During anaphase, homologous chromosomes separate and head towards opposite poles of the cell.
A cell prepares for cell division by replicating its chromosomes, segregating them, and creating two identical nuclei during the mitotic phase. After the metaphase procedure, the mitotic stage known as anaphase occurs during which the freshly replicated chromosomes are transferred to the opposing poles of the cell and the replicated chromosomes are split. Sister chromatids split from one another and are drawn to the opposite ends of the cell during anaphase. The sister chromatids are able to separate because the protein "glue" holding them together is degraded. Each chromosome now exists on its own. Each pair's chromosomes are drawn to the cell's opposite ends.learn more about anaphase here:
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Root hairs, which absorb the water and minerals in the majority of plants, are the extensions of root.
Root cells extend into epidermal cells. In most plants, they take up the water and minerals.
What are epidermal cells and what do they do?The waxy cuticle of the epidermis acts as a barrier against infection, water loss, and mechanical harm. Different altered epidermal cells control transpiration, boost water absorption, and produce chemicals.
What makes epidermal cells unique?The epidermis of plants is made up of a variety of cell types called epidermal cells. Although they perform a range of crucial tasks, their main purpose is to guard against various harmful elements (environmental stressors), such as microorganisms, chemicals, UV light, and others.
Do epidermal cells have specific roles?Subsidiary or auxiliary cells are specialized epidermal cells that surround the guard cells.
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The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is?
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is kinetic energy released by the diffusion of hydrogen ions down their gradient of concentration.
What is kinetic energy?The energy that an object has as a result of motion is known as kinetic energy. It is described as the effort required to move a mass-determined body from rest to the indicated velocity. The body holds onto the kinetic energy it acquired during its acceleration until its speed changes.An item accumulates kinetic energy when work, which involves the transfer of energy, is done on it by exerting a net force.The energy that an object has as a result of motion is known as kinetic energy. Essentially, it is the energy of a moving mass. Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity, meaning that it only supplies the magnitude and not the direction of an event. It can never be negative.
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The hepatic portal vein collects blood from the gi tract and conducts it to the ____.
a. liver
b. hepatic vein
c. heart
d. spleen
Answer:
a.
Explanation:
The portal vein or hepatic portal vein (HPV) is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver.
Both adult and embryonic stem cells have the potential to be used for medical treatment. Evaluate the potential use of adult and embryonic stem cells as medical treatments. You must include a justified conclusion
Stem cells are the body's raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated. Under the right conditions in the body or a laboratory, stem cells divide to form more cells called daughter cells.Research carried out with the use of these cells has demonstrated their effectiveness in the treatment of various diseases, such as leukemia, heart disease and hematological diseases. Embryonic stem cells, in turn, have the ability to form any tissue in the body.
How are embryonic stem cells used?Stem cells have the ability to differentiate and self-renew. For this reason, they can be used in the treatment of degenerative diseases. Stem cells stand out for their ability to transform into different cell types, that is, they are cells with a great capacity for differentiation.
What diseases could be treated with the use of Embryonic Stem Cells?Diseases that can be treated with stem cellsleukemias. Leukemia is a generic term used to describe the “cancer” of leukocytes, the white blood cells. Thalassemias. Neuroblastoma.Primary immunodeficiencies.Sideroblastic anemia. Metabolic diseases. Sickle cell anemia.With this information, we can conclude that Scientists are also working on ways to develop stem cells from other cells, using genetic “reprogramming” techniques.
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What protein in brown adipose tissue help to dissipate heat in hibernating mammals during winter?
UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1) in brown adipose tissue help to dissipate heat in hibernating mammals during winter.
What is the purpose of uncoupling proteins in mammalian brown adipose tissue?
The uncoupling protein, also known as thermogenin, is a 33 kDa inner-membrane mitochondrial protein that is found only in brown adipocytes in mammals. It serves as a proton transporter, allowing the proton gradient produced by the respiratory chain to be dissipated as heat and uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in the process.
Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is a membrane protein that is present in the mitochondrial inner membrane of brown adipose tissue and helps mammals produce heat without shuddering. By including an uncoupler (FCCP), you can reduce the proton motive force and raise the level of cellular respiration by causing a short circuit of protons on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Substrate oxidation is the primary indicator of oxygen consumption in this condition.
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The fate of pyruvate produced during glycolysis depends primarily on the availability of.
