The historical development of the theory of the firm has shaped our understanding of how businesses operate and make decisions.
The theory of the firm has undergone significant development over time, starting with the early neoclassical economists who focused on the production and cost aspects of firms.
Economists like Alfred Marshall and Leon Walras analyzed the behavior of firms in competitive markets and emphasized the role of supply and demand in determining prices and output levels.
However, these early theories had limitations in explaining various aspects of firm behavior, such as pricing strategies and market power.
More recent developments in the theory of the firm have focused on strategic behavior, information economics, and the role of institutions.
Game theory and the concept of strategic interactions have provided a framework to analyze how firms make decisions in situations of competition or cooperation. Information economics, pioneered by economists like George Akerlof and Michael Spence, has shed light on how information asymmetry between firms and stakeholders can affect market outcomes and firm behavior.
Additionally, institutional economics has highlighted the importance of legal and regulatory frameworks in shaping firm behavior and market dynamics.
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Delta Bank plans to issue 10 000, 10-year, 15% coupon bonds. Each bond will be issued at a par
value of R1 000. To make the bonds attractive to investors, the bank plans to issue them at a
discount of 2.5%.
1.1 If the issue will result in flotation costs of 3% being incurred, what is the YTM? (3)
1.2 Assuming that Delta Bank is taxed at 25%, what is the after-tax cost of the bond (2)
1.3 Delta Bank also plans to issue 500 000 ordinary shares at R100 per share. Flotation
costs on the new shares are expected to be R2.50 per share. Delta Bank has just paid
a dividend of R5 per share on its existing ordinary shares. Dividends on ordinary
shares are expected to grow at 10% per annum into the foreseeable future. Using
Gordon’s dividend growth model, calculate the cost of the ordinary shares.
(3)
1.4 To preserve its current capital structure, Delta Bank also plans to issue 100 000, 15%
preference shares with a par value of R50 per share. Flotation costs on the preference
shares are expected to amount to R2.50 per share. Using the information given above,
calculate the cost of Delta Bank’s preference shares.
These calculations enable Delta Bank to determine the costs associated with issuing bonds, ordinary shares, and preference shares, helping them make informed decisions regarding their capital structure and financing options.
The yield to maturity (YTM) for Delta Bank's bonds can be calculated considering the discount rate, flotation costs, and the coupon payments. The YTM is the rate of return that investors can expect from the bonds. To calculate the after-tax cost of the bond, the tax rate is applied to the coupon payments to determine the net cash flows received by investors after taxes. The cost of ordinary shares can be determined using Gordon's dividend growth model, which considers the expected dividend growth rate and the dividend yield. The cost of preference shares can be calculated by dividing the preferred dividend by the net issuing price, considering the flotation costs and the par value of the preference shares.
1.1 To determine the YTM, the net proceeds from the bond issuance are calculated by subtracting the flotation costs and the discount from the par value. The YTM is then determined by solving for the discount rate that equates the present value of the future cash flows (coupon payments and the final redemption amount) to the net proceeds from the bond issuance.
1.2 The after-tax cost of the bond is calculated by multiplying the coupon rate by (1 - tax rate). This accounts for the fact that the coupon payments are subject to taxation, resulting in a reduced after-tax cash flow for the investors.
1.3 Gordon's dividend growth model is used to calculate the cost of ordinary shares. It takes into account the expected dividend growth rate, which is 10% in this case, and the dividend yield, which is calculated by dividing the expected dividend by the current share price. By applying the formula, the cost of ordinary shares can be determined.
1.4 The cost of preference shares can be calculated by dividing the preferred dividend by the net issuing price, which is the par value minus the flotation costs. This provides the annual dividend yield on preference shares, representing their cost to the company.
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.
Examine the systems given below. Which system is more reliable, a or b? c or d? Now calculate the reliability of each system. Were your perceptions correct? If it costs $1000 for each 90% reliable component, $1500 for each 93\% component, $2000 for each 95% reliable component, and $10,000 to replace a failed system, which system would you choose, a or b? c or d ?
Reliability is a crucial factor when evaluating systems, as it determines their ability to perform without failure over a given period. In this scenario, we will examine two systems (a and b, and c and d) and assess their reliability. Additionally, we will consider the cost implications of each system to determine the most suitable choice.
a) System a vs. System b:
To determine which system is more reliable between a and b, we need to compare their individual component reliabilities. The system with components of higher reliability will generally be more reliable overall.
c) System c vs. System d:
Similar to the comparison of systems a and b, we need to assess the component reliabilities of systems c and d to determine their relative reliability.
Reliability Calculation:
To calculate the reliability of each system, we can use the formula for series reliability:
Reliability = R1 * R2 * R3 * ... * Rn
where R1, R2, R3, ... , Rn represent the reliabilities of the individual components in the system.
Perceptions and Verification:
By calculating the reliability of each system using the given component reliabilities, we can verify whether our initial perceptions about their reliability were correct.
Cost Considerations:
To make an informed decision, we need to consider the cost implications of each system. This includes the costs of the individual components and the cost of replacing a failed system.
Based on the reliability calculations and the cost considerations, we can determine which system (a or b, and c or d) is more reliable and cost-effective. This evaluation allows us to make an informed decision on the best system choice, considering both reliability and cost factors.
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View Policies Current Attempt in Progress Carla Vista Company produces golf discs which it normally sells to retailers for $7 each. The cost of manufacturing 23,600 golf discs is: Carla Vista also incurs 8% sales commission (\$0.56) on each disc sold. McGee Corporation offers Carla Vista $4,90 per disc for 4,900 discs. McGee would sell the discs under its own brand name in foreign markets not yet served by Carla Vista. If Carla Vista accepts the offer, it will incur a one-time fixed cost of $6,500 due to the rental of an imprinting machine. No sales commission will result from the special order. Assume there is sufficient capacity to accommodate the special order. Prepare an incremental analysis for the special order. (Enter negative amounts using either a negative sign preceding the number eg. −45 or parentheses e.g. (45).) (b) Should Carla Vista accept the special order?
Carla Vista should accept the special order.
To determine whether Carla Vista should accept the special order, we need to perform an incremental analysis comparing the costs and revenues associated with the order.
The cost of manufacturing 4,900 golf discs for the special order would be the cost of producing each disc, which is $3.70 ($3.14 + $0.56 commission). The total cost of manufacturing these discs would be $18,130 ($3.70 * 4,900).
Additionally, accepting the special order incurs a one-time fixed cost of $6,500 for renting the imprinting machine.
