The frequency of light having a wavelength of 425nm will be 70588 × [tex]10^{14} Hz[/tex].
The count of times an event takes place per unit of time is known as its frequency. The word frequency would be most frequently used to describe waves in physics including chemistry, including light, sound, including radio waves. The frequency refers to the number of times during one second that a point on a wave crosses a fixed reference point.
A waveform signal that is carried in space or down a wire has a wavelength, which is the separation between two identical places in the consecutive cycles.
Given data:
wavelength = 425nm = [tex]425 * 10^{-9} m[/tex]
Frequency can be calculated by using the formula;
Frequency = speed of light / wavelength
Frequency = 3 × [tex]10^{8} m/s[/tex] / 425 × [tex]10^{-9} m[/tex] = 7,0588 × [tex]10^{14} Hz[/tex].
Therefore, the frequency of light having a wavelength of 425nm will be 70588 × [tex]10^{14} Hz[/tex].
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A pharmaceutical company wants to test the efficiency of its new drug production techniques so they run 3 shifts of production for 4 hours each and collect the product at the end of each shift. Their chemical engineers predict a maximum of 7000 grams of product can be created each shift. Shift one produces 4562 grams. Shift two produces 5783 grams. Shift three produces 5247 grams. What is the average percent yield for this new production technique?
The percentage yield of the new production technique is 82.8%
What is the percentage yield?Production is the procedure by which finished products are obtained form the raw materials. The production process involves the passing of raw materials through a certain procedure that involves the use of certain machines and equipment to give us the required products.
We are told in the question that there are three shifts;
Shift 1 produces 4562 grams
Shift 2 produces 5783 grams
Shift 3 produces 5247 grams
Average production from the three shifts = 4562 grams + 5783 grams + 5247 grams/3 = 5197 grams
The theoretical average yield is = 7000 grams + 7000 grams + 7000 grams/3 = 7000 grams
Now the percentage yield = actual yield/ theoretical yield * 100/1
percentage yield = 5197 grams/7000 grams * 100/1
percentage yield = 82.8%
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A student sets up the following equation to convert a measurement.
(The ? stands for a number the student is going to calculate.)
Fill in the missing part of this equation.
Note: your answer should be in the form of one or more fractions multiplied together.
Answer:
[tex]\frac{1,000 g}{1 kg}[/tex] · [tex]\frac{100 cm}{1 m}[/tex]Explanation:
The final answer has a different set of units. In particular, kilograms (kg) changes to grams (g) and meters (m) changes to centimeters (cm). To make this change, you need to multiply the first value by proportions.
When writing these proportions, it is important that they are arranged in a way that allows for the cancellation of units. For instance, since both kg and m are located in the numerator, they must be located in the denominators of the conversions.
Proportions:
1 kg = 1,000 g
1 m = 100 cm
The full expression:
[tex]-4.3*10^4 \frac{kg*m}{s}[/tex] · [tex]\frac{1,000 g}{1 kg}[/tex] · [tex]\frac{100 cm}{1 m}[/tex] = [tex]?\frac{g*cm}{s}[/tex] ^ ^As you can see, the old units cancel out and you are left with g and cm in the numerator.
You are asked to weigh approximately 0. 4g of acetylsalicylic acid to the nearest mg. When you enter the data in grams in your lab notebook, how many significant figures will you record ?.
The significant figures will be 1.
As, weight of acetylsalicylic acid = 0. 4 g
We obtain 400 mg when we convert 0.4g of acetylsalicylic acid to mg.
So, 400 milligrams are worth 0.4 grams when converted to grams.
There is just one significant figure because 0 before a decimal is not significant i.e. 4.
What are significant figures?The digits of a number that have relevance in relation to the measurement's resolution are known as significant figures. Additionally known as significant figures in chemistry. All experimental measurements are subject to some degree of uncertainity.
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What mass of ch4 is consumed when 587. 9 kj of energy is evolved from the combustion of a mixture of ch4(g) and o2(g)? show the set up and answer with unit
The mass of CH₄ that is consumed is 10.598 g.
What is enthalpy?The enthalpy of a system is defined as the sum of the internal energy of a system and the energy that is produced due to its pressure and volume.
