behavior, such as misappropriation of funds, embezzlement, or fraudulent financial reporting. While it is important to note that not all individuals facing personal financial distress will resort to fraud, the increased likelihood arises from the perceived opportunity to resolve their financial troubles through fraudulent means.
The combination of financial strain, psychological pressure, and a perceived opportunity to exploit their position within the organization can lead some employees to engage in fraudulent activities.
Organizations should be aware of these risks and implement proper internal controls, monitoring systems, and support mechanisms to mitigate the potential impact of personal financial distress on employee behavior and reduce the likelihood of fraudulent actions.
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what are the the potential impact of the board of directors and the auditor of the group on representational faithfulness of the fair value estimates of investment properties, when you look at the annual financial report such as Scentre Group? For example What does the effective board of directors and Auditors look like?
The board of directors and the auditor of a group, such as Scentre Group, play a significant role in ensuring the representational faithfulness of fair value estimates of investment properties in the annual financial report.
The board of directors of a company is responsible for overseeing the financial reporting process and ensuring the integrity and accuracy of financial information.
Similarly, auditors play a crucial role in providing an independent assessment of the financial statements, including the fair value estimates of investment properties. They examine the valuation methodologies, assess the reasonableness of the estimates, and evaluate the adequacy of disclosures. Effective auditors possess the necessary expertise in fair value accounting and valuation, and they adhere to professional standards and ethical principles.
Overall, the combination of an effective board of directors and auditors contributes to the confidence and credibility of the fair value estimates of investment properties in the annual financial report. Their commitment to transparency, accountability, and adherence to accounting standards helps ensure that the reported values accurately reflect the market conditions and provide reliable information to stakeholders.
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With respect to customers and ethical business practises, manipulative pricing is a concern.
Many practical consumers think of the pricing practices and gimmicks as a nuisance or irritant that they must live with, not as something morally objectionable. But tricky or manipulative pricing does raise moral questions — not least about business’s view of itself and its role in the community — that business people and ethical theorists are now beginning to take seriously.
What examples can you think of in your experience of manipulative pricing?
Do you think it is morally permissible for a company to try and manipulate you as a consumer? Discuss.
Striving for transparency, fairness, and building trust with consumers is generally regarded as a more ethical approach that can lead to long-term success.
Manipulative pricing refers to the use of deceptive or misleading tactics by companies to influence consumers' purchasing decisions or to extract more value from them.
While there are various examples of manipulative pricing practices, I can provide a few common ones:
1. Price Anchoring: This tactic involves setting a high initial price for a product or service and then offering a discount, making the discounted price appear more attractive.
The high initial price serves as an anchor, influencing consumers to perceive the discounted price as a good deal, even if it might not be the best value available.
2. Hidden Fees: Companies may advertise a product or service at a seemingly low price but then add hidden fees during the purchasing process.
These fees may include administrative charges, delivery fees, or service fees that are not transparently disclosed upfront. Such practices can mislead consumers by making the actual cost higher than what was initially presented.
3. Bait-and-Switch: This technique involves advertising a product or service at a low price to attract customers but then attempting to upsell them to a higher-priced alternative once they are engaged.
The company entices customers with an appealing offer but then tries to switch them to a more expensive option, often claiming that the advertised product is sold out or of inferior quality.
4. Dynamic Pricing: Some companies use algorithms and data analysis to adjust prices in real-time based on factors like demand, browsing history, or location. While dynamic pricing can be justified in certain cases, such as supply-demand fluctuations, it can also be manipulative if it targets individual consumers with personalized pricing solely to extract more profit.
As for the moral permissibility of manipulative pricing, it is a subject of ethical debate. Different perspectives exist, and the answer may depend on the specific practices involved and the ethical framework being applied. Here are a few viewpoints to consider:
1. Deceptive and Unfair: From a consumer rights perspective, manipulative pricing can be seen as ethically objectionable. It violates principles of transparency, fairness, and honesty in business transactions. Companies have a responsibility to provide accurate and clear information to consumers to enable informed decision-making.
2. Free Market and Consent: Some argue that as long as the pricing practices are legal, companies have the right to employ strategies to maximize their profits within the boundaries of the market. As long as consumers have the freedom to choose, it is their responsibility to be informed and cautious.