On the revenue side, Carla Vista would receive $4.90 per disc for the 4,900 discs from McGee Corporation. The total revenue from the special order would be $23,910 ($4.90 * 4,900).
To calculate the incremental profit, we subtract the total cost (manufacturing cost + fixed cost) from the total revenue: $23,910 - ($18,130 + $6,500) = $-800.
The incremental profit is negative, indicating that accepting the special order would result in a loss of $800. Therefore, based on the incremental analysis, Carla Vista should not accept the special order.
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Omar is a partner in Party Caterers. Omar's death will
a dissolve the partnership.
b dissociate him as a partner.
c wind up the business.
d breach the partnership agreement.
The correct option for this question is option A. Omar's death will dissolve the partnership.What is a partnership agreement?A partnership agreement is a legal agreement that establishes and governs the rights and responsibilities of each partner in the partnership. The terms of the agreement specify each partner's role in the partnership, how profits and losses are divided, and how disputes are resolved.
Party Caterers is an example of a partnership business. In a partnership, two or more individuals share ownership of a business and are jointly responsible for its success or failure. When a partner dies in a partnership business, it is considered a major event that may significantly impact the business.The death of a partner in a partnership business will dissolve the partnership. The remaining partners have the option to form a new partnership if they choose to continue the business. However, this decision will depend on the terms of the partnership agreement.If the partnership agreement includes provisions for the dissolution of the partnership, these provisions will govern how the business is to be wound up and how the partners' assets and liabilities are to be distributed. In the absence of such provisions, state law will determine how the partnership is to be dissolved and its assets distributed.
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What is the required return for a stock with a beta of 1.1 ? The market return is 12% and the risk-free rate is 4%. (Hint: Read the question carefully. The question did not give you market risk premium, E(Rm) - Rf. It gave you market return E(Rm), so you have to input values of all the variables in CAPM equation. You will input values of risk free rate, market return, Beta in the CAPM equation to calculate the required return.)
a. 17.2%
b. 8.8%
c. 12.00%
d. 12.80%
d. 12.80%. The required return for a stock with a beta of 1.1 can be calculated using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) equation.
The required return for a stock with a beta of 1.1 can be calculated using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) equation. The CAPM equation is as follows: Required Return = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * (Market Return - Risk-Free Rate). Given that the risk-free rate is 4%, the market return is 12%, and the beta is 1.1, we can substitute these values into the CAPM equation.
Required Return = 4% + 1.1 * (12% - 4%)
= 4% + 1.1 * 8%
= 4% + 8.8%
= 12.8%
Therefore, the required return for the stock with a beta of 1.1 is 12.8%.
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A Kuwaiti merchant placed an order with a manufacturing company based in China to buy 200,000 pairs of shoes for 5 million Chinese Yuan. How much Kuwaiti dinar does the Kuwaiti merchant need to cover the payment for these pairs of shoes. (Show your work)
The Kuwaiti merchant needs approximately 40,339 Kuwaiti dinar to cover the payment for 200,000 pairs of shoes purchased from China.
To calculate the amount in Kuwaiti dinar, we first need to convert the Chinese Yuan into Kuwaiti dinar. The exchange rate between the two currencies is required for this conversion. Let's assume that the exchange rate is 1 Kuwaiti dinar = 12.4 Chinese Yuan. To find the amount in Kuwaiti dinar, we divide the total cost of the shoes (5 million Chinese Yuan) by the exchange rate (12.4 Kuwaiti dinar/Chinese Yuan): 5,000,000 Chinese Yuan / 12.4 Kuwaiti dinar/Chinese Yuan = 403,225.81 Kuwaiti dinar Therefore, the Kuwaiti merchant needs approximately 40,339 Kuwaiti dinar to cover the payment for the 200,000 pairs of shoes.
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Define both Special-purpose/variable-interest entities.
Special-purpose entities (SPEs) are created for specific purposes, such as securitization or asset protection, while variable-interest entities (VIEs) are entities in which an investor has a controlling interest but not a majority of voting rights.
SPEs are entities formed for a specific purpose, often to isolate financial risks or assets. They are designed to carry out a specific function, such as securitizing assets or protecting assets from creditors. VIEs, on the other hand, are entities in which an investor has a controlling interest even if they don't own a majority of voting rights. This allows the investor to have significant influence over the VIE's activities and financial results.
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Give examples of two types of market failures that can result in the inefficient market allocation of goods and services. What issues can arise from government intervention to improve efficiency in the presence of market failures?
Two types of market failures that can result in the inefficient market allocation of goods and services are externalities and imperfect information.
Government intervention to improve efficiency in the presence of market failures can introduce potential issues such as unintended consequences, bureaucratic inefficiency, and the challenge of accurately identifying and implementing appropriate interventions.
Externalities occur when the production or consumption of a good or service affects third parties who are not involved in the transaction.
For example, pollution from a factory imposes costs on the surrounding community. In the absence of government intervention, market prices do not reflect these external costs or benefits, leading to an inefficient allocation of resources.
Imperfect information refers to situations where buyers or sellers do not have access to complete or accurate information about the quality, characteristics, or prices of goods and services.
This can result in market inefficiencies such as adverse selection or moral hazard. For instance, in the market for used cars, asymmetric information between buyers and sellers can lead to the sale of low-quality cars at high prices.
When government intervenes to address market failures, several issues can arise. First, interventions may have unintended consequences and create new inefficiencies.
For example, imposing regulations to correct an externality might lead to excessive compliance costs for businesses. Second, government interventions can suffer from bureaucratic inefficiency, resulting in delays, red tape, and increased costs.
Lastly, accurately identifying and implementing appropriate interventions is challenging, as policymakers need to consider the complex dynamics of the market and potential unintended consequences of their actions.
It requires careful analysis and consideration of the costs and benefits of intervention to ensure that the desired efficiency improvements are achieved.
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What should a food worker do if twe/she is slck with vomiting and diarrhea? a) Continue to work with food but aheys ufe disposiblegloues and wast hands diligently after using stie toiles b) Nontify their supenoce and not po to work urel after preptonis have stopped c) Nonfy your supervier but only wori wath freachaged foods.
The food worker should notify their supervisor and not go to work until symptoms have stopped. (Option b)
When a food worker is sick with symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea, it is crucial to prioritize public health and prevent the transmission of any potential pathogens to others.
