how did mao zedong gain the support of the peasantry in china?

Like Freud's original theory, the neo-Freudian approach can be criticized for being subjective and difficult to test scientifically.

Neo-Freudians may have also overemphasized the importance of childhood experiences and unconscious motivations in shaping personality and behavior .In Freud's original theory, the concept of the Oedipus complex, which posits that boys develop sexual desires for their mothers and view their fathers as rivals, was heavily criticized for its cultural and gender bias.

Similarly, neo-Freudian theories such as Carl Jung's collective unconscious and Karen Horney's emphasis on the need for social connection have also been criticized for lacking empirical support and being difficult to test scientifically.

Moreover, critics of the neo-Freudian approach argue that it does not account for cultural and individual differences in personality development and focuses too heavily on the role of internal conflicts in shaping personality and behavior. Some critics have also suggested that neo-Freudian theories are overly deterministic and do not take into account the role of free will and individual agency in shaping personality and behavior.

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1. Mesozoic Era time period were Dinosaurs present on earth. 2. Cenozoic Era time period did large mammals first appear. The 'Age of Dinosaurs' (the Mesozoic Era) spanned three geologic time periods (the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous).

Various dinosaur species existed during each of these three time periods. The oldest known haramiyids date back to the Triassic period, 208 million years ago. If they are actual mammals, mammal origins must go back at least that long; if not, the oldest known animal is 178 million years old, deep into the Jurassic period.

The oldest mammaliaform ecological radiation occurred between 190 and 163 million years ago, with the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea, and involved the first genuine mammals and their closest relatives.

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The fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Turks (1453) prompted Spain and Portugal toseek new trade routes to East Asia

The fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 had a significant impact on the European powers of the time, including Spain and Portugal. The event marked the end of the Byzantine Empire, which had served as a major hub for trade between Europe and Asia, particularly the lucrative Silk Road trade routes.

With the Ottoman Turks controlling the traditional overland trade routes to the East, such as those through the Middle East and Central Asia, European powers, including Spain and Portugal, were cut off from these valuable trade networks. This prompted them to seek alternative routes to access the riches of Asia, particularly East Asia.

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Spanish missionaries considered European ideas about civilization to be option D) no better than the Indians' ideas about civilization.

European conceptions of population were viewed as superior and more advanced by Spanish missionaries. When compared to the indigenous cultures that they encountered in the Americas, they thought that European civilization was more developed, culturally refined, and technologically advanced.

The missionaries from Spain believed that the native people, whom they regarded as "barbaric" or "uncivilized," needed Christianity and European practices introduced to them. They aimed to "civilize" the indigenous peoples and convert them to European ways of life because they saw themselves as agents of progress and enlightenment.

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1. The statement is True

2. The statement is True

3. The correct option is d. Individualism-Collectivism

1. The statement is False. The present cross-cultural psychology research does not share the same universality assumption for cognition as the British empiricist philosophers in the 18th and 19th century and neither makes arguments consistent with those philosophers. The British empiricist philosophers in the 18th and 19th century claimed that knowledge is based on sensory experience and that all individuals are born with a blank slate, which is filled with content from the environment. This assumption was often labeled as "tabula rasa". Present cross-cultural psychology research, on the other hand, supports the view that cognition is not entirely universal, but is influenced by cultural experience.

2. The statement is True. East Asians do not show the fundamental attribution error in cross-cultural studies, regardless of the salience of situational reasons, unlike Westerners. The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to overemphasize dispositional (internal) explanations for others' behavior and underemphasize situational (external) explanations. Westerners are more likely to commit this error, while East Asians are more likely to take situational factors into account.

3. Krys, Hansen, Xing, Szarota, and Yang (2014) used the cultural dimension of Individualism-Collectivism as the key framework to explain the differences in perceiving smiling individuals in their study on cultural differences. Therefore, the correct option is (d) Individualism-Collectivism.

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The United States adopted the policy of containment of communism after World War II as a means of limiting the spread of Communism and the Soviet Union's influence.

It was believed that if the Soviet Union could not expand its influence any further, it would eventually fall from within. The fear of Communism was seen as a threat to the American way of life and therefore it was seen as necessary to contain its spread. The policy of containment focused on non-military and military means.