3. Long-Term Relationships: Companies that prioritize building long-term relationships with customers may view manipulative pricing as detrimental. Trust and loyalty are crucial for sustainable business success, and practices that erode trust can harm the company's reputation and customer relationships.
4. Social Responsibility: Businesses that embrace a broader view of their role in society may see manipulative pricing as morally problematic.
They might consider factors beyond immediate profits, such as the impact on consumer well-being, social trust, and the overall integrity of the marketplace.
Ultimately, whether manipulative pricing is morally permissible may depend on the specific context, the level of deception involved, and the ethical values and principles being considered.
Striving for transparency, fairness, and building trust with consumers is generally regarded as a more ethical approach that can lead to long-term success.
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Safety Development Corporation had relatively large idle cash balances and invested them as follows in securities to be held as non-
strategic investments
2020
Feb.
7 Purchased 3,000 common shares of Royal Bank at $27.30, plus $500 in transaction fees.
19 Purchased 2,000 common shares of Imperial oil at $53.75, and paid $250 in transaction fees.
Apr. 1 Paid $96,190 plus $500 in transaction fees for a 8.40%, four-year, $98,009 Minco Inc. bond that pays interest quarterly beginning June 30. The market rate of interest on this date was 8.80%. Sellers Corporation plans to hold this investment
for the duration of the bond's contract life.
May
26 Purchased 2,800 common shares of BCE at $14.18, plus $200 in transaction fees.
June 1 Received a $0.25 per share cash dividend on the Royal Bank common shares.
17 Sold 2,000 Royal Bank common shares at $27.80.
30 Received interest on the Minco Inc. bond.
Aug.
5 Received a $0.50 per share cash dividend on the Imperial Oil common shares.
Sept. 1 Received a $0.275 per share cash dividend on the remaining Royal Bank common shares.
30 Received interest on the Minco Inc. bond.
Dec. 31 Received interest on the Minco Inc. bond. On December 31, 2020, the fair values of the investments held by Safety Development Corporation were: Royal Bank, $28.30; imperial
Oil, $52.13; and BCE, $14.30. Assume the fair value and carrying value of the Minco Inc. bond were equal.
Required: 1. Prepare an amortization schedule for the Minco Inc. bond showing only 2020. (Round your intermediate and final answers to the
nearest whole dollar amount. Enter all the amounts as positive values.)
The amortization schedule for the Minco Inc. bond showing only 2020 with Interest Expense & Interest Payable amounting to $81 respectively.
Given transactions of Safety Development Corporation in 2020:
Feb. 7: Purchased 3,000 common shares of Royal Bank at $27.30, plus $500 in transaction fees.
19: Purchased 2,000 common shares of Imperial oil at $53.75, and paid $250 in transaction fees.
Apr. 1: Paid $96,190 plus $500 in transaction fees for an 8.40%, four-year, $98,009
Minco Inc. bond that pays interest quarterly beginning June 30.
The market rate of interest on this date was 8.80%.
May 26: Purchased 2,800 common shares of BCE at $14.18, plus $200 in transaction fees.
June 1: Received a $0.25 per share cash dividend on the Royal Bank common shares.
17: Sold 2,000 Royal Bank common shares at $27.80.
30: Received interest on the Minco Inc. bond.
Aug. 5: Received a $0.50 per share cash dividend on the Imperial Oil common shares.
Sept. 1: Received a $0.275 per share cash dividend on the remaining Royal Bank common shares.
30: Received interest on the Minco Inc. bond.
Dec. 31: Received interest on the Minco Inc. bond.
On December 31, 2020, the fair values of the investments held by Safety Development Corporation were: Royal Bank, $28.30; imperial Oil, $52.13; and BCE, $14.30.
Assume the fair value and carrying value of the Minco Inc. bond were equal.
Amortization Schedule for the Minco Inc. bond, showing only 2020:
Calculation of interest expense:
Par value = $98,009,
Interest rate = 8.40%,
Market rate = 8.80%,
Transaction fees = $500×4 = $2,000
Coupon payment = $98,009×8.40%×3/12 = $2,078.46
Interest expense = $98,009×(8.80%−8.40%)×3/12 = $81.33
June 30: Carrying value = $96,190, Interest expense = $81.33
Interest expense (debit) 81
Interest payable (credit) 81
December 31:Carrying value = $96,271, Interest expense = $81.33
Interest expense (debit) 81
Interest payable (credit) 81
The Amortization Schedule for the Minco Inc. bond, showing only 2020:
Date Interest Expense Interest Payable
June 30 $81 $81
December 31 $81 $81
The amortization schedule for the Minco Inc. bond showing only 2020 is provided above.
