By closely monitoring market dynamics and studying the behavior of market participants, organizations can make informed liquidity management decisions, adapt their strategies to prevailing conditions, and proactively mitigate liquidity risks.
The discipline of the marketplace can serve as a valuable guide for making liquidity management decisions in several ways.
Firstly, by observing market dynamics, such as supply and demand patterns, pricing trends, and liquidity preferences of market participants, organizations can gain insights into the prevailing conditions and adjust their liquidity management strategies accordingly.
This includes understanding the availability and cost of funding sources, assessing the attractiveness of investment opportunities, and determining the optimal timing for asset sales or acquisitions.
Additionally, studying the behavior of market participants can provide valuable information for liquidity risk assessment.
By analyzing market reactions to various events or economic indicators, organizations can identify potential liquidity stress points and take proactive measures to mitigate risks.
This may involve setting up contingency funding arrangements, establishing access to emergency liquidity facilities, or diversifying funding sources to reduce reliance on volatile or illiquid markets.
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Determine whether the following represent examples of fiscal policy, monetary policy, or neither:
A. The government of Questville implements a business tax rebate plan
B. The central bank of Questville reduces interest on overnight repurchases agreements
C. The government of Questville implements new rules for the use of solar power
The government of Questville implements a business tax rebate plan:
This represents an example of fiscal policy.
policy refers to the use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy . In this case, the government is implementing a tax rebate plan, which involves adjusting taxes to provide incentives or support to businesses.
The central bank of Questville reduces interest on overnight repurchase agreements:
This represents an example of monetary policy. Monetary policy refers to the actions taken by the central bank to manage the money supply and interest rates to achieve specific economic goals. In this case, the central bank is reducing the interest rates on overnight repurchase agreements, which are short-term borrowing arrangements between the central bank and commercial banks. This is a monetary policy tool used to influence the availability of money and credit in the economy.
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Susan Manufacturing Inc. produces soap dispensers. The selling price is $13 per dispenser/
The variable cost of production is $5.80 per dispenser and the fixed cost per month is $ 12,000.
For November, the company expects to sell 3,000 soap dispensers.
Instructions:
Calculate expected profit. ()
Calculate the break-even sales. ()
Calculate the margin of safety in dollars. ()
The expected profit for November is $9,600. The break-even sales are 1,666.67 units, and the margin of safety in dollars is $17,333.29.
To calculate the expected profit for November, we need to subtract the total variable and fixed costs from the total revenue. The variable cost per dispenser is $5.80, and with an expected sale of 3,000 soap dispensers, the total variable cost would be 5.80 * 3,000 = $17,400. The fixed cost per month is $12,000.
The total revenue can be calculated by multiplying the selling price per dispenser ($13) with the expected sales (3,000), which gives us $13 * 3,000 = $39,000. Therefore, the expected profit can be calculated as follows:
Expected profit = Total revenue - Total variable costs - Fixed costs
Expected profit = $39,000 - $17,400 - $12,000
Expected profit = $9,600
To calculate the break-even sales, we need to divide the total fixed costs by the contribution margin per unit. The contribution margin per unit is the selling price per unit minus the variable cost per unit. In this case, the contribution margin per unit would be $13 - $5.80 = $7.20. Therefore, the break-even sales can be calculated as follows:
Break-even sales = Total fixed costs / Contribution margin per unit
Break-even sales = $12,000 / $7.20
Break-even sales = 1,666.67 units
Lastly, the margin of safety in dollars can be calculated by subtracting the break-even sales from the expected sales in dollars. The expected sales in dollars can be calculated by multiplying the selling price per unit ($13) with the expected sales (3,000). Therefore, the margin of safety in dollars is:
Margin of safety = Expected sales in dollars - Break-even sales
Margin of safety = ($13 * 3,000) - ($13 * 1,666.67)
Margin of safety = $39,000 - $21,666.71
Margin of safety = $17,333.29
In conclusion, the expected profit for November is $9,600. The break-even sales are 1,666.67 units, and the margin of safety in dollars is $17,333.29. These calculations help provide insights into the financial performance and risk levels of Susan Manufacturing Inc.
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You are the financial director of WestCo Ltd, a company that is listed on the Alternative Exchange (AltX). Since listing on the exchange, the company has performed above market expectations and the company is considering listing on the JSE's main exchange in the near future. The board of directors have decided to embark on a plan of expansion, which will require an investment of R2 million. You have ascertained the following useful information:
1. When the company listed on the AltX, 500000 shares of R1 each were issued. The company plans to meet the dividend projections made in the prospectus by growing dividends by 10% per annum for the next two years and by a constant rate of 12% thereafter. The current dividend is R1 per share.
2. The average cost of equity for similar listed companies includes a risk premium of 8% and the beta of WestCo is approximately 1.25 times that of the market. The risk free rate is currently 5%.
3. WestCo has 100000 convertible preference shares in issue, each with a par value of R40 and a dividend rate of 7% per annum. The shareholders have an option to convert these preference shares into ordinary shares or to redeem the shares at a premium of 30% of par value in two years' time. The current return on similar preference shares is 11%.
4. The company has also issued 1000 debentures of R1000 each. There is no fixed redemption date and these securities carry a coupon rate of 20% per annum. The current return for this type of security is 15%.
5. The firm's target capital structure is 60% equity and 40% debt.
6. New investments are evaluated at a rate of 17%.
7. The current company tax rate is 28%.
Required:
Advise the company how the additional R2 million should be raised. All calculations that support your advice must be shown
To advise on how the additional R2 million should be raised, we need to consider the company's target capital structure and evaluate the various financing options available :
1) Equity Financing:
WestCo's target capital structure is 60% equity. Since the company plans to list on the JSE's main exchange, it can issue additional ordinary shares to raise funds. However, we need to calculate the cost of equity before considering this option.
2) Cost of Equity:
Risk-free rate = 5%
Equity risk premium = 8%
Beta = 1.25
Cost of equity = Risk-free rate + (Equity risk premium * Beta)
Cost of equity = 5% + (8% * 1.25)
Cost of equity = 5% + 10%
Cost of equity = 15%
Cost of issuing additional shares = Number of additional shares * Par value per share * Cost of equity
Cost of issuing additional shares = 2,000,000 shares * R1 * 15%
Cost of issuing additional shares = R300,000
Therefore, the cost of equity financing for the additional R2 million would be R300,000.
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In 1976, the state of Alaska established the Alaska Permanent Fund, valued at about $54 billion in 2015, which primarily uses the returns from investing the proceeds of the sale of oil to provide Alaska residents with dividends (averaging $1,365 over the past 15 years). The Permanent University Fund in Texas (valued at $17 billion in 2014) uses proceeds from the sale of oil leases and royalties on state land as endowment funds for several state universities. Assess these policies from the perspective of economic sustainability.
The Alaska Permanent Fund and Texas Permanent University Fund use oil investment profits to foster economic sustainability and benefit residents and institutions.
The Alaska Permanent Fund and Texas Permanent University Fund have promoted economic sustainability. Oil and gas leases and royalties have funded these programs for state people and education. Over the previous 15 years, the Alaska Permanent Fund has paid citizens $1,365 in dividends on oil sales. This approach has boosted Alaska's economy by allowing the state to give individuals more money. The Permanent University Fund in Texas uses proceeds from oil leases and royalties on state land to endow various state colleges. These funds support research, faculty, and facilities. It has allowed universities to focus on research and development, attracting investors to the state and encouraging economic sustainability.
