A mutation in either a hormone or its receptor might affect the physiological system that it normally regulates by either blocking hormone effect or creating a completely different effect.
Hormones can be called chemical messengers which coordinate distinct functions in the body. Many glands, organs and tissues produce and release hormones, many of which constitute the endocrine system.
A hormone will only act on a part of the body if it fits i.e. if the cells in the target tissue have receptors which can receive the message of the hormone. Given that hormones carry instructions in their structure, mutations alter their structures by changing nucleic acid sequences which blocks hormone function.
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Testosterone is an example of:_________.
a) an androgen.
b) an estrogen.
c) a progestin.
d) melatonin
Testosterone is an example of an androgen.
Testosterone belongs to a class of male hormones called androgens, which are sometimes called steroids or anabolic steroids. IN men, testosterone is mainly produced in the testes. In women's bodies, testosterone is produced in the ovaries, adrenal glands, fat cells, and skin cells.
Testosterone products come in different forms, including gels, injectable solutions, patches, pills and pellets implanted under the skin. Once a patient starts testosterone therapy, the patient usually undergoes lifelong treatment. Testosterone is an anabolic steroid that occurs naturally in the human body. “Anabolic” means to build up or promote growth.
Hence, A is the correct option
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The ____ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body. group of answer choices
The ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body. group of answer choices.
The ventral posterior nucleus is the somato-sensory relay nucleus in thalamus of the brain. As the name suggests, this nucleus is located in the ventral part of the posterior thalamus. It is lateral to another part of the somatosensory thalamus, the ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus. The ventral posterolateral nucleus collect information for pain, temperature and crude touch via the spinothalamic tract. The ventral posteromedial nucleus receives sensory information from the face via the trigeminal nerve.
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3 reasons why gaseous exchange is essential
Hey there!
So gaseous exchange is the process of swapping one gas for another in the alveoli of the lungs.
3 reasons why it is important is because it gives the body the ability to eliminate carbon dioxide, replenish oxygen, and it is required for survival.
If this was to brief, please see further down for maybe more information.
How does gas exchange happen in lungs?Simple passive diffusion.
As they attempt to reach equilibrium between the partial pressure of each gas in the alveolus (a tiny air sac) and the partial pressure of each gas dissolved in pulmonary capillary blood entering the lung, O2 and CO2 readily diffuse through cellular membranes. As a result, almost equal amounts of oxygen and CO2 diffuse from the lung to the blood.
How can the process of gas exchange be explained?All mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians have hemoglobin in their blood. Oxygen replaces the carbon dioxide bound to the haemoglobin molecule as an animal breathes in. Haemoglobin has the valuable capacity to release carbon dioxide and absorb oxygen when the partial pressure of oxygen is higher, while doing the opposite when the partial pressure of oxygen is lower, as far as I can tell, and it has been 40 years since I took "A" level biology. Because air (typically) contains a significant excess of oxygen over carbon dioxide, blood moves to the lungs where it excretes carbon dioxide. Through the aerobic citric acid cycle, oxygen is reacted by metabolism in the body's tissues to produce carbon dioxide. Red blood cells give up oxygen to the tissues, thus when the oxygenated blood enters the tissues, carbon dioxide is transported from the tissue to the hemoglobin in the red blood cells.
Another way of saying it:
Diverse gases are naturally exchanged across a certain respiratory surface through a process known as gas trading. A functional framework for their commerce is essential since gases are constantly needed by cells and metabolic processes and given as a by-product. It is related to breathing in living things and to photosynthesis in plants as well. In order for cells to function properly when breathing, waste carbon dioxide (CO2) must be expelled, but during photosynthesis, CO2 enters plants and O 2 is released. Gas atoms move from a range of high fixation to low fixation as a result of dispersion down a focal angle, which essentially causes the trading of gases.
Thank you, I hope this helped.
- Eddie
A population of 200 mice contains 168 brown mice. brown is dominant to gray. how much of the population would be heterozygous?
