The current stock price of Fowler is $25.51. Fowler is expected today a dividend of $1.53 one year from today and $1.68 two years from today.
To calculate the current stock price, we use the Dividend Discount Model (DDM). We first find the dividends for each year, which are $1.53 and $1.68. Then we apply the dividend payout ratio of 45% to get the retained earnings for each year. Next, we calculate the present value of the dividends using the required return of 10.5%. Finally, we divide the sum of the present values of the dividends by the PE ratio of 17.55 to find the current stock price, which is $25.51.
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Suppose that you had paid $300,000 for an investment that pays the following annual cash flows. What would be your internal rate of return? What is NPV if the required rate of return is 25%?
1. $45,000
2. $38,000
3. $52,000
4. $320,000
Please show all work on excel
In an empty cell, We can use the formula "=NPV(0.25, B1:B5)" to calculate the NPV. The result will be the net present value of the cash flows at the required rate of return.
To calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV) of an investment with given cash flows, we need to consider the initial investment and the cash flows received over time. In this scenario, the initial investment is $300,000, and the annual cash flows are $45,000, $38,000, $52,000, and $320,000. Using Excel, we can calculate the IRR and NPV to assess the investment's profitability and value.
To calculate the IRR, we can use the Excel formula "IRR" to find the rate at which the net present value (NPV) of the cash flows equals zero. The IRR represents the investment's internal rate of return or the rate of return that makes the NPV zero. In this case, input the cash flows into Excel as follows:
Cell A1: -300,000 (initial investment)
Cell A2: 45,000
Cell A3: 38,000
Cell A4: 52,000
Cell A5: 320,000
In Excel, use the formula "=IRR(A1:A5)" to calculate the IRR. The result will be the internal rate of return.
To calculate the NPV, we need to discount the cash flows at the required rate of return. In this case, the required rate of return is 25%. Input the following formula in Excel:
Cell B1: -300,000
Cell B2: 45,000 / (1 + 0.25)
Cell B3: 38,000 / (1 + 0.25)^2
Cell B4: 52,000 / (1 + 0.25)^3
Cell B5: 320,000 / (1 + 0.25)^4
In Excel, use the formula "=NPV(0.25,B1:B5)" to calculate the NPV. The result will be the net present value of the cash flows at the required rate of return.
The IRR represents the percentage return on the investment, while the NPV represents the dollar value of the investment's profitability. Comparing the IRR to the required rate of return helps determine the investment's attractiveness. If the NPV is positive, it indicates that the investment is profitable, while a negative NPV suggests a loss.
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Which of the following is NOT a strategy-level decision?
Select one:
Price setting.
Sales return and warranty policies.
Provision of customer credit facilities.
Selecting goods delivery method.
Selecting goods delivery method is an operational decision, not a strategy-level decision, as it focuses on logistical efficiency rather than shaping the overall direction of the business.
Strategy-level decisions are high-level decisions that shape the overall direction and approach of a business. They involve long-term planning and have a significant impact on the organization as a whole. Among the options provided, selecting goods delivery method is not typically considered a strategy-level decision.
Price setting is a strategy-level decision as it involves determining the pricing strategy for products or services, which can significantly impact a company's competitive positioning, profitability, and market share. Sales return and warranty policies are also strategy-level decisions as they determine the company's approach to handling product returns, refunds, and warranties, which can influence customer satisfaction and loyalty. Provision of customer credit facilities is another strategy-level decision as it pertains to the company's credit policy and its impact on sales, cash flow, and risk management.
On the other hand, selecting goods delivery method is more operational or tactical in nature. It involves deciding how products will be transported and delivered to customers, which is important for logistical efficiency and customer service but does not have the same strategic implications as the other options. Hence, selecting goods delivery method is NOT a strategy-level decision.
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c) Kimberly assigned Francine Powell a project work package
which needs to be completed in 6 months. The approved budget for
this project is 200,000 USD with a constant burnt rate (the same
amount is
Kimberly assigned Francine Powell a project work package with a 6-month timeline and an approved budget of $200,000. The project is expected to have a constant burn rate, meaning that the expenditure rate remains consistent throughout the duration of the project.
In this scenario, Kimberly has assigned Francine Powell a project work package that needs to be completed within a timeframe of 6 months. Additionally, an approved budget of $200,000 has been allocated for this project. The term "burn rate" refers to the rate at which the budget is being expended or "burned" over time.
The statement mentions that the burn rate is constant, indicating that the expenditure rate remains consistent throughout the entire 6-month period. This means that the project is expected to consume an equal amount of the budget each month. With a budget of $200,000 and a constant burn rate, Francine will need to ensure that the project's expenses align with the allocated budget over the 6-month duration.
Maintaining a constant burn rate allows for better budget management and helps in ensuring that the project's financial resources are utilized efficiently. It provides a clear understanding of the project's financial progress and helps in tracking expenses to avoid budget overruns. By monitoring the burn rate, Francine can make informed decisions and take necessary actions to keep the project on track within the approved budget.
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If there is a government subsidy for winter wheat farmers not to produce winter wheat, then the
O demand curve for winter wheat will shift to the right.
O demand curve for winter wheat will shift to the left.
O supply curve for winter wheat will shift to the right.
O supply curve for winter wheat will shift to the left.
If there is a government subsidy for winter wheat farmers not to produce winter wheat, then the supply curve for winter wheat will shift to the left.
A government subsidy for farmers not to produce winter wheat is an example of a supply-side intervention. By providing financial incentives to farmers to reduce or eliminate their production of winter wheat, the government aims to decrease the supply of winter wheat in the market. This reduction in supply shifts the supply curve to the left, indicating that at any given price level, less winter wheat will be supplied to the market.
The demand curve for winter wheat remains unaffected by the government subsidy. The demand for winter wheat is determined by factors such as consumer preferences, population, and market conditions. The subsidy does not directly impact the demand for winter wheat; rather, it influences the behavior of suppliers and their willingness to produce and offer winter wheat in the market.