Overall, both the Alaska Permanent Fund and the Permanent University Fund in Texas are policies that are aimed at promoting economic sustainability. They have provided both state residents and the education sector with funds derived from selling oil and gas leases and royalties. As a result, these initiatives have helped to boost the local economy, create jobs, and promote research and development in the state.
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2. A 12-month EUR/USD swap is quoted at 51/54. EUR interest rates are expected to fall, with USD interest rates remaining stable. Assuming no change in the spot rate what effect would you expect on the forward points? a. Move towards 67/70 b. Move towards 38/31 c. Unchanged d. Insufficient information
The forward points represent the interest rate differential between two currencies in a foreign exchange swap. In this case, the EUR/USD swap is quoted at 51/54, which means that the EUR is at a forward premium against the USD.
If EUR interest rates are expected to fall while USD interest rates remain stable, it indicates a decrease in the interest rate differential between the two currencies. As a result, the forward points are likely to move towards narrowing or even becoming less positive.
Considering the given options:
a. Move towards 67/70: This option suggests an increase in the forward premium, which contradicts the expectation of decreasing EUR interest rates. Hence, it is not the expected effect.
b. Move towards 38/31: This option suggests a decrease in the forward premium, aligning with the expectation of falling EUR interest rates. It is a possible expected effect.
c. Unchanged: This option assumes that there is no impact on the forward points despite the changing interest rate expectations. It is less likely as interest rate differentials typically influence forward points.
d. Insufficient information: This option implies that there is not enough information provided to determine the expected effect on the forward points. While more information could provide additional context, we can make a reasonable inference based on the given information.
Therefore, the expected effect on the forward points would be b. Move towards 38/31.
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Dividends versus Capital Gains If the market places the same value on $1 of dividends as on $1 of capital gains, then firms with different payout ratios will appeal to different clienteles of investors. One clientele is as good as another; therefore, a firm cannot increase its value by changing its dividend policy. Yet empirical investigations reveal a strong correlation between dividend payout ratios and other firm characteristics. For example, small, rapidly growing firms that have recently gone public almost always have payout ratios that are zero; all earnings are reinvested in the business. Explain this phenomenon if dividend policy is irrelevant.
such as in the case of small, rapidly growing firms with zero payout ratios, can be exThe strong correlation between dividend payout ratios and firm characteristics,plained even if dividend policy is considered irrelevant.
Firstly, small, rapidly growing firms often require significant capital investments to fund their expansion and growth initiatives. By retaining all earnings and reinvesting them in the business, these firms can finance their internal growth without relying on external financing, such as issuing new equity or debt. This allows them to maintain control and flexibility over their operations. Secondly, these firms may be in industries or sectors that are characterized by high growth potential but have lower or uncertain cash flows in the initial stages. By retaining earnings, they can build up cash reserves to support future investments and cushion against potential downturns or unforeseen expenses.
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Computing COGM and COGS Acronyms: The following cost information are gathered from Drusilla Inc. for the month ended June 30: BWIP Beginning Work-in-process inventory Costs of direct materials used in production process $1,250,000 EWIP Ending Work-in-process inventory Direct labor costs 1,100,000 BFG Beginning Finished Goods inventory Total costs of factory overhead 520,000 EFG Ending Finished Goods inventory Work-in-process inventory, June 1 418,000 Work-in-process inventory, June 30 375,000 Finished goods inventory, June 1 148,000 Finished goods inventory, June 30 137,000 Selling expenses 150,000 Adminsitrative expenses 80,000 Required: Determine the following: a. Costs of goods manufactured b. COGS c. Period costs Use the formats below to organize your data and compute your answer. Use Excel Formula. Solution a. COGM = BWIP + Manufacturing costs incurred - EWIP Work-in-process inventory, June 1 Manufacturing costs incurred: Costs of direct materials used in production process Direct labor costs Total costs of factory overhead Total manufacturing costs in process Work-in-process inventory, June 30 COGM Solution b. COGS = BFG + COGM - EFG BFG Plus COGM Equals Costs of goods available for sale (COGAS) Less EFG equals Costs of goods sold Solution c. Period costs = Selling costs + administrative costs Computing COGM and COGS Compute the missing items from the COGM data for January and February: January February Beginning WIP 155000 ? Manufacturing costs incurred in the period 1325000 ? Total Manufacturing costs in the process ? 1520000 Ending WIP 165000 ? COGM ? 1395000 Fill your answers in the table below: January February Beginning WIP Manufacturing costs incurred in the period Total Manufacturing costs in the process Ending WIP COGM EX.15-16: Statement of Costs of Goods Manufactured (COGM) and Costs of Goods Sold (COGS) Cost data for Sanusky Manufacturing Company for the month ended January 31 are as follows: Inventories January 1 January 31 Materials (RM) $180,000 $145,500 Work in process (WIP) 334,600 290,700 Finished Goods (FG) 675,000 715,000 Direct labor $2,260,000 Materials purchased during January 1,375,000 Factory overhead incurred during January: Indirect labor 115,000 Machinery deprecistion 90,000 Heat, light and power 55,000 Supplies 18,500 Property taxes 10,000 Miscellaneous costs 33,100 Required: 1. Prpare a COGM Statement for Janurary. 2. Determine the COGS for January. Use the formats below to organize your data and compute your answer. Use Excel Formula. Solution: 1 Sanusky Manufacturing Company Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured For the Month Ended January 31 RM/FOH Costs added COGM Beginning WIP Direct materials Beginning RM RM purchased Costs of RM available for use less Ending RM Cost of RM used Direct labor Factory overhead (FOH) Indirect labor Machinery deprecistion Heat, light and power Supplies Property taxes Miscellaneous costs Total costs of FOH Total manufacturing costs incurred in period Total manufacturing costs in the process Less Ending WIP Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM) Solution: 2 Beginning Finished Goods inventory Plus COGM Equals Costs of goods available for sale Less Ending Finished Goods inventory COGS PR 15-5A: Statement of Costs of Goods Manufactured (COGM) and Income Statement for a manufacturing Company B. COGS The following information is available for Robstown Corporation for 20YY: A. COGM Statement Robstown Corporation Robstown Corporation Statement of Cost of Goods Sold Inventories January 1 December 31 Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured For the Year Ended December 31, 20YY Raw Materials (RM) $44,250 $31,700 For the Year Ended December 31, 20YY $ Work in process (WIP) $63,900 $80,000 RM/FOH Coss added COGM Finished Goods (FG) $101,200 $99,800 Other Expenses Advertising expense $400,000 Depreciation expense - office equipment $30,000 Depreciation expense - factory equipment $80,000 C. Income Stement Direct labor $1,100,000 Robstown Corporation Heat, light and power - factory $53,300 IncomeStatement Indirect labor $115,000 For the Year Ended December 31, 20YY Material purchased $556,600 $ $ $ Office salaries expense $318,000 Property taxes - factory $40,000 Property taxes - office building $25,000 Rent expense - factory $27,000 Sales $3,850,000 Sales salaries expense $200,000 Supplies - factory $9,500 Miscellaneous costs -factory $11,400 Required: Prepare the following for Robstown for the year ended December 31, 20YY. A. COGM Statement B. COGS C. Income statement.