84%
84% of the population of mice would be heterozygous.
What does heterozygous mean?Heterozygous refers to the presence of two different allele types for the same gene. For a single gene, these alleles display two distinct character types. An illustration would be someone with an allele for both brown and black hair.
There are 200 mice in total, 168 of which are brown.
By the Hardy–Weinberg (HW) equilibrium
q² (bb) = (200 - 168) /200 = 32 / 200 = 0.16
q: √ 0.16 = 0.4
p = 1 - q = 1 - 0.4 = 0.6
p² (BB) = 0.6 x 0.6 = 0.36
Thus, 84% of the population of mice would be heterozygous.
What is meant by population heterozygosity?Given that q2 is significantly smaller than 2pq when q is close to zero and p2 is significantly smaller than 2pq when p is close to zero, rare alleles are mostly found in heterozygotes. This is known as population heterozygosity.To learn more about heterozygous population visit:
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If a linear piece of dna has three sites for a particular restriction enzyme, into how many fragments will that restriction enzyme cut the dna?
If a linear piece of DNA has three sites for a particular restriction enzyme, it will be cut into 4 fragments. If the DNA is circular, the number of obtained fragments will be N for N recognition sequences for the specified restriction enzymes however if the DNA is linear, the number of obtained fragments will be (N+1).
A bacterial protein called the restriction enzyme cleaves DNA at specific locations. The recognition sequences, or short and distinct nucleotide sequences, are recognized by restriction enzymes in DNA. When a DNA sequence is recognized by the restriction enzyme, it hydrolyzes the bond between neighboring nucleotides and cleaves the DNA molecule.
The restriction enzymes guard against bacteriophages on the living bacteria. They identify the bacteriophage and cleave at its restriction sites, destroying its DNA.
The use of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering is crucial. In order to introduce foreign DNA for gene-editing purposes, restriction enzymes cut DNA at a specified location, which makes them a crucial tool.
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Which pair is incorrectly matching polymer-monomer? nucleic acids - nucleotides proteins - amino acids lipids - monosaccharides carbohydrates – sugar
The pair that incorrectly matches polymer-monomer is lipids-monosaccharides (option C).
What is a monomer?A monomer is a small molecule which can be covalently bonded to other monomers to form a polymer.
A polymer, on the other hand, is a large molecule made up of a chain of many monomeric units, formed by chemically bonding together.
The following are the monomer-polymer combination we have in nature;
Carbohydrates - simple sugar/monosaccharideProtein - amino acidLipids - fatty acidNucleic acid - nucleotideTherefore, the pair that incorrectly matches polymer-monomer is lipids-monosaccharides.
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Which is abiotic?
tree sap
insect
sunlight
tree stump
Answer: C: Sunlight
Explanation:
Edge 2022
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Human activities that directly threaten coral reefs include?
Answer:
fishing practices, pollution, physical harm
Which body system is NOT primarily responsible for maintaining the fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
The nervous system is a body system that is NOT primarily responsible for maintaining the fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
What is the nervous system?The nervous system is a body system that acts to transmit different signals such as neurotransmitters and electrical stimuli across parts of the body.
The nervous system is composed of the cerebrum (i.e., the brain) and also the spinal cord, which is connected to the peripherical nerves and sends information to the body muscles.
In conclusion, the nervous system is a body system that is NOT primarily responsible for maintaining the fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
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Imagine a plant with carotenoids but no chlorophyll. which color(s) of light would be most beneficial to the plant?
If a plant with carotenoids but no chlorophyll then caretenoids absorb light at wavelengths around 400-500 nm, in which violet and blue. Energy absorbed by these pigments drive photosynthesis so violet blue light would be most useful to this plant.