Molecular oxygen
The fate of pyruvate produced during glycolysis depends primarily on the availability of molecular oxygen.
What is glycolysis?Glycolysis is a cytoplasmic mechanism that converts glucose into two molecules with three carbons each and releases energy. Hexokinase, a phosphorylating enzyme, assists in the phosphorylation process that traps glucose. This reaction uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the end result, glucose-6-P, inhibits hexokinase.What happens during glycolysis?The process by which glucose is broken down to provide energy is known as glycolysis. It generates two pyruvate molecules, ATP, NADH, and water. Importance of glycolysis:Because it is the metabolic process by which glucose produces cellular energy, glycolysis is significant. The most crucial source of energy for all living things is glucose.Most cells in the human body prefer glucose as a fuel because red blood cells cannot use anything else.To learn more about glycolysis visit:
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Can someone help me summarize these advantages?
Question: What are some advantages of gene technology over long term plant breeding.
Answer: Modern GM methods are simply more precise, scientists stress. Whereas traditional plant breeding involves thousands of shared genes every time two plants are crossed, GM technology allows, if desired, for the exchange of a single gene between plants. GM procedures are also much faster. In months or years, molecular scientists can accomplish the same degree of alteration that might have taken Nature millions of years to achieve.
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called?
Does the entire process of glucose breakdown in the body occurs in the presence of oxygen?
The correct option is (b)i.e, false that the entire process of glucose breakdown in the body occurs in the presence of oxygen.
The metabolic process that converts glucose into pyruvic acid is known as glycolysis. The high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide are created using the free energy released during this process. A series of ten enzyme-catalyzed processes make up glycolysis.
Another name for glycolysis is the EMP pathway. It is named after Embden, Meyerhof, and Parnas, the names of the discoverers. Because it is the metabolic process by which glucose produces cellular energy, glycolysis is significant. The most crucial source of energy for all living things is glucose. The great majority of cells in the human body chose glucose as their preferred fuel because only red blood cells can utilize it.
Fermentation is a process that allows glycolysis to occur in the absence of oxygen. The citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and the other three phases of cellular respiration all require oxygen to function. In the cytoplasm of the cell, glucose is first broken down. This cellular respiration process is anaerobic, which means oxygen is not needed for it to occur.
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The condition characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth is known as ____
The condition characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth is known as Hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia is the presence of abnormally high calcium levels in the blood. Hypercalcemia is considered mild if the total serum calcium level is between 10.5 and 12 mg per dL (2.63 and 3 mmol per L). Levels higher than 14 mg per dL (3.5 mmol per L) can be life threatening. People with mild hypercalcemia may not require treatment, and calcium levels may return to normal over time. The doctor will monitor these levels and the health of the kidneys. Pamidronate is the most commonly used medication for the treatment of hypercalcemia.
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you are leading an effort to reduce the formation of a dead zone in the gulf of mexico during the summer. You are tasked with selecting which company should be hired to help treat water runoff in the area. you provide both companies with identical samples of the water to be treated. the table below shows the results. to which company do you award the contract and why
A) I would chose company 1 because they decreased metals the least, and metal kill microbes
B) I would choose company 1 because they reduced nitrate and phosphate fertilizers the most and these fertilizers contribute to the dead zone formation
C) I would chose company 2 because they decreased the nitrate and phosphate fertilizer the least and these are important for plant growth and algae growth
D) I would choose company 2 because they reduced metals the most and metals are the most harmful contamination of the listed
Answer:
B) I would choose company 1 because they reduce nitrate and phosphate fertilizers the most.
Explanation:
Dead zones begin to form when excess nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen enter coastal waters and help the growth of an organism called cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae. With too much nutrients the algae takes up most of the oxygen in the water, leaving other organisms with less oxygen, killing them. Fertilizers would be the main reason for a dead zone to form. Therefore, Company 1 would be the most suitable as they reduced the concentration of fertilizers in the water the most.
what is a polar molecule? Why is water considered polar?
Answer:
A polar molecule is usually formed when the one end of the molecule is said to possess more positive charges and whereas the opposite end of the molecule has negative charges, creating an electrical pole.
Water is polar because of the bent shape of the molecule. The unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the unsymmetrical shape of the molecule means that a water molecule has two poles - a positive charge on the hydrogen pole (side) and a negative charge on the oxygen pole (side).