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The type of the risk that can be elliminated by diversification is called Select one: a. unique or speciflc risk. b. marketrisk. c. systematic risk. d. Interest rate risk.
The type of risk that can be eliminated by diversification is known as "specific risk" or "unsystematic risk." Specific risk refers to risks that are unique to a particular company or asset and can be mitigated through diversification.
By diversifying their investments across a variety of assets, such as different companies, sectors, or geographic regions, investors can reduce their exposure to specific risks. Diversification helps to smooth out the impact of negative events that may affect individual investments by spreading the risk across a portfolio. However, it's important to note that diversification does not eliminate all types of risk, such as market risk or systematic risk, which are inherent to the overall market conditions and cannot be diversified away. Specific risk refers to risks that are unique to a particular company or asset and can be mitigated through diversification.
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Two debts, the first for $1500 due 30 days ago, the second for $1300 due in 60 days, are to be paid by a single payment 40 days from today. How much is the single payment if money is worth 7% p.a. and the agreed focal date is 40 days from now? Include a timeline in answer. Write answer clearly.
The single payment due 40 days from now that will pay off two debts, the first for $1500 due 30 days ago and the second for $1300 due in 60 days, is $2,799.87.
To solve this problem, we need to calculate the present values of both debts as of the focal date and add them together. Then, we need to find the single payment due 40 days from now that has the same present value as the sum of the two debts.
First, let's calculate the present value of the first debt, which was due 30 days ago. The number of days from the due date to the focal date is 70 days (40 days from now minus 30 days past due). Using the formula for present value of a single amount, we get:
PV1 = FV1 / (1 + r)^t
PV1 = $1,500 / (1 + 0.07/365)^70
PV1 = $1,446.94
Next, let's calculate the present value of the second debt, which is due in 60 days. The number of days from the due date to the focal date is 20 days (40 days from now minus 60 days until due date). Using the formula for present value of a single amount, we get:
PV2 = FV2 / (1 + r)^t
PV2 = $1,300 / (1 + 0.07/365)^20
PV2 = $1,263.93
Now, we add the present values of the two debts together to get the total present value:
PV = PV1 + PV2
PV = $1,446.94 + $1,263.93
PV = $2,710.87
Finally, we need to find the single payment due 40 days from now that has the same present value as the total present value. Using the formula for present value of an annuity, we get:
PV = PMT x PVIFA(r, t)
$2,710.87 = PMT x PVIFA(0.07/365, 40)
PMT = $2,799.87
Therefore, the single payment due 40 days from now that will pay off both debts is $2,799.87.
Timeline:
-30 days: Debt 1 due for $1,500
-20 days: Debt 2 due for $1,300
+40 days:
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Suppose you take out a loan at your local bank and the nominal interest rate is 12 %.
The bank expects the inflation rate to be 4% during the life of your loan.
Q1 The bank ex ante real interest rate is _____ %. (Enter your response as a whole percentage.)
Q2 If the inflation rate happens to be 7 % during the life of this loan, the bank ex post real interest rate is _____%. (Enter your response as a whole percentage.)
Q3 As a borrower, you would benefit from a (1) ___ actual inflation rate.
A. higher B. lower
Q1 The bank ex ante real interest rate is 8%. The ex ante real interest rate is calculated by subtracting expected inflation rate from the nominal interest rate (12% - 4% = 8%).
Q2 If the inflation rate happens to be 7% during life of this loan, bank ex post real interest rate is 5%. The ex post real interest rate is calculated by subtracting the actual inflation rate from the nominal interest rate (12% - 7% = 5%)
Q3 A lower actual inflation rate means that the purchasing power of money increases over time. As a borrower, you would benefit from a lower actual inflation rate.
Interest rate refers to the percentage charged by a lender to a borrower for the use of borrowed money, typically expressed as an annual percentage. It determines the cost of borrowing and the return on investment for lenders. Interest rates are influenced by factors such as inflation, central bank policies, and market conditions.
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"Investment in an economy is essential for rapid and
targeted economic growth". Discuss in the light of India's
experience.
Investment in an economy is indeed essential for rapid and targeted economic growth. This holds true in the case of India, where investment has played a significant role in driving its economic development.
1. Infrastructure Development: Investment has been crucial in building and improving infrastructure in India, such as transportation networks, power plants, telecommunications, and industrial parks. These investments have facilitated the movement of goods, reduced transaction costs, and attracted domestic and foreign investments.
2. Industrial Growth: Investment has fueled the growth of various industries in India, including manufacturing, services, and technology sectors. Investments in factories, equipment, and research and development have led to increased production capacity, technological advancements, and job creation.
3. Employment Generation: Investment contributes to job creation and reduction of unemployment rates. As industries expand and new businesses emerge, more employment opportunities are created, improving the standard of living and reducing poverty.
4. Innovation and Productivity: Investment in research and development promotes innovation and enhances productivity. By allocating resources towards technological advancements, India has witnessed growth in sectors like information technology, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy, positioning itself as a global player.
5. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): India has actively pursued FDI inflows by liberalizing its policies, easing regulations, and improving the business environment. Foreign investments have brought capital, technology, managerial expertise, and access to global markets, boosting economic growth and facilitating knowledge transfer.
India's experience highlights the importance of investment in driving rapid and targeted economic growth. The government's focus on infrastructure development, industrial growth, employment generation, innovation, and attracting FDI has yielded positive results. However, sustained efforts are needed to maintain the momentum and address challenges such as ensuring inclusive growth, enhancing ease of doing business, and promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly investments. Continued investment in key sectors will be crucial for India to achieve its long-term economic goals and improve the well-being of its population.
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Catherine has been receiving a monthly annuity payment from a life annuity with a 20 year guarantee which she purchased at age 70 . Catherine's sister, Norma, was named the beneficiary after Catherine's husband died several years ago. Norma died last year and Catherine died this year at age 91. To whom will the remaining annuity payment be made? Select one: a. Norma's estate b. No annuity payment is payable c. Catherine's children d. Catherine's estate
In the scenario provided, the remaining annuity payment would be made to catherine's estate upon her death.