Non-military containment included placing economic and diplomatic pressure on countries that were believed to be vulnerable to Communist influence. This was done through aid packages, loans, and the formation of the United Nations. Military containment involved military deterrence and presence in strategic areas. This included the creation of NATO and the stationing of troops in Western Europe as a deterrent against Soviet aggression.

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Almost 90% of the fossils discovered are from marine animals such as shellfish and sharks. This is because they lived near the sea, where sand or mud could quickly cover their remains after death. For millennia, a secret lay dormant at the bottom of a lagoon in an English nature reserve, concealed by dirt, water, and ice.

The fossilised remains were discovered only lately, harkening back to a time when dinosaurs dominated the Earth and giant marine reptiles, often known as "sea dragons," roamed the oceans. Some deep sea deposits are primarily constituted of siliceous fossils, such as diatoms and radiolarians made of opal. Others, such as foraminifera and coccolithiphorids, are carbonate-based.

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Answer:

Fiji's relationship with both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) is important for several reasons:

Economic benefits: Both the PRC and ROC are major economic powers, and having a relationship with both countries can help Fiji to increase its trade, investment, and tourism opportunities. This can lead to economic growth and job creation in Fiji.

Diplomatic leverage: Having a relationship with both the PRC and ROC allows Fiji to maintain diplomatic leverage and avoid taking sides in the ongoing political dispute between the two countries. This can help Fiji to maintain its neutrality and independence, and avoid being seen as aligned with any particular country or ideology.

Cultural exchange: Both China and Taiwan have rich cultural traditions and histories, and having a relationship with both countries can allow Fiji to benefit from cultural exchange and cooperation in areas such as education, language, and arts. This can help to promote mutual understanding and appreciation between Fiji and the two countries.

Regional stability: Fiji is an important player in the Pacific region, and having good relationships with both the PRC and ROC can help to promote regional stability and cooperation. This is particularly important given the strategic importance of the Pacific region and the increasing interest of major powers such as China in the region.

Overall, maintaining good relationships with both the PRC and ROC can bring a range of benefits to Fiji, including economic growth, diplomatic leverage, cultural exchange, and regional stability.

Explanation:

Italy and Prussia were part of the French Empire or allied with France at some point, while Great Britain, the Russian Empire, and the Austrian Empire were not.

Italy: Italy was partially under French control during the Napoleonic era. Napoleon Bonaparte and the French army established the Kingdom of Italy in 1805, with Napoleon being crowned as King of Italy. Several regions of modern-day Italy were incorporated into the French Empire or under French influence during this time.

Great Britain: Great Britain was not part of the French Empire or allied with France during the period mentioned. In fact, the two powers were often adversaries, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars.

Russian Empire: The Russian Empire was not part of the French Empire or allied with France during the period mentioned.

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Statistical power is affected 'most' by sample size and internal validity means not confounding factors impacted the IV causing the DV.

The option (A) is correct.

Regarding the second statement, internal validity refers to the extent to which a study accurately measures the causal relationship between the IV and DV, without the influence of confounding variables. Internal validity is threatened when the IV is impacted by factors other than what the researcher intended.

In summary, statistical power is primarily influenced by sample size and the presence of confounding factors. Additionally, internal validity is compromised when the IV is impacted by factors other than the intended manipulation.

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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:

Statistical power is affected 'most' by________ and internal validity means not _________impacted the IV causing the DV.

(A) Sample size, confounding factors

(B) Sample size, bias

(C) Study duration, blas

(D) Study duration, confounding factors

From different political vantage points, Hoover and Long both denounced Roosevelt's New Deal because of the way it was being implemented.

Hoover worried the New Deal would eventually result in deficit spending because it required an excessive amount of government participation. A political realignment brought about by the New Deal resulted in the Democratic Party being the majority, with its foundation in progressive ideologies, the South, big city machinery, and the newly powerful labour unions.

It altered the presidency's authority, the presidency's position in the economy, and the way the American people interacted with their government. Some women had the chance to advance women's rights and broaden their political power thanks to the New Deal.

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In the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, it was asserted that states have the right to nullify or reject federal laws they deem unconstitutional.

