External environmental factors that may pose threats to stakeholder relations include economic fluctuations, technological advancements, legal and regulatory changes, social and cultural shifts, political instability, and competitive pressures.
These factors can impact stakeholder relations by affecting their financial stability, disrupting operations, creating legal challenges, conflicting with societal values, causing uncertainties due to political changes, and intensifying competition. Organizations must monitor and manage these factors to maintain strong stakeholder relationships.
Economic factors such as recessions, inflation, or currency fluctuations can affect stakeholders' financial stability and influence their engagement with an organization. Technological advancements may create challenges if stakeholders are unable to adapt, leading to resistance to change. Legal and regulatory changes can impact stakeholder relations through non-compliance risks and disagreements on specific regulations. Social and cultural shifts in values and norms can affect an organization's reputation and stakeholder perceptions. Political factors like instability or policy changes may create uncertainties and impact stakeholder relationships. Lastly, competitive pressures can affect stakeholder expectations, leading to strained relations if organizations fail to meet those expectations.
Organizations should actively monitor and manage these external factors to mitigate threats and build strong stakeholder relationships. By effectively communicating, engaging, and adapting to changes, organizations can address the concerns and expectations of stakeholders, ensuring their support and cooperation in the long run.
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Question 4 (4.0 + 3.5 = 7.5 Marks)
4.1. Calculate the daily earnings at risk (Dear) on a zero-coupon bond worth $500,000 with a market yield of 6.5% that matures in 6 years, if the one bad day in 20 days occurs tomorrow. A statistician estimates that the mean change in daily yields for this bond is zero and the standard deviation is 12 basis points.
4.2. What is the value at risk (VaR) over a 7-day horizon?
The value at risk (VaR) over a 7-day horizon is $5,839 (approx).
Daily earnings at risk (DEAR)DEAR is the one-day potential loss that can happen for a portfolio of assets. The steps to calculate DEAR are:
Find out the change in price of bond due to a change in the yield
Calculate the percentage of the yield change
Find out the value of DEAR Formula:
DEAR = -ΔV x p x ∆Y
where
ΔV = the size of the portfolio (∆V= $500,000)
p = the confidence interval at which DEAR is being calculated (p = 1/20 = 0.05)
∆Y = daily yield volatility
= standard deviation of the bond returns/100
= 0.12%/√252
= 0.007554%
DEAR = -ΔV x p x ∆Y
= -$500,000 x 0.05 x 0.007554%
= $188.85 or $189 (approx)
Value at Risk (VaR)The value at risk (VaR) is a popular method for quantifying market risk. It is a statistical measure of the potential loss of a portfolio of assets over a given period of time for a certain level of confidence. The formula for VaR is:
VaR = ∆V x z x ∆Y
where
ΔV = the size of the portfolio (∆V= $500,000)
z = the number of standard deviations corresponding to the confidence interval for the given time period and asset. For a 95% confidence interval,
z = 1.65.
∆Y = daily yield volatility
= standard deviation of the bond returns/100
= 0.12%/√252
= 0.007554%
Time period = 7 days
VaR = ∆V x z x ∆Y
= -$500,000 x 1.65 x 0.007554% x √7
= -$5,838.70 or $5,839 (approx)
Hence, the required solution is as follows:
Daily earnings at risk (DEAR) = $189 (approx
)Value at Risk (VaR) over a 7-day horizon = $5,839 (approx).
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The DEF Corporation is trying to decide whether to undertake an expansion of its production facilities. The expansion will cost $8.5 million, to be paid immediately. After tax cash flows generated by the expansion are projected to be $1 million next year, and will be growing indefinitely with inflation at 2.5% per year. Assume the cost of capital of 12%. Should DEF undertake the expansion?
The projected cash flows, adjusted for inflation, are expected to generate returns that exceed the cost of capital. Hence, based on the calculations, DEF Corporation should undertake the expansion of its production facilities.
To determine whether DEF Corporation should undertake the expansion of its production facilities, we need to evaluate the present value of the cash flows generated by the expansion and compare it to the initial cost.
The cash flows generated by the expansion are projected to be $1 million next year, and they will grow indefinitely with inflation at 2.5% per year.
We can calculate the present value of these cash flows using the perpetuity formula:
PV = CF / (r - g)
Where:
PV is the present value of cash flows
CF is the cash flow in the first year ($1 million)
r is the discount rate (cost of capital, 12%)
g is the growth rate (inflation rate, 2.5%)
So, Plugging in the values in the equation,
PV = $1,000,000 / (0.12 - 0.025)
PV = $1,000,000 / 0.095
PV = $10,526,315.79
The present value of the cash flows generated by the expansion is approximately $10.53 million.
The expansion will cost $8.5 million to be paid immediately. We can compare this cost to the present value of the cash flows to determine whether the expansion is financially feasible.
Since the present value of the cash flows ($10.53 million) is higher than the initial cost of the expansion ($8.5 million), it indicates that the project is expected to generate positive net present value (NPV). The positive NPV suggests that the expansion is financially attractive and potentially beneficial to DEF Corporation.
The projected cash flows, adjusted for inflation, are expected to generate returns that exceed the cost of capital. Therefore, based on the calculations, DEF Corporation should undertake the expansion of its production facilities.
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Billie Thomas was a new staff nurse at Green Valley Nursing Care Center. After orientation, she was assigned to a rehabilitation unit with high admission and discharge rates. Billie noticed that admissions and discharges were assigned rather haphazardly. Anyone who was "free" at the moment was directed to handle them. Sometimes, unlicensed assistant personnel were directed to admit or discharge residents. Billie believed that this was inappropriate because they are not prepared to do assessments and they had no preparation for discharge planning. Billie had an idea how discharge planning could be improved but was not sure that she should bring it up because she was so new. "Maybe they've already thought of this," she said to a former classmate. They began to talk about what they had learned in their leadership course before graduation. "I just keep hearing our instructor saying, 'There's only one manager, but anyone can be a leader.'" "If you want to be a leader, you have to act on your idea. Why don't you talk with your nurse manager?" her friend asked. "Maybe I will," Billie replied. Billie decided to speak with her nurse manager, an experienced rehabilitation nurse who seemed not only approachable but also open to new ideas. "I have been so busy getting our new electronic health record system online before the surveyors come that I wasn't paying attention to that," the nurse manager told her. "I'm glad you brought it to my attention." Billie's nurse manager raised the issue at the next executive meeting, giving credit to Billie for having brought it to her attention. The other nurse managers had the same response. "We were so focused on the new electronic health record system that we overlooked that. We need to take care of this situation as soon as possible. Billie Thomas has leadership potential. In groups, discuss the following:
1. What are your views of management and leadership. Do you believe they are the same or different?
2. If you believe that they are different, do you think that they have the same importance for the future of nursing? Do you feel that one is more important than the other?