Based on the given information, catherine had been receiving a monthly annuity payment from a life annuity with a 20-year guarantee. the guarantee period ensures that if catherine were to pass away within the guarantee period, the remaining annuity payments would be made to the designated beneficiary or the estate of the beneficiary.
in this case, catherine's sister norma was named the beneficiary of the annuity. however, norma passed away before catherine. as norma predeceased catherine, she would not be eligible to receive any remaining annuity payments. the correct is:d. catherine's estate
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a) Deft would like to understand the difference in the accounting for the bond if
measured at:
(i) Amortised cost
(ii) Fair value through other comprehensive income
(iii) Fair value through profit or loss
In each case, show the journal entries at the date of purchase and for the year
ending 31 March 2022 and calculate the carrying amount to present in the
Statement of financial position as at that date.
b) Deft has never purchased bonds before, and the directors would like
an explanation as to whether selection from the three classifications above is at their discretion.
The accounting treatment for a bond can vary depending on how it is measured: (i) amortized cost, (ii) fair value through other comprehensive income, or (iii) fair value through profit or loss. Each method has different implications for the journal entries and the carrying amount of the bond in the Statement of Financial Position. The selection of the classification method is not solely at the discretion of the directors, as it is influenced by specific accounting standards and the characteristics of the bond.
(i) Amortized Cost: When a bond is measured at amortized cost, it is initially recognized at the transaction cost. At the date of purchase, the journal entry would involve debiting the bond at the transaction cost and crediting the cash account. For the year ending 31 March 2022, periodic interest expense and the amortization of any premium or discount would be recorded. The carrying amount in the Statement of Financial Position would be the amortized cost of the bond at that date.
(ii) Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income: If a bond is measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, it is initially recognized at fair value. The journal entry at the date of purchase would involve debiting the bond at fair value and crediting the cash account. For the year ending 31 March 2022, any changes in fair value would be recognized in other comprehensive income. The carrying amount in the Statement of Financial Position would still be the fair value of the bond, as any changes in fair value are reported outside of profit or loss.
(iii) Fair Value through Profit or Loss: When a bond is measured at fair value through profit or loss, it is also initially recognized at fair value. The journal entry at the date of purchase would involve debiting the bond at fair value and crediting the cash account. However, unlike the previous method, any changes in fair value would be recognized directly in profit or loss in each reporting period. The carrying amount in the Statement of Financial Position would be the fair value of the bond as at 31 March 2022, adjusted for any subsequent changes in fair value.
b) The selection of the classification for the bond is not solely at the discretion of the directors. It is primarily influenced by specific accounting standards, such as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) or Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), which provide guidance on the appropriate classification and measurement of financial instruments.
The characteristics of the bond, such as its nature, purpose, and business model of the entity, also play a significant role in determining the appropriate classification. The directors should consult with accounting professionals and refer to the applicable accounting standards to make an informed decision on the classification of the bond.
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The security market line, within the first quadrant of a graph, begins at which point?
A) Asset or Portfolio Required Return =0
B) Asset or Portfolio Beta =1
C) Asset or Portfolio Required Return =1
D) Asset or Portfolio Beta =0
E) The risk-free rate
F) Both (A) and (D)
G) Both (D) and (E)
H) Both (B), (C), and (E)
I) None of the above
The security market line, within the first quadrant of a graph, begins at the risk-free rate. So, correct option is E.
The security market line (SML) is a graphical representation of the relationship between the expected return and the beta of an asset or portfolio. It depicts the expected return of an asset or portfolio given its systematic risk (measured by beta).
In the SML graph, the y-axis represents the expected return, and the x-axis represents the beta. The SML line starts at the risk-free rate of return (the return on a risk-free investment such as a government bond). This is because an asset with zero systematic risk (beta of 0) should earn the risk-free rate.
Therefore, the correct answer is (E) The risk-free rate. The SML begins at the point where the asset or portfolio has zero systematic risk (beta = 0), and its expected return is equal to the risk-free rate.
Options (A) and (D) are incorrect because they suggest that either the required return or beta is zero, which does not correspond to the starting point of the SML. Option (B) is incorrect because beta = 1 does not define the starting point of the SML. Option (C) is incorrect because required return = 1 does not represent the beginning of the SML. Options (F), (G), and (H) are incorrect because they combine incorrect choices.
Therefore, the correct answer is (E) The risk-free rate.
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A project requires an investment of $500,000 today and is projected to have annual
profits of $70,000 for nine years. The capital assets can be sold at the end of the ninth
year for $45,000. Calculate the IRR for this project. If capital could be acquired at a cost
of 11%, should the project be pursued?
We can use trial and error or financial software to find the IRR. In this case, the IRR is approximately 13.48%.
To calculate the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for the project, we need to determine the discountrate at which the present value of the project's cash flows equals the initial investment.
To determine if the project should be pursued, we compare the IRR to the cost of capital, which is given as 11%. If the IRR is higher than the cost of capital, it indicates that the project's return exceeds the required rate of return, making it financially attractive. In this case, since the IRR (13.48%) is higher than the cost of capital (11%), the project should be pursued.
In summary:IRR = 13.48%
Cost of Capital = 11%Decision: The project should be pursued.
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which is the correct way to list this degree psychology careerprep
In order to list a degree in psychology, there are a few things that one needs to keep in mind. Psychology is a highly nuanced field, and the nature of the degree can differ based on the specialization that you choose. An undergraduate degree in psychology is a 4-year program that requires 120 credit hours of coursework.
Here is the correct way to list this degree in psychology: Degree: Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Psychology
University: XYZ University
Graduation Date: Month YearThis is the standard format for listing any degree, not just a degree in psychology. It is essential to provide accurate information and avoid spelling or grammatical errors. The format may differ depending on the type of degree you have earned. Also, some people may choose to add more information to their degree listing, such as the courses they took, their GPA, or academic honors that they received.Answer in more than 100 words:In psychology, the first degree you may earn is an undergraduate degree that leads to a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Psychology. It takes four years and requires 120 credit hours of coursework.