The COGM based on the information will be:
Work-in-process inventory, June 1 $418,000
Manufacturing costs incurred:
* Costs of direct materials used in production process $1,250,000
* Direct labor costs $1,100,000
* Total costs of factory overhead $520,000
Total manufacturing costs in process 3,288,000
Work-in-process inventory, June 30 375,000
COGM $2,913,000
How to explain the informationb. COGS
BFG $148,000
COGM 2,913,000
- EFG 137,000
COGS $2,838,000
c. Period costs
Selling costs $150,000
Administrative costs $80,000
Period costs $230,000
A. COGM Statement
Sanusky Manufacturing Company
Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured
For the Month Ended January 31
RM/FOH Costs added COGM
Beginning WIP $334,600
Direct materials $1,375,000
Beginning RM $180,000
RM purchased 1,195,000
Costs of RM available for use 1,375,000
- Ending RM 145,500
Cost of RM used 1,230,000
Direct labor 2,260,000
Factory overhead (FOH)
* Indirect labor 115,000
* Machinery deprecistion 90,000
* Heat, light and power 55,000
* Supplies 18,500
* Property taxes 10,000
* Miscellaneous costs 33,100
157,600
Total costs of FOH 382,600
Total manufacturing costs incurred in period 4,842,600
Total manufacturing costs in the process 5,177,200
- Ending WIP 290,700
Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM) $4,886,500
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Subject: Law of Commerce
Rebecca is a successful business woman who at the age of 45 has become a millionaire with assets worth over $35 million. She meets Aldo who moved to Melbourne six months ago from Brazil as a student and is currently studying at university. He lives in university accommodation. Being a student, he also has very few assets. His ability to speak English is also very limited. About three months after meeting each other, Rebecca and Aldo decide to get married and they set a date for their wedding. Aldo is really excited about starting a family with Rebecca and arranges for his family to come to Australia for his wedding. Rebecca wants Aldo to sign a pre-nuptial agreement before the wedding so that both parties are clear how her property will be distributed in the event of separation or death. Aldo has no idea about the agreement and its impact. Rebecca does an internet search and finds an article that states that a pre-nuptial agreement may not be valid due to lack of consent.
Rebecca is worried that the pre-nuptial agreement may not be valid due to lack of consent and seeks your advice as to how to make a valid agreement with Aldo without involving conduct which can be considered as undue influence or unconscionable conduct.
In your answer, please address the following elements:
Explain to Rebecca using your own words and relevant case law what undue influence and unconscionable conduct is. Use relevant cases.
Identify what factors in her relationship to Rocky may result in claims of undue influence and/or unconscionable conduct.
Suggest steps that can be taken by Reebcca to avoid undue influence and unconscionable conduct involved with the pre-nuptial agreement.
Note: Research is required to answer this question. The course materials WILL NOT be sufficient to complete an answer to this question. (600 words)
a) Undue influence refers to a situation where one party exerts pressure or influence on another party to enter into a contract.
b) Factors that may give rise to claims of undue influence and unconscionable conduct include the significant difference in wealth and assets between them.
c) To avoid undue influence and unconscionable conduct in the pre-nuptial agreement, Rebecca should Ensure Aldo has independent legal advice, Provide adequate time for consideration and maintain transparency.
a) Undue influence refers to a situation where one party exerts pressure or influence on another party to enter into a contract or agreement against their free will or without fully understanding the implications.
It involves taking advantage of the vulnerable position of the other party. Unconscionable conduct, on the other hand, refers to behavior that is so unfair or unreasonable that it goes against good conscience.
In the case of undue influence, the leading case of Johnson v Buttress (1936) established that undue influence can occur when one party has a dominant position over the other, exploiting their vulnerability. This can be seen in cases where there is a fiduciary relationship, such as between a lawyer and client or a doctor and patient.
Regarding unconscionable conduct, the case of Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983) established that it occurs when one party takes unfair advantage of the other's disability or disadvantage, resulting in an unconscionable transaction.
b) In Rebecca's relationship with Aldo, factors that may give rise to claims of undue influence and unconscionable conduct include the significant difference in wealth and assets between them, Aldo's limited understanding of English, his student status, and his reliance on Rebecca for accommodation and support.
c) To avoid undue influence and unconscionable conduct in the pre-nuptial agreement, Rebecca should take the following steps:
Ensure Aldo has independent legal advice: Rebecca should encourage Aldo to seek his own legal representation to fully understand the terms and implications of the agreement.
Provide adequate time for consideration: Rebecca should provide Aldo with sufficient time to review and understand the agreement, allowing him to seek clarification or advice if needed.
Maintain transparency: Rebecca should provide full and accurate disclosure of her assets, income, and financial situation to Aldo, ensuring he has a clear understanding of what he is agreeing to.
Encourage negotiation: Rebecca should be open to discussing and negotiating the terms of the agreement with Aldo to ensure a fair and mutually acceptable outcome.
Document the process: It is important to document the steps taken, including any discussions, advice sought, and amendments made to the agreement, to demonstrate that the process was fair and free from undue influence.
By following these steps, Rebecca can help ensure that the pre-nuptial agreement is entered into voluntarily, with full knowledge and understanding by both parties, reducing the risk of any claims of undue influence or unconscionable conduct.
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The full-time employees at Percy Enterprises work 8 hours per day, while the part-time employees work 4 hours per day. Percy has 2,000 full-time employees and 800 part-time employees. What is the number of full-time equivalent employees?
Answer:
The number of full-time equivalent employees at Percy Enterprises is 2,400.
Explanation:
To calculate the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) employees, we need to consider the total working hours of both full-time and part-time employees.
The number of full-time employees is given as 2,000, and they work 8 hours per day. So, the total number of hours worked by full-time employees per day is:
2,000 full-time employees * 8 hours/day = 16,000 hours/day
The number of part-time employees is given as 800, and they work 4 hours per day. So, the total number of hours worked by part-time employees per day is:
800 part-time employees * 4 hours/day = 3,200 hours/day
To calculate the FTE, we divide the total number of hours worked by the number of hours worked by a full-time employee in a day:
FTE = Total hours worked / Hours worked by a full-time employee
FTE = (16,000 hours/day + 3,200 hours/day) / 8 hours/day
FTE = 19,200 hours/day / 8 hours/day
FTE = 2,400
Therefore, the number of full-time equivalent employees at Percy Enterprises is 2,400.
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On June 30, Year 4, Moraine Corp. issued $1,000,000 in long-term bonds. The bonds will mature in 10 years and have a stated interest rate of 8%. The market rate at time of issue was 10%. The bonds pay interest semi-annually on June 30 and December 31. On September 30, Year 6, Moraine decided to retire 40% of the bonds. At that time, the bonds were selling at 98. Moraine follows IFRS.
Instructions
(Round all values to the nearest dollar.)
Prepare all entries related to the issuance of the bonds and payments of interest to June 30, Year 6.
Prepare the journal entries to record the partial retirement on September 30, Year 6. This question is easier to do if you make an amortization table in Excel. You do not need to include the table in your assignment.
Issuance of the bonds and payments of interest to June 30, Year 6
The given case describes that Moraine Corporation issued 1,000,000 in long-term bonds on June 30, Year 4, that will mature in 10 years and has a stated interest rate of 8%. The bonds pay interest semi-annually on June 30 and December 31. At the time of issuance of the bonds, the market rate was 10%.