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Direction: Read the question carefully and solve it in your answer booklet by showing all the required steps. 1. A furniture company makes TABLE and CHAIR. The company has a maximum of 110 hours of labor and 300 board feet (bf) of wood. They make a profit of $6 per TABLE and $8 per CHAIR. Each TABLE requires 30bf of wood and 5 hour for labor. Each CHAIR requires 20 bf of wood and 10 hours of labor. Read the above scenario and answer the following questions. (13 marks) A. Formulate an appropriate LPP for the above scenario to find the maximum profit. (5 marks) (Marking Scheme: 2 marks for objective function, 2 marks for the constraints and 1 marks for the non-negativity constraints) B. Solve the LPP using graphical method to find the optimal solution.(8 marks) (Marking Scheme: 2 marks for finding the points for drawing lines; 2 marks for drawing graph; 1 mark for feasible region; 1 mark for finding optimal values, 1 mark for finding the unknown point using elimination method and 1 marks final solution)
The company should make 20/3 TABLES and 5 CHAIRS to maximize the profit. A furniture company makes TABLE and CHAIR. The company has a maximum of 110 hours of labor and 300 board feet (bf) of wood.
They make a profit of $6 per TABLE and $8 per CHAIR. Each TABLE requires 30bf of wood and 5 hour for labor. Each CHAIR requires 20 bf of wood and 10 hours of labor.
A. Formulate an appropriate LPP for the above scenario to find the maximum profit.
Objective function: Z = 6x + 8y where
x = number of TABLE and
y = number of CHAIR.
The company has a maximum of 110 hours of labor and 300 board feet (bf) of wood.
Each TABLE requires 5 hours of labor and each CHAIR requires 10 hours of labor. Therefore, the labor constraint equation will be
5x + 10y ≤ 110
Each TABLE requires 30bf of wood and each CHAIR requires 20 bf of wood. Therefore, the material constraint equation will be
30x + 20y ≤ 300
Non-negativity constraint: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Therefore, the linear programming problem is Maximize Z = 6x + 8y
Subject to constraints:
5x + 10y ≤ 11030x + 20y ≤ 300x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0B.
Solve the LPP using graphical method to find the optimal solution.
Given the objective function Maximize Z = 6x + 8y and the constraints:
5x + 10y ≤ 11030x + 20y ≤ 300x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Let's plot the equation of the constraints on the graph.
The coordinates of the vertices of the feasible region are: (0, 0), (0, 15), (5, 10), and (20/3, 5).
Substitute the values of x and y from each vertex into the objective function. The vertex with the highest value of Z is the optimal solution.
Vertex 1 (0, 0) Z = 6(0) + 8(0) = 0
Vertex 2 (0, 15) Z = 6(0) + 8(15) = 120
Vertex 3 (5, 10) Z = 6(5) + 8(10) = 100
Vertex 4 (20/3, 5) Z = 6(20/3) + 8(5) = 140
The optimal solution is (20/3, 5) with the maximum profit of $140.
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Which of the following groups has the primary responsibility for establishing generally accepted accounting principles for businesses in the United States?
a. The U.S. Supreme Court
b. Each state's Secretary of the Treasury
c. The Financial Accounting Standards Board
d. The Internal Revenue Service
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has the primary responsibility for establishing generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for businesses in the United States. So, the correct option is c.
The FASB is an independent, private-sector organization that was established in 1973. Its mission is to establish and improve financial accounting and reporting standards, ensuring that financial information is reliable and useful for investors, creditors, and other users of financial statements.
The U.S. Supreme Court (a) does not have the primary responsibility for establishing accounting principles. Its role is to interpret and apply the law in legal disputes.
Each state's Secretary of the Treasury (b) is not responsible for establishing accounting principles at the national level. Their roles primarily involve overseeing state finances and taxation.
The Internal Revenue Service (d) is responsible for enforcing tax laws and regulations in the United States. While they may provide guidance on tax accounting, they are not the primary authority for establishing GAAP.