Continuing to work with food in such a condition can pose a significant risk of contamination and the spread of harmful bacteria or viruses. Therefore, it is essential for the food worker to promptly notify their supervisor about their illness and follow any company policies or guidelines regarding sick leave.
By not going to work until the symptoms have subsided, the food worker can protect both their colleagues and the consumers from potential foodborne illnesses. This approach ensures that there is no direct contact between the worker and the food, minimizing the risk of cross-contamination.
Additionally, it allows the worker to focus on their recovery and return to work in good health, ready to provide safe and hygienic food handling practices. Prioritizing food safety and adhering to proper health protocols in such situations is vital for maintaining the well-being of both employees and customers.
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Go to the Microsoft company’s website and examine its philosophy and practice(s) of social responsibility. What social responsibility activities is it involved in? What programs does it support, and how does it support them?
Form your own opinion and evaluate the social effort demonstrated by the company. Do you support/approve of their efforts? Why or why not? What more could the company do? Feel free to search the internet on commentary about business social responsibility to support your opinion. cite it INSIDE their paper as well as in the References section at the end of the paper.
2-page double spaced paper, using proper APA Citations.
Microsoft, one of the leading technology companies globally, places a strong emphasis on social responsibility. This paper aims to examine Microsoft's philosophy and practices regarding social responsibility, including its involvement in social responsibility activities, the programs it supports, and the manner in which it supports them. Furthermore, it will present an evaluation of Microsoft's social efforts and provide an opinion on whether or not their efforts are supported and approved.
Microsoft's commitment to social responsibility is evident through its various initiatives and programs. The company focuses on four key areas: empowering people, enabling digital transformation, ensuring environmental sustainability, and promoting responsible AI. In terms of empowering people, Microsoft invests in digital skills training, job creation, and inclusive technology to bridge the digital divide and promote equitable opportunities.
Microsoft supports a range of programs to address societal challenges. For instance, the AI for Accessibility program utilizes artificial intelligence to develop solutions that empower individuals with disabilities. The Tech for Social Impact initiative offers discounted technology and grants to nonprofits, enabling them to amplify their impact. Additionally, the company's sustainability efforts prioritize carbon reduction, water conservation, and waste reduction.
Microsoft supports these programs through financial investments, technology donations, employee volunteering, and partnerships with organizations and governments. The company also integrates social responsibility into its business operations, such as incorporating sustainability practices into its supply chain and adopting ethical AI principles.
Microsoft's commitment to social responsibility is commendable. The company's initiatives and programs demonstrate a genuine effort to address societal challenges and contribute to positive social impact. The focus on empowering people, promoting inclusivity, and advancing environmental sustainability aligns with contemporary expectations of business social responsibility.
Support for Microsoft's efforts can be found in various commentaries on business social responsibility. For example, a Forbes article highlights Microsoft's initiatives as exemplary and praises its commitment to accessibility and sustainability (Smith, 2021). Additionally, Microsoft has been recognized by organizations like Corporate Knights and the Dow Jones Sustainability Index for its sustainability practices.
However, there is always room for improvement. Microsoft could enhance its social efforts by further integrating social responsibility into its core business strategy, setting measurable goals, and transparently reporting on progress. The company could also prioritize addressing social inequalities, such as bridging the digital divide in underserved communities. Furthermore, increased collaboration with stakeholders, including governments and civil society organizations, could amplify the impact of their social responsibility initiatives.
Therefore, Microsoft's social efforts demonstrate a strong commitment to social responsibility through various programs and initiatives. The company's focus on empowering people, environmental sustainability, and responsible AI reflects a comprehensive approach to addressing societal challenges. While their efforts are commendable, there is potential for further improvement and expansion of their social impact.
References:
Smith, B. (2021, February 8). How Microsoft Is Leading Tech’s Great Carbon Removal Challenge. Forbes.
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What is the entry mode (start-up, purchase, franchise)
that you recommend for entrepreneurs to choose when entering the
Vietnamese market of the COFFEE industry? And explain
why.
The recommended entry mode for entrepreneurs to choose when entering the Vietnamese market in the coffee industry would be a franchise.
Franchising offers several advantages for entrepreneurs entering a new market like Vietnam's coffee industry. Here are some reasons why franchise would be a suitable choice:
1. Established Brand and Support: Franchising allows entrepreneurs to leverage the established brand recognition and reputation of an existing coffee franchise. This can provide a significant advantage in a competitive market like Vietnam, where consumers are already familiar with well-known coffee brands.
2. Reduced Risk: Starting a new business from scratch involves higher risks and uncertainties. By choosing a franchise, entrepreneurs benefit from a proven business model with a track record of success. The franchisor's experience and expertise can help mitigate risks associated with market entry, product development, and operational challenges.
3. Local Market Knowledge: Franchisors often have a deep understanding of the local market dynamics and consumer preferences. This knowledge can be invaluable for entrepreneurs entering a new market like Vietnam, where cultural nuances and consumer behaviors play a significant role.
4. Marketing and Advertising Support: Franchisors typically provide marketing and advertising support at both the national and local levels. This support can include brand-building campaigns, promotional materials, and access to established marketing channels. For entrepreneurs entering a competitive industry like coffee in Vietnam, having access to a comprehensive marketing support system can help create brand awareness and attract customers more effectively.
These factors contribute to a higher likelihood of success in the Vietnamese coffee market, where competition is fierce and consumer preferences are well-defined.
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Determine the percentage increase or decrease in each of your stock (calculate average closing price for two selected weeks) over the period of your investment/six weeks and report that percentage change using two values. For example, average closing price in week of Feb = $140 and week of March is $134. You will take these values to calculate the percentage change.
In addition, offer the primary reason for this change in the stock price based on news about that stock or your own understanding. To review the recent news about each of your stocks, you may click on finance.yahoo.com and insert the ticker symbol for each firm. Recent news is provided at the bottom of the screen.
Stocks are: Mckesson, Unitedhealth group, AstraZeneca (UK), and Novo Nordisk (Denmark)
As an AI, I cannot retrieve real-time data or provide updates after my last training cut-off in September 2021.
I can guide you on how to calculate the percentage change in stock prices and evaluate potential reasons behind these changes. To calculate the percentage change in the stock price, you need to subtract the initial average closing price from the final average closing price, divide by the initial average closing price, and then multiply by 100. If the result is positive, it's an increase; if it's negative, it's a decrease. Regarding the reasons for price changes, they can be influenced by a variety of factors, including company performance, overall market trends, and macroeconomic indicators. For instance, news about mergers, acquisitions, new product launches, quarterly earnings, or changes in management could all impact stock prices. By researching recent news on finance.yahoo.com, you can gather insights about each specific stock.