The best wavelength of visible light for photosynthesis under blue range is 400-450 nm and in red range is 600 - 700 nm . Plants have other pigment which help the plant in absorption of light that chlorophyll misses.
carotenoids are yellow in color to red pigment presents in almost every leaf that absorb some of the green that chlorophyll can not. carotenoids that fall foliage much of their yellow and orange colors.
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Homozygous vs Heterozygous Alleles
2. To know more about preservatives.
To know about the different methods of preservation.
a) Collect the wrappers of frozen and canned food items and milk.
b) Find about the preservatives present in these food items.
c) List the various preservatives and methods of their preservation.
A chemical preservative stops items from decomposing. Some preservatives are used to cure wood or metal, while others are applied to food. Food preservation is "the science that deals with the process of preventing food from decaying or spoiling so that it can be stored in a fit condition for future use." Food quality, edibility, and nutritional content are all guaranteed via preservation.
They are not tainted with harmful substances or dangerous organisms.It does not lose its excellent color, texture, taste, or nutritional content.What are the different methods of Food Preservation?Drying: The oldest method of food preservation is drying. By using this technique, water activity is reduced, preventing bacterial growth. Drying makes food lighter so it can be transported more readily. Modern drying methods include bed dryers, fluidized bed dryers, freeze drying, shelf dryers, spray drying, commercial food dehydrators, and household ovens, in addition to the traditional methods of using the sun and wind. Examples of dried items using this technique include meat and fruits, apples, apricots, and grapes.
Freezing: Food prepared and frozen is kept in cold storage. Although potatoes can be controlled in dark areas, potato preparations must be frozen.
Smoking: Food is cooked, flavored, and preserved through smoking, which exposes it to wood smoke. Meats and fish are typically smoked because the smoke has antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Assorted smoking techniques are employed, including hot smoking, cold smoking, smoke roasting, and smoke baking. Smoking increases the risk of cancer when used as a preservative.
Vacuum packing creates: By making bottles and bags impermeable, vacuum packing creates a vacuum. Bacteria perish because there is no oxygen in the newly generated vacuum. Typically applied to dry fruit.
Salting and Pickling: Curing, commonly referred to as salting, removes moisture from goods like meat. Pickling is the process of preserving food in a salt solution (brine) or vinegar (acetic acid); in Asia, food is sometimes preserved in oil. At a 20% concentration, salt kills and stops the growth of microorganisms. Pickling can be done in many ways, including chemical pickling and fermentation pickling. To extend the shelf life of commercial pickles, sodium benzoate or EDTA is added.
Sugar: Fruits can be preserved with sugar in syrup form or crystallized form, depending on whether the material to be preserved is boiled in the sugar until it crystallizes, like candied peel and ginger. Another use is for fruit superficially coated in sugar syrup and then glazed. Alcohol and sugar are combined with preserving upscale foods like fruit in brandy.
Lye: Lye, also referred to as sodium hydroxide, makes food alkaline and inhibits the growth of microorganisms.
Canning and bottling: Sealing cooked food in sterile bottles and cans is the definition of canning and bottling. Boiling the container destroys or weakens bacteria. Various amounts of time or space are used for cooking food. The food is more at risk of rotting after the can or bottle has been opened.
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The perivascular feet of the ______ help create a blood-brain barrier. multiple choice question.
The perivascular feet of the endothelial cells help create a blood-brain barrier.
What are endothelial cells?Endothelial cells can be defined as those type of cells found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart.
Interestingly, the major function of the edothelial cells is that they release substances that control vascular relaxation and contraction as well as enzymes that control blood clotting, immune function and platelet (a colorless substance in the blood) adhesion.
So therefore, the perivascular feet of the endothelial cells help create a blood-brain barrier.
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which book is good for class 9 for preparation of neet ?
Answer:
all books is need because we need it
What are the 4 ways or mechanisms by which a planet or moon can gain an atmosphere?
Four processes—outgassing, evaporation, sublimation, and surface ejection—can help a planet or moon to gain an atmosphere.