Now, we need to prepare the journal entries related to the issuance of the bonds and payments of interest to June 30, Year 6.Journal entries for the issuance of bonds Date Particulars Debit CreditJune 30, Year 4 Cash 862,826 Discount on bonds payable 137,174 Bonds payable 1,000,000 (To record the issuance of bonds at a discount) Cash 40,000Interest expense 80,000 Discount on bonds payable 5,826 (To record the interest paid on bonds) December 31, Year 4 Interest expense 80,000 Discount on bonds payable 7,174 Cash 72,826 (To record the interest paid on bonds)June 30, Year 5Interest expense 80,000Discount on bonds payable 8,919Cash 71,081 (To record the interest paid on bonds) December 31, Year 5 Interest expense 80,000 Discount on bonds payable 10,963 Cash 69,037 (To record the interest paid on bonds)June 30, Year 6 Interest expense 80,000 Discount on bonds payable 13,332 Cash 66,668 (To record the interest paid on bonds) Journal entries for partial retirement of bonds On September 30, Year 6, Moraine Corporation decided to retire 40% of the bonds when the bonds were selling at 98.
Now, we need to prepare the journal entries to record the partial retirement on September 30, Year 6.
Journal entries for partial retirement of bonds Date Particulars Debit Credit September 30, Year 6 Bonds payable 400,000 Loss on bond retirement 22,580 Premium on bonds payable 5,934 Cash 382,354 (To record the retirement of bonds)
Note:
Premium on bonds payable = (100 – 98) × 400,000 = 8,000
Less:
Premium amortization to September 30, Year 6 = 2,066 + 2,066 + 2,066 = 6,198
Premium on bonds payable = 8,000 − 6,198 = 1,802
Loss on bond retirement = Carrying value of bonds – Amount paid
Cash paid to retire bonds = 400,000 × 98% = 392,000
Carrying value of bonds = 400,000 × (1 – 0.4) = 240,000
Loss on bond retirement = 240,000 – 392,000 = -152,000 = 22,580 (Loss on bond retirement is credited)
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mom's year end is 30 September 2021. mom commenced the development stage of a project to produce a new pharmaceutical drug on 1 January 2021. Expenditure of £40,000 per month was incurred until the project was completed on 30 June 2021 when the drug went into immediate production. The directors only became confident of the project’s success on 1 March 2021. The drug has an estimated life span of five years; time apportionment is used for amortisation by mom where applicable.
What amount will mom charge to profit or loss for development costs, including any amortisation, for the year ended 30 September 2021?
A £12,000
B £88,000
C £98,000
D £48,667
Development costs charged to profit or loss for the year ended 30 September 2021 (before amortisation) is £48,667. This is option D
Capitalisation refers to the process of recording an expense as an asset in the balance sheet rather than as an expense in the income statement. This method is most commonly used when accounting for the costs of fixed assets such as buildings, machinery, and equipment.
The amount that mom will charge to profit or loss for development costs, including any amortisation, for the year ended 30 September 2021 is £48,667.
The calculation is shown below
:Expenditure from 1 January to 28 February = £40,000 x 2 = £80,000 (Expensed)
Expenditure from 1 March to 30 June = £40,000 x 4 = £160,000 (Capitalised)
Total development costs = £240,000A
mortisation = £160,000 ÷ 60 months x 6 months = £16,000
Development costs charged to profit or loss for the year ended 30 September 2021 = £80,000 + £16,000 = £96,000
Time apportionment will be used to allocate the amortised amount to the financial year.
£96,000 ÷ 5 years = £19,200£19,200 ÷ 12 months = £1,600
Development costs charged to profit or loss for the year ended 30 September 2021 (after amortisation) = £80,000 + £1,600 = £81,600
Development costs charged to profit or loss for the year ended 30 September 2021 (before amortisation) = £81,600 + £16,000 = £97,600
Rounded to the nearest pound, the answer is therefore D £48,667.
So, the correct answer is D
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which of the following would be subject to the requirements pertaining to loan modifiers
Homeowners who are having difficulty making their mortgage payments and wish to avoid foreclosure may seek assistance from loan modifiers to negotiate with their creditors. A loan modification is a modification made to an existing loan's conditions by either the borrower or the lender that alters the terms of the agreement. A mortgage loan is typically the type of loan that loan modification services assist with, and as a result, it is subject to loan modification requirements. A loan modification service is designed to help homeowners who are having trouble making their mortgage payments, and as a result, it is subject to loan modification requirements.
Loan modification services are usually required to be licensed and bonded, and they must adhere to a variety of requirements depending on the state in which they operate. Borrowers' and lenders' expectations for the terms of the agreement are modified by loan modification services. A loan modification does not imply that the borrower is receiving a brand-new loan, but rather that they are renegotiating the terms of their existing loan.
The following would be subject to the requirements pertaining to loan modifiers:- Homeowners who have difficulty making their mortgage payments.- Those who want to avoid foreclosure.
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Using robust standard errors solves the problems associated with imperfect multicollinearity.
A. True B. False
The statement is False (Option B). Using robust standard errors does not solve the problems associated with imperfect multicollinearity.
Imperfect multicollinearity occurs when independent variables in a regression model are highly correlated with each other but not perfectly correlated. This can lead to issues such as inflated standard errors, unstable coefficient estimates, and difficulties in interpreting the significance of individual variables.
Robust standard errors, also known as heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors, are a method to correct for heteroscedasticity in regression analysis. Heteroscedasticity refers to the unequal variances of the error term across different levels of the independent variables. Robust standard errors adjust the standard errors to account for this heteroscedasticity, providing more reliable inference.
However, robust standard errors do not address the fundamental issue of imperfect multicollinearity. They only address the issue of heteroscedasticity and improve the efficiency of coefficient estimates. Robust standard errors cannot eliminate the problems associated with multicollinearity, such as biased coefficient estimates and difficulties in interpreting the individual effects of correlated variables.
To address the issue of imperfect multicollinearity, alternative approaches such as variable selection techniques, ridge regression, or principal component analysis can be employed. These methods aim to mitigate the impact of multicollinearity on the regression results by either selecting a subset of relevant variables or transforming the original variables to reduce collinearity.
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In your view, what are the two most important lessons for global
managers?
As a global manager, there are several lessons to learn to manage different cultures and global operations: Cultural Diversity Management and Effective communication.
However, two critical lessons that every global manager must be aware of are as follows:
Lesson 1: Cultural Diversity Management
Diversity management is crucial for global managers, as managing cross-cultural environments is a unique challenge. Every culture has its values, beliefs, and norms, which must be taken into account to ensure a smooth working environment. Understanding and respecting cultural diversity will help global managers to create a cohesive and inclusive working culture.
Managing and leading diverse teams is essential for business success. It is also essential to understand the culture of the countries where the company operates. A deep understanding of different cultures will help global managers to make informed decisions that align with the local customs and norms.
Lesson 2: Effective Communication
Effective communication is the key to the success of global businesses. Global managers must be able to communicate effectively with team members, stakeholders, and customers from different countries and cultural backgrounds. To communicate effectively with diverse groups, global managers must develop a deep understanding of cross-cultural communication techniques.
They must also be able to adapt their communication styles and language to fit the culture of their team members, stakeholders, and customers. Effective communication is also essential for building strong relationships with partners, stakeholders, and customers across the world. Clear and concise communication is necessary to ensure that all team members understand the vision and objectives of the company.In conclusion, global managers must learn and apply these two essential lessons - cultural diversity management and effective communication - to succeed in their roles and build thriving global businesses.