It is given by
H = U+PV
The following reaction takes place during the combustion of CH₄
[tex]CH_4(g)+2O_2(g)\rightarrow CO_2(g)+2H_2O(g)[/tex]
Energy evolved during the combustion, E = 587.9 kJ
Enthalpy of combustion of methane, ∆H = 890.3 kJ
[tex]No of moles of CH_4 =\frac{energy evolved}{enthalpy of combustion}[/tex]
= 587.9 /890
Mass of CH₄ that is consumed = no of moles × molar mass of CH₄
= 587.9 /890 × 16
= 10.598 g
The mass of CH₄ which is consumed is 10.598 g
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A mixture of h2po4- and oh- is allowed to react. what are the products of the reaction?
When mixture of H2PO4- and OH- is allowed to react. The products of the reaction are as follow
H2PO4+ OH--------HPO4(2-)+H2O
In the reaction above H2PO4(2-) is donating the proton to OH Resulting in H2O and the deprotonated species. This makes it a bronsted lowry acid.
According to Bronsted lowry, acid are those which donate proton.
In the given problem, H2PO4- is bronsted lowry acid. So it donate electron to OH- to form water.
Thus, the product formed in the given reaction is water and H2PO4(2-).
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Which are properties of all metals (except hg)? i. good conductors of heat and electricity ii. easily formed into sheets or wires iii. chemically unre
The properties of all metals are "good conductors of heat and electricity".
Metals are excellent heat or electricity conductors and were malleable, ductile materials that may be pulled into wire and pounded into sheets. Apart from mercury, which appears a liquid at ambient temperature, most metals have solids with a distinctive silvery shine.
Due to the metals' atoms' ability to create a matrix across which outside electrons could easily travel, metals make good electrical and thermal conductors. The positive nuclei of the connecting metal ions are surrounded by a sea of electrons rather than orbiting their individual atoms.
Therefore, the properties of all metals are "good conductors of heat and electricity".
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The reaction between an alcohol and an anomeric carbon of a carbohydrate forms a _____ bond.
According to the iupac convention for chemical naming, which part of a hydrocarbon is selected as the main chain for a hydrocarbon chain?
Answer:
The longest continuous chain
Explanation:
A body was found lying face up in a residence. The body had 4 incised wounds on the trunk centered in the area around the heart and center of the abdomen. The wounds were all about 1.2 inches wide and varied in depth from 4 inches to 6.5 inches. The temperature in the residence was found to be 70° F by both a thermometer and the thermostat setting. The body temperature was measured to be 70°. No rigor mortis was noted in the body. Livor mortis was found on the back and remained dark when pressed. A wound measuring 3 inches by 0.5 inches was found next to a yellow bruise on the eyebrow bone area. Tissue bridges were found in 2 areas of this wound.
What type of reaction is a grignard reaction? What is the critical intermediate (which can be isolated and enables the final product)?
Organometallic Chemical reaction is a Grignard reaction. The critical intermediate (which can be isolated and enables the final product) is the formation of a carbon bond.
The Grignard Reaction is an organometallic chemical reaction that mostly produces C-C bonds. When organic molecules are combined with the Grignard reagent, the Grignard reaction occurs (Rmgx).
The Grignard Reaction is the conversion of an aldehyde or ketone into secondary or tertiary alcohol by the addition of an organomagnesium halide (Grignard reagent). A primary alcohol is produced when formaldehyde and oxygen react.
Alcohol and water molecules have acidic hydrogen atoms that Grignard reagents quickly react with. A proton substitutes the halogen in a Grignard reaction with water, producing an alkane as the end result. Therefore, the Grignard reagent offers a two-step process for changing a haloalkane into an alkane.
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What mass of CaCO3 is required to react completely with 25. 0 ml of 0. 750 m HCl?
There are 0.94 g mass of [tex]CaCO_{3}[/tex] is required to react completely with 25. 0 ml of 0. 750 m HCl .
Calculation ,
Mass of [tex]CaCO_{3}[/tex] = ?
The 1000ml of HCl = 27.375 g
then the 1 ml of solution contains HCl = 27.375 g/1000×1
25 ml of solution contains HCl = 27.375 g/1000 × 25 = 0.684 g
The chemical equation can be given as :
[tex]CaCO_{3} +HCl[/tex] → [tex]CaCl_{2} +CO_{2} +H_{2} O[/tex]
2 mol of HCl reacts with 1 mol of [tex]CaCO_{3}[/tex]
The amount of [tex]CaCO_{3}[/tex] reacted is given by ,
100/71 × 0.684 g = 0.9639 g = 0.94 g
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The ph of a 0. 50 m solution of base b is found to be 10. 19. what is the kb of the base? the equation described by the kb value is b(aq) h2o(l)↽−−⇀bh (aq) oh−(aq)
The pH of a 0.50 M solution of base B is found to be 10.19. The Kb of the base is 4.8 × 10⁻⁸.