3. How can novice nurse managers learn important management functions and develop leadership skills?
1. Management and leadership are distinct concepts. Management involves the coordination and organization of resources to achieve specific goals, while leadership focuses on inspiring and influencing others towards a shared vision.
2. Both management and leadership are important for the future of nursing. Effective management ensures efficient operations and resource allocation, while leadership drives innovation, change, and promotes a positive work environment. Both play complementary roles.
3. Novice nurse managers can learn important management functions and develop leadership skills through various avenues. These include formal education programs, mentoring by experienced leaders, participation in leadership development workshops and seminars, engaging in self-reflection and continuous learning, and seeking opportunities for hands-on experience and leadership roles.
1. Management and leadership are distinct yet interconnected concepts. Management involves tasks such as planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling resources to achieve specific objectives. On the other hand, leadership is about inspiring and influencing others to work towards a shared vision, motivating team members, fostering collaboration, and driving positive change. While management focuses on processes and efficiency, leadership is more concerned with people and relationships.
2. Both management and leadership are crucial for the future of nursing. Effective management ensures that resources are allocated efficiently, processes are streamlined, and operational goals are achieved. This is vital for maintaining high-quality patient care and achieving organizational objectives. Leadership, on the other hand, empowers nurses to advocate for patients, innovate in practice, promote a positive work culture, and drive change amidst evolving healthcare challenges. Both management and leadership are necessary for the success of nursing organizations and to address the complex needs of patients and healthcare systems.
3. Novice nurse managers can develop important management functions and leadership skills through various approaches. Formal education programs, such as specialized courses or advanced degrees in nursing administration or healthcare management, provide foundational knowledge and skills in management principles and leadership theories. Mentoring by experienced nurse leaders allows novices to learn from their expertise and gain insights into effective management strategies and leadership practices. Participation in leadership development workshops, seminars, and conferences can enhance knowledge, skills, and networking opportunities. Self-reflection and continuous learning help nurse managers identify areas for growth and seek relevant resources to develop their abilities. Additionally, seeking hands-on experience and actively engaging in leadership roles, such as leading projects or committees, can provide practical opportunities to apply management and leadership concepts and refine skills.
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utter Enterprises purchased equipment for $96,000 on January 1,2021 . The equipment is expected to have a five-year ife and a residual value of $5,400. Using the double-declining-balance method, depreciation for 2021 and the book value at December 31,2021 , would be:
Using the double-declining-balance method, the depreciation for 2021 is $38,400, and the book value at December 31, 2021, is $57,600. This method applies a higher depreciation rate in the early years of an asset's life, resulting in higher depreciation expenses initially.
To calculate depreciation using the double-declining-balance method, we need to determine the depreciation rate and apply it to the beginning book value of the equipment.
Depreciation Rate:
The formula for the double-declining-balance depreciation rate is 2 / useful life. In this case, the useful life is 5 years.
Depreciation Rate = 2 / 5 = 0.4 or 40%
Depreciation for 2021:
Depreciation for the first year is calculated by applying the depreciation rate to the beginning book value of the equipment.
Depreciation for 2021 = Depreciation Rate * Beginning Book Value
Depreciation for 2021 = 0.4 * $96,000 = $38,400
Book Value at December 31, 2021:
The book value at the end of the year is calculated by subtracting the depreciation for the year from the beginning book value.
Book Value at December 31, 2021 = Beginning Book Value - Depreciation for 2021
Book Value at December 31, 2021 = $96,000 - $38,400 = $57,600
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On March 9, Hill gave Sandhill Company a 80-day, 9\% promissory note for $7,200. Hill honors the note on May 9. Record the collection of the note and interest by Sandhill assuming that no interest has been accrued. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually. Use 360 days for calculation. List all debit entries before credit entries. Round answers to 0 decimalplaces, e.g. 1,252.)
The journal entry to record the collection is: Debit Notes Receivable $7,344, Credit Cash $7,200, Credit Interest Revenue $144.
The promissory note was for $7,200 and the interest was $144, for a total of $7,344.
The interest was calculated by multiplying the principal amount by the interest rate and the number of days. The number of days was 80, which is (May 9 - March 9) / 360.
The journal entry to record the collection of the note and interest is as follows:
Debit Notes Receivable $7,344
Credit Cash $7,200
Credit Interest Revenue $144
Use code with caution. Learn more
The debit to Notes Receivable is for the face value of the note plus the interest. The credit to Cash is for the amount of cash received. The credit to Interest Revenue is for the amount of interest earned.
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Changes in regulations potentially affect:
Question 5 options:
economic activity.
organizational strategies and change.
willingness of foreign firms to enter a market.
investment decisions.
all of the above.
Changes in regulations can have a significant impact on various aspects of a business environment. They can influence economic activity, organizational strategies and change, the willingness of foreign firms to enter a market, and investment decisions. The correct answer is "all of the above."
Changes in regulations can directly or indirectly affect economic activity by imposing new rules, restrictions, or incentives that impact businesses and individuals' behavior. These changes may lead to shifts in market dynamics, consumer behavior, and overall economic performance.
Organizational strategies and change can be influenced by regulatory changes as businesses need to adapt and comply with new requirements. Regulations may necessitate adjustments in operations, supply chains, resource allocation, and even business models to ensure compliance and maintain competitive advantage.
Changes in regulations can also impact the willingness of foreign firms to enter a market. Regulatory frameworks and policies can create barriers or incentives for foreign companies to invest and operate in a particular country. Favorable regulations may attract foreign firms, while stringent or unfavorable regulations may deter or limit their entry.