1) Outgassing: The release of a gas that has been dissolved, trapped, frozen, or absorbed in a substance is known as outgassing.
The outgassing that took place as the smaller, inner planets cooled down is likely how they acquired their atmospheres (volcanoes).
2) Evaporation : The process of converting anything from a liquid or solid state to vapors is called evaporation (like fog, mist, or steam).
So upon evaporation, water converts into gas and that's how moon gain an atmosphere by evaporation.
3) Sublimation : Converting a solid directly into a gas without first going through a liquid phase.
4)Surface ejection: A surface ejection is a massive discharge of plasma and magnetic field into the heliosphere from the Sun's corona.
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If a muscle is provided with a rapid series of threshold stimuli, the process of summation can lead to maximal sustained contraction called:_________
If a muscle is provided with a rapid series of threshold stimuli, the process of summation can lead to maximal sustained contraction called Tetanus.
A state of prolong contraction of a muscle during which the muscle does not rest to its initial length or tension, induced by a rapid succession of stimuli. Tetanus is a medical condition characterized by a lengthy contraction of skeletal muscle fibers, the primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani. A tetanus infection requires emergency and long-term supportive care while the disease runs its course. Treatment consists of wound care and medications .
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High levels of which lipoprotein class are associated wit decreased risk of accelerated atherosclerosis?
The "bad cholesterol" transporter LDL is clinically linked to atherosclerosis and high LDL levels.
The "bad cholesterol" transporter LDL is clinically linked to atherosclerosis and high LDL levels.Chylomicrons, LDL, and VLDL levels that are higher are linked to atherosclerosis.Your blood vessels become clogged with plaque as a result of high cholesterol. Atherosclerosis is the medical term for this plaque buildup. Atherosclerosis increases the likelihood of developing a wide range of illnesses.LDL-loaded macrophages grow into foam cells, which encourage inflammation and accelerate atherosclerotic plaque development. The plaques can become unstable and restrict the artery. A ruptured plaque can trigger blood clotting, obstruct blood flow to the brain or heart, and cause a heart attack or stroke.learn more about atherosclerosis here: https://brainly.com/question/4142223
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The plasmodesmata in plants are functionally most similar to which animal cell junction?
select one:
a. desmosome
b. gap junction
c. adherens junction
d. tight junction
Answer:
B.) Gap junction
Explanation:
Plasmodesmata (singular form: plasmodesma) are intercellular organelles found only in plant and algal cells. (The animal cell "equivalent" is called the gap junction.)
A heterozygous person that has one disease allele and one normal allele is referred to as a:________
Answer:
Explanation:
When you have a genetic disease, where one allele is dominant over the other, then there are three types of genotypes you can have - DD homozygous dominant (assuming the disease is recessive, this person would be normal); Dd - heterozygous (this person would be normal but will be able to pass on the disease trait to their offspring, and we call that a carrier) and dd - homozygous recessive, which would be the person that has the disease.
Identify the evolutionary forces that can cause allele frequencies to change from one generation to the next.
Allele frequencies to change from one generation to the next.-
B. Mutation; C. Random genetic drift; D. Migration; F. Natural selection
Selection, mutation, migration, and genetic drift are the mechanisms that effect changes in allele frequencies. When one or more of these forces are acting, the population violates Hardy-Weinberg assumptions, and evolution occurs.Why do allele frequencies change from one generation to the next?
Random selection: Allele frequencies may fluctuate from one generation to the next when people with particular genotypes outlive those with different genotypes.
No mutation: Allele frequencies may fluctuate from one generation to the next if new alleles are produced via mutation or if alleles mutate at different rates.
What are 5 factors that cause changes in allele frequency?
A population, a collection of interacting individuals of a single species, exhibits a change in allele frequency from one generation to the next due to five main processes. These include natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutation.Learn more about allele frequency
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The complete question is -
Identify the evolutionary forces that can cause allele frequencies to change from one generation to the next. Check all that apply
A. Inbreeding
B. Mutation,
C. random genetic drift
D. migration
E. extinction
F. natural selection
The hydrophobicity plot assigns each amino acid a hydrophobic value based on the method by kyte and doolittle. What can be inferred from the plot?