Let's consider the following basic reaction.
B(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ BH(aq) + OH⁻(aq)
First, we will calculate the pOH of the solution using the following expression. (14-10.19)=3.81
antilog -3.81=1.55×10^-4/0.50=4.8×10^-8
The pH of a 0.50 M solution of base B is found to be 10.19. The Kb of the base is 4.8 × 10⁻⁸.
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The [tex]K_b[/tex] of the base b is 4.805 × 10⁻⁸.
What is dissociation constant?The dissociation constant is a type of equilibrium constant that measures the degree of dissociation of a salt.
[tex]K_a[/tex] is the dissociation constant for the acid which describes the strength of an acid.
[tex]K_b[/tex] is the dissociation constant of the base which describes the strength of a base.
pOH = 14 - pH = 14 - 10.19 = 3.81
pOH = -log[OH⁻]
3.81 = -log[OH⁻]
Antilog (-3.81) = [OH⁻]
[OH⁻] = 1.55 × 10⁻⁴
Here,
[tex]K_b= \frac{[BH^+][OH^-]}{[B]}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{(1.55\times10^{-4})(1.55\times10^{-4})}{0.50}[/tex]
= 4.805 × 10⁻⁸
The Kb of the base b is 4.805 × 10⁻⁸
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The penny coin was removed from circulation in Canada
In February of 2014. The United States may soon do the
same. The major reason for this move was the rising value
of copper metal. When copper’s value increased, pennies
were produced as a zinc slug with a thin layer of copper
plated over top. Zinc reacts readily with hydrochloric acid,
while copper does not. A triangular file is used to nick the
edge of a penny to expose the zinc slug below the layer
of copper. The zinc reacts with the acid releasing bubbles
from the nicked area until nothing remains but a thin shell
of copper. If 0.948 L of hydrogen gas is collected over water
at 20.0°C and a total pressure of 752 mm Hg, determine the
percentage by mass of the copper in the 2.586 g penny.
As a result, the dry gas volume at STP is 45.58 cm 3.
Water vapor is present in the gas. Since H2 is created during the reaction and water vapor is irrelevant when determining the equivalent weight, we only need the dry gas. As a result, the volume of H2 gas can be calculated using the ideal gas law.
P 1 = 750 mm Hg, 14 mm Hg, 736 mm Hg V = 50 cm 3 T = 17 0 C = 290 K
P = 760mmHg, V =?cm3, T = 0 0 and C = 273K.
The Gas equation follows.
P 1V 1/ T1 = P 2V 2/ T2
290/73650 = 273/760V 2
= 290760V 2
= 7365027V 2 = 45.58 cm
As a result, the dry gas volume at STP is 45.58 cm 3.
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What is the pressure in atm exerted by 1.8 g of H_{2} gas exert in a 4.3 L balloon at 27°C? R =; 0.821(L^ * atm)/(mol^ * K)
Answer:
5.12 atm
Explanation:
Before you can use the Ideal Gas Law to find the pressure, you need to convert grams to moles (via molar mass).
Molar Mass (H₂): 2(1.008 g/mol)
Molar Mass (H₂): 2.016 g/mol
1.8 grams H₂ 1 mole
---------------------- x ---------------------- = 0.893 moles H₂
2.016 grams
The Ideal Gas Law equation looks like this:
PV = nRT
In this equation,
-----> P = pressure (atm)
-----> V = volume (L)
-----> n = moles
-----> R = Ideal Gas Constant (0.0821 L*atm/mol*K)
-----> T = temperature (K)
After converting Celsius to Kelvin, you can plug the given values into the equation and simplify to find the pressure.
P = ? atm R = 0.0821 L*atm/mol*K
V = 4.3 L T = 27 °C + 273.15 = 300.15 K
n = 0.893 moles
PV = nRT
P(4.3 L) = (0.893 moles)(0.0821 L*atm/mol*K)(300.15 K)
P(4.3 L) = 22.0021
P = 5.12 atm
**Based on my past experiences, I believe the constant (R) you provided may have been mistyped. Instead of 0.821, I used 0.0821.**
Draw the major product formed in the reaction involving an acid anhydride dissolved in alcohol.