Additionally, regulatory changes can have a significant impact on investment decisions. Businesses evaluate regulatory environments and consider factors such as legal requirements, tax policies, market access, and government incentives when making investment decisions.
Changes in regulations can alter the risk-return profiles of investments, influencing the decisions of businesses regarding capital allocation, expansion, or divestment.
In conclusion, changes in regulations can have broad implications, affecting economic activity, organizational strategies and change, the willingness of foreign firms to enter a market, and investment decisions. Businesses must closely monitor and assess regulatory changes to adapt and make informed decisions in response to evolving regulatory landscapes. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above".
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When internal auditors report audit findings there are certain attributes, for each finding, that needs to be taken into account. These attributes are:
1. Criteria
2. Condition
3. Cause
4. Effect
5. Recommendation
6. Action taken
The ten sentences which follow are extracts from an internal auditor's working papers.
1. After the bank reconciliation was made, four bank errors that had gone undetected for as long as five months were disclosed.
2. In the future the accountant will check and approve monthly bank reconciliations.
3. It is company policy for the accounting department to make monthly reconciliations of all bank accounts.
4. The bank statements and cancelled cheques are delivered to the accounting department on the 5 th of each month.
5. The clerk responsible, for doing bank reconciliations, does not really know how to complete bank reconciliations.
6. We found that the last reconciliation of the payroll account had been made six months before the date of our audit.
7. The difference between the balance per bank statement and the ledger account was R12 876
8. A test of 437 transactions showed that 25 were incorrect.
9. We discussed the matter with the manager of the accounting department and he issued instructions that the bank and ledger accounts promptly be reconciled.
10. Before we completed our audit the accounts were reconciled.
11. The manager of the accounting department had given a low priority to bank reconciliations.
Criteria, 2. Condition, 3. Cause, 4. Effect, 5. Recommendation, 6. Action taken. When internal auditors report audit findings, they consider certain attributes for each finding.
In the given extracts, these attributes can be identified. For example, in extract 1, the condition is the disclosure of four undetected bank errors, the cause could be inadequate reconciliation procedures, and the effect could be financial misstatements. The recommendation could be to improve reconciliation processes, and the action taken may involve checking and approving reconciliations (extract 2). These attributes help provide a comprehensive understanding of the audit findings and guide the organization in taking corrective actions. Recommendation: Proposed actions or measures to address the identified condition and mitigate risks. Action taken: Any actions already implemented or planned to address the finding.
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Topic: Marketing Segmentation of Social
Classes
Describe how you make purchase decisions based on different
social classes/segments you belong to or want to belong.
The segmentation of social classes plays a crucial role in determining preferences, aspirations, and consumption patterns. These segments are characterized by distinct socioeconomic factors.
Factors can be income, occupation, education, and lifestyle, which shape individuals' perceptions, values, and purchasing behavior. Marketers utilize this segmentation to tailor their marketing strategies, messages, and offerings to effectively target and appeal to different social classes, ultimately influencing purchase decisions.
Social class segmentation is an important aspect of marketing, as it recognizes that individuals within different socioeconomic groups have varying needs, desires, and purchasing behaviors. When making purchase decisions, individuals consider their social class or the social class they aspire to belong to. This is because social class influences an individual's self-image, identity, and status. For example, someone from a higher social class might prioritize luxury, exclusivity, and quality when making purchasing decisions, while someone from a lower social class might focus more on affordability and value for money.
Social class segmentation takes into account various factors such as income, occupation, education, and lifestyle. These factors determine an individual's access to resources, level of disposable income, and overall social standing. Individuals in higher social classes may have higher incomes, prestigious occupations, advanced education, and a more affluent lifestyle. They may seek products or services that reflect their status, such as luxury brands, high-end experiences, and upscale goods. On the other hand, individuals in lower social classes may have lower incomes, less prestigious occupations, limited education, and a more modest lifestyle. They may prioritize affordability, practicality, and meeting basic needs when making purchase decisions.
Marketers recognize the importance of social class segmentation and leverage this knowledge to create targeted marketing strategies. They tailor their messages, branding, and offerings to align with the preferences and aspirations of different social classes. For instance, advertising campaigns may use aspirational imagery and language to appeal to individuals who desire to move up the social ladder. They may also adjust pricing, product features, and distribution channels to accommodate the purchasing power and preferences of specific social classes. By understanding the nuances of social class segmentation, marketers can effectively engage with their target audiences, influencing their purchase decisions and building brand loyalty.
In conclusion, purchase decisions are influenced by the social classes or segments individuals belong to or aspire to belong. Social class segmentation takes into account socioeconomic factors such as income, occupation, education, and lifestyle. These factors shape individuals' preferences, aspirations, and consumption patterns. Marketers utilize social class segmentation to tailor their marketing strategies, messages, and offerings, enabling them to effectively target and appeal to different social classes. By understanding the unique needs and desires of various social classes, marketers can influence purchase decisions and establish long-term relationships with their target customers.
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Define conceptual, preliminary, prefeasibility, feasibility and bankable studies.in mining engineering
In the field of mining engineering, conceptual, preliminary, prefeasibility, feasibility, and bankable studies are different stages of project evaluation and assessment that progressively analyze the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of a mining project.
1. Conceptual Study: This is the initial stage of project evaluation where the basic idea and potential of the mining project are assessed. It involves identifying the mineral deposit, understanding its geology, estimating the resource potential, and conducting a high-level economic analysis.
2. Preliminary Study: In this stage, more detailed investigations are carried out to evaluate the technical and economic viability of the project. It includes geotechnical surveys, mineralogy studies, environmental assessments, and preliminary economic analyses.
3. Prefeasibility Study: At this stage, a more comprehensive evaluation is conducted to determine the technical and economic viability of the project. It involves conducting detailed geological and geotechnical studies, metallurgical test work, environmental impact assessments, and financial analysis.
4. Feasibility Study: This is a thorough and detailed analysis of all aspects of the project, including engineering design, financial modeling, environmental and social impact assessment, permitting requirements, and market analysis. The feasibility study provides a comprehensive understanding of the project's technical and economic feasibility.
5. Bankable Study: A bankable study is a feasibility study that meets the requirements of financial institutions and investors for financing. It involves a comprehensive analysis of technical, economic, legal, environmental, and social aspects to provide the necessary assurance for financial support. These studies are conducted in a sequential manner, with each stage building upon the previous one to provide increasing levels of detail and confidence in the project's viability and potential success.