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5) There are two firms in a market and the market demand is Q=1,000−1,000p. Each firm has a marginal cost of m=$0.28. Compare your answers to the Nash-Cournot equilibrium and Nash-Stackelberg equilibrium, if Firm 1, the leader, acts before Firm 2. Solve for firm and market quantities, prices, and profits. [4 marks]
Comparing the two equilibria, we observe that in the Nash-Stackelberg equilibrium, Firm 1 as the leader produces a higher quantity and earns higher profits compared to the Nash-Cournot equilibrium
To find the Nash-Cournot equilibrium, we assume that both firms simultaneously determine their quantities to maximize their profits. The quantity produced by each firm is determined by setting marginal cost equal to marginal revenue. The market quantity is the sum of the individual quantities, and the market price is determined by substituting the market quantity into the demand function.
Using the given marginal cost of $0.28 and the market demand equation Q = 1,000 - 1,000p, we can calculate the Nash-Cournot equilibrium as follows:
Determine each firm's quantity:
Firm 1: Q1 = (1,000 - Q1 - Q2) / 2
Firm 2: Q2 = (1,000 - Q1 - Q2) / 2
Substitute the quantities into the market demand equation to find the market quantity:
Q = Q1 + Q2 = (1,000 - Q1 - Q2) / 2 + (1,000 - Q1 - Q2) / 2
Solve the equations to find the quantities:
Q1 = Q2 = 250
Substitute the quantities into the demand equation to find the market price:
Q = 1,000 - 1,000p
500 = 1,000 - 1,000p
p = $0.50
To find the Nash-Stackelberg equilibrium, we assume that Firm 1, the leader, sets its quantity first, and Firm 2, the follower, observes this quantity and then determines its quantity accordingly. The market quantity and price are determined as in the Nash-Cournot equilibrium.
Firm 1 sets its quantity to maximize its profit:
MR1 = MC1
1,000 - 2Q1 - Q2 = 0
Firm 2 sets its quantity considering Firm 1's quantity:
MR2 = MC2
1,000 - Q1 - 2Q2 = 0
Solve the equations to find the quantities:
Q1 = 333.33
Q2 = 222.22
Substitute the quantities into the demand equation to find the market price:
Q = Q1 + Q2 = 555.56
p = (1,000 - Q) / 1,000
p = $0.44
Comparing the two equilibria, we observe that in the Nash-Stackelberg equilibrium, Firm 1 as the leader produces a higher quantity and earns higher profits compared to the Nash-Cournot equilibrium. Firm 2 as the follower produces a lower quantity and earns lower profits. The market price is lower in the Nash-Stackelberg equilibrium compared to the Nash-Cournot equilibrium.
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If Bailey's Bikes Company had a beginning inventory of 40 bikes at $28 each and they bought 100 more for $32 each on April 1 st and then they sold 115 for $50 each on May 15th, how would Bailey's Bikes record the sale if they use the FIFO method of costing inventory?
a. Cas 5,750
Cost of Goods Sold 3,620
Sales 5,750
Inventory 3,620
b. Cas 5,750
Cost of Goods Sold 3,680
Sales 5,750
Inventory 3,680
c.. Cas 5,750
Cost of Goods Sold 3,220
Sales 5,750
Inventory 3,220
d. Cas 5,750
Cost of Goods Sold 3,520
Sales 5,750
Inventory 3,520
e. Some other entry
The sale using the FIFO (First-In, First-Out) method of costing inventory, the correct answer is d. Cash $5,750, Cost of Goods Sold $3,520, Sales $5,750, and Inventory $3,520.
To record the sale using the FIFO (First-In, First-Out) method of costing inventory, we need to determine the cost of goods sold based on the earliest (oldest) inventory units first.
Here's the breakdown of the transactions:
1. Beginning inventory:
Quantity: 40 bikes
Cost per unit: $28
2. Purchase on April 1st:
Quantity: 100 bikes
3. Cost per unit: $32
Sale on May 15th:
Quantity: 115 bikes
Sales price per unit: $50
Using the FIFO method, we assume that the earliest inventory units are sold first. Therefore, we need to consider the cost of the 40 bikes from the beginning inventory and 75 bikes from the April 1st purchase.
Cost of Goods Sold = (Cost of Beginning Inventory x Quantity Sold) + (Cost of April 1st Purchase x Quantity Sold)
Cost of Goods Sold = ($28 x 40) + ($32 x 75)
Cost of Goods Sold = $1,120 + $2,400
Cost of Goods Sold = $3,520
To record the sale, Bailey's Bikes would make the following entry:
Cash (Sales Revenue) $5,750
Cost of Goods Sold $3,520
Inventory $3,520
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Fast Food Corp sells a wide range of products to its customers. These products range from beverages to groceries and foodstuff.
The following transactions, among others, appeared in the accounting records of Fast Food Corp for the month of January 2022:
Date Transaction details
2 Fast Food Corp purchased inventory for resale, on credit, amounting to R5 600, from Alaska (Pty) Ltd. Invoice no. 4502 was received.
4 A new vehicle, costing R120 000, was bought on credit from the Smart Dealership. Invoice no. F17 was received. Fast Food Corp will settle the amount in full within the next 45 days.
15 Inventory sold for R1 120, cash. Receipt no. 0011 was issued.
18 The owner of Fast Food Corp withdrew R2 600 cash from the business bank account for his own personal use.
19 A loan of R20 000 was obtained from ALB Bank. Cash was deposited in the business bank account. Receipt 0012 was issued.
20 Four coffee tables were purchased on credit for R760 each, from Tudor Enterprises, and Invoice no. E490 was received. These coffee tables will form part of the furniture of the business.
23 Goods worth R1 300 were returned that were previously bought on credit from City Stores. The merchandise had some expiry dates that were not indicated on the labels. Credit note A001 was received.
24 R150 was received from the ALB Bank as interest on their positive bank balance. Receipt no.0013 was received.
25 R4 500 was paid for salaries and wages. The payment was effected via an EFT.
26 R560 was paid to the municipality for water and electricity. Cheque no. 100 was issued.
Required:
Prepare the following journals (books of first entry) to account for the abovementioned transactions. (Note: do not prepare a General Journal, and ignore VAT and folios.)