Ester is the major product formed in the reaction involving an acid anhydride dissolved in alcohol.
What is the chemistry of acid anhydrides?Acid chlorides and anhydrides both go through a number of similar reactions when subjected to nucleophilic action. Anhydrides react with water to generate carboxylic acids, with alcohols to form esters, and with amines to form amides, though they do so more slowly than acid chlorides. By using hydride reduction, anhydrides can also be converted to primary alcohols. As many anhydrides are created by coupling two carboxylic acids, one equivalent of the carboxylic acid is lost in anyhydride reactions as a leaving group. As a result, reactions are often only carried out using affordable, widely accessible anhydrides, such as acetic or benzoic. The advantage of anydrides over acid chlorides is that they are simpler to work with.Learn more about acid anhydride here:
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What does the kinetic theory state about the relationship between the speed and temperature of gas molecules?
As the temperature increases, the speed of gas molecules increases
The kinetic theory state about the relationship between the speed and temperature of gas molecules as with an increase in temperature, the speed of gas molecules increases.
The energy that an object possesses as a result of its motion is known as kinetic energy.
The average of the kinetic energies of all the particles in a system is known as the average kinetic energy.
The following equation provides the answer:
K = [tex]\frac{3RT}{2}[/tex]
K= kinetic energy
R= gas constant
T= temperature
It is clear from above that kinetic energy and system temperature are inversely correlated. Therefore, if the temperature is higher, the system's average kinetic energy will also be higher, increasing the speed of the molecules.What does kinetic theory state?
The kinetic theory of matter states that all matter is made of small particles that are in random motion and that have space between them.
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Why are thiols more nucleophilic than alcohols?
Answer:
Thiols contain stronger acids than alcohols
Explanation:
Answer:
Sulfur is a bigger atom than oxygen and has a lower electgronegativity value. Therefore, the lone pair availability in thiol is higher than alcohol
Explanation:
When an allergen binds with ige antibodies on mast cells, resulting in release of chemical mediators, this reaction is called:_________
When an allergen binds with IgE antibodies on mast cells, resulting in release of chemical mediators, this reaction is called Type I reactions.
The Type I reactions is also known as immediate hypersensitivity reaction.
This reaction involve immunoglobulin E ( IgE ) - mediated release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils .
Examples : anaphylaxis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
The IgE molecules bind to high - affinity receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils and the subsequently cross-linking of these molecules with the allergen releases performed and newly synthesized mediators.
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HELP PLS PLS PLS ILL MARK U BRAINLIEST!
Answer:
2 NaI ---> 2 Na + I₂
Explanation:
The only way the reactant NaI can decompose is by separating into 2 atoms, Na and I. However, you must take into account that iodine (I) exists as a diatomic molecule.
An equation is balanced when there is an equal amount of each element on both sides of the reaction. These amounts can be modified by adding coefficients in from of the molecules/atoms.
The unbalanced equation:
NaI -----> Na + I₂
Reactants: 1 sodium, 1 iodine
Products: 1 sodium, 2 iodine
The balanced equation:
2 NaI ---> 2 Na + I₂
Reactants: 2 sodium, 2 iodine
Products: 2 sodium, 2 iodine
i need help pleaseee help please! <3
(a) The temperature goes up by 3⁰C.
(b) There is increase in temperature, so the reaction is exothermic.
(c) Examples of exothermic reaction include, rusting of Iron, burning of coal, reaction of strong acid and water.
(d) Examples of endothermic reaction include, melting solid salts and evaporating liquid water.
What is exothermic reaction?
Exothermic reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which energy is transferred to or from the surroundings.
Examples of exothermic reactions include the following;
Rusting of IronBurning of CoalReaction of Strong Acid and WaterWater and Calcium ChlorideWhat is endothermic reaction?Endothermic reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
Examples of endothermic reactions include the following;
Melting solid salts.Evaporating liquid water, etcChange in temperatureFrom the increase in temperature from 15⁰C to 23⁰C, we can conclude that the temperature goes up by 3⁰C.
20⁰C - 17⁰C = 23⁰ - 20⁰C = 3⁰C.
Since there is increase in temperature, the reaction is exothermic.