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The stock of Sweeny, Inc. is currently selling for $58 per share. An investor expects the price of the stock to increase in the next few months and has purchased a long call contract. The exercise price is $48 and the premium is $3 per share. The price of the stock decreased to $42 on the exercise date. The investor owning the long call option has decided to _____ and the value of the contract is _____. Exercise the contract; 0.
Abstain from exercising the contract; $6.
Exercise the contract; $10.
Abstain from exercising the contract; 0.
The investor holding a long call option abstains from exercising the contract as the stock price is below the exercise price. Consequently, the contract's value is 0, resulting in a loss of the premium paid ($3 per share).
The investor owning the long call option would abstain from exercising the contract because the stock price on the exercise date ($42) is lower than the exercise price ($48). In this case, it would not be beneficial for the investor to exercise the contract.
The value of the contract would be 0 because the investor would not exercise it, and the option would expire worthless. The premium paid for the contract ($3 per share) would be lost, resulting in a total value of 0 for the contract. Therefore, the correct answer is: Abstain from exercising the contract; 0.
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ABC Company began operations in 2020 and determined its ending inventory at cost and at a LCNRV at December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2021. This information is presented kelow. Instructions a) prepare the journal entries required at December 31,2020 , and December 31,2021 , assuming that the inventory is recorded at cost, using a perpetual system and the loss method
Journal entries for recording ending inventory at cost using perpetual system and LCNRV (loss method).
In a perpetual inventory system, inventory accounts are updated continuously as goods are bought and sold. To determine the ending inventory at cost, ABC Company needs to compare the cost of inventory with its net realizable value (NRV) and record any losses accordingly.
At December 31, 2020, ABC Company should compare the cost of inventory with its NRV. If the NRV is lower than the cost, a loss should be recognized. The journal entry would be as follows:
Inventory Loss Expense (Income Statement) XX
Inventory (Balance Sheet) XX
This entry reduces the value of inventory on the balance sheet and recognizes the loss on the income statement.
At December 31, 2021, the same process should be followed. If the NRV is lower than the cost, a loss should be recognized. The journal entry would be as follows:
Inventory Loss Expense (Income Statement) XX
Inventory (Balance Sheet) XX
Again, this entry reduces the value of inventory on the balance sheet and recognizes the loss on the income statement.
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and 200 planters in inventory froris last year. cohstruct the objective function and constraints and ghe a brief descrebon for each decision variahle and each constrains
The objective function of the decision variable of planters in the inventory is to minimize the cost of storage and transportation. The objective function is represented as follows: Objective Function (Z) = 1,500P. The constraints that need to be considered are the availability of storage space and the transportation capacity. These constraints can be represented by the following inequalities: Availability of Storage Space: P ≤ 1,200. This inequality ensures that the number of planters in the inventory (P) is less than or equal to the available storage space. It limits the number of planters that can be stored based on the storage capacity. Transportation Capacity: P ≤ 800. This inequality ensures that the number of farmers in the inventory (P) is less than or equal to the capacity of the available transportation system. It limits the number of planters that can be transported based on the transportation capacity.
The decision variable for planters in the inventory is represented by the symbol P, which denotes the number of planters. The objective is to minimize the cost associated with storing and transporting these planters. The objective function, Z = 1,500P, quantifies the cost as a linear function of the number of farmers. By minimizing this function, the company aims to reduce the overall cost incurred. The first constraint, P ≤ 1,200, reflects the limitation imposed by the available storage space. It ensures that the number of planters in the inventory does not exceed the maximum capacity of the storage area. By adhering to this constraint, the company avoids overcrowding the storage space and maintains efficient inventory management. The second constraint, P ≤ 800, represents the transportation capacity constraint. It ensures that the number of planters in the inventory does not exceed the maximum capacity of the transportation system. By complying with this constraint, the company ensures that it can transport the planters efficiently without exceeding the transportation system's limitations. Together, these constraints guide the decision-making process regarding the number of planters to keep in inventory. By optimizing the objective function while respecting the storage space and transportation capacity constraints, the company can minimize costs and maintain adequate inventory and logistics management.
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From Maslow's perspective, motivation is primarily the result of _____. humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs.
From Maslow's perspective, motivation is primarily the result of humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs.
Motivation refers to the physiological processes that give behavior its energy and direction.
Motivation is a concept that describes the activation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior.
It describes why we perform an activity, what drives us to do it, how long we do it for, and how we react while we do it.
Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, proposed a hierarchy of needs theory that illustrated the concept of motivation and behavior in a hierarchical order.
He claimed that individuals are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and when one need is satisfied, they pursue the next need.
From Maslow's viewpoint, motivation is largely the result of individuals focusing on fulfilling basic needs before moving on to more advanced requirements.
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At the beginning of 2021 , Angel Corporation began offering a two-year warranty on its products The warranty program was expected to cost Angel 7% of net sales. Net sales made under warranty in 2021 were $190 milion. Fifteen percent of the units sold were returned in 2021 and repaired or replaced at a cost of $4.50 milition. The amount of warranty expense on Angeis 2021 . income statement is:
The amount of warranty expense on Angel Corporation's 2021 income statement is $5.10 million.
To calculate the warranty expense, we need to consider the net sales made under warranty and the cost of repairing or replacing units.
In this case, the net sales made under warranty in 2021 were $190 million. The warranty program was expected to cost Angel 7% of net sales. Therefore, the estimated warranty expense is 7% of $190 million, which equals $13.3 million.
However, only 15% of the units sold were returned and repaired or replaced at a cost of $4.50 million. This indicates that the actual warranty expense incurred in 2021 is $4.50 million.
The warranty expense on Angel's 2021 income statement represents the actual expense incurred, which is $4.50 million. Therefore, the correct answer is $5.10 million.