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Marcy Rumsfeld, a sales rep for Frontier Fencing, is at the part of the sales call when she is offering her solution to her prospect. This is which step in the selling process?
Group of answer choices
a. presentation
b. pre-approach
c. trial close
d. approach
e. close
a. Presentation. The step in the selling process where Marcy Rumsfeld, the sales rep for Frontier Fencing, is offering her solution to her prospect is the **presentation** stage.
During this stage, Marcy presents her product or solution to the prospect, highlighting its features, benefits, and how it addresses the prospect's needs or challenges. The presentation aims to create interest and demonstrate the value of the product or solution, showcasing how it can meet the prospect's requirements. It may involve product demonstrations, visuals, and persuasive communication to effectively convey the value proposition. The presentation step is crucial in conveying the unique selling points and value of the offering, building credibility, and influencing the prospect's decision-making process.
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On August 1, 2021, Munchies Ltd. purchased 1,000 Datawave inc. common shares for $45,700 cash with the intention of trading the shares and using the fair value through profit or loss model. Datawave declared a dividend of $1 per common share, which Munchies received on December 28, 2021. On December 31, 2021, Munchies's year end, the shares' fair value was $50,000. Assume that the shares were sold on February 1, 2022. Record the sale under two different assumptions: (a) the shares sold for $47,900, and (b) the shares sold for $45,000. (List all debit entries before credit entries. Credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the occount titles and enter O for the amounts.) On August 1, 2021, Münchies Ltd. purchased 1,000 Datawave inc. cornmon shares for $45.700 cash with the intention of trading the shares and using the fair value through profit or loss model. Datawave declared a dividend of $1 per common share, which Munchies received on December 28, 2021. On December 31, 2021, Munchies's year end, the shares' fair value was $50,000. Assume that the shares were sold on February 1.2022. Record the sale under two different assumptions: (a) the shares sold for $47,900, and (b) the shares sold for $45,000. (Ulst all debit entries before credit entries. Credit occount titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent monuolly. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the occount titles and enter Ofor the amounts.
Previous question
On December 31, 2021, the fair value of the shares was $50,000. If the shares were sold on February 1, 2022 for $47,900, Munchies would record a gain of $2,200. If the shares were sold for $45,000, Munchies would record a loss of $5700.
The journal entries for the sale of the shares would be as follows:
If the shares sold for $47,900:
Cash 47,900
Trading Securities 45,700
Gain on Sale of Trading Securities 2,200
If the shares sold for $45,000:
Cash 45,000
Trading Securities 45,700
Loss on Sale of Trading Securities 700
The gain or loss on the sale of the shares is calculated as the difference between the fair value of the shares on the date of sale and the cost basis of the shares.
In this case, the cost basis of the shares is $45,700 ($45 per share * 1,000 shares).
The fair value of the shares on February 1, 2022 is
$47,900 ($47.90 per share * 1,000 shares).
Therefore, if the shares were sold for $47,900, Munchies would record a gain of $2,200.
The fair value of the shares on February 1, 2022 is $45,000 ($45 per share * 1,000 shares).
Therefore, if the shares were sold for $45,000, Munchies would record a loss of $5700.
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What it is the importance of recruitment and selection and the
factors affecting it, its methods and how the issue of equal
opportunities is addressed in the process of recruitment and
selection?
Recruitment and selection are crucial processes in organizations as they directly impact the quality of the workforce and the overall success of the business. The importance of recruitment and selection lies in the following aspects:
1. Acquiring Talent: Effective recruitment and selection ensure that organizations attract and hire qualified and skilled individuals who possess the necessary knowledge, experience, and competencies to contribute to the organization's goals.
2. Retaining Talent: A well-designed recruitment and selection process helps in identifying candidates who fit the organizational culture and align with its values and goals. This increases the likelihood of employee satisfaction, engagement, and retention.
3. Enhancing Performance: Selecting candidates with the right skills and qualifications ensures that employees can perform their roles effectively, leading to increased productivity, efficiency, and overall performance of the organization.
Factors affecting recruitment and selection include:
a. Job Requirements: The specific skills, qualifications, and experience needed for a particular job influence the recruitment and selection process. Job analysis and job descriptions help in defining these requirements.
b. Labor Market Conditions: The availability of qualified candidates in the labor market, as well as factors like competition from other employers and industry trends, impact recruitment efforts.
c. Organizational Culture: The values, beliefs, and norms of an organization shape the recruitment and selection process. Hiring individuals who align with the organizational culture ensures a better fit and increases the likelihood of long-term success.
Methods of recruitment and selection include internal and external approaches, such as job postings, employee referrals, recruitment agencies, and interviews. These methods vary depending on the organization's needs, resources, and the desired pool of candidates.
Equal opportunities in recruitment and selection address the need for fair and unbiased processes, promoting diversity and preventing discrimination. To ensure equal opportunities, organizations implement measures such as:
- Using objective criteria to assess candidates' qualifications and skills.
- Establishing diverse recruitment panels to minimize bias.
- Implementing policies that prohibit discrimination based on factors like race, gender, age, or disability.
- Providing reasonable accommodations during the recruitment and selection process for candidates with disabilities.
- Conducting diversity training to create awareness and foster inclusive practices among recruiters and hiring managers.
Recruitment and selection play a vital role in acquiring and retaining talent, enhancing organizational performance, and fostering diversity and inclusivity. By considering factors such as job requirements and labor market conditions, organizations can design effective recruitment strategies. Methods like job postings, referrals, and interviews aid in identifying the right candidates. Moreover, addressing equal opportunities ensures fair and unbiased processes, promotes diversity, and prevents discrimination in recruitment and selection. By implementing these practices, organizations can build a talented and diverse workforce that contributes to their success and sustains a positive work environment.
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Nominal GDP and Nominal GNP control for inflation.
a. No answer text provided. b. False c. No answer text provided. d. True
Inflation is only said to exist if there is an increase in money prices for some economic goods and services, and not on average.
a. False b. True c. No answer text provided. d. No answer text provided.
b. False: Nominal GDP and Nominal GNP do not control for inflation. They represent the total value of goods and services produced in an economy without adjusting for changes in price levels.
In order to account for inflation, one needs to use real GDP or real GNP, which are adjusted for changes in prices over time.
b. True: Inflation is said to exist when there is an increase in money prices for some economic goods and services. It is not based on an average increase in prices across all goods and services.
Inflation can vary across different sectors or categories of goods, and it is measured by tracking changes in price indices such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the Producer Price Index (PPI).
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For the VP of HR, see the cost of compensation. The labor market is currently paying approximately $190,000 a year in San Francisco. ABC Company will be hiring its new VP HR at $210,000 a year. Do you think ABC Company's compensation for this position is to pay competitive, fair, and equitable? Why or why not? Is this position in the Lag, Lead, or Market strategy? Explain your findings.
For the two HR Generalist positions in Houston. One is priced at $90,000 a year, and the other at $88,000 a year. Take into consideration the point factor example on p. 390. What might be causing a difference in pay between the two positions if they are the same? Explain your rationale. Why is it important to create pay ranges to justify your answer?
For the HR Generalist positions in Houston & Raleigh, where does compensation fall into the range? Minimum to low? Midpoint to Maximum? Explain how you came up with your answer.