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using the equation 40kj+ 2so3= 2so2+02, of so3=0.491, so2=0.17, 02=0.701, find Keq
The equilibrium constant, Keq for the reaction, given the data from the question is 0.084
What is equilibrium constant?The equilibrium constant, Keq for a reaction is the ratio of the concentration of the products raised to their coefficients to the ratio of the concentration of the reactants raised to their coefficients. For example, the equilibrium constant for the reaction nA + mB <=> eC can be obtained as follow
Keq = [C]^e / [A]^n × [B]^m
How to determine the equilibrium constant for the reaction Equation: 40 KJ + 2SO₃ <=> 2SO₂ + O₂[SO₃] = 0.491 M[SO₂] = 0.17 M[O₂] = 0.701 MEquilibrium constant (Keq) =?The equilibrium constant, Keq for the above reaction can be obtained as illustrated below:
Keq = [SO₂]^2 × [O₂] / [SO₃]^2
Keq = (0.17)^2 × (0.701) / (0.491)^2
Keq = 0.084
Thus, the equilibrium constant, Keq for the reaction is 0.084
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A piece of plastic has a net charge of 2. 00 μc. How many more protons than electrons does this piece of plastic have?
The piece of plastic has 1.256× 10¹³ protons more than that of electrons.
What are protons and electrons?A proton is a subatomic particle with a defined mass of 1 and a charge of +1 (positive charge). The symbol for the proton is either p or p+.
An electron is a subatomic particle that has a negative electric charge and that actively orbits the nucleus of the atom .
To calculate ,
given ,
magnitude of charge , q=+2μC=+2×10⁻⁶
Since, protons carry positive charge. Then, we know that standard number of proton in 1 Coulomb of charge is,
1C=6.28×10¹⁸ protons
Number of protons in 1 microcoulomb charge is,
=6.28×10¹⁸×10⁻⁶
=6.28×10¹²
Then for the net charge of q, the number of protons is given as,
np= q×6.28×10¹²
np= 2×6.28×10¹²
np=1.256×10¹³ protons
Thus, the piece of plastic has 1.256×10¹³ more protons than electrons.
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Ethylene glycol has a specific heat of 0. 578 cal/(g•°c). if 23. 2 g of ethylene glycol absorbs 75. 6 cal of heat energy, what will the temperature increase be?
Ethylene glycol has a specific heat of 0. 578 cal/(g°c). If 23.2 g of ethylene glycol absorbs 75.6 cal of heat energy. The temperature increase be 5.64°C.
What is Specific Heat ?The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of substance.
It is expressed as
Q = mcΔT
where,
Q = Heat energy
m = Mass
c = Specific heat capacity
ΔT = Change in temperature.
Here,
Q = 75.6 cal
m = 23.3 g
c = 578 cal/(g°c)
Now put the values in above formula we get
Q = mcΔT
75.6 cal = 23.2 g × 578 cal/(g°c) × ΔT
ΔT = 5.64°C
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that Ethylene glycol has a specific heat of 0. 578 cal/(g°c). If 23.2 g of ethylene glycol absorbs 75.6 cal of heat energy. The temperature increase be 5.64°C.
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The half-life of sr-90 is 28 years. after 56 years of decay only 0. 40 g of a sample remains. what was the mass of the original sample?
a. 0. 050 g
b. 0. 10 g
c. 3. 2 g
d. 1. 6 g
Half-life is the time taken for the concentration of the substance to reduce by 50%. The original sample of strontium had a mass of 1.6 gms. Thus, option d is correct.
What is half-life?The half-life of any radioactive substance is the time period at which the concentration will get reduced to half the initial amount. The initial mass of Sr-90 is calculated as,
[tex]N(t) = N_{0} (\dfrac{1}{2})^{ \frac{t }{t 1/2}}[/tex]
Given,
Quantity of the remaining substance N (t) = 0.40 gm
Initial radioactive substance quantity [tex]N_{0}[/tex] =?
Time duration (t) = 56 years
Half-life = 28 years
Substituting values above:
[tex]\begin{aligned} 0.40 &= N_{0} (\dfrac{1}{2}) ^{{\frac{56}{28}}\\\\0.40 &= N_{0} (\dfrac{1}{2})^{2}\end{aligned}[/tex]
= 1.6 gm
Therefore, option d. the initial mass of Sr is 1.6 gm.
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Why do you not need to perform the titration while the sample is at its original temperature?
We do not perform the titration while the sample is at its original temperature because reaction is too slow at original temperature and requires high activation energy.