Kylee has a rare neurological problem in which some of her neurons are dying and others cannot organize information from various neurons. this disease may be affecting the _____ of kylee's neurons
Kylee has a rare neurological problem in which some of her neurons are dying and others cannot organize information from various neurons. this disease may be affecting the cell body of Kylee's neurons.
The cell body, also referred to as a soma, is the central portion of a neuron. The cell body preserves the structural integrity of the neuron, houses the genetic material, and supplies energy to power operations. Like other cell bodies, a neuron's cell body contains a nucleus and specialized organelles. A damaged neuron can prevent impulses from reaching and leaving the brain, impairing muscle function or producing numbness in the area that was harmed. Peripheral nerves, the spinal cord, and the brain can all be affected by nerve injury.The creation of neurotransmitters, which is the most crucial step in the chemical processing of the neuron, is supported by the cell body.Hence when cell body of neurons is affected by a disease, neurons begin to die and get unorganized due to lack of neurotransmitters.learn more about Cell body here: https://brainly.com/question/13920046
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In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________.
Production of energy
Other than fat and carbohydrate, one of the dietary macromolecules we acquire from our diet is protein. The small intestine totally breaks down proteins into amino acids after they have first been partially digested in the stomach.
What is a Balanced diet ?A balanced diet is one that includes a variety of foods in the right amounts and ratios to meet the body's needs for calories, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and other nutrients. A small portion of the diet is also set aside for extra nutrients to last through the brief period of leanness.
The small intestine absorbs amino acids, which are then transported to the bloodstream and taken up by body cells for usage in a variety of cellular and physiological activities.Learn more about Balanced diet here:
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What would be a likely outcome if the alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes durinmg metaphase of meiosis?
A Final statement or concluding statement
Answer: Alleles for genes would tend to be inherited together because chromosome pairs would align non-randomly.
What is meiosis?Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the production of four gamete cells and a halving of the number of chromosomes in the parent cell. In this, Meiosis I and II, the two cell divisions, occur without the S phase in between. The sister chromatids are held together by a mechanism known as cohesion during meiosis I, where the chromatin condenses like it does during mitosis.
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What is the name of the irreversible inhibitor (drug) used as an example in the lecture?
Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DPF) is the irreversible inhibitor (drug) used as an example in the lecture. the its an enzyme hydrolyses the pheophrous- Florine bond, but the phosphate remains bound to serine in the active site and deactivating it.
Irreversible inhibitor are contently /non contently bound to the specific enzyme and slow down the enzyme. invisible hibitors are 3 types such as group specific reagents , reactive substrate analogs also known as affinity label and inhibitor.
There are some examples of irreversible inhibitors -compound diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DIPF), nerve gases ,acetylcholinesterase ,and preventing transmission of impulse. Penicillin irreversibly inhibits the enzyme transpeptidase by reacting with transpeptidase.
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____ is a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight without detectable disease of the eye
Amblyopia, optic neuritis is a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight without detectable disease of the eye.
Partial blindness means you have very limited vision. Complete blindness means you cannot see anything and do not see light. Decreased vision in one or both eyes without detectable anatomic damage in the eye or your vision.
Temporary vision loss (total or partial) can also be the result of migraine headaches, sickle cell anemia, also referred to as sickle cell disease (inherited blood condition) acute angle-closure glaucoma (sudden rise in eye pressure).Types of vision loss include central vision loss or difficulty seeing things in the center of vision. Peripheral vision loss, or difficulty seeing things out of the corner of the eyes.
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Underdominance tends to _____________ the number of heterozygotes over many generations
Underdominance tends to lower the number of heterozygotes over many generations.
Heterozygous having a disadvantage in reproductive success is called underdominance. This condition is also called negative overdominance.
Underdominance cannot preserve genetic variation, and one of the alleles will either be lost or spread to fixation depending on its initial frequency.
In evolution, the selection favoring heterozygotes is called overdominance while the selection favoring homozygotes is called underdominance.
An example of underdominance can be seen in an African butterfly species (Pseudacraea eurytus) which utilizes batesian mimicry to escape predation. They have two alleles to confer the appearance of local butterflies that are toxic to predators.
The butterfly with heterozygous allele shows an intermediate appearance and thus experiences increased predation than the butterfly with homozygous alleles.