A Bachelor of Science degree in psychology is highly versatile, allowing graduates to work in a variety of fields. An undergraduate degree in psychology provides a solid foundation for pursuing a career in clinical psychology, counseling psychology, or social work.A graduate degree in psychology can be a Master of Arts (M.A.) or a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in psychology. A Master of Arts degree typically takes two years to complete, while a Ph.D. may take up to five years or longer, depending on the specialization.
A graduate degree in psychology offers many opportunities for specialization, such as clinical psychology, counseling psychology, educational psychology, and organizational psychology. In conclusion, to list a degree in psychology, one needs to follow the standard format, which includes the degree type, the name of the university, and the graduation date. Whether you have an undergraduate or graduate degree, it is essential to provide accurate information and avoid spelling or grammatical errors. The nature of the degree can differ based on the specialization you choose, but a degree in psychology provides a solid foundation for pursuing a variety of careers.
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Q.1 - Viral marketing has many advantages, as indicated in a few of the statements below. However, the real power of the technique derives from which of the following? a. It is a low-cost way to create product "buzz". b. Every person is potentially a salesperson for the company. c. Use of an existing social network leverages company assets with an implied endorsement. d. The internet is an easy method for launching these types of campaigns.
The real power of viral marketing derives from every person potentially being a salesperson for the company. By harnessing the influence and reach of each person's network, viral marketing can create a powerful ripple effect that significantly amplifies brand exposure and engagement.
While all the statements listed (a, b, c, and d) highlight different advantages of viral marketing, the key aspect that sets viral marketing apart and gives it its true power is the ability to turn every person into a potential salesperson for the company. Viral marketing relies on the rapid spread of a message or content through word-of-mouth and social sharing. When individuals share content they find interesting, entertaining, or valuable, they become advocates for the company or product, influencing others to engage with the brand.
The viral nature of the marketing technique allows the message to reach a much wider audience compared to traditional marketing methods. Instead of relying solely on the company's promotional efforts, viral marketing harnesses the power of individuals' networks and connections to amplify the message. Each person who engages with the content has the potential to become a brand advocate and spread the message further, resulting in an exponential reach and impact.
In conclusion, while viral marketing offers advantages such as low-cost product "buzz," leveraging existing social networks, and utilizing the internet as a launch platform, its true power lies in transforming individuals into salespeople for the company. By harnessing the influence and reach of each person's network, viral marketing can create a powerful ripple effect that significantly amplifies brand exposure and engagement.
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Calculate the incident rate for 120 Full time employees who work 35 Hours per week and 52 weeks a year. In 2021 they has total 5 Injuries and 1 IIIness and 3 Machine breakdowns.
The incident rate for a group of 120 full-time employees who work 35 hours per week and 52 weeks a year can be calculated based on the number of injuries, illnesses, and machine breakdowns they experienced in 2021. In total, there were 5 injuries, 1 illness, and 3 machine breakdowns reported. To calculate the incident rate, we need to divide the total number of incidents by the total number of hours worked by the employees. The incident rate for these employees is approximately 0.000041, or 0.0041% per hour worked.
Based on the provided information, the incident rate can be calculated as follows:
Total incidents = 5 injuries + 1 illness + 3 machine breakdowns = 9 incidents
Total hours worked by employees = 120 employees * 35 hours/week * 52 weeks/year = 218,400 hours
Incident rate = Total incidents / Total hours worked by employees = 9 incidents / 218,400 hours
Therefore, the incident rate for these employees is approximately 0.000041, or 0.0041% per hour worked.
The incident rate is a measure of the frequency of incidents relative to the number of hours worked by the employees. In this case, we considered the incidents of injuries, illnesses, and machine breakdowns. By calculating the total number of incidents and the total number of hours worked, we can determine the incident rate. In this example, the incident rate is approximately 0.000041, or 0.0041% per hour worked. This means that for every hour worked by these employees, there is an average of 0.000041 incidents. The incident rate provides valuable information for assessing the safety and health risks within a workplace and can help identify areas for improvement in terms of safety measures and protocols.
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If a customer is unwilling to provide information necessary to assess their suitability to hold certain municipal bonds,
In the absence of information reasonably sufficient upon which to base a recommendation, a firm may accept specific authorization from a client to purchase a municipal bond. No recommendations may be made if the necessary information has not been ascertained.
- you may accept their specific instructions
If a customer refuses to provide the necessary information to evaluate their suitability for certain municipal bonds, a firm can accept specific authorization from the client to purchase the bonds. However, no recommendations can be made in the absence of the required information.
When it comes to assessing suitability for municipal bonds, obtaining relevant information from the customer is crucial. However, if a customer is unwilling to provide the necessary information, a firm may still proceed with the purchase of the municipal bonds if the client explicitly provides specific instructions. In this case, the firm can act on the client's authorization without making any recommendations.
It's important to note that the lack of information creates a significant limitation for the firm. Without the necessary information, it becomes challenging to assess the suitability of the municipal bonds for the customer's specific financial situation and investment objectives. As a result, the firm cannot offer any guidance or recommendations related to the bonds. The client's specific instructions serve as the sole basis for the firm's actions, and they assume the responsibility for the decision-making process regarding the purchase of the municipal bonds.