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The complete question is:
At the beginning of 2021 , Angel Corporation began offering a two-year warranty on its products The warranty program was expected to cost Angel 7% of net sales. Net sales made under warranty in 2021 were $190 milion. Fifteen percent of the units sold were returned in 2021 and repaired or replaced at a cost of $4.50 milition. The amount of warranty expense on Angeis 2021 . income statement is: Multiple Choice $29.55 million. $11.28 million. $5.10 million. $7.88 million
according to economists at jpmorgan chase, what was the greatest factor in the unprecedented profit margins of the early 2000s? group of answer choices
the opinions of economists at JPMorgan Chase regarding the greatest factor in the unprecedented profit margins of the early 2000s. However,
it is worth noting that various factors can contribute to profit margins, and different economists may have different perspectives on their significance. Some possible factors that could have influenced profit margins during that period include technological advancements, globalization, cost-cutting measures, financial deregulation, favorable market conditions, or specific industry dynamics. To obtain the most accurate and up-to-date information on the views of economists at JPMorgan Chase or any other organization, I recommend referring to their published research, reports, or publicly available statements.
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Match the corporate level international strategy with the correct definition or characterization. Group of answer choices (Multidomestic strategy; global strategy; transnational strategy) --
~Headquarters makes the decisions about what is offered in global markets
~)High in efficiency as economies of scale are developed
~The company has developed products so desirable that every market desires them
~Combines global integration with local responsiveness
~Difficult to pull off but can produce the highest level of performance
~Becoming increasingly necessary due to the worldwide flow of information created by the internet
~Decentralized—Local managers make key decisions
~Tailor products to the local markets
~Can be more costly because there are no economies of scale
- Headquarters makes the decisions about what is offered in global markets: Multidomestic strategy
- High in efficiency as economies of scale are developed: Global strategy
- The company has developed products so desirable that every market desires them: Global strategy
- Combines global integration with local responsiveness: Transnational strategy
- Difficult to pull off but can produce the highest level of performance: Transnational strategy
- Becoming increasingly necessary due to the worldwide flow of information created by the internet: Transnational strategy
- Decentralized—Local managers make key decisions: Multidomestic strategy
- Tailor products to the local markets: Multidomestic strategy
- Can be more costly because there are no economies of scale: Multidomestic strategy
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according to the universal ethical standards identified by the nonprofit, nonpartisan character counts organization, which of the following illustrates the core value of citizenship?
According to the universal ethical standards identified by the nonpartisan Character Counts organization, the core value of citizenship is A. contributing to the community and protecting the environment.
The organization identifies six core values that define good character, and these are trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship. Citizenship is an important core value as it emphasizes the importance of being a responsible member of the community. It involves engaging in activities that contribute to the betterment of society and protecting the environment. This means engaging in activities such as recycling, volunteering, and participating in community clean-up efforts.
Citizens who embrace the core value of citizenship also show a willingness to work collaboratively with others, are respectful towards others' rights and opinions, and demonstrate an understanding of their rights and responsibilities. In summary, citizenship is a core value that emphasizes the importance of being an active participant in the community.
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Suppose people from Virginia are more likely to lose expensive jewelry than people from Maryland. Specifically, there is an 80 percent probability that a person from Virginia will lose a $1,000 item of jewelry during a year, but only a 20 percent probability that a person from Maryland will. Assume that the population of Virginia and Maryland are the same. 1) If an insurance company that covers both Maryland and Virginia assumes that people in either state are equally likely to buy jewelry insurance, what will the actuarially fair insurance premium be? 2) If the utility of the people from Utah and Idaho is given by U(x)=ln(x) and they have current wealth of $10,000 each, will these individuals buy jewelry insurance at the actuarilly fair insurance premium? 3) Given your results in part 2, will the insurance premiums be correctly computed? If not, what should the premium be? What will the utility for each type of person be? 4) Suppose that an insurance company charged different premiums for people from Virginia and Maryland. How would these individuals' maximum utilities compare to those computed in parts 2 and 3.
The actuarially fair insurance premium would be $500 in this scenario.
To determine the actuarially fair insurance premium, we need to consider the probabilities of loss and the value of the insured item for each state.
Given that there is an 80% probability of a person from Virginia losing a $1,000 item of jewelry during a year, the expected loss for Virginia can be calculated as follows:
Expected loss for Virginia = Probability of loss in Virginia * Value of the insured item
Expected loss for Virginia = 0.80 * $1,000 = $800
For Maryland, the probability of loss is 20%, and the value of the insured item remains the same ($1,000):
Expected loss for Maryland = Probability of loss in Maryland * Value of the insured item
Expected loss for Maryland = 0.20 * $1,000 = $200
Since the population of Virginia and Maryland is assumed to be the same, we can consider an equal number of insured individuals from each state.
To determine the actuarially fair insurance premium, the insurer needs to collect enough premiums to cover the expected losses in each state. In this case, the expected losses for Virginia and Maryland are $800 and $200, respectively.
To calculate the actuarially fair insurance premium, we take the weighted average of the expected losses:
Actuarially fair insurance premium = (Probability of Virginia * Expected loss for Virginia) + (Probability of Maryland * Expected loss for Maryland)
Assuming an equal number of insured individuals from each state, the probabilities are 0.5 for both Virginia and Maryland.
Actuarially fair insurance premium = (0.5 * $800) + (0.5 * $200) = $400 + $100 = $500
Therefore, the actuarially fair insurance premium would be $500 in this scenario.
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PnG Limited is a retail company that offers all qualifying customers 60 days' credit, with a 10% settlement discount on invoices settled within 30 days of the invoice date.
The company made sales to the value of R5 500000 for the financial year ended 31 December 2021 , and the following apply to the sales figure:
- 40% of sales were in cash.
- 60% of sales were on credit, of which:
- 80% were paid before 31 December 2021 and 70% of them paid within 30 days.
20% remain outstanding at 31 December 2021 , and management estimates that 75% will pay within 30 days.
required
3.1) Discuss how PnG Limited should account for the 20% credit sales outstanding at 31 December 2021. (10 marks)
3.2) Prepare the journal entries to account for PnG Limited's sales for the financial year ending 31 December 2021. Make sure to include all journals relating to both credit and cash sales. Include statement references and show all calculations.
3.1) P n G Limited should account for the 20% credit sales outstanding at 31 December 2021 as accounts receivable or trade receivables in its financial statements.
The calculations for each entry are not provided in the question, but they can be derived based on the given percentages and total sales amount. The statement references for the journal entries can be specified based on the company's internal numbering system. These represent the amounts owed to the company by customers who have not yet paid for their credit purchases.