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Which molecule is produced during translation
Answer:c
protein
Explanation:
What is mixed-acid fermentation? how is methyl red used to determine if a microbe has undergone mixed-acid fermentation?
Mixed Acid Fermentation is a biological process by which a six carbon sugar is converted into complex mixture of acids. It is an example of anaerobic fermentation reaction which is commonly seen in bacteria.
The fermentation produces lactate, acetate, succinate, formate, ethanol, [tex]H_{2}[/tex] and [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] and their formation depends upon the presence of certain key enzymes in the bacterium.
The Methyl Red test is used in detecting occurring of mixed acid fermentation pathway when glucose is provided to microbes by using ph indicator. If the fermentation pathway has taken place, the mixture of acids will make the solution very acidic and causes red color change. The Methyl Red test belongs to the group called as IMViC tests.
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Infections with legionella pneumophila are usually transmitted via aerosols from contaminated air conditioning systems, showers, and humidifiers. group of answer choices true false
It is absolutely true that infections with legionella pneumophila are usually transmitted via aerosols from contaminated air conditioning systems, showers, and humidifiers.
What are infectious organisms?These are organisms which causes diseases to plants and animals.
Infectious organisms are also called pathogens or pathogenic organisms
Some groups of infectious organisms are as follows:
Bacteria: A single celled organisms with cell walls but no nucleus or organelles.Fungi: An eukaryotic organism typically having chitin cell walls but no chlorophyll or plastids. Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.Virus: A submicroscopic, non-cellular structure consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, that requires a living host cell to replicate, and often causes disease in the host organism.So therefore, it is absolutely true that infections with legionella pneumophila are usually transmitted via aerosols from contaminated air conditioning systems, showers, and humidifiers.
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Shortly after gastrulation, the body and organs of the embryo begin to form. This process is called?
Shortly after gastrulation, the body and organs of the embryo begin to form. This process is called embryogenesis.
The process by which an embryo transforms into a fetus is known as embryogenesis. The three germ layers that eventually give rise to the various organs in the animal body are formed as a result of gastrulation.Embryogenesis is the name of this process. As a result of differentiation, organs emerge from the germ layers. The process of creating and growing an embryo from a zygote (zygotic embryogenesis) or a somatic cell is known as embryogenesis (somatic embryogenesis). An incredibly well-organized series of cell division, expansion, and differentiation takes place during embryo development.
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Need help asap. Picture below to see what I need help with
When a BB male and a Bb female are crossed, 50% BB and 50% Bb genotypes are produced and a 100% black phenotype.
The entire number of genes that an organism receives from its parents makes up its genotype. Alleles, which are pairs of these genes, are found. One gene is dominant and one gene is recessive in each allele.
The dominant gene is always expressed in a cross if it is present. Only when a pair of alleles is made up of two recessive genes does the recessive gene express itself. In this instance, the white fur is subordinate to the black fur. White fur is represented as b, while black fur is represented as B.
We can see that when we cross the BB male and Bb female, we will get a genotype that is 50% BB and 50% Bb, as well as a phenotype that is 100% black fur.
Parents: BB x Bb
Gametes: B, B, and B, b
Offspring: BB, BB, Bb, Bb
The genotypic ratio = 1:1
The phenotypic ratio = 1:0
Genotype probabilities:
P(BB) = 2/4 = 0.5 or 50%
P(Bb) = 2/4 = 0.5 or 50%
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Calculate the mass of water produced by the metabolism of 76.0 g of glucose (c6h12o6). c6h12o6 6o2 → 6co2 6h2o
Calculate the mass of water produced by the metabolism of 76.0 g of glucose (c6h12o6). c6h12o6 6o2 → 6co2 6h2o 45.6g
Procedure:Listed below is the data we will use:
the mass of water, m w (g).
The problem statement's equation states that 1 mole of glucose totally interacts with 6 moles of water. Additionally, we are aware that 1 mole of water weighs 18.0 grams and 1 mole of glucose weighs 180 grams.
A process is considered to be chemical when the end results differ from the initial quantities in nature. For instance, respiration and the process through which glucose is naturally produced (photosynthesis) (metabolism).
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Plasma contains more sodium than chloride. How can this be if individual ions of sodium and chloride exactly balance each other out, and plasma is electrically neutral?.