In summary, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is the group that has the primary responsibility for establishing generally accepted accounting principles for businesses in the United States.
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Question 1 PLEASE ANSWER QUICKLY!!!
Scenario:
You have been hired to develop an information system for Marcy’s Munchies. A small retail food outlet in Auckland owned by Marcy Backhurst. She buys her stock in small quantities, primarily from discount supermarkets like "PAK’nSAVE". Seeing that everything is now bar-coded, she would like to invest in a system that would allow her to keep track of the stock that she sells, how fast she sells it, and make sure that the computer can automatically let her know when re-orders are necessary. She needs to be able to print out a list of goods that she might require on her next trip.
As such, most of her stock comes in this way, but there are some items which are more regular (such as newspapers, which she is invoiced for), and some others are delivered (after sending an order by email) and payment is (again) by invoice. For the last item, all items ordered come at once.
During her day, she finds that much of the activity is done between rush hours, and so she likes to peruse the local paper and see what bargains the different supermarkets are offering (and from what period). These she would like to keep track of on her computer so that when she does get a printout, it can make a suggestion as to where to purchase goods from. Marcy has no credit customers.
1. Draw an REA diagram based on the assignment scenario.
An REA (Resources, Events, Agents) diagram is a graphical representation of an accounting information system that depicts the relationships among resources, events, and agents. Based on the scenario provided for Marcy's Munchies, the following REA diagram can be drawn:
Resources:
Stock: Represents the inventory of goods that Marcy purchases from discount supermarkets like "PAK'nSAVE" and other suppliers.
Cash: Represents the monetary resource used for purchasing stock and making payments for invoices.
Newspaper: Represents the regular item that Marcy purchases based on invoices.
Events:
Purchase Stock: Represents the event of Marcy acquiring stock from discount supermarkets and suppliers.
Sell Stock: Represents the event of Marcy selling stock to customers.
Receive Invoice: Represents the event of Marcy receiving invoices for regular items like newspapers.
Make Payment: Represents the event of Marcy making payments for invoices.
Agents:
Marcy: Represents the owner and operator of Marcy's Munchies.
The diagram would show relationships between these elements, such as:
"Purchase Stock" event increases the "Stock" resource and decreases the "Cash" resource.
"Sell Stock" event decreases the "Stock" resource and increases the "Cash" resource.
"Receive Invoice" event increases the "Newspaper" resource.
"Make Payment" event decreases the "Cash" resource.
The REA diagram provides a visual representation of the flow of resources, events, and agents within Marcy's Munchies, helping to identify the key elements and relationships involved in the information system.
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You suspect that a person might have ingested a poison. You should:
Have the person vomit in order to get the poison out of the digestive system.
Call the national Poison Help line, 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number.
Immediately give the person something to drink to dilute the poison.
Locate the drug or product containers so no one else swallows anything.
If you suspect that a person might have ingested a poison, you should call the National Poison Help line, 9-1-1, or the designated emergency number.
What to do when someone ingests a poison: If you suspect someone has ingested a poison, here is what you can do:
Call for emergency assistance: Immediately call the Poison Help line, 9-1-1, or your local emergency number if someone has ingested poison. It's important to act quickly since poisoning can lead to serious health issues such as respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, and even death.
Remove any harmful substance: If there are any remaining dangerous substances around the person, remove them immediately.
Ensure you wear protective gloves and clothes to prevent being exposed to the substance.
Keep the person calm: Calm and reassure the person who has ingested the poison.
Inform them that you are getting assistance and that they will be alright.
Do not induce vomiting: Unless a medical professional directs you to do so, don't induce vomiting.
For example, drinking a saltwater solution could harm the person's throat and result in more injury.
Keep a sample of the substance: Keeping a sample of the substance may help medical experts in assessing and identifying the toxin.
Keep the person warm: The person should be kept warm while waiting for assistance.
The poison may lower the person's body temperature, which could be dangerous.
Locate the drug or product containers:
Locating the drug or product containers so no one else swallows anything.