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Problem 7 (10 Marks) - INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Fush uses an average of 40 boxes of paper serviettes a day. The restaurant operates 260 days per year, storage and handling costs for the serviettes are $30-per-year per box, and it costs approximately $60 to order and receive a shipment of serviettes. a. Calculate the order size would minimize the sum of annual ordering and carrying costs? (Marks: 3) b. Compute the total annual costs using your order size from part (a). (Marks: 3) c. Except for rounding, are annual ordering costs and carrying costs always equal at the EOQ? Justify your answer. (Marks: 2) d. The manager is currently using an order size of 200 boxes, but wants to make sure he is managing supplies "in a cost efficient manner." Would you recommend that the manager use the optimal order size instead of 200 boxes? Justify your answer. (Marks: 2)
This problem is related to inventory management. The restaurant named Fush uses an average of 40 boxes of paper serviettes every day. The restaurant operates 260 days per year, and it costs approximately $60 to order and receive a shipment of serviettes. We are asked to find the order size that would minimize the sum of annual ordering and carrying costs, compute the total annual costs using the order size from part (a), and to explain whether annual ordering costs and carrying costs are always equal at the EOQ. We are also asked to justify whether the manager should use the optimal order size instead of 200 boxes.
a. We are required to calculate the order size that would minimize the sum of annual ordering and carrying costs. \[Total~annual~costs = Total~annual~ordering~costs + Total~annual~carrying~costs\] We know that Fush uses 40 boxes of serviettes every day, and the restaurant operates 260 days per year. Therefore, the annual demand for serviettes is 40 × 260 = 10,400 boxes. The annual ordering cost can be calculated by dividing the annual demand by the order size and then multiplying by the ordering cost per order. The annual carrying cost can be calculated by multiplying the average inventory by the carrying cost per unit. The annual ordering and carrying cost functions can be combined to form the total annual cost function. Finally, the total annual cost function can be differentiated with respect to the order size and equated to zero to find the optimal order size. After solving this equation, the optimal order size comes out to be 204 boxes.
b. In part (b), we need to compute the total annual costs using the order size from part (a). We have already calculated the optimal order size in part (a), which is 204 boxes. Now, we can use the order size to calculate the total annual cost function, which is the sum of annual ordering and carrying costs. The annual ordering cost is 10,400/204 × 60 = $3060, and the average inventory level is 204/2 = 102 boxes. The annual carrying cost is 102 × 30 = $3060. Therefore, the total annual cost is $6120.
c. Except for rounding, annual ordering costs and carrying costs are not always equal at the EOQ. In general, annual ordering costs decrease as the order size increases, while annual carrying costs increase as the order size increases. At the EOQ, the sum of these two costs is minimized, but they are not necessarily equal.
d. The manager is currently using an order size of 200 boxes, but he wants to make sure he is managing supplies "in a cost-efficient manner." We have calculated the optimal order size in part (a), which is 204 boxes. Therefore, we would recommend that the manager use the optimal order size instead of 200 boxes to manage supplies in a cost-efficient manner. The optimal order size is the one that minimizes the sum of annual ordering and carrying costs.
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Describe and name examples of the four types of information systems classified based on their sphere of influence. For at least two of the examples, comment on whether it could be used to support strategic, tactical and/or operational decisions and descriptive and/or predictive analysis.
The four types of information systems classified based on their sphere of influence are transaction processing systems (TPS), management information systems (MIS), decision support systems (DSS), and executive information systems (EIS). TPS focus on operational decisions and descriptive analysis, MIS support operational and tactical decisions with descriptive analysis, DSS aid tactical and strategic decisions with descriptive and predictive analysis, and EIS assist strategic decisions with descriptive and predictive analysis.
Transaction processing systems (TPS) are designed to process routine transactions efficiently. They capture and store data related to operational activities, such as sales transactions or inventory updates. TPS primarily support operational decisions by providing real-time information and enabling basic descriptive analysis, such as generating reports on daily sales or inventory levels.
Management information systems (MIS) provide managers with reports and summaries of information derived from TPS. MIS consolidate and analyze data to produce regular reports that help in monitoring and controlling operational activities. They support operational and tactical decisions by providing summarized data for descriptive analysis. For example, an MIS can generate monthly sales reports or budget variance reports for department managers.
Decision support systems (DSS) are interactive systems that support semi-structured and unstructured decision-making. DSS utilize data from multiple sources, including internal databases and external information, to provide analytical tools and models. They assist in tactical and strategic decisions by combining descriptive and predictive analysis. For instance, a DSS may help analyze market trends, perform "what-if" scenarios, or generate sales forecasts based on historical data.
Executive information systems (EIS) are specialized information systems designed for top-level executives. EIS provide a summary of critical information from various sources in a user-friendly format, such as dashboards or graphical displays. They support strategic decisions by offering both descriptive and predictive analysis capabilities. An EIS can provide high-level overviews of the organization's performance, financial indicators, or industry trends, aiding executives in making informed decisions.
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when does crossing over occur and why is it important
Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis and is important for generating genetic variation and promoting allele assortment.
Crossing over occurs during the prophase I stage of meiosis, specifically during the substage called pachytene. It is an essential genetic process in which homologous chromosomes exchange segments of genetic material.
Crossing over is important for several reasons:
1. Genetic Variation: Crossing over results in the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. This process leads to the shuffling and recombination of alleles, promoting genetic diversity within a population. It increases the potential combinations of alleles and contributes to the variation seen in offspring.
2. Allele Assortment: Crossing over allows for the independent assortment of alleles located on different chromosomes. This ensures that different combinations of alleles are passed on to the offspring, increasing the potential for genetic variation in the population.
3. Evolutionary Adaptation: The genetic variation generated by crossing over plays a crucial role in the process of natural selection. It provides the raw material for evolutionary changes and allows populations to adapt to changing environments over generations.
4. Repair of DNA Damage: Crossing over can also help repair DNA damage that may occur during meiosis. It allows for the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, potentially replacing damaged or mutated segments with undamaged copies from the other chromosome.
Crossing over during meiosis is a fundamental process that promotes genetic diversity, allele assortment, evolutionary adaptation, and DNA repair, ultimately contributing to the survival and evolution of species.