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Jessica has an insurance policy that will pay her an annual annuity of $440 at the end of each year for a total of 6 consecutive years. However, the terms of the policy are such that the annuity's first payment will not be made until the end of year 4. Determine the present value of Jessica's policy if the interest rate is 8%.
Therefore, the present value of Jessica's insurance policy is $2161.22 when the interest rate is 8%.
To determine the present value of Jessica's insurance policy given that it will pay her an annual annuity of $440 at the end of each year for a total of 6 consecutive years and that the first payment will not be made until the end of year 4, we use the present value of an annuity formula which is shown below:
PV = A x [1 - (1 + i)-n] / i
where PV is the present value of the insurance policy, A is the annuity payment, i is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods.
To apply the formula, we have:
PV = $440 x [1 - (1 + 0.08)-6] / 0.08 / (1 + 0.08)4
PV = $440 x [1 - 0.506628] / 0.08 / 1.360488
PV = $440 x 0.493372 / 0.08 / 1.360488
PV = $2161.22 (rounded to the nearest cent)
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Casino inc. has a current dividend of $283 per share (Div) and theso dividends are expecled to grow at a consfant fate of 3 percent per yecar forever. If the required rate of return on the stock is 10 percent, what is the current value of the stock today? Select one:
a. $30.5
b. $41.84
c. $40.42
d. $28.3
The type of the risk that can be eliminated by diversification is called Select one:
a. markel risk.
b. interest rate risk.
c. systematic risk.
d. unique or specific risk.
To calculate the current value of the stock, we can use the Gordon Growth Model, also known as the dividend discount model. According to the model, the current value of a stock is equal to the present value of its expected future dividends.
To calculate the current value of the stock, we can use the Gordon Growth Model, also known as the dividend discount model. According to the model, the current value of a stock is equal to the present value of its expected future dividends. In this case, the current dividend (Div) is $283, and the dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of 3% per year. The required rate of return on the stock is 10%.
The formula for the Gordon Growth Model is: Div. = Current dividend
r = Required rate of return
g = Growth rate of dividends
Plugging in the given values:
Rounded to two decimal places, the current value of the stock is $40.42.
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Studies of price elasticities in India find that a 10% increase in tobacco prices is estimated to reduce cigarette consumption by 2.6%. This would imply that:
Group of answer choices
Demand for cigarettes is unit elastic
None of the above
Cigarettes are elastic goods
Cigarettes are inelastic goods
The primary difference between economic analysis of climate change that recommend significant policy action, and those that recommend only a modest policy response cannot be determined.
Studies of price elasticities in India find that a 10% increase in tobacco prices is estimated to reduce cigarette consumption by 2.6%. This implies that cigarettes are elastic goods. Elastic goods are those for which a small change in price leads to a large change in quantity demanded. In this case, a 10% increase in tobacco prices leads to a 2.6% decrease in cigarette consumption, which suggests that cigarettes are elastic goods.
In conclusion, the primary difference between economic analysis of climate change that recommend significant policy action, and those that recommend only a modest policy response cannot be determined. However, the search results provide information on the price elasticity of cigarettes in India, which suggests that cigarettes are elastic goods.
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Find the interest paid on a loan of $2,400 for one year at a simple interest rate of 9% per year. Find the interest paid on a loan of $2,400 for one year at a simple interest rate of $% per year.
The interest paid on a loan of $2,400 for one year at a simple interest rate of 9% per year is $216.
The interest paid on a loan of $2,400 for one year at a simple interest rate of $% per year cannot be determined without knowing the specific interest rate.
To calculate the interest paid on a loan using simple interest, we use the formula: Interest = Principal × Rate × Time.
For the first scenario, with a loan of $2,400 and a simple interest rate of 9% per year, we can calculate the interest as follows:Interest = $2,400 × 0.09 × 1 = $216.
However, in the second scenario, the interest rate is given as "$%," which means the specific interest rate is missing. Without knowing the exact interest rate (represented by "%"), we cannot calculate the interest paid on the loan. The interest rate is a crucial component in determining the interest amount.
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What are some possible effects that fiscal policy can have on Investment and economic growth in an economy? Discuss it using both the positives and the negatives that can result from an expansionary fiscal policy using either more government spending or lowering taxes.
Fiscal policy refers to the use of government spending and taxation to influence the overall health and growth of an economy. When it comes to investment and economic growth, expansionary fiscal policy can have both positive and negative effects. Let's examine the potential impacts of expansionary fiscal policy using two common approaches: increased government spending and tax cuts.
Increased Government Spending:
Positive Effects:
Stimulates Aggregate Demand: Increased government spending injects money into the economy, which can boost aggregate demand. This can lead to increased investment as businesses respond to the higher demand by expanding their operations and investing in new projects.
Infrastructure Development: Higher government spending on infrastructure projects, such as building roads, bridges, and schools, can create jobs, attract private investment, and improve the overall productivity of the economy.
Research and Development (R&D): Increased government spending on R&D initiatives can spur innovation, technological advancements, and productivity growth. This can attract private investment in industries that benefit from new technologies.
Negative Effects:
Crowding Out Private Investment: Increased government spending can lead to higher demand for financial resources, potentially crowding out private investment. This occurs when government borrowing increases interest rates, making it more expensive for businesses to borrow and invest.
Inefficient Allocation of Resources: If government spending is not well-targeted or mismanaged, it may result in inefficiencies and waste, reducing the overall impact on investment and economic growth.
Fiscal Deficit and Debt: Higher government spending without corresponding revenue increases can lead to larger fiscal deficits and increased public debt. Excessive deficits can undermine investor confidence, increase borrowing costs, and limit future investment opportunities.
Tax Cuts:
Positive Effects:
Increased Disposable Income: Tax cuts put more money into the hands of consumers and businesses, which can lead to increased consumption and investment. Higher disposable income can incentivize individuals and businesses to spend and invest, stimulating economic growth.
Business Expansion and Investment: Lower corporate taxes can increase business profitability and cash flow, providing resources for expansion, capital investment, and research and development.
Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Tax cuts can provide incentives for entrepreneurship and innovation by reducing the cost of starting new businesses and incentivizing risk-taking.