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, respectively, in response to the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts by the federal government. These resolutions were written by James Madison (Virginia Resolution) and Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky Resolution) and presented arguments in favor of states' rights and the principle of nullification. According to these resolutions, if a state believed that a federal law exceeded the powers granted to the federal government by the Constitution or violated the rights of the states, it had the authority to declare the law null and void within its borders.

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions expressed the belief that states were not mere subordinates to the federal government but had the power to interpret and determine the constitutionality of federal laws. They asserted the concept of "interposition," which stated that states could interpose themselves between the federal government and the citizens to protect their rights. While these resolutions did not have the force of law, they were significant in highlighting the ongoing debate over the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

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Mary McLeod Bethune was a key figure in the NYA. It was brought into the world in South Carolina in 1875 to guardians who had once been slaves.

The correct option (B) is correct.

She established the Public Committee of Negro Ladies in 1935, and she likewise turned into a guide to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. She turned into an individual from President Roosevelt's Dark Bureau, a gathering of unmistakable dark pioneers who exhorted him on racial issues.

She additionally worked with First Woman Eleanor Roosevelt to increment open positions for African Americans. Bethune trusted in the force of training to completely change people. She established the Daytona Typical and Modern Organization for Negro Young Ladies, which later became Bethune-Cookman School.

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Answer:

See explanation.

Explanation:

I've given a rather bare bones answer here, but it can definitely be expanded upon given a bit of research if you need to write an essay on this topic.

Genocide can be defined as deliberately killing a large group of people from a specific ethnicity, race, religion, etc with the intention of wiping out that group. The Holocaust was an effort to wipe out the Jewish people during World War 2. There were an estimated 6 million Jewish people killed, alongside millions of others. Since the intention of the people behind the Holocaust was to completely wipe out the Jewish people, it is an example of genocide due to not only the intention of removing the Jewish people but also because of the millions of casualties.

From 1960 to today, women's labor-force participation rate in the U.S. increased from about 40% to 60%. The correct option is B.

Over the past six decades, there has been a significant change in women's labor-force participation in the United States. In 1960, approximately 40% of women were participating in the labor force, meaning they were either employed or actively seeking employment. However, as societal attitudes shifted, and with the rise of feminist movements and changing economic conditions, the labor-force participation rate for women steadily increased.

By today, the rate has reached around 60%, indicating a substantial growth in women's representation in the workforce. This increase can be attributed to various factors, including increased access to education and career opportunities, changes in social norms and expectations, and the evolving economic landscape. The rise in women's labor-force participation has had significant implications for gender equality and the overall dynamics of the workforce.

The correct option is B.

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There are no positive effects.

Imperialist Europe used the 3 Cs (commerce, Christianity and Civilization) as a cover to bring death, destruction, disease and dispossesion to the “Natives”.

The so-called positive effets are part and parcel of the Civilizing Mission. The Civilizing Mission of imperialist Europe is the biggest hoax in world history.

European colonialists destroyed cities, kingdoms, empires and sultanates during colonial wars. They looted royal palaces and sacred shrines. They brought to Europe the loot of their aggression. Thousands of our works of art and artifacts now sit in colonial museums.

Millions of people were killed, worked to death or enslaved on their own ancestral lands in order enrich European colonial powers.

Imperialist Europe created a Tarzan image of Africa full of jungle static primitives and exported this image as a global brand through Tarzan movies and Tintin comic books.

The Jungle is a such a small part of Africa’s geography concentrated in the Congo Rainforest. Most of our ancestors were farmers not hunters.

Imperialist Europe made sure that the Golden Age of the African Moors, the splendor of ancient Egypt, the greatness of Axum, the caravans of gold of the Golden Kingdoms of West Africa, the advanced city states along the East African coast, the African Kingdoms who had trade and diplomatic missions in Europe and the Americas (Kongo and Dahomey), Monomotapa who had trade links with China, early Christianity in North-East Africa were erased from the narratives on African history.

We were all savages and pagans until Europeans came to civilize and Christianize us.

The selective service examination during World War I demonstrated the need for physically and mentally fit individuals in the American armed forces. It ensured that only qualified men, meeting health and skill criteria, were called to serve.