2.1 Cash Payments Journal
2.2 Cash Receipts Journal
2.3 Creditors Journal
2.4 Creditors Allowance Journal
By maintaining these separate journals, the company can organize and track its financial activities effectively.
2.1 Cash Payments Journal
2.2 Cash Receipts Journal
2.3 Creditors Journal
2.4 Creditors Allowance Journal
The provided answer lists the required journals to record the given transactions. These journals include the Cash Payments Journal, Cash Receipts Journal, Creditors Journal, and Creditors Allowance Journal. Each journal captures specific types of transactions, such as cash payments, cash receipts, purchases from creditors, and allowances for returned goods. By maintaining these separate journals, the company can organize and track its financial activities effectively.
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Which of the following describes the way a LIBOR-in-arrears swap differs from a plain vanilla interest rate swap?
a. Neither floating nor fixed payments are made until the end of the life of the swap
b. Interest is paid at the end of the accrual period in a LIBOR-in-arrears swap
c. Interest is paid at the beginning of the accrual period in a LIBOR-in-arrears swap
d. No floating interest is paid until the end of the life of the swap in a LIBOR-in-arrears swap, but fixed payments are made throughout the life of the swap
The difference between a LIBOR-in-arrears swap and a plain vanilla interest rate swap is that in the former, no floating interest is paid until the end of the life of the swap while fixed payments are made throughout the life of the swap.
A plain vanilla interest rate swap is a financial instrument that enables two parties to exchange interest rates on debt instruments with each other. Each party pays a fixed or floating rate on the swapped interest rates. They agree on the notional value, the maturity date, the fixed or floating interest rate, and the periodic payments.
LIBOR-in-arrears swap, on the other hand, is a type of swap in which the floating interest rate payment is made at the end of the accrual period instead of at the start.
The swap's interest rate is set based on the LIBOR interest rate index. In a LIBOR-in-arrears swap, the fixed rate is paid throughout the life of the swap, but no floating interest is paid until the end of the swap's term, which distinguishes it from a typical plain vanilla interest rate swap.
The LIBOR rate is an average rate at which banks are willing to lend unsecured funds to other banks.
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violet light differs from red light in that violet light
Violet light differs from red light in that violet light has a shorter wavelength than red light.
X-rays and light are different because X-rays are made up of waves, whereas light is made up of particles.
For a given ray of light, the higher the energy, the higher the frequency and the shorter the wavelength.
Earth's atmosphere is transparent and allows radiation to pass through all across the electromagnetic spectrum.
A sun emits energy at all wavelengths, with a peak at one particular wavelength (color).
The statement "A sun emits energy at all wavelengths, with a peak at one particular wavelength (color)" refers to the phenomenon known as blackbody radiation or thermal radiation.
A blackbody, such as the Sun, emits electromagnetic radiation across a wide range of wavelengths. The distribution of this radiation is not uniform but follows a specific pattern called the blackbody spectrum. According to Planck's law, the intensity of radiation emitted by a blackbody at different wavelengths depends on its temperature.
As the temperature of the blackbody increases, the peak of the emitted radiation shifts to shorter wavelengths, which corresponds to higher frequencies and energy levels. This phenomenon is described by Wien's displacement law.
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The complete question is:
Violet light differs from red in that violet light has a shorter wavelength than red light. has a longer wavelength than red light. travels more slowly (through a vacuum) than red light. travels more quickly (through a vacuum) than red light. X-rays and light are different because X-rays are made up of waves, whereas light is made up of particles. different because X-rays are made up of particles, whereas light is made up of waves. the same thing except that X-rays have a shorter wavelength than light. the same thing except that X-rays have a longer wavelength than light. For a given ray of light, the higher the energy the higher the frequency speed temperature wavelength Earth's atmosphere is transparent and allows radiation to pass through everywhere except the radio range of the electromagnetic spectrum. all across the electromagnetic spectrum. only in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. predominantly in the visible and radio ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. A sun emits energy mostly in the radio range, less in the X-ray and gamma ray at all wavelengths uniformly. at all wavelengths, with a peak at one particular wavelength (color). only at certain wavelengths and no others.
On January 1, Year 10, Marc Ltd. and Malus Ltd. formed a joint venture called MM Inc. Marc Ltd. contributed equipment with a carrying value of $900,000 and a fair value of $1,500,000 and in return receives a 40% interest in MM Inc. and $400,000 in cash (contributed by the other joint venturer). Assume that the transaction has commercial substance, and the equipment has an estimated useful life of 10 years. On Dec 31, Year 10, MM Inc. reported a net income of $800,000 and declared a dividend of $200,000 Required: For Marc Ltd., prepare the journal entries to record the above events from January 1 to December 31, Year 10.
The journal entries for Marc Ltd. from January 1 to December 31, Year 10, involve the contribution of equipment, receipt of cash and equity interest in MM Inc., recognition of income, and declaration of dividends.
On January 1, Year 10, Marc Ltd. contributed equipment to MM Inc. The journal entries would be as follows:
Equipment (Fair Value) 1,500,000
Accumulated Depreciation 600,000
Cash 400,000
Marc Ltd. Capital Investment 900,000
MM Inc. issued equity interest to Marc Ltd. The journal entry would record the receipt of equity interest and cash:
Investment in MM Inc. 400,000
Marc Ltd. Capital Investment 400,000
At the end of Year 10, MM Inc. reported a net income of $800,000. Marc Ltd. would record its share of the income based on its 40% interest:
Investment in MM Inc. 320,000
Equity in Earnings of MM Inc. 320,000
MM Inc. declared a dividend of $200,000. Marc Ltd.'s share of the dividend would be recorded as a reduction in its investment:
Dividends Receivable 80,000
Investment in MM Inc. 80,000
These journal entries reflect the events related to Marc Ltd.'s involvement in the joint venture MM Inc., including the initial contribution of equipment and cash, recognition of income based on its ownership interest, and the declaration of dividends.
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Discuss in detail how an entrepreneur can avoid infringements
with examples
Entrepreneurs can avoid infringements by conducting research, obtaining licenses, creating original work, monitoring competitors, seeking legal advice, and educating stakeholders.
To avoid infringements, entrepreneurs should conduct thorough research to ensure their ideas don't infringe existing intellectual property rights. Obtaining proper licenses and permissions is essential for using copyrighted material or patented technologies. Creating original work helps to prevent unintentional infringements. Monitoring competitors and industry trends enables entrepreneurs to stay informed and adjust their strategies accordingly. Seeking legal advice from intellectual property professionals ensures compliance with laws and helps mitigate the risk of infringement. Educating employees and stakeholders about intellectual property rights fosters a culture of respect. By implementing these strategies, entrepreneurs can protect their intellectual property and minimize the risk of legal disputes.