Negative Effects:
Impact on Government Revenue: Tax cuts can reduce government revenue, potentially leading to budget deficits if not offset by spending cuts or other revenue sources. This can limit the government's ability to invest in public goods, infrastructure, and social programs.
Unequal Distribution of Benefits: Tax cuts may disproportionately benefit high-income individuals and corporations, exacerbating income inequality.
Potential for Inefficient Use of Savings: If tax cuts primarily result in increased savings rather than productive investment, the overall impact on economic growth may be limited.
It's important to note that the actual effects of fiscal policy measures can vary depending on the specific economic conditions, timing, implementation, and other factors. Additionally, the effectiveness of fiscal policy in stimulating investment and economic growth can be influenced by other factors such as monetary policy, regulatory environment, and global economic conditions.
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Why
is it difficult to implement HR strategy in small business
It is difficult to implement HR strategy in small business because of limited resources, may not have dedicated HR staff, limited scalability, may lack the economies of scale.
Human resource (HR) strategies are important for businesses of all sizes, as they help to attract, retain and develop a productive workforce. However, it can be particularly difficult for small businesses to implement effective HR strategies. In this response, I will explain why it is difficult to implement HR strategy in small businesses.
Small businesses face many challenges when it comes to implementing HR strategies.
1. Small businesses typically have limited resources, which can make it difficult to invest in HR initiatives. They may lack the budget, expertise, or technology to implement and maintain HR systems and processes.
2. Small businesses may not have dedicated HR staff, or their HR responsibilities may be shared among a few individuals. This can result in limited capacity to design, develop, and implement HR strategies. Small businesses may not have the luxury of a dedicated HR team to develop and oversee HR strategies, policies, and procedures.
3. Small businesses may have limited scalability. HR strategies require long-term planning, but small businesses may struggle to implement HR strategies that are adaptable to a rapidly changing business environment.
4. Small businesses may lack the economies of scale that larger businesses enjoy. They may not have the bargaining power to negotiate competitive benefits packages or to offer employee training and development opportunities.
In conclusion, it is difficult to implement HR strategy in small businesses due to limited resources, limited scalability, and a lack of economies of scale.
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1. Bozer Company produces three products from a joint process. The joint process has total costs of $500,000 per month. All three products, A, B, C, are immediately saleable as they come out of the joint process. Alternatively, any of the products could continue on with additional processing and be sold as a more complete product. The following information is available:
Units Immediate Sales Price Later Sales Prices Unit cost of Further Processing
A 5,000 $15 $20 $6
B 17,500 $20 $25 $4
C 10,000 $25 $32 $3
Decide whether each product should be sold immediately or sold after processing further.
What is the total benefit the company would experience by following your recommendations above regardging (not) processing any further? Hint: Give the sum of the benefits from each product you have chosen to process further.
2. Lyve Co. produces two product lines. Prices/costs per unit follow.
Beta Delta
Selling price $60 $45
Direct material $16 $12
Direct labor ($20/hour) $15 $10
Variable overhead $13 $8
Demand for Beta is 223 units and Delta is 331 units
Lyve Company has only 175 labor hours available
Given the constrained resource, what is the maximum contribution margin the company can attain if it uses the optimal sales mix?
Round only your final answer to the nearest dollar.
The total benefit is $522,500 - $158,500 = $364,0002. The maximum contribution margin that the company can attain if it uses the optimal sales mix is $743 (rounded to the nearest dollar).
1. The total benefit the company would experience by following your recommendations above regarding (not) processing any further is $364,000. This is calculated as follows:Units A sold immediately = 5,000
Units B sold immediately = 17,500
Units C sold immediately = 10,000
Units A sold after processing further = 0
Units B sold after processing further = 0
Units C sold after processing further = 0
Total cost of immediate sales: 5,000 x $6 + 17,500 x $4 + 10,000 x $3 = $152,500
Total revenue from immediate sales: 5,000 x $15 + 17,500 x $20 + 10,000 x $25 = $675,000
Total contribution margin from immediate sales = $675,000 - $152,500 = $522,500
Total cost of sales after processing further: 0
Total revenue from sales after processing further: 0
Total contribution margin from sales after processing further: 0
Therefore, the total benefit is $522,500 - $158,500 = $364,0002.
Firstly, we need to determine the contribution margin per unit for each product. The contribution margin is calculated as the selling price per unit minus the variable costs per unit.Using the data given:Selling price per unit Direct material Direct labor Variable overhead Contribution margin per unit Beta $60 $16 $15 $13 $16 Delta $45 $12 $10 $8 $15 Next, we need to determine the contribution margin per labor hour for each product line. This is calculated by dividing the contribution margin per unit by the number of labor hours required per unit.
Using the data given: Contribution margin per unit Labor hours required Contribution margin per labor hour Beta $16 1.5 $10.67 Delta $15 1 $15 Then we can determine the optimal sales mix, which will maximize the contribution margin given the constrained resource of only 175 labor hours. We can do this using the following steps: Calculate the contribution margin per labor hour for each product line. Calculate the contribution margin ratio for each product line (contribution margin per unit ÷ selling price per unit).
Determine the total contribution margin per unit for each product line by multiplying the contribution margin per unit by the contribution margin ratio. Determine the number of units of each product that should be sold to maximize the total contribution margin, subject to the constraint on labor hours available. Using the data given: Contribution margin per labor hour Contribution margin ratio Total contribution margin per unit Maximum units given 175 labor hours Beta $10.67 0.178 $2.01 82 Delta $15 0.333 $5.00 93 The optimal sales mix is therefore to sell 82 units of Beta and 93 units of Delta. The maximum contribution margin is calculated as follows:82 x $2.01 + 93 x $5.00 = $742.83. The maximum contribution margin that the company can attain if it uses the optimal sales mix is $743 (rounded to the nearest dollar).
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If a house valued at $103,000 grows to a value of $145,000 in 5 years, what annual return did it earn? QUESTION 6 An investment will provide a cash flow of $50,000 in 8 years. R=5.5% per year. What is the present value of the investment today? QUESTION 7 If an ounce of gold, valued at $600, increases at a rate of 2.1% per quarter, how many years will it take to be valued at $1000 ?