During World War I, the selective service examination demonstrated that the American armed forces needed men who were not only physically fit but also mentally and emotionally stable. The examination, which was conducted by the US government, aimed to test the mental and physical fitness of young men in the US.

The purpose of this examination was to ensure that only the most qualified individuals were called to military service during World War I. In order to be deemed eligible for service, men had to meet certain physical and mental requirements. They had to be free of any major health issues that would prevent them from performing their duties and had to demonstrate the ability to follow orders and work as part of a team. They also had to be mentally stable and not suffer from any serious psychological disorders that could affect their performance in battle. Additionally, they had to pass a series of written and oral tests that would evaluate their basic literacy and numeracy skills as well as their knowledge of military tactics and procedures. Overall, the selective service examination was a critical tool that helped the US government identify and recruit the most qualified men to fight in World War I.

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The statement "in the nineteenth century, it was common for representatives to serve more than 10 years" is true because there was no limit on the number of terms a representative could serve during this period.

Members of the U.S. House of Representatives served on an unlimited number of two-year terms until 1995, when the term limits were changed to a maximum of three two-year terms. There was a lot of congressional turnover in the 19th century, despite the absence of term limits.

While many lawmakers served more than 10 years in the House of Representatives, the average tenure was only a few terms because many lawmakers chose to step down after serving for a few years. A number of factors contributed to the frequent turnover, including long travel times to and from Washington, lack of modern communication, and the high cost of running for office.

in the nineteenth century it was common for representatives to serve more than 10 years. true or false

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The military defeat of Nazi Germany was primarily the result of a combination of factors, including the overwhelming strength and coordination of the Allied forces, Germany's failed invasion of the Soviet Union and subsequent setbacks on the Eastern Front, economic and industrial strain, strategic mistakes, and technological inferiority. These factors collectively contributed to Germany's ultimate defeat in World War II. The military defeat of Nazi Germany was the result of a combination of various factors.

These factors included Stalingrad's defeat: The German army lost the battle of Stalingrad, which resulted in the loss of around 300,000 troops and equipment. This proved a significant setback for Germany, making it almost impossible for the Axis power to win the war. Over-extension of resources: The invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 stretched German resources beyond their capacity. The Germans were already fighting wars in North Africa, Italy, and the Atlantic, and the Eastern Front consumed much of their resources. The bombing of German cities: The Allies used air raids to bomb German cities, which destroyed German infrastructure, factories, and rail lines. The bombing campaign weakened Germany's industrial capacity and forced the country to redirect resources to rebuild its cities. This was a significant setback for the Axis powers. Economic Blockade: The Allies had a thriving economic blockade on Germany, restricting its access to resources and fuel. This blockade put immense pressure on the German economy, making it almost impossible for the Axis powers to win the war. Germany could have won the battle without invading the Soviet Union in 1941. Instead, they could have focused on consolidating their power in Western Europe. Germany was already victorious in occupying France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, and they could have used their resources to defend and maintain their territories. If Germany had not invaded the Soviet Union, they would have avoided the war on two fronts and could have directed all their resources to the Western front.

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Arctica is not a supercontinent that Ontario wasa part of at some point in it's history.

A landmass that covers most or all of Earth's surface is known as a supercontinent. This means that the landmass that Africa and Eurasia formed could be called a supercontinent. Pangea is the most recent supercontinent to contain all of Earth's major landmasses, including those that are probably most well-known. Approximately 200 million years ago, during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic periods, this supercontinent known as Pangaea existed.

Plate tectonics broke up the Pangaea after this time period. The climate of the entire planet changed when Pangaea broke up.Pangaea split into two new continents, Laurasia and Gondwanaland, around 200 million years ago.

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The Marine Corps was the last branch to comply when President Truman desegregated the military.

In 1948, President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981, which called for the desegregation of the United States Armed Forces. While all branches of the military eventually complied with the order, the Marine Corps was the last branch to fully implement desegregation. The Marine Corps had a reputation for being more resistant to racial integration compared to the other branches. It took several years for the Marine Corps to fully integrate its units and facilities.