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Fast Arrow Ltd. purchased a new bus on October 1, 2021, at a total cost of $165,000. Management is considering the merits of using the diminishing-balance or units-of-production methods of depreciation instead of the straight-line method, which it currently uses for its other buses. The new bus has an estimated residual value of $15,000, and an estimated useful life of either four years or 300,000 km. Use of the bus will be sporadic so it could be much higher in some years than in other years. Assume the new bus is driven as follows: 7,500 km in 2021; 100,000 km in 2022; 62,500 km in 2023; 95,000 km in 2024; and 35,000 km in 2025. Fast Arrow has an October 31 year end.
Instructions
a. Prepare separate depreciation schedules for the life of the bus using the (1) straight-line method, (2) doublediminishing-balance method, and (3) units-of-production method.
b. Compare the total depreciation expense and accumulated depreciation under each of the three methods over the life of the bus.
c. What estimates were used in determining the depreciation amounts in part (a)? How accurate do you think these estimates are?
d. How does each method of depreciation affect the company's cash flows?
e. Which method do you recommend? Why? Calculate depreciation and effects of disposals.
To prepare the depreciation schedules and answer the questions, let's go step by step:
a. Depreciation Schedules:
Straight-line Method:
The straight-line method allocates an equal amount of depreciation expense over the useful life of the asset.
Depreciation Expense per Year:
= (Cost - Residual Value) / Useful Life
Depreciation Expense per Year = ($165,000 - $15,000) / 4 = $37,500
Depreciation Schedule for the Bus using the Straight-line Method:
Year Depreciation Expense Accumulated Depreciation
2021 $37,500 $37,500
2022 $37,500 $75,000
2023 $37,500 $112,500
2024 $37,500 $150,000
2025 $37,500 $187,500
Double Declining Balance Method:
The double declining balance method depreciates the asset at an accelerated rate by applying a constant percentage to the net book value (cost - accumulated depreciation).
Depreciation Rate = (2 / Useful Life)
Depreciation Expense = Depreciation Rate * Net Book Value
Depreciation Schedule for the Bus using the Double Declining Balance Method:
Year Depreciation Expense Accumulated Depreciation
2021 $41,250 $41,250
2022 $41,250 $82,500
2023 $41,250 $123,750
2024 $41,250 $165,000
2025 $15,000 $180,000
Note: In the last year, the depreciation expense is adjusted to bring the accumulated depreciation to the estimated residual value of $15,000.
Units-of-Production Method:
The units-of-production method calculates depreciation based on the actual usage or production of the asset.
Depreciation Expense per Unit = (Cost - Residual Value) / Total Estimated Units
Depreciation Expense = Depreciation Expense per Unit * Actual Units
Depreciation Schedule for the Bus using the Units-of-Production Method:
Year Depreciation Expense Accumulated Depreciation
2021 $3,500 $3,500
2022 $46,667 $50,167
2023 $29,167 $79,334
2024 $44,167 $123,501
2025 $15,000 $138,501
b. Comparison of Total Depreciation Expense and Accumulated Depreciation:
Method Total Depreciation Expense Accumulated Depreciation
Straight-line $150,000 $187,500
Double Declining $180,000 $180,000
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Fred Pty Ltd, a resident Australian company had the following receipts for the year ended 30 June 2018. Note: the company is eligible as a small business
Receipts $
Gross Interest from Italy (foreign tax $10,000) 30,000
Fully franked dividend 14,000
20% Partly franked dividends 7,000
Unfranked dividends 15,000
Interest (net of TFN tax of $4,700) 5,300
Required
a) Calculate John Pty Ltd.’s taxable income for year ended 30 June 2018.
b) Calculate John Pty Ltd.’s net tax payable or refundable for the year ended 30 June 2018
a) John Pty Ltd's taxable income for the year ended 30 June 2018 is $45,900 , b) John Pty Ltd's net tax payable for the year ended 30 June 2018 is $13,770.
To calculate John Pty Ltd's taxable income for the year ended 30 June 2018, we need to consider the various receipts and apply the relevant tax treatment to each:
a) Taxable Income Calculation:
• Gross Interest from Italy (foreign tax $10,000): The gross interest of $30,000 is taxable income, but since foreign tax of $10,000 has already been paid, it can be claimed as a foreign tax credit or deduction, depending on the tax rules. The net taxable interest is $20,000.
• Fully franked dividend: Fully franked dividends carry imputation credits for the corporate tax already paid. Therefore, the $14,000 dividend is not included in taxable income.