The hydrophobicity plot tells us about the location of transmembrane helices.
What is hydrophobicity plot?Hydrophobicity plots are used to predict the location of turns in proteins.In 1982, Kyte and Doolittle gave a hydrophobicity scale which gives each amino acid a hydrophobicity value.A hydrophobicity plot is drawn between the residue number versus residue hydrophobicity. These hydropathy plots are used to determine the transmembrane helices of proteins.The transmembrane helices are present in the non polar area (hydrophobic) of the lipid membrane whereas the other parts are present in polar areas (hydrophilic).Thus by computing the hydrophobicity value and plotting it on a graph we can find the loops and turns in proteins. Nowadays there are many hydrophobicity scales determining the hydrophobicity value of amino acids.Learn about amino acids here:
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Which white blood cell phagocytizes microorganisms and becomes a macrophage in the tissue?
Monocytes are white blood cell that phagocytizes microorganisms and becomes a macrophage in the tissue
Monocytes, a subtype of white blood cells, give rise to macrophages. When monocytes travel from the bloodstream to the tissues, they develop into macrophages. A monocyte is a subtype of phagocyte and a type of white blood cell. Enlarge. plasma cells.
White blood cells (monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets are among the various cell types found in the blood.
It may also be related to several cancers, particularly leukemia. When you are recuperating from an acute infection, a high monocyte count may happen. Your body could be more prone to infection if your monocyte count is low. Infection is one cause of a decreased white blood cell count.
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A person's original chromosomes and their component genes constitute that person's :_______
a) genotype.
b) allele.
c) phenotype.
d) autosomal inheritance.
e) locus.
A person's original chromosomes and their component genes constitute that person's genotype (Option a is correct).
What is a genotype?A genotype can be defined as the genes and their variant (alleles) contian in a given nucleotide sequence of DNA, which can be represented by a linear chromosome.
The genotype may contain only a few genes in small chromosomes (e.g., plasmids) or many genes in linear human chromosomes (over more than 1000 genes).
In conclusion, a person's original chromosomes and their component genes constitute that person's genotype carried out by the individual and his/her cells (Option a is correct).
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The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through.
The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through Mitosis.
What is mitosis?A cell prepares for cell division by replicating its chromosomes, segregating them, and creating two identical nuclei during the mitotic phase. The cell's contents are often evenly divided into two daughter cells with identical genomes after mitosis.What is the mitotic process?A eukaryotic cell's nucleus divides in two during the process of mitosis, which is followed by the division of the parent cell into two daughter cells. The term "mitosis," which translates to "threads," refers to the chromosomes' appearance as threads when the cell gets ready to divide.What is the phases of the mitosis?prophaseprometaphasemetaphaseanaphasetelophase, and cytokinesis. What is the importance of mitosis?Multicellular creatures depend on mitosis to produce new cells for growth and to replace damaged or worn-out cells, such as skin cells. Mitosis serves as the main asexual reproductive mechanism for a large number of single-celled organisms.To learn more about mitosis visit:
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What documented examples from real-life organ donors can you provide to help you demonstrate how a regulated human organ trade would (or would not) be exploitative?
The only thing that is felt is the terrible medical footprint left by organ traffickers, who make money in the shadows.
It exposes vulnerable groups, also known as "donors," and first-world recipients, sometimes known as "recipients," to severe exploitation and lifelong health effects.Transplantations that take place for profit commercially or outside of established national healthcare systems are referred to as organ trade.A market for human organs, in which individual body parts are valued as commodities, might result in a broad commodification and coarsening of interpersonal interactions. Any system for selling organs would establish an economic rather than a philanthropic link between the buyer and the seller, posing issues with quality control. Organ donation poses immediate surgical risks such as discomfort, infection, hernia, bleeding, blood clots, wound problems, and, in extreme circumstances, even death.learn more about organ traffickers here: https://brainly.com/question/24004490
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Glycolysis takes place in the ________, and the krebs cycle takes place in the ________
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, and the Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria of the cell.