What is the compa-ratio Robert, the Contract Recruiter? See the compa-ratio calculation on p. 394. Is Robert being paid below the pay range or above the pay range midpoint? Is he a red-circle worker or a green-circled worker?
Altogether, what might be some reasons that ABC company pay ranges and pay structure are the way they are? Support your reasoning with key terms, theories, and other concepts from the chapter.
Step 1: The compensation for the VP HR position at ABC Company seems competitive, fair, and equitable because it exceeds the current market rate in San Francisco. The position is in the Lead strategy as ABC Company is offering a higher salary than what the labor market is currently paying.
Step 2: The HR Generalist positions in Houston, priced at $90,000 and $88,000 respectively, may have differences in pay due to factors such as experience, qualifications, or performance. The point factor example on p. 390 suggests that certain job-related factors can influence compensation decisions. Creating pay ranges is important to ensure fairness and consistency in compensation decisions and to justify differences in pay based on job-related factors.
For the HR Generalist positions in Houston and Raleigh, the compensation falls within the range from the minimum to the midpoint. This determination is made based on the information provided in the question. However, without specific details about the pay ranges, it is difficult to provide a precise analysis.
Step 3: The compa-ratio for Robert, the Contract Recruiter, can be calculated using the formula on p. 394. If Robert's salary is below the pay range midpoint, he would be considered a red-circle worker. If his salary is above the pay range midpoint, he would be a green-circle worker. Without the specific salary information for Robert, it is not possible to determine his compa-ratio and his classification as red or green circle.
The pay ranges and pay structure at ABC Company are likely influenced by factors such as market conditions, company budget, internal equity, and external competitiveness. Key terms, theories, and concepts from the chapter, such as market strategy, point factor method, pay ranges, and compa-ratio calculations, can help explain and support the reasoning behind ABC Company's compensation decisions.
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Firm A and B produce good x and the firms are in a normal form of price competition. Demand for good x is given as x = 8 − p where p is equilibrium price. Each firm can pick either K2, K4 or K6 for their price. If prices match, they split demand and if prices don’t match, then the firm with lowest price meets entire demand at their price. Payoffs are in terms or revenue. (All costs are Zero!). Draw the 3 × 3 normal form game and list all payoffs.
The 3x3 normal form game for price competition between Firm A and Firm B in producing good x is represented by the table, where each cell contains the payoffs (revenue) for Firm A and Firm B based on their respective price choices (K2, K4, K6).
| K2 | K4 | K6 |
-------------------------------------
K2 | (4, 4) | (3, 5) | (2, 6) |
-------------------------------------
K4 | (5, 3) | (4, 4) | (3, 5) |
-------------------------------------
K6 | (6, 2) | (5, 3) | (4, 4) |
In this game, the rows represent the price choice of Firm A, and the columns represent the price choice of Firm B. The numbers in each cell represent the payoffs (revenue) for Firm A and Firm B, respectively, based on their price choices.
For example, in the top-left cell, (4, 4) represents the payoffs for both firms when they both choose K2 as their price. Firm A and Firm B each receive a revenue of 4.
Similarly, the payoffs for other price combinations can be read from the corresponding cells in the game matrix.
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Why is generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) important
to:
a. Accountants
b. Current Investors
c. Creditors
d. Customers
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are important to accountants, current investors, creditors, and customers because it provides a standardized framework for financial reporting, ensuring consistency, comparability, and transparency in financial statements.
Accountants: GAAP serves as the foundation for accounting practices and guidelines, providing a standardized framework that accountants follow in preparing financial statements. It ensures consistency and uniformity in financial reporting, allowing accountants to accurately record and present financial information.Current Investors: GAAP is important to current investors as it provides them with reliable and comparable financial information about companies. By adhering to GAAP, companies present their financial statements in a consistent and transparent manner, enabling investors to make informed decisions based on accurate and trustworthy information.Creditors: Creditors, such as lenders or suppliers, rely on GAAP-compliant financial statements to assess a company's financial health and creditworthiness. GAAP provides them with standardized information, allowing them to evaluate the company's ability to repay debts or fulfill financial obligations.Customers: Customers may indirectly benefit from GAAP compliance as it promotes transparency and accuracy in financial reporting. By adhering to GAAP, companies are more likely to provide reliable information regarding their financial stability and performance. This can enhance customer confidence in the company's reliability, longevity, and ability to deliver on contractual obligations.Overall, GAAP is important to accountants, current investors, creditors, and customers as it establishes a common set of standards for financial reporting, ensuring consistency, comparability, and transparency in the presentation of financial information.
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What is the four-firm concentration ratio for an industry where the top nine firms having following distribution of sales: 20%,12%,11%,10%,9%,3%,6%,4%, and 3% ? Enter numbers only - Example: 67 Do Not Enter, or, or % or $
The four-firm concentration ratio for the given industry is 53. The four-firm concentration ratio measures the combined market share of the top four firms in an industry.
In this case, having the sales distribution for the top nine firms: 20%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 3%, 6%, 4%, and 3%. To calculate the four-firm concentration ratio, we sum up the market shares of the top four firms. Adding up the percentages of the first four firms gives us a total of 53% (20% + 12% + 11% + 10% = 53%). Therefore, the four-firm concentration ratio for this industry is 53.
The four-firm concentration ratio provides an indication of market concentration and the dominance of a few firms in an industry. A higher concentration ratio suggests that a smaller number of firms hold a significant market share, which can potentially impact competition and market dynamics. Understanding concentration ratios is important in assessing market competitiveness and can help policymakers and analysts evaluate the degree of competition in an industry.
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Market Structure Analysis - Suggest how MyRepublic can compete
in the Singapore market based on the market structure for the
telecommunication retail market.
MyRepublic can strategically position itself to compete in the Singapore telecommunication retail market by focusing on differentiation and innovation. In a market structure that is typically characterized by a few dominant players, MyRepublic can differentiate itself by offering unique and innovative services to attract customers. By providing high-quality customer service, affordable pricing plans, and innovative products, MyRepublic can create a niche for itself in the market. Additionally, investing in advanced technologies and infrastructure can help the company deliver superior network coverage and speeds, giving it a competitive advantage over existing players. By continuously adapting to changing customer needs and preferences, MyRepublic can establish itself as a viable competitor in the Singapore telecommunication retail market.
In order to compete effectively in the Singapore telecommunication retail market, MyRepublic should focus on several key strategies. Firstly, the company should invest in building a strong and reliable network infrastructure to ensure seamless connectivity for its customers. This can be achieved by partnering with technology vendors and leveraging the latest advancements in telecommunications technology. Secondly, MyRepublic should develop innovative service offerings and pricing plans that cater to the specific needs and preferences of the Singaporean market. This can involve providing customized data and voice packages, offering bundled services, or introducing value-added services such as content streaming or cybersecurity solutions. Additionally, the company should prioritize customer experience by providing responsive customer support, simplified billing processes, and transparent communication. By differentiating itself through these strategies, MyRepublic can effectively compete against established players in the Singapore telecommunication retail market and attract a loyal customer base.
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corporate finance emphasizes blank______, while financial accounting emphasizes blank______.
Corporate finance emphasizes financial decision-making and maximizing shareholder value, while financial accounting emphasizes the recording, reporting, and analysis of financial information for external stakeholders.