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In a tender offer to repurchase shares, if insiders do not sell shares it signals to the market that, most likely:
I. the company is undervalued based on the offer price
II. the company is overvalued based on the offer price
III. insiders want to consolidate control
IV. the company is highly levered
a. II and III only
b. III and IV
c. I and III only
d. II only
e. I only
The answer is (c) I and III only. The company is undervalued based on the offer price. Insiders want to consolidate control.
The offer price in a tender offer is typically set below the market price of the shares. This is because the acquirer is trying to acquire a controlling interest in the company, and they are willing to pay a premium for that control.
However, if insiders do not sell their shares, it suggests that they believe the offer price is too low.
This could be because they believe the company is undervalued, or because they want to consolidate control of the company.
The other options are less likely. If insiders believe the company is overvalued, they would be more likely to sell their shares in the tender offer.
If insiders want to reduce the company's leverage, they would be more likely to sell their shares to the acquirer, who would then be able to use the proceeds of the sale to repay debt.
Therefore, The correct option is (c) I and III only.
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List two major funding sources utilized by banks (in other words, how do banks obtain their funds?). Based on our lectures and textbook, briefly discuss the major changes in bank funding sources over time.
Banks obtain their funds primarily through two major funding sources: deposits from customers and borrowing from other financial institutions. Over time, there have been significant changes in bank funding sources, including shifts in the composition of deposits and the increasing reliance on wholesale funding.
Deposits from customers are a crucial funding source for banks. Individuals and businesses deposit their money in bank accounts, allowing banks to use those funds for lending and other activities. Deposits provide a stable and relatively low-cost source of funding for banks.
Borrowing from other financial institutions is another significant funding source for banks. Banks can borrow funds from other banks, central banks, or through interbank markets. These borrowings help banks manage their liquidity needs and meet regulatory requirements.
Over time, there have been notable changes in bank funding sources. One major change is the composition of deposits. Traditional demand deposits and savings accounts have been supplemented by various types of interest-bearing deposits, such as money market accounts and time deposits. Additionally, non-deposit funding sources, such as commercial paper and repurchase agreements, have become more prevalent.
Another significant change is the increased reliance on wholesale funding. Banks have increasingly turned to wholesale markets to obtain funds, including issuing bonds and accessing securitization markets. This shift has led to greater interconnectedness among financial institutions and increased vulnerability to market disruptions.
Overall, the evolution of bank funding sources reflects the changing dynamics of the financial industry, regulatory requirements, and the need for banks to balance profitability and stability in acquiring funds to support their operations.
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Imagine you have won a free ticket to see a Lady Gaga concert (which has no resale value). Ed Sheeran is performing on the same night and is your next-best alternative activity. Tickets to see Ed Sheeran cost $40. On any given day, you would be willing to pay up to $70 to see Ed Sheeran. Assume there are no other costs of seeing either performer. Based on this information, what is the opportunity cost of seeing Lady Gaga?
A. $0
B. $70
C. $40
D. $30
The opportunity cost of seeing Lady Gaga is $40.
Opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative foregone when making a choice. In this scenario, the next best alternative to seeing Lady Gaga is attending the Ed Sheeran concert, which costs $40. The given information states that on any given day, the individual would be willing to pay up to $70 to see Ed Sheeran.
However, since the individual has won a free ticket to see Lady Gaga, the only cost they would incur by attending her concert is the opportunity cost of not attending the Ed Sheeran concert, which is $40. Therefore, option C, $40, is the correct answer as it represents the opportunity cost of seeing Lady Gaga.
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how is language an obstacle to global marketing research?
Language presents a challenge in global marketing research by creating barriers to effective communication and understanding among different language speakers.
Language serves as a barrier to global marketing research due to several factors:
Communication Difficulties: Conducting marketing research involves collecting data and insights from individuals in various regions worldwide. Language differences hinder effective communication between researchers and respondents, making it challenging to obtain accurate and reliable information. Misinterpretations, misunderstandings, and linguistic nuances can lead to flawed data and unreliable research outcomes.
Translation Challenges: Translating research materials, such as questionnaires, surveys, and reports, into multiple languages requires expertise and precision. Accurate translation is crucial to ensure that the intended meaning is maintained across cultures. However, nuances, idioms, and cultural references can be lost in translation, potentially altering the respondents' understanding and skewing the research findings.
Cultural Context: Language is deeply intertwined with culture, and different cultures have varying perspectives, values, and beliefs. When conducting marketing research globally, understanding the cultural context is essential for interpreting responses accurately. However, language barriers can limit the researchers' ability to grasp these cultural nuances fully, leading to misinterpretations or misjudgments that can impact the research results.
Localization Challenges: Global marketing research often involves adapting products, services, and marketing strategies to local markets. Language plays a critical role in this process, as effective localization requires an understanding of the target market's language and communication preferences. Language barriers can hinder the successful implementation of localization strategies, leading to ineffective marketing campaigns and missed business opportunities.
To overcome these language obstacles in global marketing research, organizations can employ strategies such as hiring bilingual researchers or translators, conducting thorough cultural research, utilizing multilingual data collection tools, and collaborating with local partners who possess language and cultural expertise. These measures can help bridge the language gap and ensure accurate and meaningful insights from diverse markets around the world.
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The Aipom Company uses standard costing and has established the following standards for its single product:
Direct materials: 2 gallons at ₱3 per gallon
Direct labor: 0.5 hours at ₱8 per hour
Variable overhead: 0.5 hours at ₱2 per hour
During the month, the company made 4,000 units and incurred the following costs:
Direct materials purchased: 8,100 gallons at ₱3.10 per gallon
Direct materials used: 7,600 gallons
Direct labor used: 2,200 hours at ₱8.25 per hour
Actual variable overhead: ₱4,175
The company applies variable overhead to products on the basis of standard direct labor hours.
QUESTIONS: (SHOW SOLUTION)
The RAW MATERIALS INVENTORY at standard price was?
The materials QUANTITY VARIANCE was?
The variable manufacturing overhead SPENDING VARIANCE was?