A titration is a method where the concentration of an unknown solution is ascertained by comparing it to a solution of known concentration. The analyte (the unknown solution) is typically added in a known amount to the titrant (the known solution) from a buret until the reaction is finished.
The slow energy step in the reaction process may require a high activation energy, and the proportion of activated molecules needed to reach this reaction at room temperature or original temperature is too low, so most molecules cannot cross this peak. As a result, the reaction at room temperature proceeds very slowly (the final product is not reached). Heat can enhance the proportion of active molecules and catalyse a larger-scale reaction.
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The condition of acidosis can cause ____________ because the higher h concentration diffuses to the icf, pushing k towards the ecf
Acidosis is a disorder in which there is excess acid in the body. This condition can lead to hyperkalemia due to the diffusion of hydrogen ions in the intracellular fluid.
What is hyperkalemia?Hyperkalemia is an increased concentration of the fluid potassium level than normal. Though potassium (K) is needed by the body for various functions of the nervous system and muscles their excess can lead to diseases.
It can also be caused by acidosis, where the concentration of the hydrogen ion increases in the intracellular fluid which leads to a large movement of potassium ions toward the extracellular fluid.
Therefore, the condition of acidosis can cause hyperkalemia.
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Cellular respiration release co2 and photosynthesis absorbs co2. these two reactions are part of which biogeochemical cycle?
The metabolic process that takes place in an organism's cells is called cellular respiration. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration contribute carbon dioxide to the biogeochemical cycle.
What is biogeochemical cycle?
The mechanism that distributes and circulates abiotic chemical elements among the various realms of the planet is known as the biogeochemical cycle. The carbon, water, nitrogen, phosphorus cycle, etc. are all included.
Carbon dioxide is released during cellular respiration as a waste gas into the atmosphere, where it is then taken by plants to produce energy, which is then utilized by the organism, which then releases more carbon dioxide. The ecological chain's carbon cycle continues from the producer to the consumer.
Therefore, the carbon cycle is influenced by photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
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What is the molarity of a solution in which 55. 49 g of calcium chloride is dissolved in enough water to make 500. ml of solution?
The molarity of a solution in which 55. 49 g of calcium chloride is dissolved in enough water to make 500. ml of solution is 1M.
What is molarity?It is defined as number of moles of solute divided by volume of solution.
Given,
Mass of CaCl2 =55.49g
Molar mass of CaCl2 =40+35+35=110g
Mole= given mass/ molar mass
= 55.49/110=0.50mol.
Now, putting all values we get the molarity
Molarity =0.5×1000/500=1M
Thus, the molarity of given solution is 1M.
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If the concentration of red dye #40 in the original syrup is 4. 68 x 10-3 m, what is its concentration in dilution #3?.
Concentration difficulties can be caused by medical, cognitive, or psychological problems or may be related to sleep disorders or medications, Psychological conditions
What is Concentration?Concentration means focused attention, and it has many uses and benefits. It assists in studying, enables faster comprehension, improves memory, helps in focusing on a task, job, or goal, and enables you to ignore meaningless and irrelevant thoughts.Taking very small breaks by refocusing your attention elsewhere can dramatically improve mental concentration after that. The next time you are working on a project, take a break when you begin to feel stuck. Move around, talk to someone, or even switch to a different type of task.Concentration difficulties can be caused by medical, cognitive, or psychological problems or may be related to sleep disorders or medications, Psychological conditions that can interfere with concentration include anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, emotional trauma, and stress.To learn more about Concentration, refer to:
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A particular buffer solution consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base. How could this buffer solution be modified so as to increase its buffer capacity against added base?
The only way increase the buffer capacity is to increase the total concentration of the system (conjugated acid + base).
What is buffer capacity?
The buffer capacity can be defined as the amount of strong base needed to change the pH of 1 liter of solution by 1 pH unit.
To increase buffer capacity to modify buffer solution-
The buffer capacity of a buffer, consisting of a weak acid and its conjugated base is given by the following equation:
π=㏑ 10 [{H⁺} + K ÷ H⁺ + CKα [H⁺] ÷ [H⁺] + Kα]
With [H^+] the concentration of the H^+ ion ; C the total buffer concentration (i.e. acid + conjugated base) and Kα the acidity constant.
It is clear from this equation that the buffer capacity is directly proportional to the concentration.
So the only way increase the buffer capacity is to increase the total concentration of the system (conjugated acid + base).
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