Corporate finance is a field of study and practice that focuses on the financial decisions made by corporations and businesses. It involves managing the company's capital structure, investment decisions, financial planning, and strategies to maximize shareholder value. The central goal of corporate finance is to enhance the value of the business and generate positive returns for shareholders. This field is concerned with evaluating investment opportunities, managing risks, raising capital, and making financial decisions that align with the organization's overall objectives.
Financial accounting, on the other hand, is primarily concerned with the recording, reporting, and analysis of financial information to external stakeholders such as investors, creditors, and regulatory bodies. It involves the preparation of financial statements, such as the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement, following established accounting principles and standards. Financial accounting provides a standardized framework for reporting a company's financial performance and position, ensuring transparency and accountability to external parties.
While corporate finance focuses on decision-making within the organization to enhance shareholder value, financial accounting is more concerned with providing accurate and reliable financial information to external stakeholders. Financial accounting helps stakeholders assess the financial health and performance of a company, make informed investment decisions, and evaluate its compliance with regulatory requirements.
In summary, corporate finance deals with internal financial decision-making to maximize shareholder value, while financial accounting focuses on the external reporting and analysis of financial information for stakeholders outside the organization. Both fields play critical roles in understanding and managing a company's financial activities from different perspectives.
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Thornton Trophies makes and sells trophies it distributes to fittle league ballplayers. The company normally produces and selis between 3,000 and 9,000 trophies per year. The following cost data apply
The table shows the total costs incurred, fixed costs, variable costs, and cost per unit for different levels of activity for Thornton Trophies.
The given question is related to accounting and cost data for Thornton Trophies, a company that makes and sells trophies it distributes to little league ballplayers. The question asks to complete a table by filling in the missing amounts for the levels of activity shown in the first row of the table. The following cost data apply to various activity levels:
- For 3,000 trophies:
- Total costs incurred: $108,000
- Fixed costs: $54,000
- Variable costs: $54,000
- Cost per unit: $36.00
- For 5,000 trophies:
- Total costs incurred: $150,000
- Fixed costs: $54,000
- Variable costs: $96,000
- Cost per unit: $30.00
- For 7,000 trophies:
- Total costs incurred: $198,000
- Fixed costs: $54,000
- Variable costs: $144,000
- Cost per unit: $28.29
- For 9,000 trophies:
- Total costs incurred: $252,000
- Fixed costs: $54,000
- Variable costs: $198,000
- Cost per unit: $28.00
The table shows the total costs incurred, fixed costs, variable costs, and cost per unit for different levels of activity. The missing amounts in the table have been filled in based on the given cost data and the formulas for calculating fixed costs, variable costs, and total costs.
Fixed costs are costs that do not vary with the level of activity, such as rent, salaries, and insurance. In this case, the fixed costs are $54,000, which is the same for all levels of activity.
Variable costs are costs that vary with the level of activity, such as materials, labor, and utilities. In this case, the variable costs are calculated by subtracting the fixed costs from the total costs incurred. For example, at the 5,000 unit level of activity, the variable costs are $96,000, which is calculated as $150,000 - $54,000 = $96,000.
Total costs are the sum of fixed costs and variable costs. In this case, the total costs are calculated by adding the fixed costs and variable costs. For example, at the 7,000 unit level of activity, the total costs are $198,000, which is calculated as $54,000 + $144,000 = $198,000.
Cost per unit is calculated by dividing the total costs by the number of units produced. In this case, the cost per unit is calculated by dividing the total costs by the number of trophies produced. For example, at the 3,000 unit level of activity, the cost per unit is $36.00, which is calculated as $108,000 / 3,000 = $36.00.
In conclusion, The missing amounts in the table have been filled in based on the given cost data and the formulas for calculating fixed costs, variable costs, and total costs.
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The complete question is:
Thornton Trophies makes and sells trophies it distributes to fittle league ballplayers. The company normally produces and selis between 3,000 and 9,000 trophies per year. The following cost data apply to various activity levels. Required Complete the preceding table by filing in the missing amounts for the levels of activity shown in the first row of the table. (Round your Intermediate calculations and per unit amounts to 2 decimal places.)
What is characteristic of a good follower in avoiding out-group membership?
a. showing loyalty to themselves
b. resisting organizational change
c shirking additional responsibilities
d. performing to the best of their ability
A characteristic of a good follower in avoiding out-group membership is d) performing to the best of their ability.
A good follower who wants to avoid out-group membership strives to perform to the best of their ability. This means consistently demonstrating a high level of competence, motivation, and dedication in their work.
By consistently delivering high-quality results and exceeding expectations, followers can establish themselves as valuable contributors to the organization and gain the trust and respect of their leaders and peers.
Showing loyalty to themselves may not necessarily be a characteristic that helps avoid out-group membership. While self-loyalty is important for personal growth and self-advancement, it does not directly address the dynamics of in-group and out-group dynamics within an organization.
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4. a) You have bought a Call spread with a bought strike of 40 and a sold strike of 50. Say whether the following are always positive, always negative, or does it depend on where the stock price is. 1.
Answer the question for the following: Delta, Gamma, Vega, and Theta. No need for explanations.
b) What happens to the Gamma of an at-the-money call option as it approaches expiration?
The Gamma of an at-the-money call option decreases as it approaches expiration. This indicates a lower sensitivity of the option's price to changes in the underlying stock price as time passes and expiration nears.
a) When considering a call spread with a bought strike of 40 and a sold strike of 50, the behavior of Delta, Gamma, Vega, and Theta depends on the stock price.
Delta: It depends on where the stock price is.
Gamma: It depends on where the stock price is.
Vega: It depends on where the stock price is.
Theta: It is always negative.
b) As an at-the-money call option approaches expiration, the Gamma decreases. This means that the rate of change of the option's Delta decreases as time passes and expiration approaches.
Explanation:
a) The behavior of Delta, Gamma, Vega, and Theta in a call spread with a bought strike of 40 and a sold strike of 50 depends on the stock price. Delta represents the sensitivity of the option price to changes in the underlying stock price, Gamma measures the rate of change of Delta, Vega indicates the sensitivity to changes in implied volatility, and Theta represents the time decay of the option value.
The values of Delta, Gamma, Vega, and Theta are influenced by the stock price relative to the strike prices of the call spread. The exact behavior of these Greek letters can vary depending on whether the stock price is below, between, or above the strike prices. Therefore, their positivity or negativity depends on the specific position of the stock price.
b) As an at-the-money call option approaches expiration, the Gamma tends to decrease. Gamma measures the rate of change of Delta, which represents the sensitivity of the option's price to changes in the underlying stock price. When an option is at-the-money, meaning the strike price is close to the current stock price, the Gamma is at its highest. As expiration approaches, the option's value becomes more sensitive to small changes in the stock price. However, as time passes and the option approaches expiration, the potential for significant stock price movements decreases. This leads to a decrease in the rate of change of the option's Delta, resulting in a decrease in Gamma.
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under the allowance method, to record the receipt of cash after an account has previously being written off, you would first:
Under the allowance method, to record the receipt of cash after an account has previously being written off, the first step would be to reverse the write-off by recording the amount as a recovery of the written-off account. This would involve debiting the bad debt recovery account and crediting the accounts receivable account for the same amount
Under the allowance method, a business assumes that some of its accounts will become uncollectible and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts to reflect this reality. This is achieved by recording an adjusting entry to debit the bad debt expense and credit the allowance for doubtful accounts.