• 20% Partly franked dividends: Partly franked dividends are taxed based on their franking percentage. Assuming the franking percentage is 20%, the taxable portion of the dividends is $7,000 * (1 - 0.2) = $5,600.
• Unfranked dividends: Unfranked dividends are fully included in taxable income. Thus, the $15,000 unfranked dividends are taxable income.
• Interest (net of TFN tax of $4,700): Since $4,700 has already been withheld as TFN tax, the net interest of $5,300 is taxable income.
Summing up the taxable components: $20,000 (gross interest) + $5,600 (partly franked dividends) + $15,000 (unfranked dividends) + $5,300 (net interest) = $45,900. Therefore, John Pty Ltd's taxable income for the year ended 30 June 2018 is $45,900.
b) Net Tax Payable or Refundable Calculation: To determine the net tax payable or refundable, we need to apply the applicable tax rates and consider any tax offsets or credits.
Given that John Pty Ltd is a resident Australian small business, we'll assume the current corporate tax rate of 30% applies to its taxable income. Therefore, the income tax payable would be $45,900 * 0.30 = $13,770.
If John Pty Ltd has already made tax payments throughout the year, we need to consider them. However, the question does not provide any information regarding prior tax payments or installments. Hence, we'll assume there were no previous tax payments.
Considering the information provided, John Pty Ltd's net tax payable for the year ended 30 June 2018 is $13,770.
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Gomez Company issues $9,000,000 of bonds with a coupon rate of 8%. To help the sale, detachable stock warrants are issued at the rate of ten warrants for each $1,000 bond sold. It is estimated that the value of the bonds without the warrants is $8,883,000 and the value of the warrants is $567,000. The bonds with the warrants sold at 101.
To record the bond transactions described, the following entries would be required:
Cash: $9,090,000Bonds Payable: $8,883,000Paid-in Capital - Warrants: $567,000Premium on Bonds Payable: $240,000The issuance of bonds with detachable stock warrants involves multiple components that need to be recorded separately.
To record the issuance of the bonds, we would debit Cash for the total amount received, which is $9,090,000 ($9,000,000 in bond proceeds + $90,000 premium from selling the bonds at 101% of their value).
The corresponding credit would be made to Bonds Payable for the face value of the bonds, which is $8,883,000, and Premium on Bonds Payable for the remaining premium of
=($9,090,000 - $8,883,000)= $240,000
Additionally, since detachable stock warrants are issued, we would credit Paid-in Capital - Warrants for the estimated value of the warrants, which is $567,000. This represents the equity component associated with the warrants.
These entries reflect the issuance of the bonds, the premium received, and the separate valuation of the warrants, ensuring accurate recording of the various components of the transaction.
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The complete question is:
For Each of the unrelated transactions described below, present the entry(ies) required to record the bond transactions. 3, Gomez Company issues $9,000,000 of bonds with a coupon rate of 8%, To help the sale, detachable stock warrants are issued at the rate of ten warrants for each $1,000 bond sold. It is estimated that the value of the bonds without the warrants is $8,883,000 and the value of the warrants is $567,000. The bonds with the warrants sold at 101.
Which of the following will cause the short-run Phillips curve to shift to the right, or up? a. A decrease in the price of oil. b. Decrease in interest rates. c. An increase in expected inflation. d. A decrease in wages.
The short-run Phillips curve will shift to the right, or up, due to an increase in expected inflation. Thus, the correct answer option is C.
An increase in expected inflation reflects the expectation that prices will rise at a higher rate in the future. When firms and workers anticipate higher inflation, they adjust their behavior accordingly. Workers demand higher wages to compensate for the expected increase in prices, and firms, in turn, increase their prices to cover the higher labor costs. This leads to higher inflationary pressures in the economy and causes the short-run Phillips curve to shift to the right, indicating a higher level of inflation for a given unemployment rate.
On the other hand, options A, B, and D do not directly cause a shift in the short-run Phillips curve to the right. A decrease in the price of oil (Option A) would lower production costs, potentially reducing inflationary pressures and shifting the Phillips curve to the left. A decrease in interest rates (Option B) and a decrease in wages (Option D) could stimulate economic activity and potentially lead to lower unemployment but do not directly affect inflation expectations, hence not causing a shift in the Phillips curve.
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