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process. During glycolysis, partial oxidation of glucose occurs, which produces two molecules of pyruvic acid.
Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It is an aerobic process which produces Carbon dioxide after complete oxidation of pyruvic acid that is made up during glycolysis.
The pyruvate formed by the reduction of glucose in the glycolysis is broken down into acetyl-CoA which then enters the Krebs cycle and condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate. One pyruvate molecules yields 15 ATP and therefore, two pyruvate molecules lead to the production of 30 ATP.
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Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity?
Due to moderate disturbance, habitats are opened up for less competitive species thus increasing the diversity of a community.
What are the factors affecting diversity?Diversity is the variation in different life forms within a community, ecosystem or biome. Moderate disturbances result in loss of number of competitive species thus opening up habitat for less competitive species.According to intermediate species diversity, moderate disturbances increase the diversity of an area by maintaining the numbers of both more competitive and less competitive species.When disturbance is low, more competitive species dominate the community leading to loss of less competitive ones.When disturbance is high like deforestation, forest fires, it can result in loss of all species.Thus at moderate disturbances, diversity is maximum because species at all ecosystem levels can coexist.Learn more about biodiversity here:
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How do the unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids affect the structure of cell membranes?
Unsaturated fatty acids are a component of the phospholipids in cell membranes and help maintain membrane fluidity. The Phospholipids contain a variety of unsaturated fatty acids, when compressed, the “kinks” in their tails push adjacent phospholipid molecules away, that helps in maintain fluidity in the membrane. Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond, creating a "kink" in the chain, the absence of double bonds decreases fluidity, making the membrane very strong and stacked tightly.
The ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids determines the fluidity in the membrane at a temperature, at appropriate temperatures the phospholipids have enough kinetic energy to overcome the intermolecular forces holding the membrane together, which increases membrane fluidity.
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By 1500 b.c.e., which group in middle america (mesoamerica) began developing large cities, which including massive pyramidal structures?
Mayas began developing large cities, which including massive pyramidal structures.
Who were Mayas?The Maya civilisation was a Mesoamerican civilization founded by the Maya peoples that was notable for its logosyllabic script—the most sophisticated and highly developed writing system in pre-Columbian Americas—as well as its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system. The Maya are an indigenous people of Mexico and Central America who have lived continuously throughout modern-day Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas in Mexico, as well as Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and Hondur.The Ancient Mayans developed the science of astronomy, calendar systems, and hieroglyphic writing. They were also known for creating elaborate ceremonial architecture, such as pyramids, temples, palaces, and observatories.To learn more about mayas from the given link
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Why p-nitrophenolphosphate → p-nitrophenol is an ideal reaction for this laboratory assay?
Protein, alkaline, and acid phosphatases are all measured using the non-specific, non-proteinaceous substrate known as p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate (PNPP). So, it is an ideal reaction for this laboratory assay.
What is p-nitrophenolphosphate ?In ELISA and traditional spectrophotometric experiments, para-Nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) is a non-proteinaceous chromogenic substrate for alkaline and acid phosphatases.The hydrolysis of pNPP by phosphatases releases inorganic phosphate and the conjugate base of para-nitrophenol (pNP).The resultant phenolate has a maximum absorbance at 405 nm and is yellow in colour.Alkaline phosphatase (AP) and protein tyrosine phosphatase are two phosphatases that can be measured using this characteristic (PTP).The material needs to be stored in a dark, shielded area because it is light-sensitive. Before reading and after incorporating the substrate into the mixture, this is equally crucial.Learn more about p-nitrophenolphosphate here:
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