In addition to chloride, there are other negatively charged molecules in plasma. The extra sodium restores the balance of the overall negative charges.
What is plasma?It is an aqueous solution that is thick in consistency, straw-colored, and somewhat alkaline. Fifty five percent of the blood is formed by it.
It is made up of a variety of organic and inorganic components, including 90–92% water and 6–8% solutes.
It includes fibrinogen, globulins, albumins, a trace quantity of sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, lipids, and other coagulation-related substances.
Plasma's primary function is to transport proteins, hormones, and nutrients to the body's many organs. Additionally, plasma is where cells dump their waste. The plasma then aids in the body's elimination of this waste. All components of the blood are also transported through your circulatory system by blood plasma.
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Given the parents aabbcc × aabbcc, assume simple dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent?.
Every individual of the progeny is expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent.
What is a phenotype?
The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.What is Law of dominance?
Mendel proposed that in a pair of dissimilar factors, one dominates the other and hence is called the dominant factor while the other factor is recessive.What is law of independent assortment?
Mendel's law of independent assortment states that, "the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another. In other words, Though the parents contain two alleles during gamete formation, the factors or alleles of a pair segregate from each other such that a gamete receives only one of the two factors. A homozygous parent produces all gametes that are similar while a heterozygous one produces two kinds of gametes each having one allele with equal proportion.To learn more about Law of dominance: https://brainly.com/question/2931799
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When a person overdoses on drugs, ultimately, what brain structure was shut down to produce death?
A Final statement or concluding statement
'Medulla' shuts downs as a result of drug overdose.
Why shutting down of Medulla results in death?Usually, medulla damage results in death. Additionally, morphine (and other opiate medications), cocaine, and amphetamine have a very strong effect on this region. Through the impairment of cardiovascular function, these medicines have the potential to result in drug overdose. The development of apnea and a lessened respiratory response to hypoxia are both brought on by receptors, which also produce a medullary diminished response to hypercarbia.
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If you do an ames test on a substance and the results show many bacteria colonies growing, what does this indicate?
If in an Ames test the result with many bacteria colonies growing indicates that the chemical that is being tested is a mutagen.
Any physical or chemical agent that has the ability to alter an organism's genetic makeup and result in a mutation is referred to as a mutagen.
The Ames test is a biological experiment used to evaluate a chemical compound's potential for mutagenicity. It makes use of bacteria to examine whether a specific chemical can result in DNA alterations in the test organism. Bruce N. Ames created the test in the 1970s.
A large number of colonies indicates that the chemical has caused alterations in the genetic material of the bacteria. Since cancer is frequently linked to mutation, a positive test result will suggest that the substance is mutagenic and so may serve as a carcinogen but not necessarily.
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Which fluid is expected to have lowest viscosity? all the fluids are at the same temperature
Helium has lowest viscosity .
The least viscous at any temperature must be superfluid liquid helium. Many liquids exhibit low viscosity at room temperature, such as water or alcohol, and other liquids demonstrate low viscosity under increasing heat. For example, cooking oil, although rather inviscid at room temperature, becomes even less viscous when it is heated in a pan.
Honey has the greatest resistance to flow, so it has the greatest viscosity. Causes of viscosity in liquids is due to strong cohesive forces between the molecules, any layer in a moving fluid tries to drag the adjacent layer to move with an equal speed and thus produces the effect of viscosity.
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What hormone causes the endometrial glands to fill with glycogen and endometrial blood vessels to become more numerous?
What hormone causes the endometrial glands to fill with glycogen and endometrial blood vessels to become more numerous? Progesterone
What is endometrial glands?Endometrial glands, also known as uterine glands, are tubular glands that are present in the functional layer of the endometrium that borders the uterus. They are lined with ciliated columnar epithelium. Throughout the menstrual cycle, their appearance changes. Because of the ovaries' release of estrogen during the proliferative period, the uterine glands seem to be lengthy. The uterine glands produce a glycogen-rich secretion and become very coiled throughout the secretory phase. As a result of increased progesterone release from the corpus luteum, this alteration is correlated with an increase in blood flow to spiral arteries. Progesterone release declines during the premenstrual phase as the corpus luteum deteriorates, which lowers blood supply to the spiral arteries. During the process of menopause, the uterus' functional layer—which houses the glands—becomes necrotic and eventually sloughs off.
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