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Assess whether the acquisition appears to create value for the
acquirer.
AMP Ltd. AXA Asia Pacific Holdings Ltd.
Explain how you value the rationale for the transaction.
Assessing whether an acquisition creates value for the acquirer involves evaluating the rationale behind the transaction and assessing its potential impact on the acquirer's financial performance and strategic objectives. In the case of the acquisition between AMP Ltd. and AXA Asia Pacific Holdings Ltd., we need to analyze the factors that support the value creation.
Synergies: One key aspect of assessing value creation in an acquisition is identifying potential synergies. These synergies can arise from cost savings, revenue enhancements, or strategic benefits. For example, if the two companies have complementary product offerings or customer bases, the acquisition can result in cross-selling opportunities and revenue growth. It is important to evaluate whether the acquisition between AMP Ltd. and AXA Asia Pacific Holdings Ltd. will create meaningful synergies that contribute to overall value.
Financial Performance: Analyzing the financial impact of the acquisition is crucial. This involves assessing the potential increase in revenue, cost savings, and profitability resulting from the combined entity. Additionally, evaluating the impact on key financial metrics such as earnings per share (EPS), return on investment (ROI), and cash flow generation is essential in determining value creation.
Market Position: Assessing the impact of the acquisition on the acquirer's market position is also important. Will the acquisition strengthen the acquirer's competitive advantage, market share, or geographic reach? It is crucial to evaluate how the acquisition aligns with the acquirer's strategic objectives and whether it positions the company for long-term growth and profitability.
Integration Risks: Consideration should be given to potential risks associated with the integration process. Successful integration requires effective management of cultural differences, operational integration, and minimizing disruptions to customer relationships. Assessing the acquirer's capabilities and track record in integrating acquisitions is essential to determine whether value creation is likely to be achieved.
In valuing the rationale for the transaction, a comprehensive analysis should be conducted, incorporating financial modeling, market research, due diligence, and expert opinions. Additionally, benchmarking the acquisition against industry peers and historical transactions can provide further insights into the potential value creation.
Ultimately, the assessment of value creation in the acquisition between AMP Ltd. and AXA Asia Pacific Holdings Ltd. should consider the strategic fit, potential synergies, financial impact, market positioning, and the successful management of integration risks. By evaluating these factors, we can form a more informed opinion on whether the acquisition is likely to create value for the acquirer.
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Maria borrows $106,000 to buy a condo. He has a 30 -year mortgage with a rate of 4.8%. His first payment is due in one month. After making 72 payments, Maria sells his house. She must pay the mortgagee $ ____
After making 72 payments, Maria sells his house. She must pay the mortgagee $1,711.88.
To determine the remaining balance on the mortgage after 72 payments, we can use an amortization schedule or a mortgage calculator. However, without access to specific software, I will provide an estimate using a standard mortgage amortization formula. Please note that this estimate may not be entirely accurate, as it does not consider additional factors such as interest rate fluctuations or any potential prepayments made by Maria.
The formula to calculate the monthly mortgage payment is:
M = P * r * (1 + r)^n / ((1 + r)^n - 1)
Where:
M = Monthly mortgage payment
P = Principal loan amount
r = Monthly interest rate (annual rate divided by 12)
n = Total number of payments
Given the following information:
Principal loan amount (P) = $106,000
Annual interest rate = 4.8%
Number of payments (n) = 30 years * 12 months = 360 months
Let's calculate the monthly mortgage payment (M):
r = 4.8% / 12 = 0.004
n = 72 (payments made)
M = 106,000 * 0.004 * (1 + 0.004)^72 / ((1 + 0.004)^72 - 1)
M = 106,000 * 0.004 * (1.004)^72 / ((1.004)^72 - 1)
M = 106,000 * 0.004 * 1.357537 / (1.357537 - 1)
M = 1711.88
Therefore, the estimated monthly mortgage payment is $1,711.88.
To calculate the remaining balance after 72 payments, we subtract the total amount paid from the original loan amount:
Remaining balance = Loan amount - (Monthly payment * Number of payments)
Remaining balance = 106,000 - (1,711.88 * 72)
Remaining balance = 106,000 - 123,192.96
Remaining balance = -$17,192.96
The negative value indicates that there is still an outstanding balance on the mortgage after 72 payments. In this case, Maria would need to consult with her mortgage provider to obtain the exact remaining balance and discuss the payment terms upon selling her house.
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What is the current profitability of the electric passenger
vehicle industry?
The current profitability of the electric passenger vehicle industry is growing as the demand for electric vehicles is increasing.
The market is expected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of over 20% from 2020 to 2025, driven by factors such as government regulations, technological advancements, and environmental concerns. The rise in fuel prices and the need for energy-efficient transportation are also driving demand for electric vehicles.
Some key players in the electric passenger vehicle industry include Tesla, BMW, Nissan, and General Motors. These companies have been investing heavily in the development of electric vehicles, and their efforts are paying off in terms of increased profitability.
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Choose a product with its service and illustrate how can the
companies differentiate Both of them.
Companies can differentiate both the product (smartphone) and its accompanying service (customer support and after-sales service) to provide a unique value proposition to customers.
Product: Smartphone
Service: Customer Support and After-Sales Service
Product Differentiation1. Design and Aesthetics: Companies can differentiate their smartphones by focusing on unique and appealing designs, the use of premium materials, and attention to detail. This can create a distinct visual identity and enhance the product's perceived value.
2. Features and Technology: Companies can differentiate their smartphones by offering innovative features and cutting-edge technology. This can include advancements in camera quality, display technology, processing power, battery life, connectivity options, and unique software functionalities.
3. Customization and Personalization: Providing options for customization allows customers to tailor their smartphones according to their preferences. This can include offering various color choices, interchangeable back panels, or software settings that enable personalization.
Service Differentiation (Customer Support and After-Sales Service)1. Responsive and Knowledgeable Customer Support: Differentiating through customer support involves offering responsive, accessible, and knowledgeable support channels. This can include 24/7 helplines, live chat support, and well-trained representatives who can efficiently address customer queries and concerns.
2. Warranty and Extended Support: Providing comprehensive warranty coverage and extended support plans can differentiate a company's service. This can include free repairs or replacements for manufacturing defects, quick turnaround times for repairs, and additional benefits such as discounted accessories or software upgrades.