The allowance for doubtful accounts is adjusted regularly based on past experiences, as well as other considerations such as the current economic environment and the creditworthiness of the customers.
The accounts that become uncollectible are written off by debiting the allowance for doubtful accounts and crediting the accounts receivable account. When a customer subsequently pays an account that had been written off, the business will need to record the cash receipt.
To record the receipt of cash after an account has previously been written off, the following steps should be taken:
First, reverse the write-off by recording the amount as a recovery of the written-off account. This would involve debiting the bad debt recovery account and crediting the accounts receivable account for the same amount. Second, record the receipt of cash by debiting the cash account and crediting the accounts receivable account.
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1. Customer satisfaction is key in every entrepreneurship. Justify the statement citing examples from an enterprise of your own choice.
2. Explain five differences between transformational leadership and transactional leadership.
3. Describe any five characteristics of leaders applying relevant examples.
4. (a) Discuss the two broad categories of innovations. (b). Outline the four (4) requirements of a successful innovation process.
5. It is often said that "there is no better way to lead’’. Relate this statement to the context of any five factors that determine leadership.
6 (a) Demonstrate how dynamic entrepreneurship theory is applicable in your organisation.
(b). Describe the benefits to be accrued from entrepreneurship partnering.
1. Customer satisfaction is indeed crucial for every entrepreneurship as it directly impacts business success and growth.
2. Five key differences are: Vision and Inspiration, Relationship Orientation, Change Management, Employee Development and Long-Term Impact.
1. For example, let's consider an online retail company like Amazon. Amazon prioritizes customer satisfaction by offering a wide selection of products, competitive prices, and reliable delivery services.
2. Five key differences between transformational leadership and transactional leadership are:
a) Vision and Inspiration: Transformational leaders inspire and motivate employees by providing a compelling vision and fostering a sense of purpose, while transactional leaders focus on task completion and rewarding performance based on predetermined goals.
b) Relationship Orientation: Transformational leaders prioritize building strong relationships with their followers, while transactional leaders focus on transactional exchanges and meeting performance targets.
c) Change Management: Transformational leaders embrace change and encourage innovation, whereas transactional leaders focus on maintaining existing systems and processes.
d) Employee Development: Transformational leaders invest in developing their employees' skills and potential, whereas transactional leaders primarily provide rewards and recognition for meeting targets.
e) Long-Term Impact: Transformational leadership has a long-term impact on organizational culture and employee growth, whereas transactional leadership focuses on short-term goals and outcomes.
3. Five characteristics of effective leaders are:
a) Visionary: Effective leaders have a clear vision of the future and can inspire others to work towards that vision.
b) Integrity: Warren Buffett, the chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, is known for his integrity and ethical business practices.
c) Empathy: Satya Nadella, the CEO of Microsoft, is known for his empathetic leadership style.
d) Communication: Strong communication skills are essential for leaders to convey their vision, provide feedback, and inspire others. Indra Nooyi, the former CEO of PepsiCo, was praised for her excellent communication skills.
e) Adaptability: Effective leaders can adapt to changing circumstances, embrace innovation, and lead their organizations through uncertainty. Tim Cook, the CEO of Apple, has demonstrated adaptability by leading Apple through technological advancements and market shifts.
4. a) Incremental innovation involves making gradual improvements to existing products, services, or processes, while radical innovation involves creating entirely new products, services, or disruptive business models.
b) The four requirements of a successful innovation process are:
i) Resources and Support: Sufficient resources, including funding, skilled personnel, and technology, are required to support the innovation process.
ii) Open and Collaborative Culture: A culture that encourages open communication, collaboration, and idea sharing is essential for fostering innovation.
iii) Market Understanding: A thorough understanding of the market, customer needs, and emerging trends is crucial for identifying innovative opportunities.
iv) Continuous Learning and Adaptation: Organizations must have a learning mindset and be willing to experiment, learn from failures, and adapt their strategies based on feedback and market dynamics.
5. Five factors that determine leadership effectiveness are:
a) Context: The organizational and environmental context influences leadership effectiveness. Different situations may require different leadership styles or approaches.
b) Followership: Effective leaders understand and adapt to the needs, motivations, and capabilities of their followers.
c) Communication: Strong communication skills, including active listening and clear articulation of goals and expectations, are crucial for effective leadership.
d) Emotional Intelligence: Leaders with high emotional intelligence can understand and manage their own emotions and effectively connect with and influence others.
e) Adaptability: Effective leaders are adaptable and can respond to changes, challenges, and opportunities in a dynamic business environment.
6. a) In my organization, this theory is applicable as we constantly seek and exploit new opportunities, adapt to changing market conditions, and continuously innovate our products and services to stay competitive.
b) Entrepreneurship partnering offers several benefits, such as access to complementary resources and expertise, shared risks and costs, increased market reach.
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103 Field Workshop is located in Blaff, and has been tasked with repairing all B and D vehicles for the military units in the Durban area. They use a job-order costing system. During the month of May, the following transactions occurred:
a. Purchased materials on account for R296 700 .
b. Requisitioned materials totalling R245 000 for use in production. Of the total, R92 000 was for Job 58, R89 000 for Job 59, and the remainder for Job 60 .
c. Incurred direct labour for the month of R324000, with an average wage of R180 per hour. Job 58 used 800 hours; Job 59, 600 hours; and Job 60, 400 hours.
d. Incurred and paid actual overhead of R178 800 (credit Various Payables).
e. Charged overhead to production at the rate of R48 per direct labour hour.
f. Completed and transferred Jobs 58 and 59 to Finished Goods. g. Sold Job 57 (see beginning balance of Finished Goods) and Job 58 to their respective clients on account for a price of cost plus 40%.
Beginning balances as of 1 May 2018 were:
Materials, R23000
Work-in-process
Finished Goods (Job 57) R256000
Prepare the journal entries for transactions a through g.
In job order costing, products are made to order, and the direct material and labour costs of a specific product are traceable to it. In addition, indirect overheads, such as rents, are distributed to each unit based on a single overhead rate.
The direct material and labour expenses for the specific items are calculated first, and then the indirect expenses are added in order to arrive at the total expense.
The following journal entries may be prepared for transactions a through g.
Transaction a DR Materials CR Accounts Payable 296 700 (Purchased materials on account)
Transaction b DR Work in progress CR Materials 92 000 (requisitioned materials for Job 58)
DR Work in progress CR Materials 89 000 (requisitioned materials for Job 59)
DR Work in progress CR Materials 64 000 (requisitioned materials for Job 60)
Transaction c DR Work in progress CR
Wages payable 324 000 (incurred direct labour)
DR Manufacturing Overhead
CR Accounts Payable 48 x (800 + 600 + 400) = 57,600 (charged overhead to production)
Transaction d
DR Manufacturing Overhead
CR Various Payables 178,800 (incurred and paid actual overhead)
Transaction e DR Work in progress CR Manufacturing Overhead 48 x (800 + 600) = 67,200 (charged overhead to production)
Transaction f DR Finished goods (Job 58) CR
Work in progress (Job 58) - DR
Finished goods (Job 59) CR
Work in progress (Job 59) -Transaction g DR
Accounts receivable (Job 57) CR
Sales (Job 57) - DR
Accounts receivable (Job 58)
CR Sales (Job 58) -
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