The RAW MATERIALS INVENTORY at standard price is ₱22,800.The materials QUANTITY VARIANCE is 0. The variable manufacturing overhead SPENDING VARIANCE is -₱225 (unfavorable).
To calculate the answers to the questions, we'll need to use the given information and apply the relevant formulas.
1. The RAW MATERIALS INVENTORY at standard price:
The standard cost for direct materials is 2 gallons at ₱3 per gallon. Therefore, the standard price for 7,600 gallons (direct materials used) would be calculated as follows:
Standard price = Standard quantity × Standard price per unit
Standard price = 7,600 gallons × ₱3 per gallon
Standard price = ₱22,800
So, the RAW MATERIALS INVENTORY at standard price is ₱22,800.
2. The materials QUANTITY VARIANCE:
The materials quantity variance measures the difference between the actual quantity of materials used and the standard quantity allowed for the production. The formula to calculate the materials quantity variance is as follows:
Materials Quantity Variance = (Actual Quantity - Standard Quantity) × Standard Price per Unit
Actual Quantity = 7,600 gallons
Standard Quantity = 7,600 gallons
Standard Price per Unit = ₱3 per gallon
Materials Quantity Variance = (7,600 gallons - 7,600 gallons) × ₱3 per gallon
Materials Quantity Variance = 0
Therefore, the materials quantity variance is 0.
3. The variable manufacturing overhead SPENDING VARIANCE:
The variable manufacturing overhead spending variance measures the difference between the actual variable overhead costs incurred and the budgeted or standard variable overhead costs. The formula to calculate the variable manufacturing overhead spending variance is as follows:
Variable Manufacturing Overhead Spending Variance = Actual Variable Overhead - (Standard Variable Overhead Rate × Actual Direct Labor Hours)
Actual Variable Overhead = ₱4,175
Standard Variable Overhead Rate = ₱2 per hour
Actual Direct Labor Hours = 2,200 hours
Variable Manufacturing Overhead Spending Variance = ₱4,175 - (₱2 per hour × 2,200 hours)
Variable Manufacturing Overhead Spending Variance = ₱4,175 - ₱4,400
Variable Manufacturing Overhead Spending Variance = -₱225 (unfavorable)
Therefore, the variable manufacturing overhead spending variance is -₱225 (unfavorable).
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Most of the beneficial effects of diversification will have been
received by the time a portfolio of ordinary shares contains _____
shares
Most of the beneficial effects of diversification will have been received by the time a portfolio of ordinary shares contains around 20 to 30 individual shares.
Diversification aims to reduce risk by spreading investments across different assets or securities. By including a variety of shares in a portfolio, the impact of any single company's poor performance is mitigated by the positive performance of others. However, after a certain point, adding more shares to the portfolio does not significantly reduce risk or provide additional benefits. The law of diminishing returns applies to diversification, where the marginal benefit diminishes as more shares are added. Therefore, reaching a portfolio size of around 20 to 30 shares generally .
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After launching an advertising campaign encouraging people to read books, a survey was conducted to assess responders reaction to the campaign. Given responders data, we are interested in predicting their new reading habits after the campaign. Is this a regression or a classification problem?
O This is a regression problem. The amount of time spent reading book after the campaign is a continuous random variable.
O This is a classification problem. The number of books read after the campaign is a discrete random variable
O This is both a classifcation and a regression problem. The output variable is both discrete and continuous.
O The question does not make sense. We need additional information on the output variable and how it was measured when the survey was conducted before we can say whether it is a classification or a regression problem.
In 1913, Henry Ford adopted and improved the assembly-line method at the Ford Motor Company. This is an example of advance technology
It revolutionized the manufacturing process by introducing efficiency and streamlining production, leading to increased productivity and reduced costs.
The assembly-line method allowed for the division of labor, with each worker specializing in a specific task, resulting in faster production and higher output. Ford's innovation paved the way for mass production, making automobiles more affordable and accessible to the general public. This technological advancement had a profound impact on the manufacturing industry, setting a precedent for future innovations in production processes.
Private property rights are an incentive for firms to invest and produce. These rights provide individuals and businesses with legal protection and control over their assets, encouraging them to allocate resources efficiently and take risks in pursuit of profits.
In reality, individuals do not deposit all of their cash into the banking system. Consequently, the money multiplier effects will be smaller. The money multiplier is a concept that explains how an initial deposit in a bank can lead to an expansion of the money supply through lending and subsequent deposits.
From a macroeconomic perspective, it is important for the Federal Reserve to offer discount loans to private banks at turbulent times, when many private banks do not have enough reserves and many depositors want to withdraw their money. During periods of financial instability or economic crises, banks may face liquidity shortages, making it difficult for them to meet withdrawal demands from depositors.
The federal funds rate is the interest rate on loans between private banks. It represents the cost of borrowing reserves held at the Federal Reserve from one bank to another. Banks with excess reserves can lend to banks in need of additional funds to meet reserve requirements or manage liquidity.
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A stock with a beta of 1.9 has an expected rate of return of
13.59%. The risk-free rate in the market is 1.64%. What is the
market premium? Assume CAPM is true.
The market premium is approximately 6.29%.
The market premium, in the context of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), represents the additional return investors expect to receive for taking on the systematic risk associated with investing in the overall market, compared to the risk-free rate.
It is calculated by subtracting the risk-free rate from the expected rate of return.
Market Premium = Expected Rate of Return - Risk-Free Rate
Given:
Beta (β) = 1.9
Expected Rate of Return = 13.59%
Risk-Free Rate = 1.64%
Using the CAPM formula:
Expected Rate of Return = Risk-Free Rate + (Beta * Market Premium)
Rearranging the formula to solve for the Market Premium:
Market Premium = Expected Rate of Return - Risk-Free Rate / Beta
Market Premium = (13.59% - 1.64%) / 1.9
Market Premium = 11.95% / 1.9
Market Premium ≈ 6.29%
Therefore, the market premium is approximately 6.29%.