The resistance to desegregation within the Marine Corps was attributed to a combination of cultural factors, internal dynamics, and resistance from some of its leadership. However, by the mid-1950s, the Marine Corps had successfully integrated its units, ensuring racial equality within the military as mandated by President Truman's executive order.

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The changes in governance from the reign of Louis XVI through the Napoleonic Age included the French Revolution, the establishment of the First French Republic, the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the subsequent establishment of the Napoleonic Empire.

The reign of Louis XVI marked the final years of the French monarchy, which was characterized by an absolute monarchy and a rigid social hierarchy. However, the French Revolution brought significant changes to governance. The revolution led to the overthrow of the monarchy, the establishment of the First French Republic in 1792, and the execution of Louis XVI in 1793.

During the revolutionary period, various forms of government were experimented with, including the Reign of Terror under the Committee of Public Safety. However, it was Napoleon Bonaparte who emerged as a dominant figure during this time. In 1799, Napoleon staged a coup d'état and assumed power as First Consul.

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Answer:

True

Explanation:

The United States acquired territories in the Pacific and Caribbean through military force. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the U.S. engaged in a period of expansionism and imperialism, seeking to increase its influence and territorial holdings. This led to military interventions and conflicts, resulting in the acquisition of territories such as the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. Notable examples include the Spanish-American War in 1898, which resulted in the U.S. gaining control over territories previously held by Spain.

In Vietnam, the anti-colonial struggle had been ongoing since the 1940s, and after the French were defeated in 1954, the central government in Hanoi declared independence.

The new government was strongly influenced by the national self-determination and democratic principles that had been emerging in Europe and North America throughout the 20th century. Inspired by the writings of figures  Trotsky, the new government pursued a fiercely independent foreign policy and embraced universalistic ideals of social justice.

They even sent students abroad to study with the goal of inspiring national development and taking economic power away from France. The national success of Vietnam serves as an example of how non-European countries took up, modified, and improved upon principles of modern politics.

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Isaac was the son of Abraham and Sarah, and he played a significant role in shaping Judaism in the 2000 years between Abraham and Jesus.

The following are some of the ways in which Isaac impacted Judaism during this period:

Isaac is considered a central figure in the Abrahamic faiths, including Judaism. He is known for his obedience to God and his willingness to be sacrificed by his father, which is seen as a demonstration of faith in Judaism.

He is considered one of the patriarchs of the Jewish people, alongside Abraham and Jacob. Judaism traces its lineage back to the patriarchs, and they are revered as the founders of the faith.

Isaac's descendants, the Israelites, were the chosen people of God in Judaism. They were given the Ten Commandments and the Torah by God, which forms the basis of Jewish law and religious practice.

Isaac's legacy as a patriarch of the Jewish people has had a lasting impact on Judaism.

His story and teachings are still studied and celebrated by Jews around the world today.

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The criticism of symbolic interaction is that it 4. overlooks the widespread influence of culture and structural factors.

What is Symbolic interaction?

Symbolic interaction is an approach to understanding social life that centers around the analysis of significant, symbolic communication events. It is a theoretical approach that focuses on the relationship between individuals, society, and culture.

Social interaction theory is built on the assumption that human behavior is shaped by symbolic communication and self-concepts. This approach emphasizes the importance of the individual's self-concept in shaping the way they see themselves and how they interact with the world around them.

Criticism of Symbolic Interaction:

The criticism of symbolic interaction is that it overlooks the widespread influence of culture and structural factors. This approach may be effective in analyzing small-scale interactions and relationships between individuals.

However, it can be insufficient when dealing with larger social problems that require an analysis of structural factors such as poverty, racism, and inequality.

Symbolic interaction theory is also criticized for its focus on the micro level, which means it ignores the broader social, economic, and political systems that shape people's lives.

The theory is also criticized for overemphasizing individual agency and ignoring the role that social structure and culture play in shaping individuals' lives.

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Franklin's Bells, an electrical device that demonstrates the principles of the Leyden jar and atmospheric electricity.

When a bell on one end of the line is struck, the electrical discharge flows through the air to the opposite bell, causing it to sound. The setup consists of a long line of bells, each connected to a Leyden jar, and the last bell connected to the ground.