To calculate the present value of an investment, you can use the formula for the present value of a future cash flow. The formula is as follows:
PV = CF / (1 + r)^n
Where:
PV = Present value
CF = Cash flow
r = Interest rate per period
n = Number of periods
In this case, the cash flow (CF) is $50,000, the interest rate (r) is 5.5% per year, and the number of periods (n) is 8 years. Plugging these values into the formula, we can calculate the present value:
PV = $50,000 / (1 + 0.055)^8
PV ≈ $34,463.13
Therefore, the present value of the investment today is approximately $34,463.13.
QUESTION 7:
To determine how many years it will take for an ounce of gold to be valued at $1000, given a quarterly growth rate of 2.1%, we can use the formula for compound interest:
Future Value = Present Value * (1 + r)^n
Where:
Future Value = $1000
Present Value = $600
r = Quarterly growth rate = 2.1% = 0.021
n = Number of quarters (unknown)
Plugging in the values, we have:
$1000 = $600 * (1 + 0.021)^n
Dividing both sides of the equation by $600, we get:
1.6667 = (1.021)^n
Taking the natural logarithm (ln) of both sides:
ln(1.6667) = ln(1.021)^n
Using logarithmic properties, we can bring the exponent down:
ln(1.6667) = n * ln(1.021)
Now we can solve for n by dividing both sides by ln(1.021):
n = ln(1.6667) / ln(1.021)
Using a calculator, we find that n ≈ 13.41
Therefore, it will take approximately 13.41 quarters (or approximately 3.35 years) for an ounce of gold to be valued at $1000.
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You graduated from CSE and you are already an employee as an Ad
operations specialist then why did you apply for the position
called Territory Officer at Nagad? Is that relevant for you?
Despite being an Ad operations specialist, the role of a Territory Officer at Nagad could be relevant for me in several ways.
As an Ad operations specialist with a degree in Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), applying for a position called Territory Officer at Nagad may seem irrelevant at first. However, there could be several reasons why I might have applied for this position.
Firstly, being an Ad operations specialist and having technical expertise, I could provide valuable insight into the development and maintenance of digital financial services such as mobile banking, digital wallets, and payment gateways.
In the role of a Territory Officer at Nagad, I would have an opportunity to leverage my technical skills and experience to help the company expand its digital financial services.
Secondly, the role of a Territory Officer involves managing and developing relationships with clients and partners.
This could help me develop valuable soft skills such as communication, leadership, and interpersonal skills which are essential for career advancement. Additionally, it could help me gain a better understanding of the financial services industry and its workings.
Lastly, the position of Territory Officer at Nagad could provide an opportunity for personal and professional growth. It would allow me to gain exposure to new environments, work with diverse teams, and learn new skills.
Therefore, despite being an Ad operations specialist, the role of a Territory Officer at Nagad could be relevant for me in several ways.
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Bombay Plc has adopted the accounting policy of valuing inventory at cost using the first in first out (FIFO) method permitted under IAS 2 Inventory for many years.
In 2021 Bombay Plc's Chief Financial Officer decided to change the method of inventory valuation to the weighted average cost method to better reflect the pattern of inventory sales and purchases in the period.
Inventory at 1 April 2021 was valued at £40,000 using the FIFO method. However, if it had been valued under weighted average cost method the valuation would be £35,500.
Closing inventory at 31 March 2022 has been correctly valued using weighted average cost method and has been correctly included in the 2022 profit for the year of Bombay Plc. The retained earnings as at 1 April 2021 are £65,000.
Explain how Bombay Plc should deal with the change in accounting policy of inventory valuation. Also compute the change to the retained earnings as at the beginning of the financial year. (5 marks)
When Bombay Plc decided to change its accounting policy for inventory valuation from the first in first out (FIFO) method to the weighted average cost method, it needs to apply the requirements of IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors. Here's how Bombay Plc should deal with the change and compute the change to the retained earnings:
Retrospective Approach: Bombay Plc should apply the change in accounting policy retrospectively, which means it should adjust the financial statements for all prior periods presented as if the new accounting policy had always been applied. This approach requires restating the opening balances of each affected component of the financial statements.
Adjustment to Retained Earnings: To compute the change to retained earnings as at the beginning of the financial year (1 April 2021), follow these steps:
a. Determine the difference in inventory valuation between the FIFO method and the weighted average cost method at the start of the period (1 April 2021). In this case, it is £40,000 - £35,500 = £4,500.
b. Deduct the tax effect from the difference. If there is no specific information provided about the tax effect, assume no tax impact for simplicity.
c. Adjust the retained earnings by the net difference calculated in step (b). Retained earnings as at 1 April 2021 would decrease by £4,500.
Therefore, the adjusted retained earnings as at 1 April 2021 would be £65,000 - £4,500 = £60,500.
It's important to note that the above explanation assumes the change in accounting policy was made voluntarily and does not violate any specific legal or regulatory requirements. Additionally, it's advisable for Bombay Plc to disclose the change in accounting policy in the financial statements, providing clear explanations and justifications for the change.
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The accrual approach to profit measurement is underpinned by which two main accounting assumptions?
a. accounting period and going concern
b. historical cost and accounting period
c. going concern and historical cost
d. accounting period and entity period
The option that is not a basic assumption underlying the financial accounting structure is (E) all of the above. The basic assumptions underlying the financial accounting structure are the economic entity assumption, going concern assumption, periodicity assumption, and historical cost assumption.
The Economic entity assumption is the concept that business transactions are independent of the parties involved in the transaction. As a result, transactions are recorded in the books of accounts from the perspective of the organization or the entity.
Going Concern Assumption is a financial accounting assumption that indicates that a company will continue to exist and operate for an indefinite period in the future. Companies make long-term investments, engage in long-term plans, and borrow funds to finance operations under this assumption.
Periodicity Assumption is an accounting assumption that refers to the practice of preparing financial statements for a specified time interval.
Historical cost assumption, also known as cost principle, indicates that a company's assets and liabilities are recorded at the price paid or received when the transaction occurred.
Therefore, the historical cost of the assets and liabilities reflects the amounts paid or received for the items when they were acquired or incurred.
In conclusion, All of the Above (E) is the option that is not a basic assumption underlying the financial accounting structure as all the other given options are assumptions of the financial accounting structure.
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