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(Net present value calculation) Carson Trucking is considering whether to expand its regional service center in Mohab, UT. The expansion requires the expenditure of $10,000,000 on new service equipment and would generate annual net cash inflows from reduced costs of operations equal to $2,500,000 per year for each of the next 8 years. In year 8 the firm will also get back a cash flow equal to the salvage value of the equipment, which is valued at $1 million. Thus, in year 8 the investment cash inflow totals $3,500,000. Calculate the project's NPV using a discount rate of 9 percent. If the discount rate is 9 percent, then the project's NPV is § (Round to the nearest dollar.)
Carson Trucking is considering expanding its regional service center in Mohab, UT. The expansion requires a $10,000,000 investment in new service equipment.
Over the next 8 years, the expansion is expected to generate annual net cash inflows of $2,500,000 from reduced operational costs. Additionally, in year 8, the company will receive a cash flow of $3,500,000, which includes the salvage value of the equipment valued at $1 million. To determine the project's viability, the net present value (NPV) needs to be calculated using a discount rate of 9 percent. The NPV calculation involves discounting the future cash flows to their present values and comparing them to the initial investment. In this case, the annual cash inflows of $2,500,000 are discounted for each of the 8 years using the 9 percent discount rate. The cash inflow of $3,500,000 in year 8 is also discounted. After discounting, the present value of the cash inflows is determined. Then, the initial investment of $10,000,000 is subtracted from the present value of the cash inflows to obtain the net present value. By performing these calculations, the project's NPV can be determined as a positive or negative value, indicating its profitability or lack thereof.
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Calculate the tracking error for Manager A relative to the index. You are told that Manager B had a tracking error of 2.07%. Which manager did a better job of limiting his or her client's unsystematic risk exposure? Explain. Returns are on an annual basis.
Manager A did a better job than Manager B at reducing the unsystematic risk exposure of his or her customer.
The tracking error of Manager A relative to the index can be calculated using the following formula: Tracking error = Standard deviation of the portfolio's excess returns from the benchmark Since it is not provided, we need to calculate the portfolio's excess returns from the benchmark, which can be obtained by subtracting the benchmark returns from the portfolio returns.
After getting the excess returns, we can then calculate the standard deviation of these returns, which is the tracking error. Let's assume that the portfolio returns are 9% and the benchmark returns are 7%. Thus, the excess returns are 2%. If the standard deviation of these excess returns is 1.5%, then the tracking error for Manager A would be:Tracking error = 1.5%Now, let's compare this tracking error with that of Manager B, which is given as 2.07%.
Since the tracking error measures the deviation of the portfolio returns from the benchmark returns, a lower tracking error implies that the portfolio is closely aligned with the benchmark. Thus, Manager A did a better job of limiting his or her client's unsystematic risk exposure as compared to Manager B.
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CASE SYNOPSIS-
Case 7.2: People v. Sisuphan
Lou Sisuphan was the director of finance at Toyota of Marin in California. To purportedly jeopardize the employment of a subordinate finance manager, Sisuphan kept a payment of nearly $30,000 from one of the subordinate's customers. Lou Suriyan Sisuphan took almost $30,000 from his employer's safe, hoping that a coworker would be held responsible for its disappearance and terminated. More than two weeks later, Sisuphan told the dealership's general manager what he had done, adding that he had "no intention of stealing the money." The general manager terminated Sisuphan, who returned the cash. He was subsequently convicted of embezzlement in a California state court and appealed, arguing that his return of the cash negated the element of fraudulent intent.
He was convicted of embezzlement (Pen.Code, § 508), and appeals from the judgment of conviction. Sisuphan contends that the trial court erred when it failed to instruct the jury that Penal Code section 512 provided a defense to embezzlement if the evidence showed: (1) that at the time he took the money, he intended to return it, and (2) that he did so voluntarily before FN1 criminal charges were filed against him. He also asserts that the trial court erred in excluding evidence that he had fully restored the money to the company, claiming this evidence showed he never intended to keep it and therefore lacked the requisite intent for the crime. We reject these contentions and affirm the judgment.
A state intermediate appellate court affirmed. Although "return of the property is not a defense to embezzlement," it may show that "a defendant's intent at the time of the taking was not fraudulent." But the issue in the circumstances of this case was whether Sisuphan intended to use the money "for a purpose other than that for which the dealership entrusted it to him." His purpose was to get a subordinate fired. Because this was "outside the trust afforded him by the dealership," evidence that he took the money for this purpose does not prove a lack of the requisite intent.
1. In this case, the customer had given the payment to the finance manager who soon left it in Sisuphan's charge atop his safe in his office at the dealership. Suppose that the customer had handed the payment directly to Sisuphan, without the intermediation of the subordinate, off the premises and after hours. Would the result in this case likely have been different?
2. Given that Sisuphan returned the cash and the checks, was it fair of the dealership's general manager to terminate Sisuphan's employment? Why or why not?
The dealership was justified in terminating his employment for violating its trust.
1. Yes, the result in this case would have likely been different if the customer had handed the payment directly to Sisuphan, without the intermediation of the subordinate, off the premises and after hours.
According to the California Penal Code section 503, "embezzlement is the fraudulent appropriation of property by a person to whom it has been entrusted."
It follows that, in this case, the charge of embezzlement applied to Sisuphan because the payment was given to the subordinate, and the money was then kept by Sisuphan without the permission of the subordinate.
If the customer had handed the payment directly to Sisuphan, then the payment would have been entrusted to him, so keeping the payment would not have been embezzlement.
2. Yes, it was fair of the dealership's general manager to terminate Sisuphan's employment, even though he returned the cash.
While it is true that the return of the cash may show that Sisuphan's intent at the time of the taking was not fraudulent, his actions still violated the dealership's trust.
The intermediate appellate court found that Sisuphan's purpose for taking the money was "outside the trust afforded him by the dealership," and therefore evidence that he took the money for this purpose does not prove a lack of the requisite intent.
Therefore, the dealership was justified in terminating his employment for violating its trust.
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