3. User Guides and Tutorials: Offering detailed user guides, tutorials, and online resources can enhance the service aspect of a smartphone. Providing easily accessible instructions and troubleshooting guides helps customers make the most of their devices and addresses any usage difficulties they may encounter.
4. Software Updates and Security Patches: Regular software updates and security patches demonstrate a company's commitment to customer satisfaction and device security. Timely updates that introduce new features, enhance performance, and address vulnerabilities can differentiate a smartphone's service offering.
By differentiating both the product (smartphone) and its service (customer support and after-sales service), companies can create a unique value proposition for customers.
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What does the Taylor rule imply that policymakers should do to the federal funds rate to achieve this policy change? Explain how a rule-based approach to policy can be beneficial in certain circumstances.
The Taylor rule is an economic guideline proposed by John B. Taylor, an economist, which suggests a systematic approach for central banks to determine the appropriate target level for the federal funds rate, which is the interest rate at which commercial banks lend and borrow funds held at the Federal Reserve to each other overnight.
The Taylor rule implies that policymakers should adjust the federal funds rate in response to changes in inflation and economic output. According to the Taylor rule, the target federal funds rate should be increased when inflation exceeds the target rate or when economic output exceeds its potential level. Conversely, the target federal funds rate should be decreased when inflation falls below the target rate or when economic output is below its potential level.
For example, if inflation is higher than the desired level, the Taylor rule suggests that policymakers should raise the federal funds rate to make borrowing more expensive, thereby reducing spending and curbing inflationary pressures. On the other hand, if economic output is below its potential level and there is a need to stimulate economic growth, the Taylor rule implies that policymakers should lower the federal funds rate to encourage borrowing, investment, and spending.
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Javier and Anita Sanchez purchased a home on January 1, 2021, for $804,000 by paying $268,000 down and borrowing the remaining $536,000 with a 7 percent loan secured by the home. The loan requires interest-only payments for the first five years. The Sanchezes would itemize deductions even if they did not have any deductible interest. The Sanchezes' marginal tax rate is 32 percent. roblem 14-45 Part c (Algo) Assuming the interest expense is their only itemized deduction for the year and that Javier and Anita file a joint return, have great byesight, and are under 60 years of age, what is the after-tax cost of their 2021 interest expense? (Round your intermediate calculations and the final answer to the nearest whole dollar amount.)
Given that Javier and Anita Sanchez purchased a home on January 1, 2021, for $804,000 by paying $268,000 down and borrowing the remaining $536,000 with a 7 percent loan secured by the home. The loan requires interest-only payments for the first five years. Hence, the required answer is $25,482.
The Sanchezes would itemize deductions even if they did not have any deductible interest. The Sanchezes' marginal tax rate is 32 percent.The interest expense for the first year is:7% of $536,000 = $37,520Their marginal tax rate is 32%.
Therefore, their tax savings would be: 0.32 × $37,520 = $12,038.4So, the after-tax cost of their 2021 interest expense would be:$37,520 - $12,038.4 = $25,481.6Thus, the after-tax cost of their 2021 interest expense is $25,482 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar amount).
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You can choose to take $140.000 in 10 years or $47,000 today. At an interest rate of 11 percent, what is the value of $140,000 now? (Enter your answer as a positive number rounded to 2 decimal places.)
a.2. Which option should be selected?
$47,000 today
$140.000 in 10 years
b.1. Assumean interet rate of 11 pereent for 7 years. If the choice 4$140,000 in 7 years or $42000 today, how much a the $140,000 worth todoy? (Enteryour answer os a positive number rounded to 2 decimal pieces)
b-1. Assume an-interest rate of 11 percent for 7 years. If the choice is $140,000 in 7 years or $47,000 today, how much is the $140,000 worth today? (Enter your answer as a positive number rounded to 2 decimal places.)
b-2. Which option should be selected now?
$47,000 today
$140,000 in 7 years
a. The value of $140,000 today, given an interest rate of 11 percent for 10 years, is $37,068.99. The better option is to take $47,000 today. b.1. The value of $140,000 today, given an interest rate of 11 percent for 7 years, is $68,551.81. b.2. The better option is to take $47,000 today instead of $140,000 in 7 years.
a. To calculate the present value of $140,000 in 10 years at an interest rate of 11 percent, we use the present value formula: PV = FV / (1 + r)^n, where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of years. Plugging in the values, we get PV = $140,000 / (1 + 0.11)^10 = $37,068.99. Since $47,000 is greater than $37,068.99, the better option is to take $47,000 today.
b-1. Using the same formula, the present value of $140,000 in 7 years at an interest rate of 11 percent is calculated as follows: PV = $140,000 / (1 + 0.11)^7 = $68,551.81.
b-2. Again, comparing the present value of $140,000 in 7 years ($68,551.81) with the immediate amount of $47,000, it is better to choose $47,000 today.
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Suppose you are the manager for a firm that sells automobile tires. Market research has shown
that the demand by a typical customer for the product you sell is given by:
P = $160 - 250 Assume you have no fixed costs. From your production department, you are told that the variable
costs of production are given by:
vC (0) =7.59 a. If you decide to offer the product for sale to all buyers at a single price, what price will you
charge and how much will you sell to a typical customer?
b. What profits per consumer will the firm earn under this pricing strategy? c. Now suppose you decide to use a simple block pricing strategy whereby you offer your product as a single package of a predetermined number of units. How much will you sell to a
typical customer? (Hint: What is the optimal bundle size?) d. What price per consumer will you charge under this pricing strategy (extracting the total
value to the consumer)?
e. Compare the profits under the two pricing strategies. Comment on the comparison.
The firm would charge a price of approximately $14.75 and sell approximately 0.
a. to determine the price and quantity sold to a typical customer when offering the product at a single price, we need to set the demand equation equal to the variable cost equation and solve for price (p) and quantity (q).
demand: p = $160 - 250q
variable cost: vc(q) = 7.59q
setting the demand equal to the variable cost:
$160 - 250q = 7.59q
simplifying the equation:
257.59q = $160
q ≈ 0.621
to find the price, substitute the quantity back into the demand equation:
p = $160 - 250(0.621)
p ≈ $14.75 621 units to a typical customer.
b. to calculate the profits per consumer, we need to subtract the variable costs from the price:
profit per consumer = price - variable cost
profit per consumer = $14.75 - 7.59
profit per consumer ≈ $7.16
c. for the simple block pricing strategy, the optimal bundle size should be determined by considering the trade-off between maximizing revenue and minimizing variable costs. we need to find the quantity that maximizes the firm's profit.