When the first bell is struck, the resulting electrical discharge causes the Leyden jar connected to it to charge up. This charge then flows along the line of jars, causing each bell to sound in turn, until it reaches the last bell, which is connected to the ground.

This causes the charge to discharge, completing the circuit and causing the last bell to ring.The device works on the principle of atmospheric electricity. This is the name given to the electrical charge that exists in the atmosphere due to various sources such as lightning and cosmic rays.

The Franklin's Bells setup is an example of an electrical circuit, where the bells and Leyden jars act as capacitors that store and release electrical charge. When one bell is struck, it creates a surge of electrical charge that flows through the line of jars, causing each bell to sound in turn.

The device is named after Benjamin Franklin, who conducted many experiments with electricity in the 18th century and discovered the principle of the Leyden jar. In conclusion, Franklin's Bells demonstrate the principles of atmospheric electricity, electrical circuits, and the Leyden jar.

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The political history of the Hellenistic period was dominated by three powerful kingdoms after the death of Alexander the Great.

The term "Hellenistic" is derived from the Greek word "Hellenes," which refers to the Greek-speaking people who inhabited the eastern Mediterranean region. The political history of the Hellenistic period was dominated by the following three powerful kingdoms:

Seleucid Empire:The Seleucid Empire was founded by Seleucus I Nicator, a former general of Alexander the Great. The Seleucid Empire was one of the largest empires of the Hellenistic period, encompassing much of the Near East and Central Asia.

Ptolemaic Kingdom:The Ptolemaic Kingdom was established by Ptolemy I Soter, another former general of Alexander the Great. The kingdom was located in Egypt and was renowned for its intellectual and cultural achievements.

Antigonid Kingdom:The Antigonid Kingdom was established by Antigonus I Monophthalmus, yet another former general of Alexander the Great. The kingdom was located in Greece and Macedonia and was known for its strong military forces and aggressive foreign policy.

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Answer:

An Act for Suppressing Outlying Slaves" was a slave code passed by the Virginia General Assembly in 1691 that aimed to regulate the behavior of enslaved people in the colony. The primary motivations behind the creation of slave codes were economic and social.

Economically, enslaved people were a valuable commodity for plantation owners and other landowners in the colony. They provided free labor and were essential to the success of the tobacco and other agricultural industries. Slave codes were designed to protect the economic interests of slaveowners by regulating the behavior of enslaved people and preventing them from running away or engaging in other behaviors that might harm their owners' profits.

Socially, slave codes were created to maintain the social order of the colony and prevent enslaved people from challenging the power of their owners. The colonial elite saw enslaved people as a potential threat to social stability, and slave codes were designed to prevent enslaved people from organizing, rebelling, or otherwise challenging the social hierarchy.

The Act for Suppressing Outlying Slaves provides evidence of the creation of a race-based class society in the colony in several ways. First, the act explicitly targets enslaved people of African descent, demonstrating that race was a key factor in determining who was subject to the provisions of the law. This demonstrates that race was used as a tool to create a distinct social class of enslaved people who were subject to different laws and regulations than white people.

Second, the act establishes a system of surveillance and control over enslaved people, demonstrating the power dynamic between slaveowners and enslaved people. The act requires enslaved people to carry passes and gives anyone the right to capture and return enslaved people who are found outside of their owner's property. This system of control reinforces the power dynamic between slaveowners and enslaved people and reinforces the idea that enslaved people are property rather than human beings.

Overall, the Act for Suppressing Outlying Slaves provides evidence of the creation of a race-based class society in the colony by demonstrating the ways in which race was used to create a distinct social class of enslaved people and establish a power dynamic between slaveowners and enslaved people.

Explanation:

In the picture, the angle made by the goniometer is classified An obtuse angle which is greater than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees.

An obtuse angle is an angle that measures more than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees. In other words, it is an angle that is greater than a right angle (90 degrees) but smaller than a straight angle (180 degrees). The term "obtuse" refers to the fact that the angle is "blunt" or "less sharp" compared to a right angle.

Visually, an obtuse angle can be identified by its openness. It forms an "open" or "widely spread" angle between two rays that extend from a common vertex, where the rays are not in a straight line but instead spread apart.

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