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Arthur and Tony are the sole shareholders of Limpopo Ltd. They both have 50% of the shares.
a) Tony wants his daughter, Chloe, to join the business, and suggests that he and Arthur each sell Chloe some of their shares. Advise Arthur as to whether there would be a disadvantage to him selling Chloe some of his shares.
b) The Articles of Association of Limpopo Ltd. say that Tony is to be a director of the company for life. Explain whether the provision will be enforceable.
a)If Tony were to retire or leave the business, Chloe could side with Arthur and outvote Tony on critical decisions, which could lead to disagreements between the two shareholders.
b)The provision in the Articles of Association would be unenforceable as it contradicts the provisions of the Companies Act.
a) Tony wants his daughter, Chloe, to join the business and suggests that he and Arthur each sell Chloe some of their shares. Advise Arthur as to whether there would be a disadvantage to him selling Chloe some of his shares. There are several disadvantages for Arthur in selling some of his shares to Chloe. First of all, she is not involved in the day-to-day operation of the business, so she does not bring any expertise or resources to the company. Second, Chloe's ownership of shares gives her voting rights, which means that she could vote against Arthur on company matters.
b) The Articles of Association of Limpopo Ltd. say that Tony is to be a director of the company for life. Explain whether the provision will be enforceable. This provision in the Articles of Association may not be enforceable. Even though the Articles of Association is a legal document, it cannot override the Companies Act, which regulates the operation of businesses in the UK. The Companies Act requires that the appointment of directors be done at each Annual General Meeting, which means that Tony's appointment as a director for life would be in conflict with this requirement.
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Consider the following LP problem with two constraints: 6X+30Y>=180 and 4X+13Y>=52. The objective function is Max 12X+20Y. What combination of X and Y will yield the optimum solution for this problem? a. 8,1.53846 b. infeasible problem c. 0,4 d. unbounded problem e. 13,0
The combination of X and Y that will yield the optimum solution for this LP problem is infeasible (option b).
To find the combination of X and Y that will yield the optimum solution for the given linear programming (LP) problem, we can solve the problem using graphical analysis or linear programming software. However, I can perform the calculations for you based on the provided constraints and objective function.
The LP problem is as follows:
Maximize: 12X + 20Y
Subject to:
Constraint 1: 6X + 30Y ≥ 180
Constraint 2: 4X + 13Y ≥ 52
We need to find the values of X and Y that maximize the objective function while satisfying the constraints.
Calculating the intersection point of the two constraints:
6X + 30Y = 180 --> X + 5Y = 30 --> Y = (30 - X)/5
4X + 13Y = 52
Substituting the value of Y in the second constraint:
4X + 13((30 - X)/5) = 52
4X + (390 - 13X)/5 = 52
(20X + 390 - 13X)/5 = 52
(7X + 390)/5 = 52
7X + 390 = 260
7X = -130
X = -130/7 ≈ -18.57
Substituting the value of X back into the first constraint:
6(-18.57) + 30Y ≥ 180
-111.42 + 30Y ≥ 180
30Y ≥ 291.42
Y ≥ 9.714
Based on these calculations, we can see that there is no feasible solution that satisfies both constraints, making the problem infeasible (option b). Therefore, there is no combination of X and Y that will yield an optimum solution.
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Emerson Corp, is trying to decide whether to lease or purchare a piece of equipmient needed tor the nevs five years. The equiment would cost $502,000 to purchase, and maintenance costs would be $20,900 per year. After five years. Emerson entimaters it could seit the equipment for $101,000. if Emerson leases the equipment, it would pay $151,700 each year, which would include all maintenarce costs. Emerson's hurdle rate is 14%.(Future Value of $1, Present Value of $1, future Value Anmulty of $1, Presen Value Annuity of $1) (Use appropriate factor from the PV tables.)
a. What is the net present value of the cost of purchasing the ecguipment? (Round your final answer to the neates dolar amoum.)
Net Present Value ........
b. What is the net present value of the cost of leasing the equipment? (Round your final answer to the nearest dellar amount.)
Net Present Value ........
c. Based on financial factors, should Emerson purchase or lease the equipment?
O Purchase
O Lease
The net present value of the cost of leasing the equipment is: NPV = PV - Initial Investment NPV = $552,787.91 - $0NPV = $552,787.91
a. Net Present Value of the cost of purchasing the equipment: To determine the net present value of the cost of purchasing the equipment, we first need to find the present value of the cash outflows (costs) and then calculate the net present value using the hurdle rate of 14%.
The formula for present value is: PV = FV / (1 + r)n Where, FV = Future Value of cash flows r = Hurdle rate of return n = Number of years involved in the transaction Using the above formula, we can calculate the present value of the cash outflows as follows: PV = (502,000 + 20,900) / (1 + 0.14) + (20,900) / (1 + 0.14)2 + (20,900) / (1 + 0.14)3 + (20,900) / (1 + 0.14)4 + (121,000) / (1 + 0.14)5= $444,818.75.
Therefore, the net present value of the cost of purchasing the equipment is: NPV = PV - Initial Investment NPV = $444,818.75 - $502,000NPV = -$57,181.25b.
Net Present Value of the cost of leasing the equipment: To determine the net present value of the cost of leasing the equipment, we first need to find the present value of the cash outflows (costs) and then calculate the net present value using the hurdle rate of 14%.
Since the lease payments are the same for each year, we can use the formula for a present value annuity to calculate the present value of the lease payments.
The formula for present value annuity is: PVA = PMT x [(1 - (1 + r)-n) / r]Where, PMT = Lease payment r = Hurdle rate of return n = Number of years involved in the transaction Using the above formula, we can calculate the present value of the lease payments as follows: PVA = $151,700 x [(1 - (1 + 0.14)-5) / 0.14]= $552,787.91
Therefore, the net present value of the cost of leasing the equipment is: NPV = PV - Initial Investment NPV = $552,787.91 - $0NPV = $552,787.91
c. Based on financial factors, Emerson should lease the equipment instead of purchasing it. This is because the net present value of the cost of leasing the equipment is positive ($552,787.91) while the net present value of the cost of purchasing the equipment is negative (-$57,181.25).
A positive net present value indicates that the investment is expected to generate returns greater than the hurdle rate of 14%. Therefore, leasing the equipment would result in higher returns for Emerson Corp compared to purchasing it.
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